Tesis sobre el tema "Engrais et amendements – Effets du soufre"
Crea una cita precisa en los estilos APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard y otros
Consulte los 26 mejores tesis para su investigación sobre el tema "Engrais et amendements – Effets du soufre".
Junto a cada fuente en la lista de referencias hay un botón "Agregar a la bibliografía". Pulsa este botón, y generaremos automáticamente la referencia bibliográfica para la obra elegida en el estilo de cita que necesites: APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, etc.
También puede descargar el texto completo de la publicación académica en formato pdf y leer en línea su resumen siempre que esté disponible en los metadatos.
Explore tesis sobre una amplia variedad de disciplinas y organice su bibliografía correctamente.
Vidal, Agathe. "La fertilisation soufrée est-elle un levier efficace pour limiter le transfert sol-grain du Cd chez le blé dur ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0399.
Texto completoCadmium (Cd) is a non-essential and highly toxic metal, generally occurring at trace level in soils. Its origins are natural, linked to pedogenesis, but also anthropogenic (contamination by agricultural inputs, industrial wastes, etc.). By taking up Cd from the soil through their roots, plants accumulate this contaminant in their aboveground parts, threatening the food safety. This is the case for durum wheat, which is the cereal that accumulates the most Cd in its grains, and therefore is a strong contributor to the chronic dietary exposure of the French population to Cd. Cd is carcinogenic and highly toxic to humans especially for kidneys and therefore, the European Union has established regulatory limits setting maximum levels of Cd in numerous foodstuffs. As a result of recent toxicological studies, numerous new regulatory limits have been established and existing ones have been decreased. For durum wheat grain, the limit has recently been revised downwards from 0.20 mg Cd kg-1 to 0.18 mg Cd kg-1 (EC 915/2023). Further decreases are expected in the future, pointing out the need to find solutions to limit the transfer of Cd from soil to grain. Cd has a strong affinity for sulfur (S), with which it forms complexes that are highly stable with the thiol (-SH) groups of organic molecules, and more labile with sulfates. The literature shows that the addition of S to soil can modify not only the phytoavailability of this metal in soil but also its distribution between plant organs. Cd-S ligand complexes are known to detoxify this metal by sequestration in vacuoles, particularly in roots. However, literature mainly concerns polluted soils and phytoextraction, with little work on weakly contaminated agricultural soils. The aim of this thesis work was to test whether the addition of S at doses and chemical forms used in cereal cultures could limit Cd accumulation in durum wheat grains in the context of agricultural soils. We showed, under controlled conditions, that the solubility of Cd can be increased by the addition of ammonium sulfate, not by the direct effects of sulphates, but by the acidification resulting from the nitrification of ammonium. In hydroponics and in the field, the addition of S slightly reduced the Cd concentration in durum wheat grains, sometimes in association with greater retention of Cd in roots, as expected. We observed that most of the Cd was stored in the roots and that, during the grain filling, it was remobilized and transferred to the aboveground parts concomitantly with S. By reducing the remobilization of S from the roots, sulfur fertilization could then help to also limit the remobilization of Cd from the roots to the grain. Besides, our results showed that S fertilization could also affect the distribution of biomass between organs, thus affecting their Cd content. Overall, our work suggests that in durum wheat, ensuring that the S requirements of the plant are met could slightly reduce the Cd content of the grain through indirect effects on biomass and possibly through direct S-Cd interaction mechanisms. Even if its effect is not very strong, it is worth considering S fertilization as a lever to reduce cadmium contamination in durum wheat
Lévesque, Vicky. "Amendement en biochars : effets sur l'activité et la structure des microorganismes et sur les rendements de la tomate et du poivron de serre". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27582.
Texto completoThe biochar, charcoal produced by pyrolysis and used as an amendment, has several advantages and is a promising avenue for sustainable agriculture. However, the production methods, the pyrolysis conditions and the biomass types produce biochars with variable properties which have different effects on soil productivity and crop yields. Presently, there are no studies to elucidate the influence of the physicochemical properties of biochars on the structure and the diversity of soil microbial communities. The purpose of this PhD project was to understand how the physicochemical properties of biochar affect its ability to : (i) mitigate greenhouse gas emissions; (ii) improve growth of greenhouse tomato and pepper; (iii) improve fertilizer and water use efficiency; and (iv) modify the structure and the diversity of bacterial communities in a growing medium and a mineral soil. Five biochars were produced and evaluated: maple bark pyrolyzed at 400˚C, 550˚C and 700˚C, pine chips pyrolyzed at 700˚C, and willow chips pyrolyzed at 400˚C. The results demonstrated that some physicochemical properties are key drivers of the ability of biochars to efficiently mitigate N2O emissions, to reduce fertilizer inputs and to improve water use efficiency while promoting plant growth. Moreover, the results show that biochar amendment can stimulate specific bacterial groups involved in carbon and nitrogen cycles and possibly those involved in plant development. This work identifies key physicochemical properties of biochars that could better guide agricultural producers and industries producing peat-based growing media, in the choice of biochar promoting tomato and pepper growth and contributing to a sustainable agriculture.
Azouaou, Zahia. "Contribution à l'étude des effets de la nutrition en cuivre sur le rendement du blé : incidence des carences sur la formation du pollen". Toulouse, INPT, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPT007A.
Texto completoRousseau, Guillaume. "Analyses multidimensionnelles des effets de la rotation et d'un compost urbain sur la sclérotiniose du soja et la santé du sol". Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22392/22392.pdf.
Texto completoNyiraneza, Judith. "Effets à long terme de différents modes de fertilisation et de systèmes de rotations sur certaines propriétés du sol et les coefficients réels d'utilisation d'engrais azoté". Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26417/26417.pdf.
Texto completoBiron, François. "Effets des extraits de compost (EC) fortifiés sur la croissance du soya (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)". Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27101/27101.pdf.
Texto completoIn organic agriculture, there are few certified products that can be used to favor plant growth. This study was conducted to determine the soluble compounds from water extract of compost (WEC) that could benefit soybean growth. In the presence or the absence of aeration, six composts were macerated into water up to 14 days. Following the characterization of WEC, four were selected, enriched and applied on foliage of soybean grown in sand and watered with a nutrient solution or water. Over time, most soluble mineral salts went into solution, but N could be lost trough denitrification. To enhance mineral contents and minimize N loss, WEC should be produced within two days. When treated with the nutrient solution, the water extract of vermicompost enhanced soybean development, biomasses, and plant mineral contents. This WEC appears to favor plant growth through the provision of soluble growth substances, other than soluble mineral elements.
Tallec, Tiphaine. "Effets d'un double gradient azote/soufre sur la structure des communautés végétales de prairies bas-normandes : dynamique de l'acquisition des ressources minérales et des interactions compétitives". Caen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CAEN2011.
Texto completoThe importance of soil S depletion, due to an increased export from plant harvest combined with a decreased atmospheric S deposition, requires to study its impact on the dynamics of grassland communities, under different N supplies. A pluri-scale study was carried out in situ, and in mesocosm consisting of populations or of model communities with 4 dominant species. Before and after defoliation, the relative production, the abundance and the competitiveness of the species were analyzed through their N and S use efficiency using a simultaneous 15N/34S labelling. Their response was conditioned by their physiological ability to mobilize resources, but also to compete for the latter in N-rich soil. A strong co-regulation between N and S metabolisms was highlighted. An increased S availability enhanced production for all scale situations. The S effects on Poaceae appeared only at high N availability, by a stimulation of their soil N use efficiency, optimizing N fertilizer use. Those on clover induced the stimulation (i) of the atmospheric N fixation, even at high N availability, (ii) of its vegetative multiplication and (iii) of N reserves accumulation in stolons. In situ and in community, S input increased the abundance of dominated species and, with high N fertilization, maintained or increased specific diversity. Overall, a rational S input appeared as an important tool for grassland management
Fortier, Elisabeth. "Utilisation d'indicateurs des besoins en azote pour atténuer les pertes en nitrate associées à l'irrigation et à la fertilisation du brocoli". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19572.
Texto completoBoulanger, Pelletier Jade. "Rôle des nutriments dans l'enracinement et le rendement en fruits chez la chicouté (Rubus chamaemorus)". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27026.
Texto completoCloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.) grows naturally in ombrotrophic peatlands. Cloudberry cultivation in peatland after peat extraction has ceased could maintain economic activities on these sites and increase fruit availability for future commercialization. However, the establishment of cloudberry cultivation face some problems, such as low survival rate of the transplants during the first year and a very variable fruit yield. Fertilization and auxin treatments were tested to increase root production on transplants at planting in order to reduce their mortality. Fertilizers increased root length but only at the end of the season. Plant growth was also improved by the fertilization treatments. On the contrary, the application of auxin led to a high mortality of transplants. None of the treatment applied improved transplant survival at planting. In order to better understand the nutritional limitations that cause low yield, we used a compositional nutrient diagnostic (CND) to identify nutrient imbalances. CND analysis indicated that low yield plots are characterized by higher foliar concentrations of manganese, iron, sulfur and copper. The present results will help improve fertilization of cloudberry when planted in cutover peatland, but more research is needed to reduce transplant mortality at planting.
De, Coninck Arnaud Sidney. "Phytoextraction induite et fractionnement du cuivre dans un résidu minier riche en cuivre et en calcium amendé par un compost". Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25533/25533.pdf.
Texto completoRieux, Christine. "Rendement et qualité du blé panifiable soumis à divers types de fertilisation azotée dans deux sols contrastants". Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29040/29040.pdf.
Texto completoSorin, Elise. "Identification d’indicateurs de la nutrition soufrée chez le colza (Brassica napus L. ) : mécanismes physiologiques sous-jacents et validation en conditions de plein champ". Caen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CAEN2062.
Texto completoBecause of soil S oligotrophization and uncontrolled management of S fertilization, it is essential to optimize the S nutrition of crop plants to adjust S fertilizer inputs to the real needs of crops. Therefore, the main objective was to identify early and reliable indicators of S nutrition in order to obtain an accurate diagnosis of the S status in oilseed rape crop in order to finely tune S fertilization. The study of the precise kinetic physiological responses of oilseed rape to S deprivation under controlled conditions was used to identify two indicators of S nutrition: i) the ([Cl-]+[NO3-]+[PO43-]):[SO42-] ratio or remobilization indicator, simplified thereafter as the ([Cl]+[P]):[S] ratio revealed the osmotic compensation required by sulfate remobilization during the early phase of S deprivation and ii) the [Mo]:[S] ratio or uptake indicator, whose change, even earlier than the previous indicator, revealed the massive induction of genes expression encoding root transporters (BnaSultr1. 1 and BnaSultr1. 2) and leading to a rapid increase of molybdate uptake during S deprivation. These indicators have been validated under field conditions for the oilseed rape crop grown on an S oligotrophe plot receiving various levels of fertilization. The genericity of these indicators was validated under controlled conditions in wheat, corn, tomato, cauliflower, pea and Medicago truncatula. Overall, these results show that the combined use of these two indicators may allow early, reliable and specific diagnosis of the plant S status
Wen, Guoqi. "Étude des effets de la fertilisation azotée sur les concentrations foliaires en sucres, en acides aminés et en glycoalcaloïdes des plants de pommes de terre". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66330.
Texto completoBaril, Benjamin. "Contenu en carbone du panic érigé et du sol amendé avec du biochar et une inoculation microbienne". Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29830/29830.pdf.
Texto completoThe use of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) amended with biochar and/or rhizobacteria to produce energy, could potentially be a solution to reduce greenhouse gases and contribute to increase carbon (C) sequestration in soil. In this experiment, switchgrass was treated with biochar and N-fixing and P-solubilising bacteria in a split-plot experimental design. To assess the C dynamics in switchgrass production, the experiment was established on a sandy loam in St-Augustin-de-Desmaures near Quebec. A biochar treatment of 10 Mg of dry matter per hectare and treatments without biochar has been used as main plots, while three nitrogen rates (0, 25 and 50 kg ha-1) and treatments of bacterial inoculation were installed as sub-plots. The mineral nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the aboveground biomass yield and C after two years of growth. A small positive effect of biochar (p=0,08) increase root C. Soil C was not affected by any treatment after two years of growth.
Forest-Drolet, Julie. "Répartition du carbone et de l’azote des fractions de la matière organique du sol sous différents types de rotations, de travail de sol et de sources fertilisantes dans le nord du Québec : effets à long terme". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66701.
Texto completoArsenault-Labrecque, Geneviève. "Effets d'un apport en silice sur la résistance du soya à Phakopsora Pachyrhizi, agent de la rouille asiatique". Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28790/28790.pdf.
Texto completoGauci, Rachel. "Étude de certains facteurs influençant la production de fruits et de ramets floraux chez la chicouté (Rubus chamaemorus)". Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25867/25867.pdf.
Texto completoCompetition for both carbon and mineral resources between the different sinks has often been reported in perennial plants and can, especially in presence of asexual reproduction, reduces the production of fruits. We have studied carbon and nutrient allocation in cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L., Rosaceae), a northern clonal plant, to determine the limiting factors for both flower ramets and fruit production. Furthermore, the plant producing more ramets when its rhizomes grow near the ground surface than deeper in the soil, the impact of some edaphic factors (temperature and soil pressure) on the rhizome apex differentiation into buds was thus also quantified along with the impact of apical dominance and of the level of carbon and nutrient reserves Our results indicated that carbon is more limiting than nutrients for fruit production and that this carbon comes essentially from the floral shoot. During early spring, the carbon reserves are low in the rhizome most likely due to a weak dormancy of the rhizome during the winter. The developing fruits and the unfolding leaves appear to compete for the carbon resource. Additionally, the shoots bearing an aborting fruit had a low P content in their leaves, a deficiency that can reduce carbon translocation to the fruits. Moreover, aborted cloudberry fruits have a low K concentration, which could also limit sugar import to these fruits and induce abortion. However, mineral fertilization did not improve fruit yield, at least on a short-time scale. Longer-term studies of mineral fertilization coupled with the selection of clones with faster leaf unfolding and with a deeper dormancy of the rhizome could increase cloudberry fruit yield. Two factors contributed to increase flower bud production: mineral fertilization and high temperatures. However, none of these factors appeared to work as a triggering factor for floral bud formation. Other studies will be necessary to identify the factors inducing rhizome apex differentiation into leaf and flower buds in cloudberry.
Schnackenberg, Ashley. "Les effets d’amendements sur la fonctionnalité des sols de potagers contaminés par les éléments métalliques et sur la réduction des dangers environnementaux et sanitaires". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILR055.
Texto completoThe need for nature in the city, the craze for "healthy eating" and difficult socio-economic contexts contribute to the development of gardening in (peri-)urban areas. Communities are regularly solicited for the creation of collective gardens. However, due to their environmental and historical contexts, the soils of vegetable gardens are complex environments, still little known; their functioning can be strongly disturbed by physical, chemical and biological degradation. Their contamination can even present health hazards, particularly in connection with the ingestion of soil particles or vegetables. Among the techniques that can improve the functioning of soils and influence the behavior of pollutants, especially metallic ones, the addition of amendments such as green waste compost, phosphate and carbonate products, natural or synthetic zeolites, or industrial by-products (red mud, iron shot, iron oxy-hydroxides) are cited as being able to reduce the mobility and bioavailability of metallic elements. However, the effectiveness of these amendments and their durability are still in question. The management of amendments, whether organic or mineral, raises questions since they may contain metallic and/or organic contaminants. However, the use of soil amendments as a method of managing vegetable garden soils and the health risks on amended soils are still relatively unstudied.The subject of this thesis is to study the interest of organic and mineral amendments to manage urban vegetable garden soils with moderate anthropogenic contamination. The aim is to evaluate the potential of these amendments (used alone or in mixtures) to reduce in a sustainable way the phyto-availability of metallic pollutants as well as the exposure of gardeners and their families. In situ experiments will be carried out in different environmental and urban contexts and will be based on ex situ experiments aimed at selecting the choice of the studied amendments
Marchand-Roy, Mylène. "L'effet fertilisant de la grande oie des neiges : cinq ans de suivi de l'azote et du phosphore dans les polygones de tourbe de l'île bylot au nunavut". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20683.
Texto completoBerquer, Adrien. "Les mécanismes d’assemblage des plantes adventices et leur contribution à la transition agroécologique". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LAROS008.
Texto completoConventional farming has major negative environmental externalities. An increasing number of studies highlighted that nature-based solutions could replace agrochemicals. Plant-plant competition has been suggested as an agroecological lever to control weeds and therefore reduce yield loss. Although crop-weed competition has been widely studied to investigate the effect of weeds on crop yield, the effect of crop competitive ability on weeds remains sparsely studied. This PhD thesis focuses on the contribution of competition on weed assemblages in arable fields of the LTSER Zone Atelier Plaine & Val de Sèvre accounting for the effect of agricultural practices and landscape. I showed that competition is the main mechanism shaping weed diversity and abundance in field cores, a process that outperforms the effect of management practices. If the latter often have negative effects on weed diversity, their positive effects on crop production are not systematic. These effects vary with landscape composition, crop type, management practices and the location within field. In addition, some landscape features, hosting a rich diversity, can sustain crop production and enhance biodiversity conservation. To conclude, reducing agrochemicals seems possible and this work opens new insights to foster the agroecological transition to move toward a more sustainable agriculture
Chaineau, Claude-Henri. "Devenir et effets des hydocarbures dans le cas de l'épandage extensif de déblais de forage en agrosystème". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPL150N.
Texto completoToundou, Outéndé. "Evaluation des caractéristiques chimiques et agronomiques de cinq composts de déchets et étude de leurs effets sur les propriétés chimiques du sol, la physiologie et le rendement du maïs ( Zea mays L. Var. Ikenne) et de la tomate ( Lycop ersicum esculentum L. Var. Tropimech) sous deux régimes hydriques au Togo". Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0020/document.
Texto completoSoil nutrient depletion and water deficit as a result of seasons’ disruption are major factors adversely affecting crop yields in West Africa. To remedy this, the amendment of compost-based soil is often considered. In this study, Five composts were elaborated using household waste and agri-food waste, manure and phosphate: composts C1 (household waste + agri-food waste), C2 (C1 + manure), C3 (C1 + natural phosphate), C4 (C1 + manure + natural phosphate) and C5 (agri-food waste). These composts were first characterized and their effects on an acidic soil and on two crops (corn and tomato) were then investigated in greenhouse and field under two water regimes in the goal to identify the best's ones in improving resistance of the two crops to watering reducing, applied prior flowering. The results showed for C4 and C5 high contents of phosphorus, about 1.62% compared to 0.09% for the C1 compost. Composts C3 and C4 showed the highest levels of calcium, about 3.9% compared to 1.2% for the C1 compost while composts C4 and C1 were more hydrophobic than all other composts. Plants of corn grown under constant irrigation on soil amended with compost C4 and C5 in greenhouse showed high nitrogen and potassium contents, respectively 2.55% and 6.69% compared to 1.33% and 3.97 % of the control plants and those grown on synthetic fertilizers. Under reduced watering, we recorded higher potassium and calcium contents in plants grown on all of the five composts compared to control plants. In field, under reduced watering, composts C4 and C5 were those leading corn plants to maintain physiological parameters levels (low cell membrane permeability and high total chlorophyll) compared to well –watered plants. We also recorded for both composts the same grain yields in plants submitted to two water regimes, respectively 5.52t/ha and 6.72t/ha for C4 and C5 in well-watered plants and 5.65t/ha and 5.09t/ha for C4 and C5 in plants grown under low water regime. In tomato, an increased weight of fruit per plant was recorded in C3 compost plants under reduced-watering compared to those well-watered (95.93g compared to 44.29g) while in the same conditions, the compost C5 was the best for the number of fruits per plant (7.39 against 4.26). These data indicated that the three composts C3, C4 and C5 were the most efficient in this study and may be retained in adaptation programs of two crops to climate change for a sustainable development
Leblanc, Vincent. "Rendement en biomasse, en sucres et valeur nutritive du millet perlé sucré (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. BR.) en fonction de la fertilisation et des dates de récolte en vue de la production d'éthanol et de fourrage". Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27489/27489.pdf.
Texto completoAskri, Amira. "Valorisation des digestats de méthanisation en agriculture : effets sur les cycles biogéochimiques du carbone et de l'azote". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0023.
Texto completoAnaerobic digestion is a biological treatment of organic wastes which is strongly developing in France. In addition to producing energy, anaerobic digestion produces a digestate that has interesting agronomic potential. The objective of this work was thus to study the effect of applying digestates to a soil on the biogeochemical cycles of C and N, particularly the C storage potential in soil and the availability of N for plants, as well as the N2O emissions. The variation of these effects with the type of digested inputs and with the post-treatments after digestion was also studied. These studies were based on laboratory experiments, a short-term field experiment and modeling.Five types of digestates were used: three of agricultural origin and two from urban wastes coming from separate collection or not. Four raw digestates were produced by wet anaerobic digestion and underwent phase separation producing thus two digestates: liquid and solid. The other digestate was produced by dry anaerobic digestion. The solid digestates from urban origin underwent composting also while the two digestates of agricultural origin underwent reverse osmosis and drying.The digestates produced from agricultural wastes have the higher fertilizer and amending potentials. The phase separation produced a solid product which can mostly be used to maintain soil C stocks and which can be further improved by composting and a liquid product that has a greater fertilizing potential. All digestates raw, solid and liquid are characterized by a residual fraction of readily biodegradable C ranging from 23 to 91% of their organic C and related to the C content of the hot water extractable fraction. The biological stability of the digestates increases in this order: liquid 18%, the solid and the composted digestates have an interesting amending potential. The anaerobic digestates have also a high nitrogen fertilizer value, mainly related to the fraction of ammonia N initially present in the digestate; nevertheless, the high organic C/N ratios generate relatively high nitrogen organization associated with the degradation ofdigestate organic matter.A unique set of parameters was determined from the previous experimentations to simulate the C and N mineralization kinetics, after applying digestates to the soil, using the CANTIS model. This set of parameters was used to evaluate the relationship between the soil C stock and the fertilizer value of digestate and their biochemical properties.N2O emissions are higher from the raw digestates; but post-treatment by phase separation and composting reduce these emissions, while reverse osmosis and drying increase them showing thus the difficulty in associating agronomic interest and lack of environmental impacts at the same time.In the field, a high loss of mineral nitrogen is found after application of digestate, probably because of the volatilization of ammonia nitrogen. The non-composted digestates have fertilizer equivalence between 0.37 and 0.52; the origin of the digestate and phase separation didn‟t have effect on this parameter. On the other side, composting decreases by more than 80% the equivalence to nitrogen fertilizer
Bornot, Yoran. "Peut-on changer les trajectoires de croissance du chêne sessile et du sapin de Douglas suite à une sécheresse en modulant la fertilité du sol ?" Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0356/document.
Texto completoFertilization and liming are usual practices in agronomy but uncommon in forestry. Experimental liming or fertilization in forest were tested in the 1970’s. The initial aim of these experimentations was to determine if the addition of nutrients on poor or acidic forest soil could increase tree growth or even restore crown condition in case of decline. Physiological studies have established the implication of water availability in soil nutrients uptake and their transport in the sap and also via combined effects in various processes such as cell growth or stomatal control. Recently, extreme drought events responsible of many forest species diebacks have aroused the concern of forest managers. In addition, climate models predict an increase in the frequency and intensity of drought hazards in the future and forest management must be adapted to face them. In this context, and thanks to the current knowledge on the interactions between mineral and water alimentation, we investigate whether nutrient supply could mitigate the negative effects of water deficits by increasing the capacity 1/ to withstand droughts and 2/ to recover optimum growth after the drought induced crisis, i.e. to improve the resilience of trees. Conversely, would the vulnerability of trees to water deficits be increased? To answer this question, we investigated fertilization experiments located in three forests in France and applied on two species, sessile oak and Douglas fir. On each of these sites, selected trees were cored to the pith to determine the annual variations of radial growth from measurements of the tree-rings widths. These growth variations were used as a basis to the calculation of resistance, recovery and resilience indices to drought events, which were quantified using a soil water deficit index computed by the water balance model BILJOU©. On the site of Bercé, the water-use efficiency was estimated from the δ13C of the latewood. Retrospective analyses shown that the radial growth of oak trees in Bercé and Tronçais was significantly increased after the fertilization. Radial growth was then modelled from climate and soil water deficit. Douglas fir radial growth was slightly impacted by the nutrient supply in the Potées site. This analysis highlights the time-limited effect of this nutrient supply on the growth stimulation: no effect subsists more than 10 years after nutrient supply in Bercé and more than 20 years in Tronçais. Despite this transient effect on oak growth, no differences between treatments on the capacity of trees to resist and to recover after drought events was observed. The main factors influencing resistance and recovery of growth were the soil water deficit intensity and duration. These results corroborate δ13C analyzes in oak rings, which, again, were only significantly correlated with climate and were independent of treatment. The lack of modification of the resilience between the treatments, whatever the site and the species studied, is discussed. More broadly, the concept of resilience and its use in dendroecology are questioned
Marchand-Roy, Mylène. "L'effet fertilisant de la grande oie des neiges : cinq ans de suivi de l'azote et du phosphore dans les polygones de tourbe de l'île bylot au nunavut /". 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26062/26062.pdf.
Texto completo