Artículos de revistas: "English knights"

1

Lee, Dongchoon. "Crusade Reflected in “The Knight’s Tale”". Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Literature Studies 90 (31 de mayo de 2023): 105–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22344/fls.2023.90.105.

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Although original fervor of religious idealism was cooling somewhat and a sense of practicality was taking over, the crusades were far from a dead issue among the commoners as well as the nobles during the fourteenth century. As this century is called 'the real age of propaganda for the crusade,' some writings including late Middle English romances and chivalric treatises stress the justice of the crusades and urge people, in particular, the knights, to action. Chaucer, who was in a precarious position at court and had a perfect understanding of the crusades deeply embedded in the knights' mind, adds two real crusaders in The Canterbury Tales: the Knight and his son, the Squire. While eulogizing crusading as an admirable pursuit of the knight, Chaucer does not ignore a natural contradiction between the brutal violence or killing that military campaigns required and the religious motivation of converting the infidel into Christianity. Such an ambivalence is revealed implicitly in his portrait of the Knight as well as in The Knight's Tale.

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2

EXWORTHY, MARK, PAULA HYDE y PAMELA MCDONALD-KUHNE. "Knights and Knaves in the English Medical Profession: the Case of Clinical Excellence Awards". Journal of Social Policy 45, n.º 1 (2 de octubre de 2015): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279415000483.

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AbstractWe elaborate Le Grand's thesis of ‘knights and knaves’ in terms of clinical excellence awards (CEAs), the ‘financial bonuses’ which are paid to over half of all English hospital specialists and which can be as much as £75,000 (€92,000) per year in addition to an NHS (National Health Service) salary. Knights are ‘individuals who are motivated to help others for no private reward’ while knaves are ‘self-interested individuals who are motivated to help others only if by doing so they will serve their private interests.’ Doctors (individually and collectively) exhibit both traits but the work of explanation of the inter-relationship between them has remained neglected. Through a textual analysis of written responses to a recent review of CEAs, we examine the ‘knightly’ and ‘knavish’ arguments used by medical professional stakeholders in defending these CEAs. While doctors promote their knightly claims, they are also knavish in shaping the preferences of, and options for, policy-makers. Policy-makers continue to support CEAs but have introduced revised criteria for CEAs, putting pressure on the medical profession to accept reforms. CEAs illustrate the enduring and flexible power of the medical profession in the UK in colonising reforms to their pay, and also the subtle inter-relationship between knights and knaves in health policy.

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3

Prestwich, Michael. "Miles in Armis Strenuus: The Knight at War". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 5 (diciembre de 1995): 201–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3679334.

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War was more important to medieval knights than to many of their historians. They have been more concerned to debate shifts in the social status and numbers of knights, than to examine their military role. Varied scenarios of knights rising in social status, gaining a more powerful political voice as they became wealthier, and of declining knights, increasingly aggrieved at their failure to maintain their position in society, have vied one with another. Military obligation has, of course, proved to be a battlefield on paper for many historians, but debate on this has not always been informed by awareness of the muddy realities of war. It would be reasonable to suppose that major transformations in the social position of English knights were a response to, or at least a reflection of, changes in their military functions. Yet the only link that is commonly made is the assumption that changes in the social position of English knights were in some measure the result of the rising costs of the military equipment they needed to possess.

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4

Bogner, Gilbert. "The Diplomatic Career of Sir John Colville (ca. 1365-ca. 1447)". Medieval People: Social Bonds, Kinship, and Networks 36, n.º 1 (25 de abril de 2022): 67–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.32773/xacv8744.

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The purpose of this article is to reconstruct the career of the English knight, Sir John Colville, and the important role diplomacy played in it. While he did nothing particularly significant in the world of international relations, the length and geographic range of Colville’s diplomatic service distinguished him from most other contemporary knights. Over the course of nearly three decades, he represented all three Lancastrian monarchs as an envoy to kings, nobles, popes, and councils from Scotland to Rome. His career serves as a case study of fifteenth-century English knighthood and late medieval diplomatic practice.

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5

Sell, Carl B. "“My Honor is My Life”: Sturm Brightblade of the Dragonlance Saga and Middle English Arthurian Knighthood". Romanica Silesiana 20, n.º 2 (20 de diciembre de 2021): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/rs.2021.20.04.

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Arthuriana has a long history of adaptation and appropriation in medieval and contemporary works, and the tradition of such textual borrowing and reworking continues in contemporary “genre” novels, particularly those that invoke associations with knights, honor, and codes of chivalry. One such example are the novels and short stories of the Dragonlance setting. Sturm Brightblade is positioned as a knight who adheres to a code of honor and is given Arthurian character traits, narrative arcs, and a backstory by the various authors that have fleshed out his history. The texts in the Dragonlance setting knowingly use appropriated elements from Middle English Arthurian works and assign them to Sturm Brightblade to give him proper positioning as a knight that would fit in with Arthur’s legendary Round Table.

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6

Simms, Norman. "Hungary and Hungarian Knights in Middle English Literature". Parergon 8, n.º 1 (1990): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pgn.1990.0065.

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7

Hodges, Kenneth. "Why Malory's Launcelot Is Not French: Region, Nation, and Political Identity". PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 125, n.º 3 (mayo de 2010): 556–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2010.125.3.556.

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Discussions of early nationalism need to focus not just on how incipient nations differentiated themselves from international communities, such as the Roman church, but also on how smaller territories fitted into more expansive composite monarchies, in which one king ruled several lands that had separate traditions and laws. Thomas Malory dramatizes the latter situation by having King Arthur's major knights come from lands subject to the English crown but located outside England: Wales, Ireland, Orkney. In their tense efforts to build a fellowship, the knights personify the troubles of building a nation that grows by hybridizing various regional identities. Malory makes Launcelot come from Gascony and dramatizes the shifts in national imagination necessary in England (and France) as Launcelot's lands shift from being autonomous to being held by the English to being part of a newly constituted France.

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8

Düll, Siegrid, Anthony Luttrell y Maurice Keen. "Faithful Unto Death: the Tomb Slab of Sir William Neville and Sir John Clanvowe, Constantinople 1391". Antiquaries Journal 71 (septiembre de 1991): 174–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500086868.

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An inscribed marble (figs, 1, 2), until now in the Byzantine collection of the Archaeological Museum at Istanbul, recorded two English knights, Sir William Neville and Sir John Clanvowe, who died in Galata outside Constantinople in 1391.

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9

Naha, Anindita y Dr Mirza Maqsood Baig. "Overview Of Story- Le Morte D' Arthur". Think India 22, n.º 2 (20 de junio de 2019): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v22i2.8322.

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The legend of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table is immemorial. The heroic knights and their king’s tales contribute western society a great literature that is still well- known today. King Arthur along with the theme of chivalry greatly impacted not only western civilization, but all of society throughout the centuries. King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table have been around for thousands of years but are only legends. The first reference to King Arthur was in the Historia Brittonum written by Nennius a Welsh monk around 830A.D. The fascinating legends however did not come until 1133 A.D in the work Historia Regum Britaniae written by a Welsh cleric, Geoffrey of Monmouth. His work was actually meant to be a historical document, but over time many other writers added on fictional tales. The Round Table was added in 1155 A.D by a French poet Maistre Wace. Both the English and French cycles of Arthurian Legend are controlled by three inter-related themes:

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10

Naha, Anindita y Dr Mirza Maqsood Baig. "Overview Of Story- Le Morte D' Arthur". Think India 22, n.º 3 (21 de septiembre de 2019): 500–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v22i3.8316.

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The legend of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table is immemorial. The heroic knights and their king’s tales contribute western society a great literature that is still well- known today. King Arthur along with the theme of chivalry greatly impacted not only western civilization, but all of society throughout the centuries. King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table have been around for thousands of years but are only legends. The first reference to King Arthur was in the Historia Brittonum written by Nennius a Welsh monk around 830A.D. The fascinating legends however did not come until 1133 A.D in the work Historia Regum Britaniae written by a Welsh cleric, Geoffrey of Monmouth. His work was actually meant to be a historical document, but over time many other writers added on fictional tales. The Round Table was added in 1155 A.D by a French poet Maistre Wace. Both the English and French cycles of Arthurian Legend are controlled by three inter-related themes:

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11

Turner, Ralph V. "Richard Lionheart and English Episcopal Elections". Albion 29, n.º 1 (1997): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4051592.

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While Henry II and John's bitter quarrels with the Church have inspired much comment from both contemporaries and modern scholars, Richard Lionheart's relations with the English Church have attracted little notice. The lack of theatrical clashes with the pope or the archbishop of Canterbury has led modern scholars to assume that Richard I enjoyed fortunate relations with his clergy. Richard's most recent biographer has viewed him as “a conventionally pious man,” and contemporary chroniclers depicted him as fitting the Church's definition of the perfect knight whose financial exactions and other faults could be overlooked because of his crusader status.Almost continuously absent from England, the Lionheart is assumed to have had little opportunity to assert his will in ecclesiastical matters. Yet, Richard I was as determined as his father and brother to defend English monarchs' traditional rights over the Church, because their mastery over such a powerful institution conferred many advantages. Their bishops were also barons who advised the king at great councils, who often held posts in the royal administration, and who owed feudal obligations, even quotas of knights. The royal right of regalia gave Richard custody of church lands during an episcopal vacancy and the right to authorize new elections and to approve bishops-elect.Sir Christopher Cheney, a leading authority on the twelfth-century Church, observed that Richard I was “forever busy with the English Church.” An examination of the Lionheart's ecclesiastical policy proves him correct, revealing a monarch who had little respect for the Church's freedom and worked to preserve his royal predecessors's authority over it. Richard took care to oversee closely English episcopal elections.

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12

Wilcox, David. "A Suit of Silver: The Underdress of a Knight of the Garter in the Late Seventeenth Century". Costume 48, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2014): 21–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0590887613z.00000000035.

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This paper describes the cut and construction of the doublet and hose worn as underdress to the robes and insignia of the Knights of the Most Noble Order of the Garter at the English Court under Charles II. This example belonged to Charles Stuart, sixth Duke of Lennox and third Duke of Richmond (1639–1672), who was created a knight of the Garter in 1661. It is interesting on several counts: the dominant textile is a very pure cloth of silver; the elaborate hose are constructed with reference to earlier seventeenth-century models; the garments exemplify Charles II’s understanding of the importance of ceremony to successful kingship. The suit was conserved for an exhibition at the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh and the essay gives some account of discoveries made through this process. In addition, the garments are placed in the context of late seventeenth- century dress.

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13

Georgianna, Linda. "The Sinful Knights: A Study of Middle English Penitential Romance.Andrea Hopkins". Speculum 68, n.º 1 (enero de 1993): 172–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2863879.

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14

Gordon, Sarah. "Kitchen Knights in Medieval French and English Narrative: Rainouart, Lancelot, Gareth". Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory 16, n.º 2 (abril de 2005): 189–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10436920590946822.

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15

Labutina, Tatiana. "English «Cloak And Dagger Knights» at the Court of Catherine II". Novaia i noveishaia istoriia 5 (2019): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640006343-5.

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16

Boldyreva, Natalia. ""The Community of Aureate Equites": the Early Data about the Order of the Garter in Russia". Odysseus. Man in History 28, n.º 1 (28 de octubre de 2022): 74–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/1607-6184-2022-28-1-74-95.

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The article presents an analysis of early information received in Russia in the 16th-17th centuries about one of the oldest and most honorable knight orders in Europe – the English Order of the Garter. Besides the reports from Muscovite ambassadors to London, one more detailed Russian account of this order has survived. Written by the English antiquarian W. Camden, this text was included in the fourth volume of the most famous geographical atlas of the world – Willem Blaeu’s Atlas Novus. This volume was translated very accurately into Church Slavonic by Isaiah, the Ukrainian-born scribe of the Moscow Chudov Monastery, in the 1650s-1661 at the behest of Patriarch Nikon. In addition to a detailed description of the appearance of the Knights of the Garter and a description of the brotherhood’s symbol itself, the translation recites legends about the founding of the order. The key point is that the translator interprets the term order to mean a social group rather than an award. This information appears to be very important in the general context of the Russian order system development, since knowledge of the English Order of the Garter and its statutes became one of the starting points for Peter I when planning the introduction of the first Russian order, the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.

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17

Hildebrand, Kristina. "The Other Cornwall Girl: Morgause in Twentieth-Century English Literature". Journal of the International Arthurian Society 6, n.º 1 (25 de septiembre de 2018): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jias-2018-0003.

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Abstract Morgause is an understudied character in Arthurian scholarship. In Malory, she is relatively positively presented as a queen, as a mother of knights and as a sexually active woman; she is always seen from these perspectives, which define her as a character. In modern portrayals, there is no novel with Morgause as a main character, but she appears frequently as a secondary one. The focus is on her sexuality, which is sometimes contrasted against Morgaine le Fay’s. Morgause’s sexual independence is frequently condemned and used to depict her as a negative character, or even the villain of the piece.

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18

Morillo, Stephen y Andrew Ayton. "Knights and Warhorses: Military Service and the English Aristocracy under Edward III." American Historical Review 101, n.º 3 (junio de 1996): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2169459.

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19

Bachrach, Bernard S. y Andrew Ayton. "Knights and Warhorses: Military Service and the English Aristocracy under Edward III." Journal of Military History 60, n.º 3 (julio de 1996): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2944529.

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20

ORME, NICHOLAS. "The Knights Hospitaller of the English Langue 1460?1565 - By Gregory O'Malley". History 92, n.º 306 (abril de 2007): 258–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-229x.2007.394_9.x.

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21

Scammell, Jean. "The Formation of the English Social Structure: Freedom, Knights, and Gentry, 1066-1300". Speculum 68, n.º 3 (julio de 1993): 591–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2864967.

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22

Neville, Cynthia J. "Knights and Warhorses: Military Service and the English Aristocracy under Edward III.Andrew Ayton". Speculum 71, n.º 4 (octubre de 1996): 927–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2865727.

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23

Coss, Peter. "Knights, Esquires and the Origins of Social Gradation in England". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 5 (diciembre de 1995): 155–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3679332.

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One of the abiding characteristics of the English gentry has been its system of social gradation. And yet the origins of this system have received relatively little attention from historians. Of course, we are well used to describing a local society of knights and esquires in the fourteenth century and of accommodating the addition of gentlemen, albeit with some hesitancy, in the fifteenth. Historians have highlighted the sumptuary legislation of 1363, which points to the gentility of the esquire, and the Statute of Additions of 1413 which gives legal recognition to the mere gentleman. We may understand that neither piece of legislation is to be taken entirely at face value. Nevertheless they are recognised to be significant markers in the evolution of a graded gentry.

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24

MAGIER, Mariusz, Adrian Nowak, Tomasz ,. MERDA y Paweł Żochowski. "NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH BOWS USED IN BATTLE OF CRÉCY". PROBLEMY TECHNIKI UZBROJENIA, n.º 2 (9 de octubre de 2017): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5152.

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The paper presents simulation of flight path of an arrow shot with a longbow and its penetration process through a steel plate imitating an armor of a medieval heavy cavalry knights used during the Battle of Crécy on 26 August, 1346. The battle was a turning moment which had settled the specific role of the English bow in tactics and methods of its deployment on battle fields for almost 200 years until the firearms such as arquebuses or muskets started to be commonly used. The basic technical parameters necessary for the simulation process are based on historical information. On the basis of numerical calculations, the parameters of the flight path of the arrow with the "anti-armor" head were determined up to the maximum range. Thanks to use of the finite element method (AUTODYN) the penetration capacity of the arrow shot from longbow against horseman’s armor of XIV century was estimated.

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25

McVitty, E. Amanda. "False knights and true men: contesting chivalric masculinity in English treason trials, 1388–1415". Journal of Medieval History 40, n.º 4 (4 de septiembre de 2014): 458–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03044181.2014.954139.

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26

Takao, Kawanishi. "Wesley in Oxford and the Legend of Holy Grail’s Knight: The Study about the Root of Methodism to the World, and the Foundation of Kwansei-Gakuin in Japan". Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 6, n.º 1 (28 de marzo de 2017): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/ajis.2017.v6n1p9.

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Abstract John Wesley (1703-91）is known as the founder of Methodism in his time of Oxford University’s Scholar. However, about his Methodical religious theory, he got more spiritual and important influence from other continents not only Oxford in Great Britain but also Europe and America. Through Wesley’s experience and awakening in those continents, Methodism became the new religion with Revival by the spiritual power of “Holy Grail”. By this research using Multidisciplinary approach about the study of Legend of Holy Grail’s Knight, - from King Arthur and Knights of the Round Table in the Medieval Period, and in 18th century Wesley, who went to America in the way on ship where he met the Moravian Church group also called Herrnhut having root of Pietisms, got important impression in his life. After this awakening, he went to meet Herrnhut supervisor Zinzendorf (1700-60) in Germany who had root of a noble house in the Holy Roman Empire, - and to Legend of Holy Grail’s Knight Opera “Parsifal” by Richard Wagner at Bayreuth near Herrnhut’s land in the 19th century, Wesley’s Methodism is able to reach new states with the legend, such as the historical meaning of Christianity not only Protestantism but also Catholicism. I wish to point out Wesley’s Methodism has very close to Legend of Holy Grail’s Knight. In addition, after the circulation in America, in the late 19th century Methodism spread toward Africa, and Asian Continents. Especially in Japan, by Methodist Episcopal Church South, Methodism landed in the Kansai-area such international port city Kobe. Methodist missionary Walter Russel Lambuth (1854-1921) who entered into Japan founded English schools to do his missionary works. Afterward, one of them became Kwansei-Gakuin University in Kobe. Moreover, Lambuth such as Parsifal with Wesley’s theories went around the world to spread Methodism with the Spirit’s the Legend of Holy Grail’s Knight as World Citizen.

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27

Brand, Paul A. "The Origins of the English Legal Profession". Law and History Review 5, n.º 1 (1987): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/743936.

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Shortly after Henry II had succeeded to the English throne, Richard of Anstey commenced litigation against his cousin, Mabel de Francheville. His uncle, William de Sackville, had held a sizeable mesne barony, consisting of at least seven Essex manors and the overlordship of ten knights' fees in Essex and three neighbouring counties. Richard's aim was to secure this property for himself. Mabel claimed that (as William's daughter and heiress) she was rightfully in possession. Richard asserted that she was illegitimate, the issue of a marriage that had been annulled by the Church; and that as Williams's nephew, the eldest son of William's sister, the lands should pass to him, as William's heir. The litigation began in 1158 in the king's court; but once the question of Mabel's status had been raised it was transferred to the Church courts. Her legitimacy was discussed in turn in the court of the archbishop of Canterbury, before papal judges delegate, and finally before the papal court of audience in Rome. The eventual decision was that Mabel was illegitimate. The case then returned to the king's court, and, some five years after the proceedings had begun, the king's court awarded William de Sackville's lands to Richard of Anstey.

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28

Kraishan, Majed y Wasfi Shoqairat. "Falling Knights: Sir Gawain in Pre and Post Malory Arthurian Tradition". World Journal of English Language 13, n.º 1 (18 de noviembre de 2022): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v13n1p54.

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The present study traces the development of Sir Gawain’s traits in the Arthurian legend through an analysis of Arthurian literature in early medieval works, in transition, and in modern cycle. It aims to show what makes Sir Gawain a multiple character and how his plastic character has appealed to the literary, political, and social taste of the time of his creation and recreation. The focus will be upon the roles that the new characteristics of Sir Gawain should fulfil and the reasons which stand behind this transition in his character.The study examines the representation of Sir Gawain as a heroic knight in mainly three texts from the medieval and modern English Arthurian tradition: Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniae Sir Thomas Malory’s De Morte Arthur, Alfred Lord Tennyson’s Idylls of the King. Some references are made to other contemporary texts. These texts range from literary to history, providing a broad overview of the many ways in which history and romance approaches the question of the roles of knighthood and chivalry through the figure of Sir Gawain.By exploring these narratives in their historical and social contexts, the present study explains why Sir Gawain maintains certain characteristics across a particularly eventful period in English history, as well as why certain characteristics change drastically. It will also offer new insights about public perception of medieval notions of knighthood and chivalry.All translated quotations from Historia Regum Britanniae are taken from Geoffrey of Monmouth, History of Kings of Britain, translated by Sebastian Evans (London: Dent, 1963). All Latin quotations from Wace’s Roman de Brut: A History of the British are taken fromWace, Wace’s Roman de Brut: A History of the British, edited by Judith Weiss (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2002). All quotations from the Arthurian Section of Layamon’s Brut are taken from Layamon, Layamon’s Arthur: the Arthurian Section of Layamon’s Brut, edited by W.R.J. Barron and S.C. Weinberg (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2001). All quotations from Idylls of the King are taken from Alfred Tennyson, Idylls of the king, edited by J. M. Gray (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1983).

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Lee, David. "Coping with a title: the indexer and the British aristocracy". Indexer: The International Journal of Indexing: Volume 17, Issue 3 17, n.º 3 (1 de abril de 1991): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/indexer.1991.17.3.3.

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The names of peers occur frequently in books, and of course in their indexes. The English peerage system is not straightforward; it is so easy to make errors in the treatment of the names of peers and knights and their ladies, causing confusion to readers, that an article warning of pitfalls seems worthwhile.1 It is sometimes necessary to do research on peers and their titles, and this article gives the necessary clues. Whilst the article is in part general, the particular problems of indexers are covered, such as the form of name, and the order of entries.

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30

Martin, Aude. "Acheflour and Blauncheflour: Mothers and Wives in Sir Percyvell of Galles and Sir Tristrem ". Journal of the International Arthurian Society 11, n.º 1 (1 de septiembre de 2023): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jias-2023-0003.

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Abstract The Middle English characters of Acheflour, the hero’s mother in Sir Percyvell of Galles, and Blauncheflour, the hero’s mother in Sir Tristrem, share their actively voiced concern for their sons. In doing so, they are granted greater prominence in these Middle English narrative contexts than their counterparts in other linguistic traditions. In this article, I argue that the figure of Acheflour, whose agency has been acknowledged in scholarship, sets up a standard for Blauncheflour, whose role in the story has been, on the contrary, rather overlooked. Acheflour and Blauncheflour have in common that they are sisters to a king – Arthur and Mark respectively – and young widows. I argue that the strategies that they develop in order to protect their sons from the dangers of knighthood are comparable and create stronger relationships with these young knights.

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31

GIBSON, WILLIAM. "Devil in Disguise: Deception, Delusion and Fanaticism in the Early English Enlightenment - By M. Knights". Journal of Religious History 36, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2012): 420–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9809.2012.01183.x.

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32

Weil, Rachel. "Mark Knights. The Devil in Disguise: Deception, Delusion, and Fanaticism in the Early English Enlightenment." American Historical Review 117, n.º 4 (21 de septiembre de 2012): 1295–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/117.4.1295.

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33

Cronin, Graeme. "Knights and Warhorses: Military Service and the English Aristocracy under Edward III (review)". Parergon 17, n.º 2 (2000): 297–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pgn.2000.0037.

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34

Semyonov, Vadim B. "THE FIRST ENGLISH SONNET AND ITS PARODIC ESSENCE". Vestnik of Kostroma State University 30, n.º 1 (28 de junio de 2024): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2024-30-1-100-106.

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The article is devoted to the consideration of questions about which sonnet was the first example of a national genre form in English poetry, and about the relationship between its text and previous traditions and specific monuments. The research material was a fragment of the chivalric romance “Amoryus and Cleopes” by John Metham. Topicality of the study is due to the lack of knowledge of this text. The form of graphic organisation of the selected fragment is analysed against the background of comparisons with various ways of setting up classical Italian sonnets, then the meaningful motifs and the integral plot of the fragment are correlated with the content of Francesco Petrarch’s book “De remediis utriusque fortunae” and in more detail with the plot of Geoffrey Chaucer’s early poem “The Book of the Duchess”. The general A.M. Severinus Boethius’s theme of the Wheel of Fortune is noted, and the movement of the plot in Chaucer and Metham and both figures of their complaining knights, as well as the causes of their suffering, are assessed. In the process of analysis, it is possible to establish that a fragment of the novel, designed by the author on the model of Italian sonnets, yet containing an original rhyme scheme, which will become known as the rhyme of an English sonnet, exhibits a parodic character in relation to the texts of Petrarch and Chaucer.

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35

Ivanova, Tetiana. "GENRE PECULIARITIES OF THE LITERATURE OF THE NORMAN PERIOD (12TH 13TH CENTURIES)". Scientific Journal of Polonia University 56, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2023): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/5610.

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The period of French domination left an important mark on the later history of English literature, which, in some cases, is more common with the artistic devices and style of French literature of the Norman period than with the study of Anglo-Saxon literature, from which it was artificially divorced. The Norman conquest conditioned certain specific features of language development. The main one was the spread of three languages in the Kingdom of England – French among the ruling class, English among the broad masses of the population, and Latin in church affairs and administration. This affected the linguistic and genre character of English medieval literature.Methods used in the study: general scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction), methods of theoretical research (from abstract to concrete), historical method Among the feudal lords, the most popular genre was chivalric poetry, which was brought from France by trouver singer-poets. The most common manifestation of chivalric poetry was the rhyming chivalric novel, which reflected the customs of the upper feudal class, promoted heroic deeds, the code of chivalric morality, and examples of human virtues. The novels about King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table became the most popular.

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36

Sneddon, Andrew. "The Devil in Disguise: Deception, Delusion, and Fanaticism in the Early English Enlightenment - By Mark Knights". Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 35, n.º 4 (22 de noviembre de 2012): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2012.00506.x.

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37

Brayson, Alex. "The English parishes and knights' fees tax of 1428: a study in fiscal politics and administration". Historical Research 89, n.º 246 (23 de junio de 2016): 651–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.12145.

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38

Stark, Ryan J. "The Devil in Disguise: Deception, Delusion, and Fanaticism in the Early English Enlightenment by Mark Knights". Scriblerian and the Kit-Cats 46, n.º 1 (2013): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/scb.2013.0036.

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39

Blackmore, Robert. "The effects of commercial privileges in late medieval Bordeaux, 1348–1449". French History 34, n.º 1 (18 de diciembre de 2019): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fh/crz095.

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Abstract This article examines the impact of a developed bourgeois legal status on late medieval Bordeaux’s wine market, between 1348—the year of the arrival of the Black Death—and 1449, shortly before the end of Plantagenet rule (in 1453). Through their control of the city’s powerful commune, the bourgeoisie acquired a portfolio of commercial advantages that distorted the export market in the interests of its members: a minority of influential townspeople, ecclesiastics—both individuals and institutions—as well as knights and secular lords allied to the English crown. Using considerable new quantitative evidence from Bordeaux’s customs books, this group is shown to have increased its exports at a time when trade was in decline, and—in turn—invested profits in the city’s hinterland, its suburbs and the wider Bordelais.

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40

Barrett, Christopher. "Roland and Crusade Imagery in an English Royal Chapel: early thirteenth-century wall paintings in Claverley church, Shropshire". Antiquaries Journal 92 (3 de julio de 2012): 129–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581512000091.

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A frieze of mounted knights, over 15m long, dominates the nave of the church of All Saints, Claverley, Shropshire. It is part of an extensive mural scheme from the first quarter of the thirteenth century. For the first time the status of Claverley as a Royal Chapel is recognized and the royal and crusading character of the imagery is discussed. The emperors Constantine and Heraclius are identified as part of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross subject on the north wall, and the Holy Cross is suggested as the unifying theme, pre-dating the Florentine mural cycle by Agnolo Gaddi by some 170 years. Claverley is also shown to have the only medieval mural of Roland, hero of the Chanson de Roland, to survive in situ. The historical background of the early years of Henry iii is examined and the possible role of Ranulf de Blondeville, earl of Chester, in commissioning the frieze is considered.

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41

Streit, Kevin T. "The Expansion of the English Jewish Community in the Reign of King Stephen". Albion 25, n.º 2 (1993): 177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4051451.

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By the time Henry II imposed a large donum on cities, knights, moneyers, and Jews in 1159, the English Jewry dwelt in at least eleven communities throughout the realm. Of these, the London community was certainly the oldest, having been established by the Conqueror. The origins of the other communities are much less certain. Records from the end of Henry I's reign suggest that the Jews of England were still based in or around London, though some indirect evidence suggests the presence of isolated Jews elsewhere in the kingdom. It seems clear, however, that the years falling between Henry I's death and the accession of Henry II—the reign of Stephen, commonly known as the Anarchy—witnessed an expansion of Jews throughout the country, marking this period as very important to the history of English Jews. The meager evidence surviving suggests three important points: first, that it was, in fact, in the reign of Stephen that communities of royal Jews spread from London into other English towns; second, that significant Jewish communities existed only in areas that remained under royal control during Stephen's reign; and third, that these new Jewish communities may have been fostered by Stephen to further his own political and fiscal interests. The paucity of the available evidence makes any case for the English Jewry in this period uncomfortably conjectural; nevertheless, the few scraps that exist suggest these points to be at the least plausible, if not indeed likely.

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42

Brincat, Joseph M. "Maltese: blending Semitic, Romance and Germanic lexemes". Lexicographica 33, n.º 2017 (28 de agosto de 2018): 207–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lex-2017-0011.

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AbstractMalta’s position at the centre of the Mediterranean attracted various conquerors and settlers, but in its present form Maltese has its origins in the Arabic dialect introduced by the Muslim conquest around the year 1000. Lexical Latinisation started early under Norman rule and kept increasing steadily up to the twentieth century thanks to contact with Chancery and spoken Sicilian up to the sixteenth century, and then with Italian which was introduced by the Knights of Malta. This article traces the historical developments and their influence on the Maltese language, providing statistics concerning the composition of the lexicon and the various methods by which it can be analysed. A look at the present situation explains how Maltese and English bilingualism in the schools and in society is affecting the spoken variety which is often marked by code-switching.

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43

Brincat, Joseph M. "Maltese: blending Semitic, Romance and Germanic lexemes". Lexicographica 33, n.º 1 (1 de septiembre de 2018): 207–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lexi-2017-0011.

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AbstractMalta’s position at the centre of the Mediterranean attracted various conquerors and settlers, but in its present form Maltese has its origins in the Arabic dialect introduced by the Muslim conquest around the year 1000. Lexical Latinisation started early under Norman rule and kept increasing steadily up to the twentieth century thanks to contact with Chancery and spoken Sicilian up to the sixteenth century, and then with Italian which was introduced by the Knights of Malta. This article traces the historical developments and their influence on the Maltese language, providing statistics concerning the composition of the lexicon and the various methods by which it can be analysed. A look at the present situation explains how Maltese and English bilingualism in the schools and in society is affecting the spoken variety which is often marked by code-switching.

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44

Coldstream, Nicola. "Of Armor and Men in Medieval England: The Chivalric Rhetoric of Three English Knights' Effigies. Rachel Ann Dressler". Speculum 81, n.º 2 (abril de 2006): 502–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003871340000289x.

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Serjeantson, Richard. "Preaching Regicide in Jacobean England: John Knight and David Pareus*". English Historical Review 134, n.º 568 (junio de 2019): 553–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cez170.

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Abstract On 14 April 1622, John Knight, a theology student at Broadgates Hall, Oxford, delivered a Palm Sunday sermon before his University. In it, Knight defended the thesis that subjects defending themselves on grounds of religion would be justified in taking up arms against their sovereign. This study reconstructs the content of, political context for, and reaction to Knight’s sermon. In establishing the importance for Knight’s sermon of non-English authorities, above all the authoritative Palatine theologian David Pareus and the Lausanne theologian Guillaume Du Buc (Bucanus), it demonstrates that justifications of armed resistance to sovereign powers were widely known in pre-civil war England, but that their expression in English was effectively controlled.

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46

Leonard, John. "“To Warn Proud Cities”: a Topical Reference in Milton’s “Airy Knights” Simile (Paradise Lost II.531-8)". Renaissance and Reformation 31, n.º 2 (23 de enero de 2009): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v31i2.11612.

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In Paradise Lost II.531-8 modern editors often see an allusion to Josephus’ account of armies appearing in the sky shortly before the fall of Jerusalem. In fact, reports of spectral soldiers and aerial battles were quite common in seventeenth-century English pamphlets, such as Mirabilis Annus and Five Strange Wonders. Airy apparitions do not seem to have held much fascination for Milton. But this does not mean that he could not exploit their popular appeal and their political symbolism in Paradise Lost.

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47

Vallance, Edward. "A ‘Liberal’ Revolution? 1688 as Sattelzeit". População e Sociedade 38 (31 de diciembre de 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.52224/21845263/rev38a1.

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This paper reflects on the nature of the English revolution of 1688, examining the way in which the revolution has tended to be presented as a temporal marker. While the notion of the revolution as the founding moment in the establishment of a liberal political order has largely been abandoned, the idea of 1688 as a historical watershed has proved persistent. Recent historical interpretations oscillate between seeing the revolution as representing the end of earlier historical processes (the reformation, the mid-century revolution) and seeing it as the beginning of modernity. The 1696 Association to William III has been identified by scholars such as Steven Pincus and Mark Knights as revealing the modernizing effect of the revolution. This article examines the same moment, employing Reinhart Kosseleck’s notion of Sattelzeit to instead argue for 1688 as a transitionary period in which multiple senses of time and historical change co-existed.

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48

Donnelly, J. "The perils and dangers of these knights (and undead peasants): Interpreting English and Scottish Extent Rolls of 1297–1305". Journal of Scottish Historical Studies 36, n.º 1 (mayo de 2016): 13–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jshs.2016.0166.

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Medieval Scottish economic and social history has held little interest for a unionist establishment but, just when a recovery of historic independence begins to seem possible, this paper tackles a (perhaps the) key pre-1424 source. It is compared with a Rutland text, in a context of foreign history, both English and continental. The Berwickshire text is not, as was suggested in 2014, a ‘compte rendu’ but rather an ‘extent’, intended to cross-check such accounts. Read alongside the Rutland roll, it is not even a single ‘compte’ but rather a palimpsest of different sources and times: a possibility beyond earlier editorial imaginings. With content falling (largely) within the time-frame of the PoMS project (although not actually included), when the economic history of Scotland in Europe is properly explored, the sources discussed here will be key and will offer an interesting challenge to interpretation. And some surprises about their nature and date.

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Makuch, Szymon. "Górski wehikuł czasu. Legenda Rogera Dodswortha w literaturze i kulturze". Góry, Literatura, Kultura 11 (17 de julio de 2018): 441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4107.11.29.

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A MOUTAIN TIME MACHINE. THE LEGEND OF ROGER DODSWORTH IN LITERATURE AND CULTUREIn various legends and literary works the mountains often served as a place where time travel was possible, as they provided security for protagonists falling into deep sleep for years. It is no coincidence that legends of sleeping knights often place them in the mountains. In 1826 a rumour spread that Roger Dodsworth, who had been buried in an avalanche over 100 years earlier, came to life. The news was circulated by the press across Europe and attracted the interest of Mary Shelley, who devoted a short story to it. The present article is an analysis of press stories concerning the famous hibernatus and the story by the English writer, who saw the popular rumours as a background for reflections on a man from a different period transferred into the future, as well as an attempt to define the role of the mountains in the writings on Dodsworth.

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Knighton, C. S. y Timothy Wilson. "Serjeant Knight's Discourse on the Cross and Flags of St George (1678)". Antiquaries Journal 81 (septiembre de 2001): 351–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500072231.

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In January 1678 John Knight, the Serjeant Surgeon of Charles II, sent to Samuel Pepys a ‘Discourse containing the History of the Cross of St. George, and its becoming the Sole Distinction = Flag, Badge or Cognizance of England, by Sea and Land’. Knight argued that St George's cross should become the dominant feature in English flags and supported his argument with a history of the cross.A manuscript copy of this discourse, with Knight's original drawings, survives in the Pepys Library, Magdalene College, Cambridge, and is published here. A brief biography of Knight is presented and an account of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century controversies about St George. The latter was an issue which caused acrimony between Royalists and Puritans. An Appendix reconstructs Knight's library, principally consisting of books concerning heraldry, topography and history.

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