Tesis sobre el tema "Energy and climate target"
Crea una cita precisa en los estilos APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard y otros
Consulte los 50 mejores tesis para su investigación sobre el tema "Energy and climate target".
Junto a cada fuente en la lista de referencias hay un botón "Agregar a la bibliografía". Pulsa este botón, y generaremos automáticamente la referencia bibliográfica para la obra elegida en el estilo de cita que necesites: APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, etc.
También puede descargar el texto completo de la publicación académica en formato pdf y leer en línea su resumen siempre que esté disponible en los metadatos.
Explore tesis sobre una amplia variedad de disciplinas y organice su bibliografía correctamente.
Kramers, Anna. "Smart Cities and Climate Targets : Reducing cities' energy use with ICT and travel information". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Miljöstrategisk analys (fms), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-152821.
Texto completoDenna avhandling undersöker hur informations- och kommunikationsteknologi (IKT) kan användas till att bidra till minskning av energianvändning i städer och därmed bidra till att nå städers klimatmål. Den undersöker hur städers klimatmål kan utvecklas på ett konsekvent och transparent sätt, hur de mest lovande IKT-lösningarna kan identifieras när det gäller att minska invånarnas energianvändning och hur de kan ingå i stadsplanering. Genomförande av principer för mobility management samt samhälleliga mål testas i två befintliga lösningar, - ett resenärsinformationssystem och en flexibel arbetsplatslösning. Fyra centrala metodologiska överväganden för att bestämma städers klimatmål identifieras. Dessa gäller: föremålet för målformuleringen, den tidsmässiga omfattningen, mätenheten och målets räckvidd. Ett verktyg togs fram för att identifiera de IKT- lösningarna som är mest lovande vad gäller att minska stadsbornas energianvändning. Verktyget kan också användas för att observera de identifierade IKT-lösningarnas utnyttjandegrad samt de tekniska och sociotekniska svårigheter som är förenade med införande. I en fallstudie i Storstockholmsområdet identifierades de IKT-lösningar som var mest lovande: intelligenta värmesystem för byggnader, intelligenta transportsystem samt den potentiella förändringen av den fysiska miljön (byggnader och vägar) som görs möjliggörs av IKT-lösningar. Två aspekter av planering som identifierats som avgörande för ett framgångsrikt införande av energibesparande IKT-lösningar har studerats i detalj: i) Tidpunkten för IKT-relaterade beslut i planeringsprocessen; och ii) de aktörsnätverk som behövs för att införa och förvalta IKT-lösningarna. Det finns få beslutspunkter i den aktuella planeringen vilket gör att beslutsprocessen och kommunens roll som fastighetsägare är av avgörande betydelse. Två strategier för samarbete föreslås, styrning genom samordning i nätverk och samordning via metastyrning (indirekt styrning). En undersökning av nio reseplanerare och en fallstudie i Stockholm av flexibla arbetsplatslösningar visade att mobility management metoder för att minska efterfrågan på transporter och uppmuntra miljövänliga transportsätt inte återspeglas tillräckligt i genomförandet. För att stödja mobility management-principer bör resenärsinformations-system främst erbjuda, eller integreras med andra lösningar som stödjer valen "ingen resa" och "kortare resa". Hubbar för flexibla arbetsplatser bör placeras i lokala noder närmare bostäder. De viktigaste slutsatserna i denna avhandling är att IKT-lösningar kan modifieras för att stödja städers klimatmål och att klimatmål måste definieras med hjälp av transparenta metoder för att säkerställa att de mest lovande IKT-lösningar för energiminskning införs.
QC 20141002
Proença, Sara Isabel Azevedo. "Impact assessment of energy and climate policies : a hybrid botton-up general equilibrium model (HyBGem) for Portugal". Doctoral thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6126.
Texto completoClimate change mitigation and the imperative of a new sustainable energy paradigm are among the greatest challenges facing the world today, and they are high on the priority list of policy makers as well as within the scientific community. In this context significant efforts are being made in the design and implementation of energy and carbon mitigation policies at both European and national level. Evidence of this can be seen in the recent adoption by the EU of an integrated climate and energy policy that setts ambitious binding targets to be achieved by 2020 – known as the 20-20-20 targets of the EU Climate and Energy Package. Undoubtedly, the cost of these policies can be substantially reduced if a comprehensive impact assessment is made of the most efficient and cost-effective policy measures and technological options. Policy impact assessment therefore plays an important role in supporting the energy and climate decision-making process. This is the context of and motivation for the research presented in this thesis. The first part of the thesis, the conceptual framework, describes the development of the Hybrid Bottom-up General Equilibrium Model (HyBGEM) for Portugal, as a decision-support tool to assist national policy makers in conducting energy and climate policy analysis. HyBGEM is a single integrated, multi-sector, hybrid top-down/bottom-up general equilibrium E3 model formulated as a mixed complementarity problem. The second part of the thesis, the empirical analysis, provides an impact assessment of Portugal’s 2020 energy-climate policy targets under the EU Climate and Energy Package commitments, based on the HyBGEM model and the baseline projections previously developed. Five policy scenarios have been modelled and simulated to evaluate the economic, environmental and technological impacts on Portugal of complying with its individual 2020 carbon emissions and renewable energy targets. Furthermore, insights are gained into how these targets interact with each other, what are the most efficient and cost-effective policy options, and how alternative pathways affect the extent of policy-induced effects. The numerical analysis reveals that Portugal’s 2020 energy-climate targets can be achieved without significant compliance costs. A major challenge for policy makers is to promote an effective decarbonisation of the electricity generation sector through renewable-based technologies. There is evidence that the compliance costs of Portugal’s low carbon target in 2020 are significantly higher than the costs of achieving the national RES-E target, given that imposing carbon emissions constraints and subsidising renewable electricity generation via a feed-in tariffs scheme both have a similar impact on economy-wide emissions. This result suggests that the most cost-effective policy option to achieve the national energy-climate targets is to promote renewable power generation technologies, recommending that policy makers should proceed with the mechanisms that support it. The transition to a ‘greener’ economy is thus central to the ongoing fight against climate change. There is also evidence that emission market segmentation as imposed by the current EU-ETS creates substantial excess costs compared to uniform emissions pricing through a comprehensive cap-and-trade system. The economic argument on counterproductive overlapping regulation is not corroborated by the findings. Furthermore, there is no potential for a double dividend arising from environmental tax reforms. To conclude, the results highlight the critical importance of market distortions and revenue-recycling schemes, together with baseline projections in policy impact assessment.
A mitigação das alterações climáticas e o imperativo de um novo paradigma energético sustentável estão entre os maiores desafios que o mundo de hoje enfrenta, surgindo no topo da lista de prioridades quer dos decisores políticos quer da comunidade científica. Neste contexto, têm sido envidados esforços significativos na conceção e aplicação de políticas energéticas e de mitigação de carbono, tanto a nível europeu como nacional. A recente adoção de uma política integrada da UE em matéria de clima e energia, com objetivos ambiciosos a serem alcançados até 2020 – os denominados objetivos 20-20-20 do Pacote Clima-Energia da UE, é prova disso. Não há dúvida de que o custo destas políticas pode ser substancialmente reduzido se for feita uma avaliação global das medidas e das opções tecnológicas mais eficientes e com melhor relação custo-eficácia. A avaliação de impacto das políticas desempenha assim um papel importante no apoio à tomada de decisão em matéria energética e climática. São estes o contexto e a motivação para a investigação apresentada nesta tese. A primeira parte da tese, referente à estrutura conceptual, descreve o desenvolvimento do modelo HyBGEM – Hybrid Bottom-up General Equilibrium Model, concebido para Portugal. Trata-se de uma ferramenta de apoio à decisão em matéria de políticas de energia-clima. O HyBGEM é um modelo E3 de equilíbrio geral, com uma estrutura híbrida top-down/bottom-up integrada, multi-setorial e formulado como um problema de complementaridade mista. A segunda parte da tese, referente à análise empírica, apresenta uma avaliação de impacto das políticas de energia-clima para Portugal no quadro dos compromissos assumidos no Pacote Clima-Energia da UE, com base no modelo HyBGEM e em projeções de base previamente construídas. Foram modelados e simulados cinco cenários de política para avaliar os impactos económicos, ambientais e tecnológicos do cumprimento das metas nacionais traçadas para 2020 em matéria de limitação de emissões de carbono e promoção das energias renováveis. Avalia-se também o modo como estes objetivos interagem entre si, quais são as opções de política mais eficientes e custo-eficazes, e em que medida opções alternativas influenciam a magnitude dos impactos. A análise numérica revela que as metas energia-clima 2020 para Portugal podem ser alcançadas sem incorrer em custos de cumprimento significativos. O desafio fundamental que se coloca aos decisores políticos consiste em impulsionar a descarbonização do setor de produção de energia elétrica através de tecnologias de energia renovável. Existe evidência de que os custos de cumprimento da meta de redução de carbono são significativamente mais elevados que os custos de cumprimento da meta de FER-E, sendo que a imposição de restrições às emissões e a subsidiação da produção de eletricidade a partir de fontes de energia renovável (regime de tarifas feed-in) têm um impacto semelhante sobre o total de emissões. Este resultado sugere que a promoção das tecnologias de base renovável no sistema energético nacional é a opção com melhor relação custo-eficácia para a concretização dos objetivos nacionais energia-clima para 2020, instando os decisores políticos a prosseguir com os mecanismos de apoio existentes. A transição para uma economia mais ‘verde’ afigura-se assim fundamental no combate em curso contra as alterações climáticas. A análise revela também que a segmentação do mercado de emissões imposta pelo atual CELE gera custos adicionais substanciais quando comparada com um sistema de direitos de emissão uniforme. O argumento económico de que a sobreposição de regulamentação é contraproducente não é corroborado pelos resultados. A expectativa de um duplo dividendo decorrente das reformas fiscais em matéria ambiental não foi confirmada. Os resultados destacam ainda a importância crítica das distorções de mercado, dos sistemas de reciclagem de receitas e das projeções de base, para a avaliação de impacto das políticas.
Marei, Ibrahim Fatehi Ibrahim. "The law and policy for electricity generated by renewable energy: Greening the power in three Middle Eastern jurisdictions". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/92279/4/Ibrahim_Marei_Thesis.pdf.
Texto completoSmith, Melissa. "Transitioning the Energy Sector : A Study on the Philippines and the Challenges of Meeting International Climate Targets". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-396486.
Texto completoTODESCHI, VALERIA. "Urban-Scale Energy Modeling to Promote Smart Solutions for Sustainable and Resilient Cities". Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2966333.
Texto completoPietzcker, Robert Carl [Verfasser], Gunnar [Akademischer Betreuer] Luderer, Ottmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Edenhofer y Christian von [Akademischer Betreuer] Hirschhausen. "Achieving stringent climate targets : an analysis of the role of transport and variable renewable energies using energy economy climate models / Robert Carl Pietzcker. Gutachter: Ottmar Edenhofer ; Christian von Hirschhausen. Betreuer: Gunnar Luderer". Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1069578401/34.
Texto completoKramers, Anna. "Contribution of ICT to Climate Targets of Cities : Exploring the potential of Information and Communication Technologies in reducing emissions and energy use from buildings and travel". Licentiate thesis, KTH, Miljöstrategisk analys, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-100479.
Texto completoQC 20120809
Fauré, Eléonore. "Sustainability goals combining social and environmental aspects". Licentiate thesis, KTH, Miljöstrategisk analys (fms), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-191524.
Texto completoUtsläpp av växthusgaser (GHG) och andra miljöproblem, såsom förlust av biologisk mångfald, markanvändning och övergödning av sötvatten och marina kustekosystem, är stora utmaningar för mänskligheten. De planetära gränser för dessa områden har redan överskridits. Av de 16 svenska miljömålen för 2020, vars syfte är att lösa dessa ödesfrågor, bedöms bara ett – "Ett skyddande ozonskikt" – uppnås i tid. Vad gäller sociala mål på global nivå fram till 2015 – FN:s Milleniemål – har visserligen betydande framsteg gjorts på en del områden, t.ex. jämställdhet i utbildningen, men utfallet skiljer sig mellan länder och inom länder med avseende på socioekonomisk grupp och kön. Denna avhandling undersöker hur man kan ta hänsyn till både miljömässiga och sociala hållbarhetsmål som ska användas i framtidsscenarier eller som underlag till beslutsfattande. I artikel I väljs fyra hållbarhetsmål i en tvärvetenskaplig process. Målen ska uppfyllas 2050 i s.k. normativa framtidsscenarier (backcasting) för Sverige i en kontext av nedväxt eller låg tillväxt. De två första målen handlar om klimatförändringar och markanvändningsfrågor. De två andra är sociala mål och omfattar delaktighet och inflytande i samhället samt tillgång till resurser och fördelning av dessa. För att uppnå de valda miljömålen, kommer drastiska minskningar av växthusgasutsläpp (GHG) och markanvändning att behövas, jämfört med dagens situation. Båda de sociala målen är inom räckhåll i dag, även om graden av uppfyllelse skiljer sig mellan olika grupper i samhället. I artikel II genomförs en kvalitativ dokumentanalys för att samla information om befintliga och föreslagna klimat- och energimål på global, nationell och lokal nivå. Vi letar också efter rättviseperspektiv i befintliga klimat- och energimål samt förslag till sådana perspektiv i föreslagna mål i den vetenskapliga litteraturen liksom i rapporter från miljöorganisationer. En slutsats är att rättvisa inte är uttryckligen formulerat i befintliga klimat- och energimål. Vi använder en teoretisk ram för social rättvisa som skiljer mellan vem som ger och får det som fördelas, vad som fördelas (rättvisevaluta) och hur det fördelas (distributionsprinciper). Utifrån vår analys fann vi att en egalitär princip används för de flesta föreslagna målen, exempelvis för globala mål om utsläpp av växthusgaser per capita. Samtliga av de granskade målen omfattar endast rättvisa mellan människor och exkluderar därmed andra levande varelser. I artikel III analyserar vi hur fyra olika backcastingscenarier för markanvändning i ett svenskt sammanhang år 2060 påverkar andra hållbarhetsmål när ett klimatmål om noll CO2-utsläpp är uppfyllt. Med hjälp av en matris gör vi en målkonfliktanalys med de övriga svenska miljömålen, jämställdhetsmål och mål för folkhälsan med dess 11 tillhörande målområden. Analysen visar att de potentiella målkonflikterna är fler i scenarier utan globalt klimatavtal. Detta beror främst på att vissa miljöfrågor måste behandlas på global nivå, samt att minskningen i miljöpåverkan kommer att bero på åtgärder som inte bara vidtagits i Sverige utan också globalt. Utifrån dessa tre artiklar diskuterar jag sedan olika aspekter som måste beaktas vid fastställandet av mål. Eftersom hållbarhetsmål är långsiktiga och kännetecknas av en hel del osäkerhet diskuterar jag behovet av att sätta upp "försiktigt utopiska mål" (cautiously utopian goals), det vill säga mål som kan vara omöjliga att uppnå, men möjliga att närma sig. Sådana mål kan få till stånd de djupgående förändringar som krävs för en hållbar och rättvis framtid samtidigt som de är acceptabla för de intressenter som berörs. Mål är ofta otydliga vad gäller vad som ingår eller inte. Vad gäller klimatmålen, exempelvis, är det ofta otydligt huruvida utsläpp från handel är inkluderade eller ej och vilket referensår en viss utsläppsminskning baseras på. Sådana avgränsningar bör synliggöras och helst diskuteras med avseende på hur de kan påverka till exempel andra länders utsläppsminskningar. Det finns också ett behov att skilja mål från medel för att uppnå målen, eftersom det gör det möjligt att formulera mål som kan uppnås på olika sätt. Ekonomisk tillväxt ses ofta som ett mål i sig, såsom i FN:s nya hållbarhetsmål (SDGs). Tillväxt borde dock betraktas som ett rent verktyg för att uppnå egentliga mål rörande, exempelvis, välbefinnande. Mål är också normativa och återspeglar både olika kulturella och etiska perspektiv på vad en god hälso- och sjukvård eller bostadsstandard bör vara. De underliggande värdena bör därför också synliggöras och ifrågasättas. Både inter- och intragenerationella rättviseperspektiv bör göras mer konkreta och tydliga så att sådana frågor kan följas upp. En bra start kan vara att förutom ett territoriellt perspektiv börja använda ett konsumtionsperspektiv vid upprättandet av klimat-eller markanvändningsmål, då effekten av vår konsumtion på andra länders miljö och hälsa har ökat under de senaste årtiondena.
QC 20160901
Beyond GDP Growth
Glover, Robin Wallace. "Energy balance climate modelling". Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308058.
Texto completoLi, Ang. "Energy demand and indoor climate of a traditional low-energy building in a hot climate". Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Institutionen för teknik och byggd miljö, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-6033.
Texto completoBurnett, Dougal James. "Climate change and renewable energy portfolios". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6245.
Texto completoTrotter, Ian Michael. "Essays on energy and climate change". Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2016. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/8651.
Texto completoMade available in DSpace on 2016-09-16T12:14:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1940591 bytes, checksum: 3da6520177746c26dd67daf0ea231e69 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-03
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Energy resource management is fundamental to the global economy and the well-being of its population. At the same time, changes in the climatic system threaten to deeply affect both the demand for energy and the energy supply. Firstly, it is important to understand how the existing resources can be used efficiently. Therefore, the first chapter of this thesis studies optimal operation a liquefied natural gas (LNG) importation terminal with storage, since LNG is increasingly being considered an key form of energy in the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. The main results suggest that the operation of existing infrastructure can be improved considerably. Secondly, we would like to know more about how vital societal functions could be affected by changes in the climate. In this respect, the second chapter investigates the impact of climate change on electricity demand: this chapter develops a method for incorporating weather uncertainty in electricity demand scenario generation under a non-stationary climate, then performs a case study using the method for the case of Brazil. In brief, the main results point to a significant increase in the uncertainty of electricity demand due to changes in the cliamte. Finally, after exploring the impact of climate change, it is natural to ask what can be done to mitigate the effects. The third chapter therefore performs an exploratory analysis on one of the most ambitious global efforts to mitigate climate change – the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) – in which projects in developing countries implement greenhouse gas reduction measures to earn credits, which can be sold to entities in developed countries with reduction targets. The research aimed to uncover intended and unintended consequences of the mechanism, and thus learn valuable lessons which must be considered in future efforts. Mainly, the results suggest that mitigation projects in the poorest regions are the most sensitive to the price of carbon credits.
Gestão de recursos energéticos fundamental para a economia global e o bem-estar da população. Ao mesmo tempo, mudanças no sistema climático podem afetar profundamente a demanda por energia e o suprimento de energia. Primeiramente, é importante entender como os recursos existentes podem ser usados eficientemente. Por isso, o primeiro capítulo desta tese estuda a operação ótima de terminais de importação de gás natural liquefeito (GNL) com armazenamento. GNL cada vez mais considerado uma forma de energia chave e na transição de combustíveis fósseis as fontes renováveis. Os resultados principais sugerem que a operação de infraestrutura existente pode ser melhorada consideravelmente. Em segundo lugar, gostaríamos saber mais sobre como funções vitais da sociedade poderiam ser afetadas por mudanças no clima. Nesse contexto, o segundo capítulo examina o impacto de mudanças climáticas na demanda de energia elétrica: esse capítulo desenvolve um método para incorporar incerteza meteorológica na geração de cenários de demanda de energia elétrica sob um clima não-estacionária, e subsequentemente usa o método para estudar o caso do Brasil. Em resumo, o resultado principal sugere um aumento significativo na incerteza da demanda de energia elétrica devida as mudanças no clima. Finalmente, depois de investigar os impactos de mudanças climáticas, é natural perguntar o que pode ser feito para mitigar seus efeitos. Por isso, o terceiro capítulo apresenta uma análise exploratória de um dos esforços mais ambiciosos de mitigar mudanças climáticas – o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) – em que projetos em países em desenvolvimento realizam medidas de redução de emissões de gases de efeito estufa para ganhar créditos, que podem ser vendidos a entidades em países desenvolvidos com metas de redução. O objetivo da pesquisa foi descobrir consequências intencionais e não-intencionais do mecanismo, e assim e a aprender lições valiosas que devem ser considerados para esforços futuros. Os resultados sugerem que projetos de mitigação nas regiões mais pobres são os mais sensíveis ao preço de créditos de carbono.
Persson, Johannes. "Low-energy buildings : energy use, indoor climate and market diffusion". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Energiprocesser, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-143480.
Texto completoQC 20140321
Lledó, Ponsatí Llorenç. "Climate variability predictions for the wind energy industry: a climate services perspective". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670882.
Texto completoPer tal de mitigar els efectes del canvi climàtic, tots els països del món estan duent a terme una transició energètica de fonts contaminants cap a energies renovables. Aquesta transició està incrementant la sensibilitat del sistema elèctric a les condicions atmosfèriques i fent-lo més vulnerable als efectes de la variabilitat climàtica. A escales de setmanes, mesos i anys, l'atmosfera interacciona amb altres components del sistema Terra com l'oceà, la criosfera o la superfície continental, que evolucionen més lentament que l'atmosfera, condicionant-ne la seva variabilitat a baixa freqüència. Al seu torn, les oscil·lacions que tenen lloc a aquestes escales temporals impacten el vent i la generació d'energia eòlica. Per tant, un millor coneixement de com varia el recurs eòlic a escales sub-estacionals, estacionals i decadals permetrà anticipar els riscs a què el sistema elèctric està sotmès. En segon lloc, anticipar aquesta variabilitat climàtica seria de gran utilitat a diversos actors del sistema energètic. L'ús de models climàtics que representen les interaccions entre les diferents components del sistema Terra permet abordar el repte de produir pronòstics més enllà de l'escala meteorològica (és a dir, a setmanes, mesos i anys vista). Malgrat tot, l'ús de les prediccions climàtiques en el sector de l'energia eòlica presenta una sèrie de dificultats degut a les complexitats d'aquest tipus de previsions. Per tal d'assistir la presa de decisions, no només és necessari disposar de les millors prediccions possibles sinó que cal també ajustar-les a les necessitats específiques de cada ús. Aquest objectiu només es pot assolir amb un diàleg constant i transdisciplinari entre els científics i les parts interessades que integri els avenços en diferents àmbits respecte la transferència de coneixement i la comunicació. Aquesta tesi avança el coneixement necessari per tal de produir i aplicar prediccions climàtiques a la presa de decisions per part de la indústria eòlica, abordant tres reptes: a) avaluar l'impacte d'oscil·lacions climàtiques sub-estacionals i estacional en el recurs eòlic; b) desenvolupar mètodes per produir prediccions de vent o de generació eòlica a aquestes escales; i c) facilitar l'adopció d'aquestes previsions mitjançant una aproximació basada en els serveis climàtics.
da, Silva Soares José Pedro. "WIND ENERGY UTILIZATION IN ARCTIC CLIMATE – RACMO 2.3 GREENLAND CLIMATE RUNS PROJECT". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-307437.
Texto completoOgutu, Benjamin Keroboto Za'Ngoti. "Energy balance mathematical model on climate change". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066224/document.
Texto completoThe goal of this study is to build a global reduced-complexity model of coupled climate-economy-biosphere interactions, which uses the minimum number of variables and equations needed to capture the fundamental mechanisms involved and can thus help clarify the role of the different mechanisms and parameters. The Coupled Climate-Economy-Biosphere (CoCEB) model takes an integrated assessment approach to simulating global change. While many integrated assessment models treat abatement costs merely as an unproductive loss of income, the study considered abatement activities also as an investment in overall energy efficiency of the economy and decrease of overall carbon intensity of the energy system. The study shows that these efforts help to abate climate change and lead to positive effects in economic growth. Due to the fact that integrated assessment models in the literature mainly focus on mitigation in the energy sector and consider emissions from land-use as exogenous, the global climate-economy-biosphere (CoCEB) model was extended by adding a biomass equation and the related exchanges of CO2 and used to investigate the relationship between the effects of using carbon capture and storage (CCS) and deforestation control, and the economy growth rate. These measures are found to reduce the impacts of climate change and positively affect the economy growth. These results remain nevertheless sensitive to the formulation of CCS costs while those for deforestation control were less sensitive. The model developed brings together and summarizes information from diverse estimates of climate change mitigation measures and their associated costs, and allows comparing them in a coherent way
Edwards, Morgan Rae. "Climate impact metrics for energy technology evaluation". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/81113.
Texto completoCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-97).
The climate change mitigation potential of energy technologies depends on how their lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions compare to global climate stabilization goals. Current methods for comparing technologies, which assess impacts over an arbitrary, fixed time horizon, do not acknowledge the critical link between technology choices and climate dynamics. In this thesis, I ask how we can use information about the temporal characteristics of greenhouse gases to design new metrics for comparing energy technologies. I propose two new metrics: the Cumulative Climate Impact (CCI) and Instantaneous Climate Impact (ICI). These metrics use limited information about the climate system, such as the year when stabilization occurs, to calculate tradeoffs between greenhouse gases, and hence the technologies that emit these gases. The CCI and ICI represent a middle ground between current metrics and commonly-proposed alternatives, in terms of their level of complexity and information requirements. I apply the CCI and ICI to evaluate the climate change mitigation potential of energy technologies in the transportation sector, with a focus on alternative fuels. I highlight key policy debates about the role of (a) natural gas as a "bridge" to a low carbon energy future and (b) third generation biofuels as a long-term energy solution. New metrics shed light on critical timing-related questions that current metrics gloss over. If natural gas is a bridge fuel, how long is this bridge? If algae biofuels are not commercially viable for the next twenty years, can they still provide a significant climate benefit? I simulate technology decisions using new metrics, and existing metrics like the Global Warming Potential (GWP), identifying the conditions where new metrics improve on existing methods as well as the conditions under which new metrics fail. I show that metrics of intermediate complexity, such as the CCI and ICI, provide a simple, reliable, and policy-relevant approach to technology evaluation and capture key features of the future climate system. I extend these insights to energy technologies in the electricity sector as well as a variety of environmental impact categories.
by Morgan R. Edwards.
S.M.in Technology and Policy
Comerford, David. "Essays on climate change, energy, and independence". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9721.
Texto completoRudik, Ivan John. "Three Essays on Climate and Energy Policy". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/556807.
Texto completoNOVELLI, GIACOMO. "Essays on Energy and Climate Change Economics". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1445194.
Texto completoThis work aims at shedding some light on two topics that will be more and more relevant in the next future. In the first part, we investigate whether the degree of energy dependency of countries influences their macroeconomic performance in terms of stability and growth over time, while, in the second part, we analyse the long-term macroeconomic effects of climate change on European industrial sectors. Specifically, we verify if the business cycle of countries with a similar degree of energy dependency shares some basic features - i.e. frequency, duration, and amplitude of recessions and recoveries -, and we analyse their synchronization with the energy price cycle. Furthermore, we study whether the impact on economic growth of energy price changes and energy price volatility changes differs depending on a country’s degree of energy dependency. We note that the duration and amplitude of both recessions and recoveries of countries with a significantly different degree of energy dependency are statistically different, but their business cycles are similarly synchronized with the energy price cycle. The business cycles of countries with a balanced profile of energy dependency have shorter and more moderate recessions with respect to the other countries, either energy exporter or importer countries. Moreover, they show shorter but stronger recoveries with respect to energy major and moderate importer countries. However, major and moderate energy exporter countries show more pronounced recoveries. We expand our analysis using a cross-sectionally augmented panel autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) approach and showing that energy price changes have negative effects on the economic growth of major energy importer countries and that major energy exporters benefit from increasing energy price, while being damaged by its volatility. Overall, we find that countries with a more balanced energy dependency seem to be not or less affected by energy price fluctuations and energy price volatility in the long-run. Moreover, the countries with a balanced degree of energy dependency have the lowest amplitude and the shortest duration of recessions, and their recoveries have a higher amplitude with respect to the ones of countries with a more energy dependent profile. In the second part of this work, we investigate the long-term macroeconomic effects of climate change on output and labour productivity of European industrial sectors, using a panel data set composed of the 281 European regions at NUTS 2 administration level from 1980 to 2017. Moreover, we analyse the main transmission channels through which climate change influences European economic activity, shedding some light on its impact on investments, employment and hours worked. Overall, we do not find evidence of adverse or favourable effects of climate change on European economic growth at aggregate level, although all sectors and regions are diversely influenced by temperature and precipitation variations from their historical norms. Furthermore, we study the climate change effects in more and less developed regions, finding that the two sub-samples are differently affected and that the overall impact on economic growth in less developed regions is not higher than in more developed ones. Finally, we notice that labour productivity is the main driver of climate change effects on growth and that agriculture, construction, and financial services sectors - the latter through the insurance industry - are the most affected sectors.
Schmidt, Stephan Wayne. "INTEGRATING SOLAR ENERGY AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT RESILIENCE PLANNING". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2014. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1211.
Texto completoKasahara, Satoru, Sergey Paltsev, John M. Reilly, Henry D. Jacoby y A. Denny Ellerman. "Climate Change Taxes and Energy Efficiency in Japan". MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/18090.
Texto completoAbstract in HTML and technical report in PDF available on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change website (http://mit.edu/globalchange/www/).
Huang, Junling. "A Climate-friendly Energy Future: Prospects for Wind". Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11484.
Texto completoEngineering and Applied Sciences
De, Matteis Pietro. "Sino-European energy, environmental and climate change diplomacy". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610458.
Texto completoNicolas, Claire. "Robust energy and climate modeling for policy assessment". Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100054/document.
Texto completoEnergy-economy and energy-economy-environment models are widely used to assessenergy and climate policies. Developed during the last forty years, these models allowthe study of the interactions between the energy-transport system, the economy andthe climate system. These interactions are very complex as they involve linkages,feedback loops and delays that are not perfectly known and that take place over a longtime horizon.This complexity along with the large uncertainties weighing on the model parametersand main assumptions explain why the use of models in the policy debate, (where themodels address issues on climate change scenarios and on energy planning), is largelycriticized.Based on this observation, our work aimed primarily at increasing the robustness ofthese models, to reinforce the relevance of their use to evaluate economic policyimpacts. At first, we examine how these models should be used to contributeeffectively to the climate and energy policy analysis debate. We review the evolution ofthe modeling practice and question it, discussing its relevance. We then focus on theuncertainty treatment and on the basis of this review, we implement an alternativeway of considering parameter uncertainty when "modeling the future" using robustoptimization
Falcone, Ilaria. "Energy retrofit of residential buildings in hot climate". Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/1293.
Texto completoThe topic of the research is to analyze the energetic efficiency of residential buildings in hot climates. The idea comes from the need to analyze the "case of hot climates" separately, as the European directives and all the studies so far undertaken in this area, too frequently not suit well to this case. Research begins with the evaluation of the energy performance of buildings (heating and cooling), analyzes the potential for energy retrofit, considers energy savings, economic feasibility and comfort improvements. With appropriate precautions and adopting new and more efficient materials and technologies, it’s possible to significantly reduce the energy consumption of buildings, with an annual energy saving up to 44%. 1. Problem Statement The increasing demand for energy, resulting in cost growth and related environmental problems, led to an increased interest in the design of energy-efficient buildings. In Mediterranean climate, warm and rather humid, it becomes of prime importance to be able to ensure a high indoor comfort. Buildings are built to protect people from adverse weather conditions, and to ensure a comfortable indoor environment. To achieve these goals a huge amount of energy is consumed in heating, ventilation, cooling or dehumidification. Many attempts have been made in order to use low-power strategies consumption. It is necessary however, to think of appropriate solutions in terms of shading and insulation in order to avoid excessive use of air-conditioning systems and reduce power consumption. To solve this problem an integrated approach is essential. This research focuses on energy upgrading of buildings, (belonging to social housing) in Salerno and Naples, acting on the building envelope, that is, proposing an improvement of materials and characteristics. This paper discusses economically feasible ways and means to choose between insulation measures, better glazing, shading systems and ventilation. Finally a hierarchy of energy-savings measures is deduced from the results. The intention is to demonstrate that an effective energy-retrofit can be done without necessarily going through expensive technologies or ex-novo designs, obtaining interesting results in terms of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, at a cost that can be recovered in a few years, making retrofitting possible even on ordinary buildings and therefore desirable at a urban scale. 2. Strategies The case of the warm climate needs to be analyzed separately, as the European directives and studies in the field cannot be fully adapted to the problem. In practice the cold climate strategy is "defensive", or rather of protection from cold, on the contrary an intervention in a hot climate needs more flexibility. Starting from a detailed analysis of the case study, in terms of macroclimate, microclimate, solutions and techniques used, a choice of the interventions that should be made, need to be taken, with the aim of reducing the risk of overheating in the summer, encouraging natural ventilation, maximizing the benefits of the solar gains during winter, in order to reduce annual energy consumption and CO2 emissions. These objectives can be achieved with a bioclimatic approach. The "Climate Responsive Design" is part of an approach to design called "Ecological Sustainable Design (ESD)" based on an analysis of how the shape and structure of a building moderate the climate, in order to obtain a acceptable level of indoor comfort. The active principles of the "Climate Responsive Design" is the understanding of climatic parameters that can influence the process of planning/redevelopment, such as temperature, humidity, wind, light, vegetation, and everything that is related to geographical location. These principles can be applied , even if in a different ways, to retrofitting. We have therefore chosen the case studies in Campania, a region in the south of Italy, buildings belonging to social housing, and signed by designers known and appreciated, objectively valid in terms of design quality, but inevitably obsolete in terms of technological solutions, all these aspects made them particularly indicated for the study. Moreover, in each of the two cases the typology is repeated in the area with variable orientation, which allowed to analyze the effects of orientation on several units. 3. Methodology The buildings analyzed are representative of the Italian building stock, built from 1950 up to 1980. The energy savings measures were applied by steps, analyzing as first intervention the thermal insulation through the cavity(case study 1) or outside the wall (case 2), the replacement of windows, then the use of a proper shading system and finally the integration of natural ventilation. For each item various options have been tested, choosing from time to time, the most advantageous... [edited by author]
X n.s.
Mohammad, Shafiei Adel. "An Energy-Efficient Target Tracking Protocol Using Wireless Sensor Networks". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32384.
Texto completoSchell, Kristen R. "Computational Models for Renewable Energy Target Achievement & Policy Analysis". Research Showcase @ CMU, 2016. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/735.
Texto completoBigelow, Alan W. "Energy Distribution of Sputtered Neutral Atoms from a Multilayer Target". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2657/.
Texto completoRisberg, Daniel. "CFD simulation of indoor climate in low energy buildings". Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Energivetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-18432.
Texto completoGodkänd; 2015; 20150915 (danris); Nedanstående person kommer att hålla licentiatseminarium för avläggande av teknologie licentiatexamen. Namn: Daniel Risberg Ämne: Energiteknik/Energy Engineering Uppsats: CFD Simulation of Indoor Climate in Low Energy Buildings Examinator: Professor Lars Westerlund, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Professor Thomas Olofsson, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Måndag 2 november 2015 kl 10.00 Plats: E632, Luleå tekniska universitet
Abela, A. "Energy certification of residential buildings in the Mediterranean climate". Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2014. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/50/.
Texto completoNunes, João Filipe Cleto. "Climate change impacts on portuguese energy system in 2050". Master's thesis, FCT - UNL, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/1794.
Texto completoSignificant work has been developed in defining climate change impacts, adaptation and mitigation measures both on national and worldwide scopes. In the published literature, strong references are made linking effects of mitigation and adaptation and how the two can counteract, but there is still a lack of integrated assessment of these issues. Using the optimization model TIMES_PT, calibrated and validated for Portugal, interactions between climate change, mitigation strategies, adaptation and the energy system are evaluated in this thesis. A special focus is addressed on two sectors where climate change effects are the most noticeable: hydroelectric production and energy demand. Results indicate that it is wise and cost-effective to delay the investment in new hydropower infrastructure beyond 2020 and that hydropower installed capacity could be reduced in 15% in 2050 when compared with the scenario with no climate change. Furthermore, large hydropower capacity could compromise the deployment of advanced electricity production technologies. Overall,the energy system will benefit from climate change due to useful energy demand reduction, reaching accumulated savings from 4500M€2000 to 6100M€2000 compared to the no climate change scenario.
Mozes, Karen. "Recreational facilities energy consumption: Benchmarking and proposed energy efficiency measures for the Colorado climate". Connect to online resource, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1448674.
Texto completoPeralta, José Juan. "Photoproduction of hadrons by polarized beam and target". Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69649.
Texto completoWe predict cross sections sizeable enough for good tests and show that, in certain kinematic domains, single hadron production is a good probe of the size of the polarized gluon distribution $ Delta$g.
We find that a special combination of cross sections for production of two large $p sb{T}$ hadrons provides a particularly clean probe of the size of $ Delta$g.
Hatamian, Abdol Hamid. "Fossil energy and the environment". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243723.
Texto completoPacheco, Gomez Rodolfo Guillermo. "Effect of climate change in hydropower generation". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289226.
Texto completoDike, Jude C. "Climate change mitigation and OPEC economies". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/19443.
Texto completoBertram, Christoph [Verfasser], Ottmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Edenhofer, Gunnar [Akademischer Betreuer] Luderer, Elmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Kriegler, Ottmar [Gutachter] Edenhofer y Christian von [Gutachter] Hirschhausen. "The effect of near-term climate policies on the achievability of ambitious long-term climate targets / Christoph Bertram ; Gutachter: Ottmar Edenhofer, Christian von Hirschhausen ; Ottmar Edenhofer, Gunnar Luderer, Elmar Kriegler ; Potsdam-Institut für Klimafolgenforschung". Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1156270634/34.
Texto completoKetterer, Janina. "Designing carbon and energy markets to encourage climate change mitigation". Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-149915.
Texto completoRaatikainen, M. (Mika). "Intelligent knowledge discovery on building energy and indoor climate data". Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2016. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526213804.
Texto completoTiivistelmä Tulevaisuuden visio energiansäästön sekä energiatehokkuuden mahdollistavista teknologioista pohjautuu tärkeimpiin tunnistettuihin megatrendeihin, ilmastonmuutokseen, kaupungistumiseen ja digitalisoitumiseen. Yhdysvalloissa ja Euroopan unionissa käytetään noin 40 % kokonaisenergiankulutuksesta rakennusten käytön energiatarpeeseen. Myös rakennusten sisäilmaston on havaittu olevan ilmeinen terveysriski. Perustuen kahteen edellä mainittuun tekijään, energiatehokkuus ja asumisterveys ovat aktiivisia tutkimusaiheita kansainvälisessä tutkimuksessa. Tämän väitöskirjan päätavoitteena on ollut tutkia, mitkä elementit vaikuttavat sisäilmastoon ja rakennusten energiatehokkuuteen pääasiassa analysoimalla mittausdataa käyttäen älykkäitä laskennallisia menetelmiä. Tutkimuksissa käytetyt tiedonkeruuteknologiat perustuvat etäluentaan ja rakennusautomaatioon, big datan hyödyntämiseen ja esineiden internetiin (IoT). Väitöskirjassa esiteltävä tietämyksen muodostusprosessi (KDD) koostuu tiedonkeruusta,datan esikäsittelystä, tiedonlouhinnasta, visualisoinnista ja tutkimustulosten tulkinnasta sekä tietämyksen muodostamisesta ja oleellisen informaation esittämisestä loppukäyttäjille. Tässä väitöstutkimuksessa esitellään neljän data-analyysin ja niiden pohjalta muodostetun tietämyksen hyödyntämisen esimerkkiä, jotka liittyvät pientaloihin ja koulurakennuksiin. Esimerkkitapausten tulokset osoittavat, että käytetyillä tiedonlouhinnan menetelmillä sovellettuna rakennusten energiatehokkuus- ja sisäilmastoanalyyseihin on mahdollista jalostaa suuria monimuuttuja-aineistoja tehokkaasti. Laskennallisten menetelmien innovatiivinen käyttö antaa hyvät perusteet tutkia ja kehittää uusia informaatiopalveluja. Tutkijoiden tulee tehdä yhteistyötä loppukäyttäjinä toimivien kiinteistöhallinnan ja -ylläpidon henkilöstön sekä asukkaiden kanssa saavuttaakseen parempia analyysituloksia, helpompaa tulosten tulkintaa ja oikeita johtopäätöksiä tietämyksen hyödyntämiseksi
Kempa, Karol [Verfasser]. "Four essays on climate, energy, and sports economics / Karol Kempa". Gießen : Universitätsbibliothek, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1177678322/34.
Texto completoKlein, Thomas. "Climate change and energy: the case of French PCET plans". Thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik (flyttat 20130630), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-171852.
Texto completoBenjamin, Lisa Rebecca. "Energy companies and climate change : towards a greener corporate objective?" Thesis, University of Leicester, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/40501.
Texto completoLickley, Megan Jeramaz. "The vulnerability of U.S. coastal energy infrastructure under climate change". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/78496.
Texto completoCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-77).
The 2005 hurricane season was particularly damaging to the United States, contributing to significant losses to energy infrastructure -much of it a result of flooding from storm surges during hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Previous research suggests that these events are not isolated, but rather foreshadow a risk that is to continue and likely increase with a changing climate (17). Since extensive energy infrastructure exists along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts, these facilities are exposed to an increasing risk of flooding. We study the combined impacts of anticipated sea level rise, hurricane activity, and subsidence on energy infrastructure in these regions with a first application to Galveston Bay. Using future climate conditions as projected by four different Global Circulation Models (GCMs), we model the change in hurricane activity from present day climate conditions in response to a climate projected in 2100 under the IPCC A l B emissions scenario using hurricane analysis developed by Emanuel (5). We apply the results from hurricane runs from each model to the SLOSH model (Sea, Lake and Overland Surges from Hurricanes) (19) to investigate the change in frequency and distribution of surge heights across climates. Further, we incorporate uncertainty surrounding the magnitude of sea level rise and subsidence, resulting in more detailed projections of risk levels for energy infrastructure over the next century. With a detailed understanding of energy facilities' changing risk exposure, we conclude with a dynamic programming cost-benefit analysis to optimize decision making over time as it pertains to adaptation.
by Megan Jeramaz Lickley.
S.M.in Technology and Policy
Hasz, Adam. "Equitable energy for Massachusetts : how can climate policy reduce inequality?" Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118254.
Texto completoCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Massachusetts is widely recognized as a climate leader and a state that prioritizes social equity. However, existing Massachusetts climate policy does not effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions and has limited support for marginalized communities. The state's annual $730 million of investment in energy efficiency is governed by the Green Communities Act, which emphasizes cost-savings for consumers rather than environmental benefits or social equity. The state's Global Warming Solutions Act does impose a legal obligation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 25% by 2020 and 80% by 2050 based on 1990 levels. Yet these emission reductions will not be achieved without new policies that effectively regulate carbon emissions. Finally, the state's existing environmental justice policy of Executive Order 552 is not enforced and does not govern the distribution of the $730 million of annual investment in energy efficiency. This thesis explores these challenges and suggests a new climate policy framework of "equitable electrification." To achieve this framework, Massachusetts should impose new regulations on the use of petroleum products in building heating systems. The state should also reform the Mass Save energy efficiency investment criteria to prioritize electric heat pumps. To increase support for environmental justice households, municipalities should consider administering their energy efficiency investments directly instead of using existing utility programs. Finally, policymakers should consider new legislation that imposes a progressive carbon price and prioritizes investments for marginalized communities. By pursuing these recommendations, Massachusetts can develop more effective climate policy that reduces greenhouse gas emissions while increasing social equity.
by Adam Hasz.
M.C.P.
Howarth, Nicholas A. A. "The political economy of technological change, energy and climate change". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:96957dc1-2bc8-466f-8963-4a7edbc0569c.
Texto completoMatthäus, David [Verfasser]. "Renewable Energy Policies in Times of Climate Change / David Matthäus". Berlin : epubli, 2020. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2020061223212601335826.
Texto completoWang, Yaoping. "Climate Change and Its Effects on the Energy-Water Nexus". The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1534307556870925.
Texto completoBastani, Parisa. "Essays in energy economics : emissions abatement, climate policy, and welfare". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708324.
Texto completoHaugaard, Eveline. "Climate Impact from Operational Energy Use in Facilities & Households". Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254336.
Texto completoUnder 2017 röstade svenska riksdagen igenom en klimatlag som begränsar klimatpåverkan till netto noll år 2045 från samtliga sektorer. Bygg- och fastighetssektorn är en sektor medstor klimatpåverkan och utgjorde år 2016 21 procent (12.8 miljoner ton) av totala utsläpp i Sverige. Historiskt sett har energianvändningen i drift av byggnader utgjort majoriteten av utsläppen från bygg- och fastighetssektorn och är därför en viktig del att utforska. Skanska Sverige är ett svenskt byggföretag och detta arbete har gjorts i samarbete med företaget. För tillfället finns inget värde på CO2-utsläppen kopplade till energin i drift av byggnader (hushåll och lokaler) som byggts av Skanska Sverige och målet med denna rapport är därför att estimera CO2-utsläpp/m2 från olika byggnadstyper. Detta har upnåtts genom att bland annat utforska vilken data som finns tillgänglig och vad som saknats, samt att utforska metodval och energikällor för olika byggnader för att sedan omvandla energidatan til lgenererade CO2-utsläpp/m2. Vidare utfördes en känslighetsanalys genom att beräkna CO2/m2 för olika elnät (svenskt, nordiskt och europeiskt). Slutligen har även ett framtida energiscenario beräknat för år 2050 använts för att beräkna klimatutsläpp från driftenergin iframtiden. Datan är baserad på två olika databaser, Base och Follow Up, där Base har endast redovisat estimerade energivärden som anges som intervall av nio kWh, samtidigt har Follow Up redovisat både estimerade och verifierade värden. På grund av större datatillgänglighet i Base valdes denna att huvudsakligen basera beräkningar på, men Follow Up och dess verifierade värden har använts till jämförelse. En kategorisering gjordes beroende av vilka byggnadstyper Skanska producerar mest av. De 7 kategorierna var småhus (villor och radhus), flerfamiljshus (lägenheter), kontor, sjukhem, förskolor, skolor och övrigt som inkluderade bland annat sjukhus och hotell. Resultaten har visat att i alla kategorier utom två (skolor och kontor) är energianvändning högre när energin är verifierad än när den är estimerad. Rekommendationer är därför att öka antalet verifierade värden som samlas in, samtidigt som de estimerade även behöver öka för att öka pålitligheten av resultaten då många kategorier har begränsad mängd indata. Skillnaden i beräknad klimatpåverkan är relativt stor mellan olika kategorier, beroende av energikällor för värme och varmvatten. Exempelvis är klimatpåverkan lägst för småhus då största andelen energitillförsel för småhus utgörs av elektricitet. Samtidigt är klimatpåverkan hög från kategori Other, vilket till stor del beror på att energianvändningen (kWh/m2) är hög, men även på grund av att majoriteten av energitillförseln kommer från fjärrvärme. Generellt sett har denna energikälla högre klimatpåverkan. Dock skall det observeras att skillnaden inom kategorier även den är stor, beroende av vilket elnät som valts. Exempelvis är skillnaden stor mellan småhus där elnätet som använts är svenskt, och när elnätet varit europeiskt. Framtida utsläpp kommer vara betydligt lägre än idag, speciellt när det europeiska nätet väljs och EUs referensscenario är utforskat, men är även beroende av framtida elpriser och satsningar på förnybart. Ska det svenska målet om klimatneutralitet 2045 dock uppfyllas kommer klimatpåverkan vara minimal år 2050. En viktig aspekt vid miljövärdering av energi är metodval. I detta projekt har bokföringsperspektivet använts, men flertalet studier har påpekat vikten av att inkludera marginalenergi, samt visat att perspektivet ofta redovisar lägre klimatpåverkan än till exempel konsekvensperspektivet. Det är därför viktigt att vara medveten om vilken metodik som väljs och framtida rekommendationer för studier är förslagsvis att utforska flera metoder,gärna parallellt för att se skillnader.