Tesis sobre el tema "Émission de NOx"
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Savas, Dilek. "Inverse modeling of NOx emissions in urbanized areas of the Northern hemisphere : application of the CIF-CHIMERE inversion system to OMI and TROPOMI observations". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UNIP7010.
Texto completoAccording to the World Health Organization, exposure to ambient air pollution is estimated to cause 4.2 premature deaths per year in urban and rural areas worldwide. Poor air quality also leads to damage to infrastructure, soil and water resources. This major environmental problem emerged at the beginning of the 20th century due to the intense industrialization and urbanization of societies, forcing policy makers and governments to control anthropogenic emissions of air pollutants. Since 1990, important initiatives have been taken in industrialized countries, such as Europe, to reduce emissions of pollutants by implementing mitigation strategies. More recently, the implementation of mitigation policies has started to be seen in developing countries such as China. The assessment of emission reduction policies is often based on official emission inventories derived from emitters' statements of activities and statistical data. This so-called bottom-up approach estimates emissions by extrapolating emission factor measurements that are only available in a sparse spatial and temporal network. This involves high uncertainties, as it does not incorporate the high spatiotemporal variability of emission fluxes. Besides, uncertainties in emission inventories lead to inconsistencies in the assessment of appropriate strategies to prevent air pollution episodes. Therefore, being able to accurately monitor the development of emissions and the trend of pollutants is an important issue for evaluating reduction policies. One of the promising ways to overcome this problem is the atmospheric inversion approach, which uses available atmospheric observations to constrain emissions through atmospheric modeling and the inversion system. This so-called top down approach brings complementary information to bottom-up inventories. It estimates emissions while exploiting the high spatiotemporal variability of the satellite observations and computational power. Nitrogen oxides (NOx=NO+NO2) are among the most regulated pollutants as precursors of other air pollutants, such as ozone and secondary aerosols. In the framework of this thesis, first, we set up and tested the daily NOx emission inversion capability of the state-of-art inverse modeling system CIF, embedded with the CHIMERE Chemistry Transport Model and its adjoint at moderate resolution using OMI satellite observations. The results lead us to determine the settings and sensitivities of the CIF system for the NOx inversions. The CIF-CHIMERE system was applied first to evaluate the impact of strong NOx emission regulations implemented by China since 2011 within its 5-year Plans. We assimilated NO2 observations from OMI satellite instruments and estimated NOx emissions for 2015 and 2019 with a resolution of 50x50 km2 over Eastern China. The year 2010 was chosen as a baseline or a priori bottom-up inventory, as it was just before the mitigation implementation. The results show that the reduction in NOx emissions is limited to urbanized and industrialized areas but remains within the mitigation targets (10-15%). The estimated NOx emissions were also used to simulate NO2 surface concentrations, and the inversion approach was found to improve the comparison with ground-based measurements slightly. The CIF-CHIMERE system was also applied to assess the abrupt changes in NOx emissions in Europe caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, we explored the potential of assimilating high-resolution TROPOMI NO2 observations during the 2020 lock-down period
Lucea, Marc. "Modélisation dynamique par réseaux de neurones et machines à vecteurs supports : contribution à la maîtrise des émissions polluantes de véhicules automobiles". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001943.
Texto completoNguyen, Thi Huyen Trang. "Émissions polluantes des NOx : mécanisme de formation et de réduction". Thesis, Littoral, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DUNK0449/document.
Texto completoNOₓ emission in the steel industry mainly come from the combustion of coal in the agglomeration process. Among the methods of NOₓ reduction for this process, the addition of additives to the mixture of raw materials agglomeration process is chosen due to its advantages. This technique is comparatively simple to implement, and requires only a low-cost investment. This thesis is part of European project INTERREG IVA CleanTech and industrial project ArcelorMittal Dunkerque in order to study NOₓ reductions by additives. The objectives of this thesis is to have a better comprehension in the mechanism of NOₓ reduction by additives to optimize the process with more effective additives. With that purpose, the properties of agglomerated products are also studied to determine the additives' influences on the quality of the final product. In the first part, an experimental study was devoted to sutdy the thermal decomposition of the additives to understand the mechanism of NOₓ reduction. The compounds formed during the pyrolysis of additives are identified and quantified. This allows us to confirm the products' influence on the reduction of NOₓ. In the second part, agglomerated products obtained in the pilot test are measured by different methods (X-ray diffraction laboratory, high-energy and high-resolution X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy). To determine the compositions of crystalline phases contained in the agglomerates. We then compared the differences between the reference agglomerate (without additives) and agglomerate obtained with different additives in order to determine the phases related to the mechanical resistance
Chatigny, Stéphane. "Étude des guides d'onde non-linéaires à émission de surface". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq25287.pdf.
Texto completoPensec, Ronan. "Contrôle non destructif par émission acoustique des aciers pour équipements sous pression". Compiègne, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000COMP1297.
Texto completoBay, Xavier. "Estimation non paramétrique de projections en tomographie par émission de photons simples". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10096.
Texto completoMaze, Anne. "Correction non uniforme de l'atténuation en tomographie d'émission simple". Rennes 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992REN1A006.
Texto completoPecquery, François. "Développement d'un modèle numérique de prédiction des émissions d'oxydes d'azote pour la simulation aux grandes échelles de chambres de combustion aéronautiques". Phd thesis, INSA de Rouen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00949132.
Texto completoRenaud, Mathieu. "Les jeunes vestiges de supernova et INTEGRAL : raies du 44Ti et émission non thermique". Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077216.
Texto completoThis thesis deals with the search for and the study of young galactic supernova remnants using the observations performed by IBIS/ISGRI, one of the two main coded-mask instruments onboard the european gamma-ray satellite INTEGRAL. This research is based on the study of gamma-ray lines coming from the radioactive decay of 41Ti, a short-lived nucleus (~ 86 y) exclusively produced during the first stages of stellar explosions, and the study of the non-thermal continuum mechanisms which take place inside the young supernova remnants. The first part of the manuscript presents an overview of supernovae from an observational and theoretical point of view. The second part describes the INTEGRAL satellite with its instruments, the techniques used for analyzing the data collected by IBIS/ISGRI, and my personal investigations concerning different developments. The results obtained on historical supernova remnants like Cas A, Tycho, Vela Junior are presented in the third part. The first chapter of the last part is devoted to the study of the detectability of supernovae in the optical domain with a model of the interstellar extinction. The second chapter reports on the search for missing and hidden young supernova remnants in the Milky Way with the IBIS/ISGRI galactic plane survey through the 44Sc gamma-ray lines as well as with a multi-wavelength approach, from the radio domain to the new observational window at TeV energies. I also discuss the constraints on the supernova rate and the 44Ti production in core-collapse supernovae, based on these IBIS/ISGRI observations and the 44Ca solar abundance
Cai, Zhi Ping. "Étude des processus d'absorption-émission linéaires et non linéaires dans les fibres optiques dopées". Nice, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NICE4273.
Texto completoCastanié, Etienne. "Émission dipolaire et absorption en champ proche de nanostructures". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00642536.
Texto completoEtiemble, Aurélien. "Étude de matériaux hydrurables par émission acoustique : Application aux batteries Ni-MH". Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0108/document.
Texto completoThe pulverization (cracking) of active materials in batteries, induced by their volume change during charge/discharge cycles, accentuates their corrosion by the electrolyte and/or leads to a loss of electronic connectivity within the electrode, which notably reduces their cycle life. This particularly occurs for metallic hydrides used in Ni-MH batteries. To date, the evaluation of their cracking is generally limited to post mortem observations of the electrodes by microscopy, which does not allow for a detailed analysis of the decrepitation process. In this respect, one of our main research objectives was to develop an innovative and efficient analysis method based on acoustic emission (AE) for in situ monitoring of the cracking of negative electrodes for Ni-MH batteries. As a first step, a detailed analysis of the acoustic signals generated during the charge (hydriding) of a commercial LaNi5-based alloy and a MgNi alloy obtained by mechanical alloying was performed. This allowed separating the signals generated by the cracking of the metallic hydride particles from those induced by the formation of H2 bubbles. We have shown that the mechanism which governs the pulverization of the MgNi alloy remarkably differs from that of the LaNi5-based alloy. In a second step, an experimental set-up made of an electrochemical cell linked to a compression force cell and an AE equipment was elaborated, in order to monitor concomitantly the cracking and the force generated by the expansion/contraction of the MgNi and LaNi5 during cycling. We have thereby been able to confirm that the volume expansion/contraction of the MgNi alloy is more progressive than that of the LaNi5 alloy. The AE-based comparative study of MgNi, Mg0.9Ti0.1NiAl5 and Mg0.9Ti0.1NiAl0.05 alloys then allowed demonstrating the positive effect of the partial Mg substitution by Ti and adding of Al on the alloy decrepitation resistance. As a final step, we have studied the impact of palladium addition in the Mg0.9Ti0.1NiAl0.05 alloy on its electrochemical behaviour and cracking resistance
Rabi, Oussama. "Réflexion sélective non-linéaire dans un milieu gazeux résonant". Paris 13, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA132012.
Texto completoLe, Jeune Léonard. "Imagerie ultrasonore par émission d'ondes planes pour le contrôle de structures complexes en immersion". Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC015.
Texto completoThis thesis, made in the non-destructive testing field, presents two new adaptive methods, looking for real-time imaging of structures with complex and irregular surfaces. These methods have been developed for immersion testing (contactless) where water ensure the transmission of the ultrasonic waves in the solid. The general principle of adaptive imaging is to acoustically measure the surface under the probe, then to determine the ultrasonic paths through the complex surface to produce an image inside the material. One of the methods that can be applied to adaptive imaging is the Synthetic Transmit Aperture (STA) method. It provides high quality images and offers the possibility of using different reconstruction modes to improve the defect charaterization, depending on their geometry and orientation. However, it suffers from two major drawbacks: a large amount of data to be stored and processed, and a higher sensibility to random or structural noise than the conventional imaging methods. To overcome these drawbacks, we propose the PlaneWave Imaging (PWI) method, based on plane wave transmissions. The results on a plane surface show that the two methods give similar results in terms of spatial resolution, but PWI is less sensitive to random noise. They also reveal that PWI improves greatly image quality when defects are cracks, and that very few transmissions are needed compared to STA. The STA and PWI methods are then generalized to complex surfaces, and coupled with surface measurement methods to perform adaptive imaging. The two méthods give the same images that those obtained when all the control parameters are known and the adaptive PWI keeps the advantages introduced previously : low sensibility to random noise and reduced number of transmission
Dia, Abdou. "Monitoring des câbles de structures du génie civil par combinaison de techniques vibratoires et émission acoustique". Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ECDN0046.
Texto completoNon-destructive assessment methods providing access to the measurement of electrical resistivity and dielectric permittivity are very sensitive to the degree of saturation of concrete. When inverted and calibrated independently, these measurements provide profiles of saturation degree gradients as a function of depth. In this thesis, we develop a joint inversion approach for resistivity and permittivity measurements to improve the reliability and accuracy of the estimated saturation degree profiles. We model the measurements on a concrete slab in 3D by the finite element method, the concrete being considered as a homogeneous medium with respect to aggregates but having a saturation profile with depth, represented by a continuous model taking the form of a Weibull distribution with four parameters. For the inversion of measurements to estimate the profile of S, we have developed a non-linear least-squares algorithm of the Levenberg-Marquardt type. Taking into account the uncertainties associated with each set of measurements is an integral part of the method developed in order to refine its reliability, which also makes it possible to propagate these uncertainties over the estimated parameters. Two experimental campaigns, one of drying, the other of imbibition, on concrete slabs, are organized to test the algorithm of joint inversion. Significant progress has been made with the estimation of profiles by the new joint inversion approach. These profiles, also compared to other independent methods, appear to be more stable and more consistent with the evolution due to the drying and the imbibition of concrete than those estimated by separate inversion of the observables
Qu, Bingqing. "Inférence de la grammaire structurelle d’une émission TV récurrente à partir du contenu". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1S139/document.
Texto completoTV program structuring raises as a major theme in last decade for the task of high quality indexing. In this thesis, we address the problem of unsupervised TV program structuring from the point of view of grammatical inference, i.e., discovering a common structural model shared by a collection of episodes of a recurrent program. Using grammatical inference makes it possible to rely on only minimal domain knowledge. In particular, we assume no prior knowledge on the structural elements that might be present in a recurrent program and very limited knowledge on the program type, e.g., to name structural elements, apart from the recurrence. With this assumption, we propose an unsupervised framework operating in two stages. The first stage aims at determining the structural elements that are relevant to the structure of a program. We address this issue making use of the property of element repetitiveness in recurrent programs, leveraging temporal density analysis to filter out irrelevant events and determine valid elements. Having discovered structural elements, the second stage is to infer a grammar of the program. We explore two inference techniques based either on multiple sequence alignment or on uniform resampling. A model of the structure is derived from the grammars and used to predict the structure of new episodes. Evaluations are performed on a selection of four different types of recurrent programs. Focusing on structural element determination, we analyze the effect on the number of determined structural elements, fixing the threshold applied on the density function as well as the size of collection of episodes. For structural grammar inference, we discuss the quality of the grammars obtained and show that they accurately reflect the structure of the program. We also demonstrate that the models obtained by grammatical inference can accurately predict the structure of unseen episodes, conducting a quantitative and comparative evaluation of the two methods by segmenting the new episodes into their structural components. Finally, considering the limitations of our work, we discuss a number of open issues in structure discovery and propose three new research directions to address in future work
Li, Shi. "Modélisation d'un incinérateur de boues en lit fluidise en vue de la maîtrise des émissions de NOx". Grenoble INPG, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPG0074.
Texto completoSludge incineration in tluidised bed is a very complex process, producing gaseous pollutants (carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx)). The legislative norms need to be respected despite of variations of sludge in composition and in quantity. An oxygen regulation guaraniees CO norm but not NOx norm. The NOx formation, due to lots of chemical reactions from the sludge nitrogen, is partI y unknown. A model predicting the NOx emissions has been proposed. Literature study leads to neglect the sol id reactants, simplifying greatly the hydrodynamics and the number of chemical reactions. The model has been validated with industrial data. The simulation results validate the simplification hypotheses, but need the reconstruction of sludge composition. A control strategy implemented further next guarantees the legislative norm ofNOx
Quaegebeur, Nicolas. "Vibrations non linéaires et rayonnement acoustique de structures minces de type haut-parleur". Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007EPXX0021.
Texto completoCangemi, Floriane. "Approche multi-diagnostique des émissions de haute énergie des microquasars à trous noirs". Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UNIP7075.
Texto completoAccretion-ejection phenomena are seen across the whole Universe, in all wavelenghts and size scales; from the formation of young stars, to active galactic nuclei. Typical timescales are also very different; a few seconds for g-ray bursts to several billion years for stellar formation.In our galaxy, accreting black holes, usually called microquasars, have the advantage of evolving on human timescales: from one day to several weeks. However, the link between accretion and ejection is misundurstanding. The connection between these mechanisms is the aim of my thesis work. In the first part, I study the spectrotemporal changes observed during outbursts. I compare the fast temporal variabilities observed during four outbursts of GX 339–4 to physical parameters from an accretion-ejection model. In this model, the spectral evolution is due to an interplay between two accretion flows: a standard accretion disk in the outer parts and a jet-emitting disk in the inner parts. I highlight the link between the observed variability and the transitional radius between the two accretion flows. In the second part, I use the INTEGRAL satellite which is an ideal instrument to probe the behaviour of these sources at higher energies, typically between 100 keV and 1000 keV. Here, I research a non-thermal emission signature for several sources which have very distinct spectral behaviour. This emission is, hitherto, unconstrained and its origin is widely debated. I detect and characterize this component for several sources and spectral states. I then present results of a polarimetric study performed on the same sources. Polarization from this emission brings crucial and decisive insights into the emission mechanism from this component. I finally discuss about the implication of these results and the potential origin of this emission while comparing properties of the different sources
Ennaceur, Chiraz. "Contrôle et identification par émission acoustique de l'endommagement dans des aciers pour équipements sous pression". Compiègne, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004COMP1506.
Texto completoAbada-Simon, Meil. "Émissions radioélectriques non thermiques d'étoiles à éruptions et de la variable cataclysmique AE Aquarii". Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066491.
Texto completoWe have performed 150 hours of observations of ten UV Ceti-type flare stars ("dMe") and one RS CVn with two very sensitive large radiotelescopes (Arecibo and Nançay), mainly at 21 cm. We have used several spectral analysers (acousto-optical spectrometers) of very wide frequency band, and high time and frequency resolutions. In Arecibo, we have developed a very reliable observing technique discriminating between human-made interference and bursts of stellar origin. We have recorded a dozen of bursts from only one star (AD Leo); these bursts are attributed to a non thermal, coherent emission mechanism, a cyclotron maser instability or plasma radiation: these two possibilities are compatible with what is known for some solar bursts and planetary auroral radio emissions. Furthermore, our results are a first attempt of reliable statistics on dMe flare rates and we compare them with statistics established from previous publications. We have made the first detection of the magnetic cataclysmic variable AE Aquarii at 3. 4 mm with the IRAM interferometer (Plateau de Bure), while centimetric observations were performed during the same period. The long-term average spectrum of the observed radio emission is well fitted by an increasing power-law: by extending it to the millimetric domain, we could then give a more precise value of its spectral index, and we have confirmed a model attributing the radio flares to the superposition of synchrotron radiation from relativistic electrons that are present in expanding plasma blobs
Ajrouche, Hussein. "Mesures optiques d'imbrûlés - applications aux émissions des moteurs Diesel et des réacteurs". Rouen, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ROUES021.
Texto completoThureau, Sébastien. "Apport de l'imagerie fonctionelle par Tomographie par émissions de positons (TEP) en radiothérapie pulmonaire". Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR128/document.
Texto completoRésumé en anglais non disponible
Zerguerras, Thomas. "Etude de l'emission proton et de deux protons dans les noyaux légers déficients en neutrons de la région A=20". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002692.
Texto completoLes événements de coïncidence double entre un proton et les noyaux 17F, 16O, 15O, 14O et 18Ne ont été étudiés pour reconstruire les spectres en énergie d'excitation de 18Ne, 17F, 16F, 15F et 19Na. Les masses mesurées sont généralement en bon accord avec les résultats obtenus lors de précédentes expériences. Pour le noyau 18Ne, les distributions angulaires et en énergie d'excitation sont en bon accord avec un modèle de break up. A partir des coïncidences entre un proton et 17Ne, une première mesure expérimentale de l'excès de masse de l'état fondamental de 18Na donne 24,19(0,15)MeV.
L'émission de deux protons depuis des états excités de 17Ne et 18Ne, ainsi que depuis l'état fondamental de 19Mg, a été étudiée à partir des événements de coïncidences entre deux protons et respectivement 15O, 16O et 17Ne. Dans le premier cas, la distribution en angle relatif des deux protons dans le centre de masse a été comparée aux résultats de simulation. L'émission séquentielle depuis un état excité de 17Ne, au-dessus du seuil d'émission proton, via 16F, domine mais une contribution d'émission 2He ne peut pas être exclue. Aucune émission 2He depuis l'état à 1,288MeV de 17Ne ni depuis celui à 6,15MeV dans 18Ne, n'a été observée. Un seul événement de coïncidence entre 17Ne et deux protons a pu être enregistré car la section efficace de la réaction de stripping d'un neutron de 20Mg est plus faible que prévu.
Allam, Nadine. "Estimation des émissions surfaciques du biogaz dans une installation de stockage des déchets non dangereux". Thesis, Nantes, Ecole des Mines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EMNA0187/document.
Texto completoLandfill sites produce biogas by degradation of biodegradable organic matter. Biogas mainly composed of CH4 and CO2 represents a major environmental challenge. This study propose a method to estimate biogas surface emissions in landfill sites using atmospheric dispersion modeling of a tracer gas, in this case, methane. The spatial and temporal dynamics of CH4 and VOC concentrations have been followed on the studied landfill site (Séché Environnement) for several weather conditions. Measurement results show low atmospheric VOC and CH4 concentrations on the studied landfill site which validates low emissions of these compounds. Detected VOC are emitted by different sources, excluding the landfill site. The contribution of these sources on VOC concentrations is more important than that of the landfill site and no VOC could be identified as tracer of biogas emitted by landfill site. However, CH4 is emitted by the landfill site, its principal source. Two methods are proposed to estimate methane surface emissions using a Gaussian atmospheric dispersion model ADMS. Gaussian model is validated by comparison of the temporal dynamics and atmospheric concentrations of methane measured on the site and those modeled. The first method is based on an inverse approach and the second one is a statistical regression approach. CH4 emissions are estimated for the exposure period of the laser diode to the site emissions and for 4 weather scenarios identified by a hierarchical classification. Results validate the influence of meteorological parameters, especially the stability of the atmosphere, on the atmospheric dispersion and methane surface emissions
Hegron, Lise. "Suivi par émission acoustique de la compaction de particules fragiles d' UO2". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4740/document.
Texto completoOne of the options considered for recycling minor actinides is to incorporate about 10% to UO2 matrix. The presence of open pores interconnected within this fuel should allow the evacuation of helium and fission gases to prevent swelling of the pellet and ultimately its interaction with the fuel clad surrounding it.Implementation of minor actinides requires working in shielded cell, reducing their retention and outlawing additions of organic products. The use of fragmentable particles of several hundred micrometers seems a good solution to control the microstructure of the green compacts and thus control the open porosity after sintering.The goal of this study is to monitor the compaction of brittle UO2 particles by acoustic emission and to link the particle characteristics to the open porosity obtained after the compact sintering.The signals acquired during tensile strength tests on individual granules and compacts show that the acoustic emission allows the detection of the mechanism of fragmentation and enables identification of a characteristic waveform of this fragmentation.The influences of compaction stress, of the initial particle size distribution and of the internal cohesion of the granules, on the mechanical strength of the compact and on the microstructure and open porosity of the sintered pellets, are analyzed.By its ability to identify the range of fragmentation of the granules during compaction, acoustic emission appears as a promising technique for monitoring the compaction of brittle particles in the manufacture of a controlled porosity fuel
Ould, Isselmou Yahya. "Interpolation de niveaux d’exposition aux émissions radioélectriques in situ à l’aide de méthodes géostatistiques". Paris, ENMP, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENMP1484.
Texto completoRadioelectric norms give different limit values of the radioelectric exposure. Exposure levels measured near radio and telecommunication antennas are very small compared to values recommended by the “International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection”. Today, persons near radio transmitters are seeking for the evaluation of exposure levels and the probability to exceed some threshold and not only the conformity to norms. Probabilistic framework with geostatistical methods is proposed that permits this evaluation. In this thesis we present an application of linear geostatistical methods, in particular the kriging method, for the estimation of the radioelectric levels of exposure starting from the output of a numerical model. The application of kriging with external drift to measurements obtained by a dosimeter is presented in this thesis. In these case studies, the Cauchy variogram model shows a good adequacy with the variability of the power density. A final application aims to evaluate the probability with which the exposure can exceed a determined threshold. We use two methods of non linear geostatistics, which require a Gaussian random function framework. . The practical implementation of these methods involves a transformation of the exposure to Gaussian values. A comparison between the probability of threshold exceedance obtained by application of the two methods on measurements is presented
Guillaume, Robin. "Méthodes acoustiques auto-calibrées en émission-réception pour l'étude et le suivi des propriétés non linéaires des matériaux et l'imagerie". Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00626417.
Texto completoRobin, Guillaume. "Méthodes acoustiques auto-calibrées en émission - réception pour l'étude et le suivi des propriétés non linéaires des matériaux et l'imagerie". Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR3304/document.
Texto completoUsed in many application areas, ultrasound proved to be sensitive to determine viscoelastic properties. The spatial and temporal investigation of viscoelastic properties of materials by ultrasonic methods can be used to monitor structure integrity and processes. A self-calibrated method, based on reciprocity principle has been developed for measuring the nonlinear parameter B/A. Instrumentation has been development to ensure the rapid determination of the parameter B/A imposing a specific technology. The time evolution of the acoustic parameters of sol-gel materials shows a characteristic time related to the structuration of the material (Arrhnius law). A picture of the nonlinear parameter was performed on a phantom containing two immiscible fluids (water and silicone oil). Through these two examples, the effectiveness of the nonlinear parameter measurements has shown in the follow-up of a material changes as well as imaging
El-Hajjami, Hassan. "Application de la théorie des sous-ensembles flous pour le développement d'un algorithme de classification séquentielle non supervisée et non paramétrique pour le suivi en temps réel de l'évolution de l'état d'une structure soumise à des sollicitations extérieures". Compiègne, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991COMPE093.
Texto completoFerrer, Frédéric. "Etude et contrôle de l'abrasion-corrosion de matériaux métalliques en milieu aqueux : caractérisation de l'endommagement par émission acoustique et techniques électrochimiques". Lyon, INSA, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ISAL0121.
Texto completoThe abrasion-corrosion phenomenon is a complex metal damaging process. Its control is difficult despite great economical interest. The aim of this work is to study and characterize, this type of degradation in the laboratory, by using the acoustic emission technique, and to confirm on site the interest of employing this tool for monitoring eventual damages. The study is realized with the help of an experimental device consisting of a system for the acquisition and processing of acoustic emission data and classical electrochemical equipment. Both techniques are coupled together with a test loop allowing tests with different liquid flow velocities, as well as changing the nature, the concentration and the angle of impingement of the abrasive particles. In the first part of this work, the acoustic emission bursts resulting from mono-impact particles are compared with other emissive phenomena. Then, in order to simulate an industrial environment, the study is conducted in pluri-impacts conditions. In the latter case, the acoustic emission is energetically and spectraly characterized. The energetic determination allows the comparison of the damages of two steels (an austenic stainless steel and a low alloy steel) in pure abrasion and in abrasion-corrosion conditions. The respective influences of the flow velocity, the particle concentration and the angle of impingement are investigated. Significant acoustic parameters of the abrasion rate are selected, and that permits the definition of an experimental protocol evidencing the synergistic effect due to the increase of corrosion by abrasion as well as the increase of abrasion by corrosion. The spectral investigation confirms that the acoustic emission is a rewarding technique for characterizing the transition between abrasive and non abrasive liquid-solid particle flows. Industrial tests corroborate the laboratory results, and especially the significance of the acoustic parameters chosen for damaging evaluation
Toulemonde, Matthieu. "Formation de voies en émission et en réception pour l'amélioration de l'imagerie ultrasonore : application à l'imagerie non linéaire des tissus biologiques". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10262/document.
Texto completoNowadays, ultrasound imaging is a common diagnostic tool thanks to its non-invasive behavior and relatively cheap equipment. Classic medical echographic imaging is based on the linear response of the biological tissue. However harmonic imaging, based on the harmonic frequencies generated by the nonlinear properties of the tissue, is more and more used for clinical application. The quantification of nonlinearity is based on the evaluation of the nonlinearity parameter which strongly influences the harmonics generation. The nonlinearity parameter estimation using an echographic approach would bring new modalities for imaging and diagnosis. However the echographic method for nonlinearity estimation is limited by two factors: the presence of speckles in the image and the focalization used during transmission, which concentrates the energy at one particular depth. The objectives of this thesis work are developing novel approaches to reduce the speckle noise using original smoothing techniques and improving the nonlinearity parameter estimation in echo mode using new transmission-reception strategies. Firstly, new speckle noise reduction approaches were investigated. The Thomson’s multitaper approach was proposed, consisting in using several different orthogonal apodizations during beamforming. This method was combined to a coherent plane-wave compounding transmission-reception strategy improving the spatial resolution and the contrast while improving the frame rate. In a second time, the nonlinearity parameter was estimated using a comparative method. The second-harmonic pressure field of a reference area was compared to the pressure field of an area where the nonlinearity parameter is unknown. However in echo-mode, the pressure field of the medium is unknown. It is assumed in this thesis work that the local pressure can be derived from envelope image local amplitude if the speckle noise is smoothed. The nonlinearity parameter estimation has been improved using plane-wave transmission and orthogonal apodizations compared to the use of a single focalization transmission
Oggigiorno, le tecniche di imaging ad ultrasuoni sono un comune strumento di diagnosi, grazie alla loro non invasività e alla relativa economicità dei sistemi. La risposta lineare dei tessuti biologici è la base per le tecniche di imaging ecografico tradizionali. La generazione di frequenze ad armoniche superiori da parte dei tessuti può essere sfruttata per sviluppare tecniche di imaging innovative (i.e., imaging armonico), che sono sempre più utilizzate per applicazioni cliniche. Tali tecniche sono basate sul metodo di valutazione del parametro di non linearità che influenza fortemente la generazione delle armoniche all’interno dei tessuti. I metodi per la stima dei suddetti parametri sfruttano solitamente un approccio ecografico tradizionale. Di conseguenza, gli effetti legati alla focalizzazione impiegata durante la trasmissione, che concentra l’energia ad una particolare profondità, e la presenza di speckle nell’immagine finale, rendono più incerta la stima del parametro di non linearità. In questa tesi sono proposti metodi innovativi finalizzati a due scopi: ridurre, nelle immagini, il rumore dovuto a speckle, tramite l’adozione di nuove tecniche di smoothing; migliorare la stima dei parametri di non linearità, tramite l’impiego di nuove strategie di beamforming in trasmissione e ricezione. Per ridurre il rumore dovuto a speckle, è stato proposto un approccio di filtraggio spaziale basato sull’impiego dei filtri di Thomson. Tale tecnica consiste nell’impiego di numerose apodizzazioni ortogonali fra di loro in fase di beamforming. Il metodo è stato in particolare combinato con la tecnica di imaging coherent plane-wave compounding, con lo scopo di migliorare la risoluzione spaziale e il contrasto e, al contempo, incrementare il frame rate. Il parametro di non linearità è stato misurato tramite un approccio comparativo. Il campo di pressione della seconda armonica in un’area di riferimento dell’immagine è stato confrontato con quello di un’area in cui il parametro di non linearità è ignoto. In questa tesi, grazie alla riduzione del rumore speckle, è stato possibile assumere che il campo di pressione
Jouvie, Camille. "Estimation de la fonction d’entrée en tomographie par émission de positons dynamique : application au fluorodesoxyglucose". Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112303/document.
Texto completoPositron Emission Tomography (PET) is a method of functional imaging, used in particular for drug development and tumor imaging. In PET, the estimation of the arterial plasmatic activity concentration of the non-metabolized compound (the "input function") is necessary for the extraction of the pharmacokinetic parameters. These parameters enable the quantification of the compound dynamics in the tissues. This PhD thesis contributes to the study of the input function by the development of a minimally invasive method to estimate the input function. This method uses the PET image and a few blood samples. In this work, the example of the FDG tracer is chosen. The proposed method relies on compartmental modeling: it deconvoluates the three-compartment-model. The originality of the method consists in using a large number of regions of interest (ROIs), a large number of sets of three ROIs, and an iterative process. To validate the method, simulations of PET images of increasing complexity have been performed, from a simple image simulated with an analytic simulator to a complex image simulated with a Monte-Carlo simulator. After simulation of the acquisition, reconstruction and corrections, the images were segmented (through segmentation of an IRM image and registration between PET and IRM images) and corrected for partial volume effect by a variant of Rousset’s method, to obtain the kinetics in the ROIs, which are the input data of the estimation method. The evaluation of the method on simulated and real data is presented, as well as a study of the method robustness to different error sources, for example in the segmentation, in the registration or in the activity of the used blood samples
Racle, Elie. "Comportement d'un composite à matrice céramique en fatigue et mise en place d'indicateurs d'endommagement par émission acoustique". Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0071.
Texto completoThe full understanding of a ceramic matrix composite under fatigue loading is needed in view of industrial applications. It is necessary to determine the damage mechanisms chronology and to be able to forecast the lifetime of the material in the conditions of use. To reach these purposes, a mechanical characterisation has to be done as well as the definition of damage indicators. It is then interesting to link the analysis of mechanical parameters and microscope observations with a non-destructive monitoring technique. Acoustic emission (AE) appears to be a good candidate to monitor material damage under loading. It makes the quantification and the material damage localisation possible. In this study, indicators based on released acoustic energy are used as "Severity" of signals or "Sentry function" which depends on both acoustic and mechanical energies. This work is organised in two parts. First, the analysis of mechanical parameters behaviour, material microstructure and global evolution of acoustic emission under static and cyclic loading makes the characterisation of the effects of cyclic fatigue on the material possible. The second part consists in determining a damage scenario. First acoustic emission signals are analysed depending on their acquisition during a cycle (loading or unloading). Then the connection between the acoustic emission signals and the different damage mechanisms, using a supervised clustering method, facilitated the estimation of the activation of these different damage mechanisms during cyclic fatigue tests. This study pointed out different damage mechanisms generated by cyclic loading, which are mainly debonding and friction at matrix/fibre and matrix/matrix interfaces. In addition, damage indicators based on acoustic emission enabled to determine characteristic times which can be used for lifetime forecast. For example, signal severity shows a characteristic time between 25% and 45% of the time to ultimate failure. Detection of this time in real-time during a test can be used to estimate the time of the ultimate failure of the material
Fall, Mame Diarra. "Modélisation stochastique de processus pharmaco-cinétiques, application à la reconstruction tomographique par émission de positrons (TEP) spatio-temporelle". Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112035.
Texto completoThe aim of this work is to develop new statistical methods for spatial (3D) and space-time (3D+t) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) reconstruction. The objective is to propose efficient reconstruction methods in a context of low injected doses while maintaining the quality of the interpretation. We tackle the reconstruction problem as a spatial or a space-time inverse problem for point observations in a \Bayesian nonparametric framework. The Bayesian modeling allows to regularize the ill-posed inverse problem via the introduction of a prior information. Furthermore, by characterizing the unknowns with their posterior distributions, the Bayesian context allows to handle the uncertainty associated to the reconstruction process. Being nonparametric offers a framework for robustness and flexibility to perform the modeling. In the proposed methodology, we view the image to reconstruct as a probability density in(for reconstruction in k dimensions) and seek the solution in the space of whole probability densities in . However, due to the size of the data, posterior estimators are intractable and approximation techniques are needed for posterior inference. Most of these techniques are based on Markov Chain Monte-Carlo methods (MCMC). In the Bayesian nonparametric approach, a major difficulty raises in randomly sampling infinite dimensional objects in a computer. We have developed a new sampling method which combines both good mixing properties and the possibility to be implemented on a parallel computer in order to deal with large data sets. Thanks to the taken approach, we obtain 3D spatial reconstructions without any ad hoc space voxellization and 4D space-time reconstructions without any discretization, neither in space nor in time. Furthermore, one can quantify the error associated to the statistical estimation using the credibility intervals
Boulay, Nicolas. "Modélisation des capteurs d’émission acoustique en vue de la simulation d’un contrôle". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS593/document.
Texto completoNondestructive testing (NDT) by acoustic emission (AE) allows the detection of the formation or the evolution of defects. It relies on the use of one or several sensors that can be permanently attached to a large structure to listen to AE events that can happen. In the framework of the development of a tool for simulating NDT/AE, this thesis aims at modeling the measurement of arbitrary elastic wave field by AE sensor. An exact formulation, then an approximate one which derives from it, are obtained from the electromechanical reciprocity principle, of the response of an AE sensor to elastic waves. It is demonstrated that the accurate calculation of these responses cannot be made under the usual simplifying hypotheses which lead naturally to one-dimensional model. Rather the opposite, it is demonstrated that for standard sensors conceived to be highly sensitive over a large bandwidth, complex vibration modes together with the sensor case influence fundamentally their response. A finite element model is proposed, experimentally validated and used to conduct parametric studies helpful for an operator choosing a sensor, for a manufacturer to optimally conceive sensors. A representation of AE sensor sensitivity is proposed, far more complete than what is usually known about sensors. A simulation strategy is developed relying on the formation of a database of sensor sensitivities
Khalfallah, Riadh. "Utilisation de l'émission acoustique pour le diagnostic des points de soudure". Compiègne, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997COMP1010.
Texto completoCadolle, Bel Marion. "Etude des émissions à haute énergie des trous noirs stellaires accrétants". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00105637.
Texto completoFurieri, Bruno. "Erosion éolienne de tas de stockage de matières granulaires sur sites industriels : amélioration des méthodes de quantification des émissions". Phd thesis, Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambresis, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00853659.
Texto completoChanvin, François. "Qualification des faisceaux acoustiques utilisés en contrôle non destructif industriel par ultrasons". Compiègne, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986COMPI223.
Texto completoPatin, Delphine. "Le radiopharmaceutique en TEP : imagerie des lymphomes non-Hodgkiniens avec la [18F]Fludarabine ; synthèse, radiosynthèse et évaluation in vivo d’un procédé de vectorisation". Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN2087.
Texto completoWe have investigated the radiosynthesis of Fludarabine, a drug used for the treatment of lymphoproliterative disorders, to develop a specific tracer of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma for PET imaging. The radiolabelling with fluorine-18 and its automation on commercial apparatus were performed. The in vivo evaluation in preclinical studies showed that [18F]Fludarabine presents a better contrast than [18F]FDG and could be useful for diagnosis and monitoring of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. In a second part and in order to develop a tool for studying the norepinephrine system, involved in numerous cerebral pathologies, we have focused our research in the cerebral vectorization of MIBG. We developed a system based on 1,4-dihydroquinoline / quinolinium salt redox system and realized its labeling with carbon-11. The in vivo evaluation allowed to validate this chemical delivery system which would next used to vectorize the [125I]MIBG to the central nervous system
Marec, Anne. "Contrôle de santé des matériaux hétérogènes par émission acoustique et acoustique non linéaire : discrimination des mécanismes d’endommagement et estimation de la durée de vie restante". Le Mans, 2008. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2008/2008LEMA1012.pdf.
Texto completoLocal damage in glass/epoxy and glass/polyester composite materials is investigated with the analysis of the signals of acoustic emission (AE). Unsupervised pattern recognition analyses (fuzzy c-means clustering) associated with a principal component analysis are the tools used for the classification of the monitored AE events. A cluster analysis of AE data is achieved and the resulting clusters are correlated to the damage mechanisms of the material under investigation. The proposed method also shows the time evolution of different damage mechanisms till the global failure. Thus the most critical damage mechanisms are identified. After being validated on model samples composed of unidirectional composites, this method is applied to actual composites such as cross-ply composites, sheet molding compound (SMC) and polymer concretes damaged with tensile, creep and three-point bending tests. Furthermore, AE signals generated by heterogeneous materials are not stationary. Thus, continuous and discrete wavelet transforms are applied on typical damage mechanisms AE signals such as matrix cracking, debonding, fiber failure. Time-scale descriptors are defined from these wavelets and are introduced in the classification process. They provide a better discrimination of damage mechanisms than some time-based descriptors for more complex composite materials. Finally, gradually damaged SMC composite materials are experimented with nonlinear slow dynamics tests. Nonlinear slow dynamics have been found to be very sensitive to damage evolution. Clustering of AE signals enables to understand the contribution of the different damage mechanisms to the evolution of the nonlinear behavior of damaged SMC
Cadavid, Francisco. "Simulation numérique de la réduction des émissions de NOx dans un four pilote de 4 MW et une chaudière tangentielle de 609 MW à charbon pulvérisé". Valenciennes, 2004. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/864baf7a-a665-4e18-b2fd-295951356905.
Texto completoThree combustion systems have been simulated with Fluent CFD code V6: a swirl burner, a 4 MW pilot CERCHAR pulverized coal (PC) furnace and a 609 MW tangential utility PC boiler. The burner simulation has allowed to explain the calculation method of boundary conditions, to define the convergence criteria and the discretisation schemes, and to evaluate the turbulence models - Standard, RNG and Realizable. The best precision/calculation-time compromise was obtained with - Standard turbulence model. A methodology has been established to simulate the combustion and NO emissions process in pulverized coal systems. This one has been tested in two combustion systems. In the first one, the CERCHAR’s furnace with radial Reburning PC post-combustion air injections, two devolatilisation models and two char combustion models were tested and compared to experimental measures. This study shows that when the Diffusion Limited Surface Reaction Rate Model is used, numerical solutions are in good agreement with experimental measures of temperatures and species concentrations (O2, CO and CO2). A modification of Y. B. Yang et al. Model of NO reduction by coal Reburning allows us to obtain the best agreements with NO experimental measures. In the second system, a tangential PC utility boiler, the numerical results are very close to experimental measures. Moreover, the experimentally observed tendencies were also numerically predicted in two tested configurations
Darwiche, Mohamad. "Apprentissage statistique pour l'évaluation et le contrôle non destructifs : application à l'estimation de la durée de vie restante des matériaux par émission acoustique sous fluage". Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01019999.
Texto completoCrochemore, Clément. "Mise en évidence des effets cardiovasculaires directs du NO2 : Mécanisme potentiel de l'impact des émissions de moteur Diesel sur la santé". Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUENR02.
Texto completoFloret, Nathalie. "Lymphomes non hodgkiniens, sarcomes des tissus mous et dioxines : identification du risque lié aux émissions d'un incinérateur d'ordures ménagères (Besançon, France)". Besançon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BESA3012.
Texto completoIt is not clear whether low environmental doses of dioxin affect the general population. We have therefore conducted a multi-step research program around a municipal solid waste incinerator with high emission levels of dloxln (Besançon, France). The eco-epidemiology approach started with a space-time clustering study that found evldence for clusters of soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) and non-Hodgkin's Iymphoma (NHL) in the area that contains the plant. A populatlon-based case-control study at the Besançon city scale was also carried out. We compared 222 incident cases of NHL and controls randomly selected and used the same study design for the 37 incident cases of STS. Dioxin ground-level air concentrations were modeled wlth a first generatlon Gaussian-type dispersion model. Using Geographic Information System technology, thelr residences were linked to the dispersion map. The risk of developing NHL was 2. 3 times higher among individuals living in the area with the highest dioxin concentration than among those living in area with the lowest, whereas the over-incidence of STS observed in the city of Besançon was not spatlally organized according to the dispersion of dioxin emissions. The main limitation laid within the use of a dispersion mode! as a proxy for dioxin exposure, since its accuracy had not been assessed before. We have therefore validated. This geographic-based exposure through PCD/F measurements from soil samples. We therefore launched a case-control study in which dioxins are measured in biological tissues. All incident cases, that accrued in this area during the 2003-2006 time period, are from now on included, while a few controls are still to be recruited
Cortinovis, Jérôme. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation des émissions biogéniques d'oxydes d'azote et d'isoprène depuis les écosystèmes naturels et aménagés:impact sur l'ozone". Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30162.
Texto completoIn order to build a national inventory of nitrogen oxides from agricultural activities, an algorithm deduced from laboratory experiments was coupled with the CERES crop model to simulate NOx flux at the soil level. Simulations on a year basis allow the estimation of emission factors. NOx fluxes were integrated at the regional scale for three administrative regions. A new version of the SURFATM SVAT model integrating NOx emissions and NOx-O3 basic chemistry simulates ozone and NOx surface-atmosphere exchanges. Two contrasted sites from the ESCOMPTE experiment were used to validate this new approach. The canopy reduction factor, that is the actual proportion of NOx emitted above the canopy, was calculated, this net emission being included in a meso-scale model. The contribution of isoprene emissions, the major contributor in the COV global inventory, to ozone production has been evaluated for the ESCOMPTE experiment. This contribution is a function of the anthropogenic plume degree of maturation. The contribution appears to be mostly important in the suburban and rural areas. Coupling an algorithm combining high and low frequency terms with the SVAT ISBA-Ags allows for simulations of isoprene emissions at the canopy scale including a seasonal variation. Summer emissions appear to be preponderant when compared to spring and autumn ones. Coupling with the MesoNH-Chemistry model shows the maximum seasonal contribution of isoprene emissions to ozone production during summer, followed by spring and autumn periods
Alzahouri, Kazem. "Pratiques diagnostiques pour les nodules pulmonaires isolés et le cancer du poumon non à petites cellules : caractérisation, déterminants et évaluations médico-économiques de l'introduction de la tomographie par émission de positon". Nancy 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NAN11301.
Texto completoLouis, Cédric. "Impacts des technologies de dépollution et des conditions de conduites sur les émissions primaires des véhicules et leur évolution dans l'atmosphère". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSET013/document.
Texto completoAir pollution is a major urban issue, with pollutant concentrations frequently exceeding health recommendations. Vehicles are highly involved in air pollution despite the integration of pollution control systems. The objective of this research is to characterise the primary exhaust emissions of vehicles and their physical evolution in the near field to better understand the impact of primary emissions related to traffic on urban air pollution. Emissions evolution was studied in an atmospheric simulation chamber with controlled atmospheric conditions. The first part of this work aims to determine the exhaust emissions of recent vehicles that are or will be major in the French car fleet in the coming years. A sample of vehicles grouping the main commercialised depollution technologies was tested on a chassis dynamometer according to different driving conditions and the emissions from their exhaust gas were analysed. The pollutants subject to European regulations were taken into account, as well as compounds not regulated by European standards but whose toxicity has been highlighted by the scientific community.The second part of this work focuses on the near-field evolution of particulate pollutants in the hours following their release into the atmosphere. The effect of the abrupt gas dilution at the end of the exhaust has been studied using an innovative sampling methodology directly at the exhaust of the vehicles. Then the evolution of the particles in the first hours after their rejection was studied in an atmospheric simulation chamber of 8 m3, built specifically within the framework of this thesis to be coupled with the dynamometer
Rebière, Yvon. "Analyse des émissions secondaires d'un cristal isotopique mixte et de leurs corrélations à la diffusion excitonique dans un système tridimensionnel". Bordeaux 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985BOR10516.
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