Tesis: "Emissifs"

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Troiville-Cazilhac, Robin. "Novel gain materials for high-performance organic solid-state lasers". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS599.pdf.

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Dans ce travail, nous avons abordé la synthèse de nouveaux matériaux à gain pour des applications en laser organique. Dans un premier chapitre, nous avons préparé trois nouveaux copolymères alternant des motifs donneurs (D) et accepteurs (A) d'électrons. Le premier polymère, PF8Tz8, incorporant des unités D fluorène et A triazole, a démontré des propriétés de gain optique en couche mince, avec un seuil d’émission spontanée amplifiée (ASE) de 105 µJ.cm-2. Par la suite, l’utilisation de systèmes hôte/invité et différentes étapes d'optimisation, nous ont permis d’abaisser le seuil d’ASE à une valeur de 3,5 µJ.cm-2. Deux autres polymères D-A, PSpTz8 et PSprTz8, incorporant respectivement des unités D spiroflurene et des unités A triazole modifiées, ont également été préparés. PSpTz8 a démontré, après optimisation, une valeur de seuil d’ASE améliorée de 3 µJ.cm-2 en système hôte/invité alors que PSprTz8 a démontré un seuil plus élevé de l’ordre de 9 µJ.cm2. Dans un second chapitre, nous avons montré le développement de molécules à gain liquide-crystallines (ou mésomorphes). Dans ce travail, trois molécules fluorescentes calamitiques ont été synthétisées, TP, BTD et BOD. Tout d'abord, les molécules BTD et BOD ont montré des propriétés de gain optique en tant que dopant dans le CBP avec des seuils d’ASE respectivement de 7 et 15 µJ.cm-2. Le dérivé fluorescent calamitique TP, ne présentant pas de gain optique à l’état solide, a été modifié de manière à présenter une phase liquide-cristalline à température ambiante. Ce composé, r8r'16TP, a ainsi démontré un seuil d’ASE à 11 µJ.cm-2 en film mince, et il a été également utilisé avec succès comme matrice mésomorphe avec les molécules calamitiques BTD et BOD comme dopants. Enfin, le dernier chapitre a porté sur l'élaboration de polymères mésomorphes constitués d’une chaîne principale de polyméthylmétacrylate, intégrant des unités fluorescentes liquide-cristallines comme groupes pendants. Tout d'abord, deux polymères, Pr8TP et Pr16TP, incorporant uniquement des molécules calamitiques TP ont été synthétisés. Leurs comportements cristal-liquides ont été mis en évidence et leurs propriétés de gain optique avec des valeurs de seuil respectivement de 65 et 20 µJ.cm-2 ont été démontrées. Ces matériaux ont également montré leur capacité à être utilisé comme matrice lors de la fabrication de systèmes hôte/invité avec les molécules à gain calamitques BTD et BOD. Nous avons également exploré la conception d'un système hôte/invité au sein d'une même chaîne macromoléculaire, qui a montré des résultats très prometteurs, comme un rendement quantique de photoluminescence de 100 % dans un système anisotrope autoorganisé
In this work, we have addressed the synthesis of new gain materials for organic laser applications. In the first chapter, we prepared three new copolymers alternating donor (D) and acceptor (A) electron units. The first polymer, PF8Tz8, incorporating fluorene D units and triazole A units, demonstrated optical gain properties in thin films, with an amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) threshold of 105 µJ.cm-2. Subsequently, the use of host/guest systems and various optimization steps allowed us to lower the ASE threshold to a value of 3.5 µJ.cm-2. Two other D-A polymers, PSpTz8 and PSprTz8, incorporating spirofluorene D units and modified triazole A units, respectively, were also prepared. PSpTz8 demonstrated, after optimization, an improved ASE threshold value of 3 µJ.cm-2 in a host/guest system, while PSprTz8 demonstrated a higher threshold of about 9 µJ.cm2. In the second chapter, we showed the development of liquid-crystalline (or mesophase) gain molecules. In this work, three calamitic fluorescent molecules, TP, BTD, and BOD, were synthesized. First, the BTD and BOD molecules showed optical gain properties as dopants in CBP with ASE thresholds of 7 and 15 µJ.cm-2, respectively. The calamitic fluorescent derivative TP, which does not exhibit optical gain in the solid state, was modified to present a liquid-crystalline phase at room temperature. This compound, r8r'16TP, thus demonstrated an ASE threshold of 11 µJ.cm-2 in thin film, and it was also successfully used as a mesophase matrix with the calamitic BTD and BOD molecules as dopants. Finally, the last chapter focused on the development of mesophase polymers consisting of a polymethylmethacrylate main chain, incorporating liquid-crystalline fluorescent units as pendant groups. First, two polymers, Pr8TP and Pr16TP, incorporating only TP calamitic molecules were synthesized. Their liquid-crystal behaviors were highlighted and their optical gain properties with threshold values of 65 and 20 µJ.cm-2, respectively, were demonstrated. These materials have also shown their ability to be used as a matrix in the fabrication of host/guest systems with the calamitic gain molecules BTD and BOD. We also explored the design of a host/guest system within the same macromolecular chain, which showed very promising results, such as a photoluminescence quantum yield of 100% in an auto-organized anisotropic system

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2

Ariotti, Paula. "Método para aprimorar a estimativa de emissões veiculares em áreas urbanas através de modelagem híbrida em redes". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/21922.

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Este estudo tem por objetivo propor um método para aprimorar a estimativa de emissões veiculares em áreas urbanas através da utilização de modelagem híbrida de tráfego associada a modelos de previsão de emissões. A modelagem híbrida agrega as vantagens individuais das abordagens agregada e desagregada de tráfego, uma vez que combina a micro-simulação de tráfego em áreas específicas com a simulação agregada em uma área de estudo mais abrangente. O método proposto neste trabalho foi consolidado a partir do desenvolvimento de um estudo de caso que consistiu na modelagem de uma rede viária com características distintas de infraestrutura e operação viárias. Os resultados do estudo de caso permitiram a identificação de trechos da rede viária nos quais as estimativas de emissões provenientes de modelos agregados foram significativamente diferentes das estimativas derivadas de modelos microscópicos, demonstrando a importância de uma abordagem híbrida. A utilização do método proposto pode embasar a elaboração e implementação de políticas de transportes que busquem reduzir a ocorrência de eventos responsáveis pela geração de elevados níveis de emissões.
This study aims to propose a method to improve the vehicle emissions estimation in urban area. The method associates hybrid traffic flow models with emission models. Hybrid traffic modeling combines the specific advantages of aggregate and disaggregated approaches, since they integrate traffic microssimulation in specific areas with agregated simulation in a wide area. The development of the proposed method was based on a case study consisting in the modeling a road network with different operations and infrastructure characteristics. Case study results indicated that emission estimates obtained from aggregated models were significantly different from emission estimates derived from microscopic models on some road segments, emphasizing the importance of a hybrid approach adopted in the method proposed in this work. The proposed method can be used to guide the development and implementation of transportation policies that aim to reduce the number of traffic events responsible for high levels of emissions.

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Lemos, Joewander Fernandes. "Poluição veicular: Avaliação dos impactos e benefícios ambientais com a renovação da frota veicular leve na cidade de São Paulo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-20082010-200639/.

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Este estudo faz uma análise dos níveis de emissões veiculares relacionados com os problemas de poluição na cidade de São Paulo. Utilizando a metodologia denominada bottom-up, avalia de forma teórica os índices de poluentes que saem pelo tubo de escapamento da maior frota de veículos leves do país. São abordados tópicos relacionados com o dia-a-dia da cidade como crescimento da frota, combustíveis, transporte público, poluição atmosférica e seus efeitos à saúde e ainda a influência atmosférica na região. Foram feitas diversas simulações no decorrer do estudo denominadas de cenários, que são baseadas na simples, porém eficiente, aplicação da metodologia bottom-up que utiliza, para os cálculos, os fatores de emissões de acordo com a evolução das fases do PROCONVE para obter a quantidade de determinados poluentes emitido por ano. Os cenários permitem a substituição dos veículos mais velhos por veículos novos e apresentam resultados positivos para o meio ambiente, dentre eles aqueles que podem ser considerados como alternativas ousadas e outros podem ser vistos como alternativas mais conservadoras, mas todos demostram melhorias significativas para a qualidade do ar na cidade de são Paulo. A evolução das fases citadas trouxeram muitos benefícios ao meio ambiente por meio das novas tecnologias desenvolvidas e embarcadas nos veículos novos e que não deixam de ser a solução para o futuro, onde melhorias nas condições atmosféricas devem ser alcançadas. Questões como políticas públicas e legislações específicas para a substituição dos veículos velhos da rua, não saem da teoria. Na prática o trânsito está cada vez mais caótico, em partes pela quantidade de carros em péssimas condições de uso que ainda circulam e quebram todos os dias, afetando diretamente a qualidade do ar na metrópole paulista.
This study presents an analysis of the levels of vehicles emissions related to the pollution problems in São Paulo City. Using a methodology called bottom-up, this thesis presents a theoretical evaluation on the rates of pollutants coming out the exhaust pipe of the largest light vehicles fleet in Brazil. Issues related to daily city activities such as the fleet growth, fuels, public transportation, air pollution and its effects on the population health and the atmospheric influence in the region as well are presented. Simulations for scenarios drawn were based on a simple but efficient, implementation of bottom-up approach that employs, for calculations, the emission factors according to the changing phases of PROCONVE (the Brazilian National Program for the Pollution Control of Vehicles) for the amount of pollutants emitted per year. The scenarios consider that replacement of older vehicles by new ones is positive for the environment. Some scenarios may be considered as non-conservative alternatives and others can be seen as conservative, but all demonstrate significant improvements to the quality of air in São Paulo City. The evolution of the phases mentioned have brought many benefits to the environment through new technologies developed for new vehicles and represent a solution for the future, when improvements in atmospheric conditions must be met. Issues such as public policies and laws specific to the replacement of old vehicles still have to be improved. In practical means, the traffic is increasingly chaotic, in part by the amount of cars in poor use that still run and break every day, directly affecting the air quality in metropolitan region.

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4

Jooste, Dustin. "Emissions trading scheme for South Africa : opportunities and challenges". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79330.

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ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research report aims to determine whether an emissions trading scheme or carbon tax is the most suitable market-based emissions reduction mechanism for South Africa, given its multiple environmental, social and economic objectives. Key factors considered in this comparison include: environmental effectiveness; economic efficiency; social welfare impacts; public finance considerations; administrative complexity and costs; and, finally, the relationship to global greenhouse gas reduction mechanisms. These factors are compared in the short and long term to determine which mechanism is most likely to deliver South Africa’s emissions reduction targets within the given time frames. The comparison of these factors involves a non-empirical literature review, followed by a rating of the mechanisms in order to distil a best fit in terms of the various aspects of an effective emissions reduction mechanism, taking into account the specific needs and conditions of South Africa. The research found that, in the short term, a carbon tax was best suited to the South African context. This is because of the fiscal certainty inherent in this mechanism, which provides clear price signals and a stable public income. However, the reasons for these comparative advantages over an emissions trading scheme relate to the long lead times and structure of the latter mechanism, which requires years of implementation and favours environmental effectiveness over economic efficiency. Further reasons include a lack of understanding and buy-in in terms of market-based mechanisms, a situation that favours familiarity over effectiveness in some instances. Taking these issues into account, the research shows that an emissions trading scheme is better suited to the South African context in the long term. Once properly implemented, this mechanism provides superior results in terms of the above-mentioned factors, and specifically in terms of environmental effectiveness and the potential for benefit through international integration. This research report concludes that the South African government has failed to take a long-term view of the mechanisms available for emissions reduction, choosing instead to implement a carbon tax, which favours economic growth at the expense of the environment and future generations. A general lack of understanding of the structures and opportunity costs of the two mechanisms necessitates an investigation by government of the applicability and structure of an emissions trading scheme in the South African context before market-based mechanisms can play an effective part in the future development of the country’s environmental regulatory regime.

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5

Nord, Kent. "Particles and unregulated emissions from CI engines subjected to emission control /". Luleå : Luleå University of Technology, 2005. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1544/2005/09.

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Bowerman, Niel H. A. "Emission targets for avoiding dangerous climate change". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a330ad41-54e4-46d7-99b5-110bd40a820b.

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A number of recent studies have found a strong link between peak global warming due to anthropogenic carbon dioxide and cumulative carbon emissions from the start of the industrial revolution. This thesis builds on this work by using a simple climate model to apply the concept of cumulative emissions to emission floors, by comparing cumulative emissions with other types of emissions target, and by extending the work to apply to noncarbon dioxide (CO₂) greenhouse gases and short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs). Though peak global warming correlates well with cumulative carbon emissions, the link to emissions over shorter periods or in the years 2020 or 2050 is shown to be weaker. It is also shown that the introduction of emissions floors does not reduce the importance of cumulative emissions, but may make some warming targets unachievable. For pathways that give a most likely warming up to about 4°C, cumulative emissions from pre-industrial times to year 2200 correlate strongly with most likely resultant peak warming in the simple model used, regardless of the type of emissions floor used. The maximum rate of CO2- induced warming is not determined by cumulative emissions but is shown to be limited by the peak rate of CO₂ emissions. A simple model of non-CO₂ greenhouse gases is also developed and used to investigate SLCFs. It is shown that emissions of SLCFs today have little impact on peak warming, and that delaying near-term reductions in SLCFs would not have a significant impact on peak warming. Only once CO₂ emissions are falling do SLCF emissions have a significant impact on peak warming. A global climate policy framework is presented as an example of how the work in this thesis could be used in policy. Future work is also discussed, particularly verification of these results in a more complex model.

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de, Souza Nayara. "Total Fume Emissions and Emission Factors Applicable to Gas Metal Arc Welding". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2019. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2603.

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Welding is a common industrial practice that has the potential to emit air pollutants. Emission factors are useful indicators to help in the understanding of the extent of pollution from a process and managing them to reduce or minimize health impacts. The objective of this thesis is to determine emission factors applicable to the gas metal arc welding (GMAW), under varying current and voltage conditions. The most used base metals and an electrode for the shipbuilding industry were considered. A weld fume chamber was used to achieve the project goals along with standard sampling and analytical procedures. Three test runs were performed for each sampling scenario to ensure repeatability. The EPA EF average for MS experiments with the ER70S-6 electrode is 5.2 g/kg, and for SS experiments with the ER316L-Si electrode is 3.2 g/kg, while the average results for this study were 6.81 g/kg and 3.28 g/kg respectively.

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8

Kim, Tae-Kyung. "Dynamic analysis of sulfur dioxide monthly emissions in U.S. power plants". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1086195964.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xviii, 218 p.; also includes graphics. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Jean Michael Guldmann, City and Regional Planning Graduate Program. Includes bibliographical references (p. 130-133).

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Wang, Lina. "Quantification of particle emission characteristics and development of an emission model for use in transport microenvironments affected by traffic emissions". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/46912/1/Lina_Wang_Thesis.pdf.

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Vehicle emitted particles are of significant concern based on their potential to influence local air quality and human health. Transport microenvironments usually contain higher vehicle emission concentrations compared to other environments, and people spend a substantial amount of time in these microenvironments when commuting. Currently there is limited scientific knowledge on particle concentration, passenger exposure and the distribution of vehicle emissions in transport microenvironments, partially due to the fact that the instrumentation required to conduct such measurements is not available in many research centres. Information on passenger waiting time and location in such microenvironments has also not been investigated, which makes it difficult to evaluate a passenger’s spatial-temporal exposure to vehicle emissions. Furthermore, current emission models are incapable of rapidly predicting emission distribution, given the complexity of variations in emission rates that result from changes in driving conditions, as well as the time spent in driving condition within the transport microenvironment. In order to address these scientific gaps in knowledge, this work conducted, for the first time, a comprehensive statistical analysis of experimental data, along with multi-parameter assessment, exposure evaluation and comparison, and emission model development and application, in relation to traffic interrupted transport microenvironments. The work aimed to quantify and characterise particle emissions and human exposure in the transport microenvironments, with bus stations and a pedestrian crossing identified as suitable research locations representing a typical transport microenvironment. Firstly, two bus stations in Brisbane, Australia, with different designs, were selected to conduct measurements of particle number size distributions, particle number and PM2.5 concentrations during two different seasons. Simultaneous traffic and meteorological parameters were also monitored, aiming to quantify particle characteristics and investigate the impact of bus flow rate, station design and meteorological conditions on particle characteristics at stations. The results showed higher concentrations of PN20-30 at the station situated in an open area (open station), which is likely to be attributed to the lower average daily temperature compared to the station with a canyon structure (canyon station). During precipitation events, it was found that particle number concentration in the size range 25-250 nm decreased greatly, and that the average daily reduction in PM2.5 concentration on rainy days compared to fine days was 44.2 % and 22.6 % at the open and canyon station, respectively. The effect of ambient wind speeds on particle number concentrations was also examined, and no relationship was found between particle number concentration and wind speed for the entire measurement period. In addition, 33 pairs of average half-hourly PN7-3000 concentrations were calculated and identified at the two stations, during the same time of a day, and with the same ambient wind speeds and precipitation conditions. The results of a paired t-test showed that the average half-hourly PN7-3000 concentrations at the two stations were not significantly different at the 5% confidence level (t = 0.06, p = 0.96), which indicates that the different station designs were not a crucial factor for influencing PN7-3000 concentrations. A further assessment of passenger exposure to bus emissions on a platform was evaluated at another bus station in Brisbane, Australia. The sampling was conducted over seven weekdays to investigate spatial-temporal variations in size-fractionated particle number and PM2.5 concentrations, as well as human exposure on the platform. For the whole day, the average PN13-800 concentration was 1.3 x 104 and 1.0 x 104 particle/cm3 at the centre and end of the platform, respectively, of which PN50-100 accounted for the largest proportion to the total count. Furthermore, the contribution of exposure at the bus station to the overall daily exposure was assessed using two assumed scenarios of a school student and an office worker. It was found that, although the daily time fraction (the percentage of time spend at a location in a whole day) at the station was only 0.8 %, the daily exposure fractions (the percentage of exposures at a location accounting for the daily exposure) at the station were 2.7% and 2.8 % for exposure to PN13-800 and 2.7% and 3.5% for exposure to PM2.5 for the school student and the office worker, respectively. A new parameter, “exposure intensity” (the ratio of daily exposure fraction and the daily time fraction) was also defined and calculated at the station, with values of 3.3 and 3.4 for exposure to PN13-880, and 3.3 and 4.2 for exposure to PM2.5, for the school student and the office worker, respectively. In order to quantify the enhanced emissions at critical locations and define the emission distribution in further dispersion models for traffic interrupted transport microenvironments, a composite line source emission (CLSE) model was developed to specifically quantify exposure levels and describe the spatial variability of vehicle emissions in traffic interrupted microenvironments. This model took into account the complexity of vehicle movements in the queue, as well as different emission rates relevant to various driving conditions (cruise, decelerate, idle and accelerate), and it utilised multi-representative segments to capture the accurate emission distribution for real vehicle flow. This model does not only helped to quantify the enhanced emissions at critical locations, but it also helped to define the emission source distribution of the disrupted steady flow for further dispersion modelling. The model then was applied to estimate particle number emissions at a bidirectional bus station used by diesel and compressed natural gas fuelled buses. It was found that the acceleration distance was of critical importance when estimating particle number emission, since the highest emissions occurred in sections where most of the buses were accelerating and no significant increases were observed at locations where they idled. It was also shown that emissions at the front end of the platform were 43 times greater than at the rear of the platform. The CLSE model was also applied at a signalled pedestrian crossing, in order to assess increased particle number emissions from motor vehicles when forced to stop and accelerate from rest. The CLSE model was used to calculate the total emissions produced by a specific number and mix of light petrol cars and diesel passenger buses including 1 car travelling in 1 direction (/1 direction), 14 cars / 1 direction, 1 bus / 1 direction, 28 cars / 2 directions, 24 cars and 2 buses / 2 directions, and 20 cars and 4 buses / 2 directions. It was found that the total emissions produced during stopping on a red signal were significantly higher than when the traffic moved at a steady speed. Overall, total emissions due to the interruption of the traffic increased by a factor of 13, 11, 45, 11, 41, and 43 for the above 6 cases, respectively. In summary, this PhD thesis presents the results of a comprehensive study on particle number and mass concentration, together with particle size distribution, in a bus station transport microenvironment, influenced by bus flow rates, meteorological conditions and station design. Passenger spatial-temporal exposure to bus emitted particles was also assessed according to waiting time and location along the platform, as well as the contribution of exposure at the bus station to overall daily exposure. Due to the complexity of the interrupted traffic flow within the transport microenvironments, a unique CLSE model was also developed, which is capable of quantifying emission levels at critical locations within the transport microenvironment, for the purpose of evaluating passenger exposure and conducting simulations of vehicle emission dispersion. The application of the CLSE model at a pedestrian crossing also proved its applicability and simplicity for use in a real-world transport microenvironment.

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Liu, Xin. "Emission Trading For China : the inspiration from the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme". Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-58643.

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How to avoid and deal with dangerous climate change, which will have catastrophic economic and social consequences, has already become the focus worldwide. From the UNFCCC to the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the international community has been trying to find effective means to reduce GHGs. Facing both internal demand and external pressure, as the largest carbon dioxide emitter, China needs to make further efforts to reduce CO2 emissions. So far, emission trading, especially the EU ETS has proved to be a good system to reduce emissions with low cost. In this thesis, the valuable experience and lessons of the EU ETS and the current situation of China are reviewed. The necessity, feasibility and limitations of applying the EU ETS in China are analyzed through comparative study and SWOT – PEST analytical model. In the light of the analysis result that establishing its own emission trading scheme based on the EU ETS will be a good choice for China, several recommendations are put forward concerning both the process of the “Sino ETS” and various stakeholders.

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Douglas, Philippa. "Bioaerosol emissions from open windrow composting facilities : emission characterisation and dispersion modelling improvements". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2013. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8061.

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Bioaerosol emissions from open windrow composting facilities are becoming of increasing concern due to the negative health effects associated with bioaerosols, and the fact that emissions from open windrow facilities are not contained. Current bioaerosol monitoring techniques provide only a snapshot of bioaerosol concentrations spatially and temporally, whereas dispersion models have the potential to offer a more continual overview of bioaerosol levels, alongside existing sampling methods. However, dispersion models have not been successful at accurately predicting bioaerosol concentrations from open windrow composting facilities, generally under predicting concentrations by at least one order of magnitude. This is predominantly due to a lack of knowledge and data surrounding the complex nature of bioaerosol release and transportation, particularly when the compost is agitated. This study aimed to improve the reliability in the outputs of the ADMS dispersion model, specifically in the open windrow composting scenario, by performing several model tests alongside selected input parameter quantification improvements. This involved completing a sensitivity analysis, and a model calibration and validation specific to this scenario for the first time. Results from the sensitivity analysis showed that the use of wet and dry deposition modules is significant, and the majority of model inputs associated with the representation of the source of the emission are sensitive. These findings helped select the model input parameters for quantification improvements. Novel preliminary measurements of bioaerosol temperature, velocity and concentration at the source of composting agitation activities were completed. These values provided more accurate model inputs. Collectively, these results allowed the model to be successfully calibrated, and consequently, validated for the first time for this specific scenario, resulting in model outputs corresponding to within one order of magnitude to measured data. This has helped to generate an initial set of modelling recommendations, allowing modellers to use the ADMS dispersion model in a reliable manner, when applied to the open windrow composting scenario. Eventually, these improved model outputs may be used to predict bioaerosol exposure levels at sensitive receptors, particularly in conditions where current monitoring methods are not feasible.

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Glader, Annika. "Chemical emissions from building structures : emission sources and their impact on indoor air". Licentiate thesis, Umeå universitet, Yrkes- och miljömedicin, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-55196.

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Chemical compounds in indoor air can adversely affect our comfort and health. However, in most cases there is only a limited amount of information available that can be used to assess their health risk. Instead the precautionary principle is often applied, i.e. efforts are made to ensure that the concentrations of pollutants are kept at a minimum when constructing new buildings or conducting renovations by using low-emitting building materials. Today, when investigating buildings in order to solve indoor air quality problems, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are sampled in the air within rooms. The chemical composition of indoor air is complex and there are many sources for the chemicals present. The potential for emissions from sources in hidden spaces such as wall cavities is poorly understood and little information exists on the toxic potential of chemical releases resulting from moisture-related degradation of building materials. Most of the non-reactive VOCs that have been detected in indoor air in field studies and from building products are not believed to cause health problems. However, reactive compounds and chemical reaction products have the potential to negatively influence our comfort and health even at low concentrations. Even though the impact of chemical compounds on health is unclear in many cases, they can be used to identify technical problems in buildings. When a building is investigated, the air inside building structures could be sampled. This method would eliminate emissions from sources other than the construction materials and the samples would contain higher levels of individual compounds. The aims of this work was to identify emissions profiles for different types of building structures, to see if the emission profiles for moisture damaged and undamaged structures differed, and to determine whether any of the emissions profiles for specific structures also could be found in indoor air. Technical investigations and VOC sampling were performed in 21 different buildings with and without previous moisture damage. Seven of the buildings were investigated in the years 2005-2006 (study 1) and fourteen in the years 2009-2010 (study 2). In study 1, sixty samples were analyzed by PCA at the chemical group level (18 chemical groups, i.e. aldehydes, ketones etc). 41 % of all identified chemical compounds belonged to the hydrocarbon chemical group. The second largest chemical groups, each of which accounted for 5-10 % of all identified compounds, were alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and terpenes. The results indicated that one of the main factors that determined the emissions profile of a building structure was the materials used in its construction. Notably, concrete and wooden structures were found to have different emissions profiles. The sum of VOC (TVOC) concentrations for all 241 samples from both study 1 and study 2 was used to compare total emissions between different building elements (ground and higher floors, external walls and roof spaces). Most building elements exhibited relatively low emissions compared to concrete ground floors, which generally had higher TVOC emissions. Emissions from both polystyrene insulation and PVC flooring could be identified in concrete ground floors and were the main cause for the higher emissions found in these structures. Profiles for wood preservatives such as creosote and pentachlorophenol were also identified in external walls. The emission profiles found in the structures could not be identified in the indoor air in the adjacent rooms, although individual compounds were sometimes detected at low concentrations. Our results showed that the main factors influencing emissions in building structures were the construction materials and the nature of the building element in question. Because of difficulties with finding active water damage at the times of sampling and because of sampling inside closed building structures with old dried-out moisture damages, the field method used in this work was unsuitable for identifying differences in emission profiles between moisture damaged and undamaged structures. It will thus be necessary to investigate this difference in a laboratory where the precise composition of all tested structures is known, a range of RH values can be tested and the accumulation of emissions can be followed.
Kompetenscentrum Byggnad - Luftkvalitet - Hälsa 2 (KLUCK 2)

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13

Kašparová, Pavlína. "Povolenky k emisím CO2 v účetnictví". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-4685.

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The graduation theses is focused on problems of emission rights. The graduation theses is describing when and where has been firstly started talking about emission rights and why, what has been developement of emission rights prices on the stock markets since their implementation in 2005 and what was the impact on the financial statements. The main part of the gradiation theses is about financial reporting. There is described a few of possible methods how to enter it in the books with concrete examples each of them. There is not missing historically first sollution of the emission rights bookkeeping, interpretation IFRIC 3.

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14

Fichter, Christine. "Climate impact of air traffic emissions in dependency of the emission location and altitude". Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.499573.

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This research approaches the questions "to what future worlds of work do women executives aspire, and how might these aspirations be accomplished?" This is undertaken through a futures study within the banking and professional services industries, in which, despite over 30 years of organisational initiatives, legislation, research and social change, there are few women in executive positions.

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15

Jankord, Gregory J. "Control of Criteria Emissions and Energy Management in Hybrid Electric Vehicles with Consideration of Three-Way Catalyst Dynamics". The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1590685712358423.

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16

Reniers, Jorn. "Analysis of a real-time signal for greenhouse gas emissions of district heating consumption". Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-169508.

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The district heating system (DHS) of Stockholm is one of the largest systems in the world with a total yearly production of 10TWh of heat and 2TWh of electricity (through combined heat and power plants). Large amounts of greenhouse gasses (GHG) are emitted to produce this heat and electricity. Given the goal of the City of Stockholm to reduce the amount of GHG emissions to 3 ton per capita in 2015 and to keep reducing emissions at a similar rate after 2015, it is important to identify the potentials for further reductions. Numerous studies have been done on how the DHS can become more sustainable by installing new generation units. However, also the consumers have an influence on the DHS. After all, it are the consumers who decide when and how much heat or electricity they use. Most former studies and environmental guidelines for the DHS in Stockholm focussed on the producer side. This thesis looks at the consumer perspective of the (heat of the) district heating system. A real-time signal giving the greenhouse gas emissions of individual households is developed and its potential and challenges are discussed. With this signal, households that want to minimise their environmental impact have a tool to decrease their environmental impact by changing their consumption. This can be a first step to transform the DHS to a smart district heating system. First, generic models to calculate the dynamic greenhouse gas intensity of the heat production of district heating and to calculate the greenhouse gas emissions related to the heat consumption of households are suggested. Then the feedback signal with those real-time household emissions is calculated for representative households in Stockholm based on data of Stockholm’s DHS and data about hot tap water consumption in Sweden. Results indicate that variations in household level greenhouse gas emissions mostly reflect changes in consumption but can also result from changes by the producer. Intraday variations are mostly caused by changes in hot tap water consumption, while variations on a timescale of a few days are caused by changes in heating consumption (changing weather) and changes made by the producer (to use different fuels). Then several scenarios are calculated, each scenario looking at the actions a consumer can take to shift or reduce his/her consumption (decrease hot tap water usage, lower indoor temperature etc.). The real-time household emissions are calculated again to see if the signal gives the needed incentives (is the household rewarded for its effort? Does it get further incentives?). It was found that a strong time-incentive (to decrease consumption when it saves most emissions) is missing if the average perspective is used to calculate the emission intensity of the heat production. Also, the results confirmed the finding that the feedback signal might not reflect changes in consumption. Finally, challenges for the signal are discussed. One of the major hurdles is the fact that household consumption of heat (heating and hot tap water) can often not be measured on a household level. Thus, it has to be estimated but it seems very difficult to get this estimation accurate enough to give correct feedback to households, especially about the emissions saved by their efforts to reduce/shift their consumption. Secondly, the time resolution should be chosen well to still get accurate results but not make the signal to data-intensive. Finally, the result is heavily dependent on the chosen methodology (average or marginal perspective? Do you account for the electrical side of the DHS? How about the distribution losses? Etc.).

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17

Zheng, Zhanghua. "Overall CO2 efficiency assessment for a low carbon energy system". Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619233.

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Decarbonization of the power sector is of great importance for the transition to a sustainable and low-carbon world economy. Estimating carbon efficiency in the power sector is a key step to grasp the impact of demand-side usage changes and evaluate their potential environmental benefits. In order to quantify the environmental benefits of demand-side usage changes, Average Emission Factor (AEF) and Marginal Emission Factor (MEF) have been proposed in the electrical power sector. AEF is defined as the ratio of the total CO2 emitted in the system to the total electricity generated. It is an effective factor for reporting on CO2 emissions at system level and on an average basis, but the current AEF model lacks clarity on the factors actually affecting the estimation. MEF is defined as the incremental change in carbon emissions as a result of a change in demand. However, previous MEF assessments did not consider key technical limitations, such as ramp-rate constraint for generators and network constraints, and carbon trading mechanisms. This thesis improves the estimation for both AEF and MEF and key achievements can be summarized as: 1). A novel model of estimating AEF, with its application to GB, US and China’s electricity system. 2). Improvement on conventional MEF model by considering ramp-rate constraint in dispatch order. 3). Sensitivity studies on MEF using current fuel prices and future fuel prices. 4). A new model of estimating MEF considering both the utilization level of generators and the carbon costs when determining the dispatch order. 5). The effect of power network on MEF estimation, with a comparison of congested scenarios and non-congested scenario.

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18

Franco, García Vicente. "Evaluation and improvement of road vehicle pollutant emission factors based on instantaneous emissions data processing". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/146187.

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Introduction
Current instrumentation makes it possible to measure vehicle emissions with high temporal resolution. But the increased resolution of emissions signals does not equate with increased accuracy. A prerequisite for the derivation of accurate emission factors from instantaneous vehicle emissions data is a fine allocation of measured mass emissions to recorded engine or vehicle states. This poses a technical challenge, because vehicle emission test facilities are not designed to support instantaneous emissions modelling, and they introduce distorting effects that compromise the instantaneous accuracy of the measured signals.

Methodology
These distorting effects can be compensated through a combination of physical modelling and data post-processing. The main original contribution of this dissertation is a novel methodology for the compensation of instantaneous emission signals, which is fully described herein. Whereas previous methodologies relied on systems theory modelling, and on comprehensive testing to model the sub-systems of the measurement setup, the alternative approach uses CO2 as a tracer of the distortions brought about by the measurement setup, which is modelled as a 'lump' system.

Conclusions
The main benefits of this methodology are its low burden of experimental work and its flexibility. Furthermore, it has been fully implemented in the 'esto' software tool, which can perform the compensation of emission signals with minimal user intervention and speed up the creation of engine emission maps.

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19

Link, Christoph, Juliane Stark, Axel Sonntag y Reinhard Hössinger. "Contribution of an emission trading scheme to reduce road traffic induced CO2 emissions in Austria". Elsevier, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.1170.

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The Emission Trading Scheme for green house gases is a key tool of European climate protection. Including the road transport sector might be a promising strategy to limit its CO2 emissions. This could be realized within a common market (trans-sectoral trading permitted) or separated markets (trans-sectoral trading not permitted). Starting from different assumptions on emission reduction objectives, the impact of both options is analyzed using a quantitative model. Although an emission trading scheme is ecologically effective regardless of the trading model, it turns out that CO2 emissions and emission allowance prices differ strongly between both design options due to sector specific price elasticities of allowance demand. (authors' abstract)

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20

Nemalapuri, Vijay Krishna. "Impact of Traffic Operations on Carbon Monoxide Emissions Analysis". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1282322424.

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21

Celis, Chris. "A fossil-free Sweden in 2050, and the impact on Swedish emissions : A consumption-based scenarios approach". Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekoteknik- och hållbart byggande, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-39213.

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Sweden has the goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions without increasing emissions abroad. This study uses consumption-based emissions data from the PRINCE-project to show where emissions from Swedish consumption take place and how large the share of fossil fuel emissions is. Scenarios are made to compare the emission reductions from reducing the use of fossil fuels to the potential for emission reductions by changes in consumption patterns for three main consumption groups, food, buildings & construction, and transport. These three consumption groups represent 67 % of the Swedish consumption-based emissions. The results show that Sweden has limited though still significant impact on consumption-based emissions since most emissions take place outside Sweden. For the three main consumption groups, it is shown that changing consumption patterns has the same potential for reducing the emissions than completely ending the use of fossil fuels in Sweden. Large differences exist between the consumption groups. Ending the use of fossil fuels in Sweden would reduce emissions from food by 21 %, from buildings & construction by 50 % and from transport by 27 %. It can be concluded that if Sweden wants to lower their emissions from consumption, it is important to take measures at both national and international level. Focusing on both reducing fossil fuel use as well as changes in consumption patterns prove to be equally important and should be taken simultaneously to achieve the largest and fastest emissions reductions.

2020-06-13

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22

Ellison, Richard Bachman. "Understanding dynamic responses to mitigation policies for intra-urban road freight emissions". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/11568.

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Freight transport is an integral component of the economy, providing benefits to businesses, consumers and the wider economy. Yet despite its many benefits, freight transport also contributes disproportionately to the emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases relative to other vehicles. This has necessitated strategies that attempt to maintain the societal benefits provided by freight transport while limiting the damage caused to both human health and the environment. Designing policies that can strike this balance requires an understanding of how firms might adapt to restrictions in how they operate. This thesis explores the dynamic components of behavioural decision making that drive how freight firms respond to policies across time with an aim to improving the design of mitigation policies for intra-urban road freight emissions. This thesis develops a novel approach to collecting longitudinal data on the behavioural responses of freight firms to government policies. The approach involves the use of a survey in which respondents are presented with a simulated scenario where they must complete a freight delivery task repeatedly over a period of time. The survey is used to collect a longitudinal dataset on how freight firms adapt to government policies. The dataset is used to investigate how and when firms adapt to government policies focusing on their choices of routes, vehicles and departure time. Using a structural equation modelling approach to growth models, the adaptation strategies of firms are analysed to see what attributes influence firms' decisions, how their influence changes through several stages of a policy's introduction and how firms ultimately respond to policies. By adding the time dimension, these models more accurately reflect the dynamic nature of decision making of freight firms. Finally, a predictive model is developed that can be used to assess how firms are likely to respond to policies intended to reduce emissions from urban freight.

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23

Irvin, Elizabeth J. (Elizabeth Joanna). "Driving down emissions : analyzing a plan for meeting Massachusetts' carbon emission reduction targets for passenger vehicles". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/99099.

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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 51-52).
Massachusetts is one of the US states at the forefront of carbon emission reduction policy, and has the potential to model success to the rest of the country. The state's Global Warming Solutions Act (GWSA) passed in 2008, two years before federal climate legislation floundered in the U.S. Senate. This legislation committed the state to reducing carbon emissions 25% below 1990 levels by 2020 and 80% by 2050. However, progress toward these targets has been uneven, particularly when it comes to transportation and land use. Despite aggressive goals, the number of vehicle trips, the number of vehicle miles traveled (VMT), and the carbon emissions from passenger vehicle trips are all projected to increase over the next several decades. What will it take to put Massachusetts on track to meet its vehicle emission reductions targets? Many of the state's environmental advocates are uniting behind a potential new policy, a revenue-neutral carbon tax or carbon fee. This policy would levy an additional fee on fossil fuel consumption, but would distribute the revenue back to the state's residents instead of adding it to the state budget. This thesis explores the political, technical, and equity-based considerations that must be addressed to make this policy framework a success. Through spatial analysis of passenger vehicle driving patterns in the state of Massachusetts, a case study of British Columbia's successful revenue-neutral carbon tax, and analysis of the current political landscape in Massachusetts, I conclude that environmental advocates should reconsider their decision to advocate for a state level revenue-neutral carbon tax. At first glance, this policy seems elegantly workable -- economist-approved, politically savvy, and equity-conscious. A closer look, however, reveals some serious flaws that are likely to render it at best a huge expense of political capital for limited results. Worse, this policy might actually undermine the case for a nationwide carbon tax.
by Elizabeth J. Irvin.
M.C.P.

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24

Günther, Edeltraud y Ines Klauke. "Potenziale der Beschaffung von Ökostrom in Kommunen". Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1200577773612-28567.

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Die Energieerzeugung aus fossilen Brennstoffen trägt weltweit erheblich zum Treibhauseffekt bei. So entfielen 2005 24 % der gesamten CO2-Emissionen in der Europäischen Union auf die Stromerzeugung aus Kohle [1]. Recherchen im Rahmen eines Forschungsvorhabens an der Professur für Betriebliche Umweltökonomie der TU Dresden ergaben, dass öffentliche Gebietskörperschaften einen Anteil von ca. 7,8 % am Stromverbrauch in Deutschland haben. Bisher berücksichtigen jedoch nur wenige Kommunen die CO2-Emissionen als Entscheidungskriterium bei der Ausschreibung von Strom. Damit wird deutlich, welches Potenzial in der Ausschreibung von Strom liegen kann. Hierbei stellt sich allerdings nicht nur die Frage, welche Herausforderungen öffentliche Ausschreibungen mit sich bringen, sondern auch wie diese Möglichkeiten den Markt aus der Sicht des Nachfragers eingrenzen, d. h. ob überhaupt ein entsprechendes Angebot am Markt verfügbar ist
Energy supplies on the basis of fossil fuels contribute significantly to the global greenhouse effect. In 2005, for example, 24 % of the total CO2 emissions in the EU were attributable to coal-fired power generation. The work of a research project at TU Dresden revealed that public administrative bodies account for approx. 7.8 % of electricity consumption in Germany. To date, however, only few communities have made CO2 emissions a decision criterion in their electricity procurement. It is thus clear, just how much potential lies in the procurement process for electricity. At the same time, however, consideration must be given not only to the challenges arising from the appraisal of public procurement, but also to how these options limit the market scope from the point of view of the community, i.e. whether corresponding offers are actually available on the market

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Martins, Keyll Carlos Ribeiro. "Estudo da aplicação de conversores catalíticos platina/paládio como auxiliar no processo de controle das emissões gasosas automotivas". Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18135/tde-08022017-112114/.

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Este trabalho de pesquisa visa estudar o processo de formação das emissões gasosas num motor de combustão interna movido à álcool e analisar os fatores que contribuem para o controle dessas emissões em níveis estabelecidos pela legislação. Especial atenção foi dada à aplicação de conversores catalíticos platina/paládio como auxiliar no processo de controle das emissões gasosas automotivas. Foram realizados ensaios dinanométricos de um motor de combustão interna para analisar as emissões e o controle destas, em condições operacionais, em função da razão ar-combustível, ponto de ignição e rotação. O conversor catalítico contribuiu para redução de mais de 80% das emissões gasosas danosas à saúde, quando o motor operava em condições estequiométricas. Observou-se a necessidade de desenvolver o sistema de admissão e descarga do motor para receber o catalisador sem que este cause redução considerável à queda da eficiência volumétrica do motor.
This work of research aim analyzes process of formation of gas emissions in alcohol internal combustion engines and analyses factors that contribute to control those emissions in level established by legislation. Special attention was faced application of catalytic converters platin/palladium with auxiliary in the process of control emissions gas automotives. Assays dynamometric were realized of to analyses emission and control them, in conditions operation ales, in function of air-fuel ratio, point of ignition and rotation the catalytic converters contribute to reduction more of 80% of emissions gas that cause damage health, when observed that necessity of develop system of admission and exhaust of engines to receive catalysts out that provocate reduction considerable decrease of efficiency volumetric of engines.

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26

Poonpun, Piyasak. "Effects of low carbon emission generation and energy storage on greenhouse gas emissions in electric power systems". Diss., Wichita State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/2380.

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The electric power industry produces substantial amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) as well as other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Recent GHG regulations along with renewable portfolio standards encourage the integration of low carbon emission generation into the electric power system and, as a result, drastically affect operations, design, and planning of the electric power system. Extensive studies on this issue, therefore, are important. This dissertation first discusses renewable standards and policies in the United States (U.S.), which include renewable portfolio standards. Current U.S. electricity markets for renewable generators such as wind generation resources and solar power plants are investigated. This research analyzes several factors that affect an electric power system due to the integration of these low carbon generators. The dissertation then develops system operating cost models for renewable generation and energy storage. With consideration of CO2 emission costs, the system operating cost model for a fossil-fired generating unit is presented and discussed. By using optimal power flow, security-constrained optimal power flow, time step series input, and the CO2 emissions incorporated objective function, this dissertation develops a new methodology to study the effects of low carbon emission generation and energy storage on GHG emissions in electric power systems. A number of relevant study cases are presented. The cost models and methodology are applied to the study cases. The IEEE 24 bus Reliability Test System (IEEE RTS) is used as the sample test system. This system has been modified to include additional generation fuels to study the amount of various CO2 emissions. vii Simulation results, including system operating costs, total emissions, economic dispatch, and locational marginal prices, are presented and discussed. This dissertation addresses two major issues: system operating cost and system reliability. Finally, conclusions are drawn and discussed, and future work is recommended. Conclusions include: • The integration of renewable generation reduces CO2 but emissions of reserve units must be considered. • The integration of low carbon emission generation tends to reduce system operating cost. The system operator still must consider the operating cost of renewable generators and reserve fossil-fired generators. • The change of emissions and system operating cost are not proportional to the additional capacity of renewable generation installed due to complexities of an electric power system. • The system operating cost model for renewable generation is able to properly represent the special characteristics of these low carbon emission generators. The proposed operating cost model for energy storage can also be used to verify its effects on overall system cost and emissions. • The developed methodology can be used to investigate an electric power system with integrated renewable generation and energy storage. It has the ability to consider several factors and unique characteristics of renewable generation, energy storage, and the transmission system. • Generation output profiles of low carbon emission generation significantly affect total CO2 emissions of an electric power system.
Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering

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27

Nyika, Paidamoyo A. "An anaysis [sic] of a reformulated emission control diesel effects on heavy duty vehicle diesel exhaust emissions". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2120.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xvi, 111 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-111).

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28

Nguyen, Phi Hung. "Feasible solutions to manage emissions of nitrous oxide in vegetable crops and orchards in Australia and Vietnam". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21454.

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Crop production is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions because cropping inputs and cultivation lead to the formation of nitrous oxide (N2O) in soils. This research measured the baseline N2O emissions from apple, cherry, processing tomato and babyleaf spinach production in Australia and assessed the impacts of crop management practices on these emissions. Nitrous oxide emissions were measured using static chambers, and the impact of management practices including crop residue mulches, cover crops, composts and irrigation management on emissions was assessed; and, the data compared to estimated emissions calculated using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the Cool Farm Tool (CFT) models. In Vietnam N2O emissions were measured in preliminary studies on vegetables crops, and the effectiveness of technical extension guidelines to mitigate N2O emissions were analysed. Average N2O emissions from fruit orchards and vegetable crops in Australia were low (less than 10 g N2O-N ha-1 day-1), while the emissions for choy sum, mustard and cabbage crops in Vietnam were higher, ranging from 12 g to 40 g N2O-N ha-1 day-1. Compost and lucerne straw additions increased N2O emissions in orchards while wheat straw mulch or bare soils did not. Sub-surface drip irrigation, legumes and ryegrass cover crops and low nitrogen fertiliser inputs were identified as potential strategies for mitigating N2O emissions in baby leaf spinach and processing tomatoes. The CFT and IPCC default values tended to overestimate measured N2O emissions. Technical guidelines for vegetable production in Vietnam focus on economic benefits rather than managing greenhouse gas emissions. Avoiding overuse of urea, using NPK, organic, slow-release urea fertilisers, and establishing permanent beds with small tractors were identified and ways to reduce GHG emissions in Vietnam.

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Hansen, Marcelo. "Proposição de um método para avaliação do adicional de emissões veiculares em partida a frio". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/15404.

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As emissões de poluentes atmosféricos decorrentes de veículos automotores representam um grave problema ambiental. O modo de operação do veículo influencia diretamente a quantidade de poluentes emitidos. Quando um veículo inicia sua operação com motor frio, efeito denominado de partida a frio, a quantidade de poluentes emitidos torna-se consideravelmente maior em comparação às condições estabilizadas de temperatura do motor. O efeito da partida a frio é bastante representativo em viagens de curta duração, como é o caso dos deslocamentos urbanos. Este estudo propõe um método para a determinação e distribuição espacial do adicional de emissões de poluentes em partida a frio. Este método foi aplicado em Porto Alegre, utilizando informações de tráfego e da frota local coletados na pesquisa de entrevistas domiciliares, realizada no ano de 2003. Os fatores de emissão utilizados embasaram-se em um estudo realizado com veículos brasileiros. Os resultados da aplicação do método indicaram que a maior parte das partidas a frio ocorre na região central de Porto Alegre e suas adjacências, sendo maior no período matinal. Observou-se também que os maiores responsáveis pelo adicional por partida a frio são os veículos equipados com conversores catalíticos e injeção eletrônica de combustível. Entretanto, os veículos mais antigos, sem conversor catalítico e equipados com carburador, são os maiores responsáveis pela emissão total, adicional por partida a frio e emissão estabilizada de CO e HC nos períodos analisados. Através do método proposto neste estudo foi possível identificar áreas críticas que necessitam de ações de controle de emissões em partida a frio. Os resultados deste estudo podem subsidiar o planejamento e gerenciamento das condições ambientais provocadas pelas emissões veiculares em áreas urbanas.
Atmospheric pollution from vehicle emissions is a serious environmental problem. The vehicle operation mode influences directly in the amount of emitted pollutants. When a vehicle begins its operation with the cold engine, called as cold start effect, the amount of emitted pollutant becomes considerably higher than when in stabilized conditions of engine’s temperature. Cold start effect are very representative in short travels, such as urban trips. This study proposes a method to estimate the amount and spacial distribution of the additional cold start pollutant emissions. This method was applied to Porto Alegre, Brazil, using traffic and local fleet data from a household travel survey of 2003. Emissions factors were based on a study of Brazilian fleet. The results from the method application showed that cold start emissions in Porto Alegre are higher in the morning peak and most of the cold start emissions are concentrated in the town center and its adjacencies. The results also showed that the catalyst fuel injection vehicles are the main responsible for the additional cold start emissions. However, old vehicles, without catalyst and equipped with carburetor, are the main responsible for the total, cold start and running emissions, CO and HC emissions in both analyses periods. Through the proposed method, it was possible to identify critical areas that need control actions of cold start emissions. The results from this study can assist planning and management of the environmental conditions deriving from vehicular emissions in urban areas.

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Rossetto, Cassiano. "Desempenho de motor-gerador de ciclo otto operado com gasolina e biogás proveniente de suinocultura e de uma estação de tratamento de esgotos". Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2014. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/773.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T15:14:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertacaoCassianoRossetto.pdf: 1165128 bytes, checksum: 2a0629d2b0115cd9d96d0f00ea05dbce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-27
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The search for new energy sources that do not pollute the environment as well as the mitigation of environmental impacts caused by population increase, opens a new perspective in the research field of biogas from the wastewater treatment outcome. The process of transformation of energy generated by the combustion of biogas for energy in Otto engines and subsequent transformation into electric energy cycle is easy to perform some adjustments on the motor, this work was being performed only necessary to replace the carburetor by a mixer / air fuel type Venturi. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of Otto cycle engine-generator powered with gas from two sources, treatment of human and swine effluent. As witness testing with gasoline were used, simulating different working conditions, with loads of 0; 0.250 kW (10% load); 0.500 kW (20% load); 0.750 kW (30% load); 1 kW (40% load); 1,250 kW (50% load); 1,500 kW (60% load); 1,750 kW (70% load); 2 kW (80% load); 2,250 kW (90% load) and 2,500 kW (100% load). Where emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) were evaluated and analyzed the performance of motor-generator that was down around 76% lower when compared with gasoline, and necessary adjustments for better performance.
A busca por novas fontes energéticas que não poluam o meio ambiente, bem como a mitigação dos impactos ambientais gerados pelo aumento da população, abre uma nova perspectiva no campo da pesquisa do biogás provenientes do resultado de tratamento de efluentes. O processo de transformação de energia gerada pela combustão do biogás para energia em motores no ciclo Otto e posterior transformação em energia elétrica é de fácil realização sendo necessárias algumas adaptações no motor, neste trabalho foi realizada apenas a substituição do carburador por um misturador de ar/combustível tipo Venturi. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de motor-gerador ciclo Otto alimentado com biogás proveniente de duas fontes, tratamento de efluentes humanos e de suinocultura. Como testemunha foram utilizados ensaios com gasolina, simulando diferentes condições de trabalho, com cargas de 0; 0,250 kW (10 % da carga); 0,500 kW (20 % da carga); 0,750 kW (30 % da carga); 1 kW (40 % da carga); 1,250 kW (50 % da carga); 1,500 kW (60 % da carga); 1,750 kW (70 % da carga); 2 kW (80 % da carga); 2,250 kW (90 % da carga) e 2,500 kW (100 % da carga). Onde foram avaliadas as emissões de dióxido de carbono (CO2), monóxido de carbono (CO) e oxido de nitrogênio (NOx), e analisado o rendimento do motor-gerador que foi baixo em torno de 76 % menor quando comparado com gasolina, sendo necessários ajustes para o melhor desempenho.

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Franco, Marcio Gonçalves. "Emissões atmosféricas oriundas da biorremediação de solo do Complexo Petroquímico do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (COMPERJ) experimentalmente contaminado por diesel Defesa". Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6265.

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As pesquisas relacionadas às questões ambientais têm aumentado nos últimos anos à medida que os fenômenos climáticos têm mostrado alterações cada vez mais intensas, assim como eventos de contaminação têm ocorrido. Para reduzir a concentração de contaminantes em solos, podem ser empregados processos de biorremediação, que têm por objetivo reduzir a carga poluente através do uso de micro-organismos em condições específicas. Notadamente, a possibilidade, durante o tratamento, da emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) ou compostos orgânicos voláteis (COV) possui poucos dados na literatura. Este trabalho avaliou o uso da biorremediação sob condições anaeróbicas e aeróbicas, para solo contaminado com diesel, em condições do solo de atenuação natural, processos abióticos e bioestímulo. Os estudos anaeróbios mostraram que as emissões de GEE (CH4, CO2 e N2O) alcançaram valores de 2,0 μg kg-1; 4,0x102 μg kg-1 e 0,3 μg kg-1, respectivamente e as emissões de COV foram observadas em toda a série (de hexano a decano). O estudo estatístico descritivo mostrou mudança na hierarquização dos produtos remanescentes no solo evidenciando atividade microbiana neste estudo. Para a eliminação da possibilidade de processos metanogênicos serem responsabilizados pelas emissões de CH4 observados no estudo anaeróbio, foi realizado o mesmo experimento, porém em condições de aeração forçada. Foi observado aumento das emissões de GEE e COV em 2,0 μg kg-1 h-1 para CH4, 5,0x102 μg kg-1 h-1 para CO2 e 0,4 μg kg-1 h-1 para N2O. O estudo estatístico descritivo também mostrou mudança na hierarquização dos produtos. As propriedades metanogênicas foram excluídas pelo estudo aeróbio, corroborando o fato de que ocorre emissão de GEE durante as etapas de biorremediação
The research related to environmental issues has increased in recent years as climate phenomena have increasing, so as contamination events have occurring. To reduce soil contamination, bioremediation treatments can be used to reduce the pollutant load by the use of micro-organisms under specific conditions. Notably, the possibility, during the treatment, of volatilization of greenhouse gases (GHG) or volatile organic compounds (VOC) has few data in the literature. This study evaluated bioremediation tests under anaerobic and aerobic conditions, for soil contaminated with diesel, using abiotic, natural attenuation and bioestimulation reactors. Studies have shown that anaerobic GHG emissions (CH4, CO2 and N2O) have reached values of 2.0 μg kg-1; 4.0 x 102 μg kg-1 and 0.3 μg kg-1, respectively for CH4, CO2 and N2O, and emissions VOC were observed in the whole series (hexane to decane). The descriptive statistical study showed change in the ranking of the remaining products showing microbial activity in the soil in this study. To eliminate the possibility of methanogenic processes are accountable for CH4 emissions observed in the anaerobic study, we performed the same experiment, but in conditions of forced aeration. Observed increased GHG emissions and VOC (2.0 μg kg-1 h-1 for CH4, 5.0 x 102 μg kg-1 h-1 for CO2 and 0.4 μg kg-1 h-1 for N2O). The descriptive statistical study also showed changes in the hierarchy of products. The properties were excluded from the study methanogenic aerobic corroborating the fact that GHG emissions occur during the stages of bioremediation

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Matuchevski, Karine. "DESEMPENHO AMBIENTAL: ESTUDO DE CASO EM UMA INDÚSTRIA GRÁFICA". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2007. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8039.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The concerning of the companies with the preservation of environment has increased significantly in the last years due to several requirements as: law demandings, sustainable development, protection to the internal market and also consumers more and more demanding. The environmental issues have been prevailing in the making-decision strategies in the technical, technological and industrial areas. In this context, the companies need to identify the waste produced in their own processes, qualify them according to their degrees of risk and environmental contamination, transport and give them an adequate destination. Whenever it is possible, recycle and reduce their waste, eliminating and registering what happens with it and if it weren´t properly issued; an environmental management police which ensures an adequate way of working and acting must be set. This study aimed to suggest improvement actions in the environmental performance in a printing plant assuring the correct destination of the waste material produced by it without damaging the environment. It was observed that there are especially three types of waste material: air emissions, resulting from water steam and other volatile substances; liquid effluents as dissolved substances in water or in other solvents; solid waste, mainly discharged packing, cans of paint and paper parings and sheets. In sum, the company must develop actions in order to improve its environmental performance by adopting a program which, besides reducing its waste material, also aims the correct destination of it in order to not damage the environment
A preocupação das empresas com a preservação do meio ambiente tem aumentado significativamente nos últimos anos em função de uma série de exigências como cumprimento da legislação, desenvolvimento sustentável, proteção ao mercado e consumidores cada vez mais exigentes. As questões ambientais vêm prevalecendo nas estratégias para tomada de decisões no âmbito técnico, tecnológico e industrial. Dentro desse contexto, é necessário que as empresas identifiquem os resíduos gerados dentro dos seus processos, qualifique-os quanto ao grau de risco e contaminação do meio ambiente, transportando e destinando-os de maneira adequada; quando possível, reciclar e diminuir os resíduos gerados, eliminando desperdícios, documentar o que acontece com os resíduos, e se eles não são destinados de maneira correta, estabelecer uma política de gestão ambiental que garanta uma forma correta de trabalhar e proceder. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo propor ações de melhorias no desempenho ambiental de uma indústria gráfica visando à correta destinação dos resíduos gerados sem comprometer o meio ambiente. Para isso, verificou-se que existem basicamente três tipos de resíduos: emissões atmosféricas, resultados de vapores de água e de outras substâncias voláteis; efluentes líquidos como as substâncias dissolvidas em água ou em outros solventes; resíduos sólidos, principalmente embalagens descartadas, latas de tinta usadas, chapas e aparas de papel. Concluindo, a empresa deve desenvolver ações para melhorar o desempenho ambiental da organização, através de um programa que, além de proporcionar a redução de resíduos, vise, também, à destinação correta dos mesmos para não comprometer o meio ambiente.

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Ferreira, Denise Rezende. "Aspectos fisiologicos e fisicos da orelha como emissora de sons". [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/321927.

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Orientadores: Jorge Humberto Nicola, Ester Maria Danielli Nicola
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
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Resumo: A orelha é o receptor de sons em nosso organismo. O som é captado e conduzido pela orelha externa, amplificado e modulado na orelha média e transformado em sinal elétrico (conhecido como transdução) na orelha interna. Entretanto, as emissões otoacústicas e o zumbido objetivo são exemplos de um processo inverso, onde a orelha se comporta como um emissor de sons. Visando entender alguns destes eventos em que a emissão de sons ocorre, revisou-se a literatura da fisiologia da audição e das bases físicas do percurso do som através do sistema auditivo. Utilizou-se como ferramenta principal, os artigos contidos no Web of Science, dos últimos 25 anos. A partir deste ponto, desenvolveu-se um modelo teórico do percurso do som gerado na cóclea que se propaga em direção à membrana timpânica. Foram realizados cálculos para a atenuação do som decorrente da existência de uma inércia mecânica da estrutura janela oval ¿ ossículos ¿ tímpano. Para isso, considerou-se a razão entre as áreas da janela oval e tímpano e as dimensões dos dois braços de alavanca formada pelos ossículos. Como conclusão, verificou-se que som gerado na cóclea pela eletromotilidade das células ciliadas externas, sofre uma atenuação da ordem de 20 vezes ao passar pela cadeia tímpano-ossicular no sentido inverso. Além disto, demonstrou-se que na interface perilinfa ¿ janela oval, assim como aquela da cadeia ossicular para a membrana timpânica, a transmissão do som é considerável (70%), pois não há grandes diferenças entre as impedâncias acústicas dos meios envolvidos (líquidos labirínticos e sistema tímpano-ossicular). Assim, foi explicado, fisicamente, como as emissões de sons através da orelha podem ter origem a partir de movimentos de muito baixa energia, como aqueles gerados pela contração das células ciliadas externas
Abstract: Ear is the sound receptor in our body. Sound is captured and driven through external ear, amplified and modulated in middle ear and transduced to electrical sign in internal ear. However, otoacoustic emissions and objective tinnitus are examples of an inverse process, where ear can be a sound emitter. Trying to understand some of theses events, in which sound emission occurs, the physiology of hearing and the physical basis to the sound propagation through the ear was revised. It was used as main tool, articles of Web of Science, from the last 25 years. From this point, it was developed a theoretical model to the way of sound, generated inside cochlea that propagates in tympanic membrane direction. It was performed mathematical calculations to sound attenuation, caused by the mechanical inertia of oval window - ossicles - tympanic membrane structure. For that, it was considered the area ratio between oval window and tympanum and the lever action ossicular chain. We concluded that sound generation by electromotility of outer hair cells inside cochlea, is attenuated in 20 times when it passes through ossicular chain in the inverse way. Besides this lost in sound energy, it was also demonstrated that in perilymph-oval window interface sound transmission is considerable (70%), because there are not big differences between the acoustic impedances of involved structures. Then, in physical basis, it was shown how ear can emit sound from contraction of outer hair cells
Mestrado
Otorrinolaringologia
Mestre em Ciências Médicas

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Stein, David de Sousa. "Emissões vocais de quati Nasua nasua (Linnaeus 1766) associadas a contextos comportamentais". Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2015. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/79.

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Quatis Nasua nasua são mamíferos gregários, habitantes de florestas ombrófilas densas da América do Sul e utilizam a vocalização como importante método de comunicação. Dentro da família Procyonidae é uma das espécies com o repertório vocal mais extenso. N. narica e N. nelsoni são outras duas espécies do gênero Nasua. Nasua narica é nativo das Américas Central e do Norte e é conhecido por apresentar um focinho branco característico, Nasua nelsoni, espécie descrita recentemente, reside em ilhas mexicanas. Em 1960 algumas descrições qualitativas do repertório acústico desses animais tiveram início, trazendo informações importantes até a década de 80. Em 1998 foi descrito o repertório para N. narica, mas apenas em 2013 um primeiro estudo foi realizado com quatis N. nasua no Parque Ecológico do Tietê – SP, Brasil, a fim de descrever e contextualizar o repertório acústico da espécie de maneira mais detalhada. Objetivamos no presente estudo identificar as emissões vocais dos quatis e associar a contextos comportamentais exibidos em habitat natural. Além disso os parâmetros das emissões acústicas foram analisados. Um bando foi acompanhando durante suas atividades diárias de abril a setembro de 2014, no Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, sede Teresópolis, estado do Rio de Janeiro. Em Araras, distrito de Petrópolis-RJ, outro bando foi observado oportunisticamente durante um dia. O comportamento dos quatis foi registrado em arquivos de vídeo totalizando 100 minutos de gravação. Nesta pesquisa dezoito tipos de emissões vocais são descritos, juntamente com oito categorias comportamentais distintas (agonístico, brincadeira, busca, forrageio, locomoção, intimidação, investigação e separação) as quais estão associadas. Das dezoito emissões vocais uma não se restringe a uma única categoria comportamental (o assobio de contato), sendo cada categoria composta por no mínimo um tipo de chamado. Os chamados encontrados demonstram a riqueza do repertório acústico do quati, espécie abundante nos ecossistemas brasileiros e importante para estudos de comportamento e bioacústica. Esta pesquisa pode contribuir para sustentar planos de manejo para a conservação da espécie e dos seus habitats naturais.
Coatis Nasua nasua are gregarious mammals, that live in dense rainforests of South America and use the vocalization as an important method of communication. Within the Procyonidae family is one of the species with the most extensive vocal repertoire. N. narica and N. nelsoni are two other species of the genus Nasua. Nasua narica is native to the Central and Northern Americas and is known to have a characteristic white muzzle, Nasua nelsoni is a species recently described, lies in Mexican islands. In 1960 some qualitative descriptions of the acoustic repertoire of these animals began, bringing important information to the 80s in 1998 was described the repertoire for N. narica, but only in 2013 a first study was conducted with N. nasua coatis in the Ecological Park Tietê - SP, Brazil, in order to describe and contextualize the acoustic repertoire of the specie in more detail. We aimed in this study is identify the vocal emissions of coatis in behavioral contexts displayed in natural habitat. The parameters of acoustic emissions were analyzed. A group was watched during your daily activities from April to September 2014, on the National Park of the Organ Mountains, Teresopolis headquarters, State of Rio de Janeiro. On Araras, district of Petropolis, Rio de Janeiro, other group was observed opportunistically during a day. The behavior of coatis were recorded in video files totaling 100 minutes of recording. In this research eighteen types of vocal emissions are described, along with eight distinct behavioral categories (agonistic, play, search, foraging, locomotion, intimidation, research and separation) which are associated. One of the eighteen vocal emissions is not restricted to a single behavioral category (contact whistle) and each category being composed of at least one type of call. The so-called found demonstrate the richness of the acoustic repertoire of the coati, abundant species in Brazilian and important ecosystems for behavioral studies and bioacoustics. This research can contribute to support management plans for the conservation of the species and their natural habitats.

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Rocha, Caroline Rosario Mazzoli da. "Estudo numérico da influência das mudanças climáticas e das emissões urbanas no ozônio troposférico da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/14/14133/tde-11072013-084316/.

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Esta tese de doutorado teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto na qualidade do ar da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) de mudanças do clima a partir de cenários de mudança global oriundos do IPCC (International Panel for Climate Change) e das mudanças nas fontes urbanas da RMSP, decorrentes da implantação de políticas de controle de emissões veiculares. A qualidade do ar foi estimada por meio do modelo WRF/Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry). Os cenários do IPCC que foram utilizados representam situações futuras, levando-se em conta o aquecimento global dentro de suas perspectivas otimista (SRES B1) e pessimista (SRES B2). Para a representação desses dois cenários foram utilizadas as saídas do modelo climático global CCSM3 (Community Climate System Model), as quais serviram como condições iniciais e de contorno para o modelo utilizado no trabalho. A avaliação da qualidade do ar foi realizada com base na análise da concentração de ozônio na RMSP, para os anos de 2020 e 2050. Também, foram considerados os eventuais impactos na qualidade do ar considerando-se mudanças nas fontes de emissão veicular. Dessa forma foram estudados cenários com mudanças climáticas ou com variação nas emissões veiculares para os anos de 2020 e 2050 e com ambas para o ano de 2050. Os resultados foram avaliados através de métodos estatísticos em comparação com o caso base, que representa o comportamento do ozônio no período de estudo compreendido entre os dias 08 e 16 do mês de novembro de 2011. As análises estatísticas dos resultados das simulações em comparação com os dados medidos mostraram que o modelo representou de forma satisfatória as condições ambientais observadas no período de estudo. Resultados das simulações de eventos futuros considerando os casos onde foram modificadas as condições meteorológicas para os anos de 2020 e 2050 e mantidas as emissões de 2011 mostraram pouca diferença das concentrações de ozônio sobre a RMSP. Por outro lado, resultados das simulações obtidos da alteração das emissões para os anos futuros, tendo como base as condições meteorológicas de 2011 apresentaram grande variação das concentrações de ozônio sobre a mesma área. Por fim, resultados obtidos a partir de simulações com alterações das condições meteorológicas e das emissões para o ano de 2050 para os dois cenários do IPCC mostraram as maiores diferenças entre os cenários simulados e ambos concordam na ocorrência de aumento de concentrações de ozônio no futuro. Pode-se explicar essa tendência de aumento a partir de duas hipóteses: o aumento da temperatura, favorecendo a ocorrência dos processos fotoquímicos e o maior controle das emissões por veículos pesados, levando a uma razão de Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis por Óxidos de Nitrogênio mais favorável para a formação do ozônio.
This PhD dissertation aims to assess the impact of climate change on regional air quality from global change scenarios estimated by IPCC and control vehicle emissions changes over the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP). The air quality was estimated by WRF/Chem model. For this purpose, the scenarios proposed by IPCC that represent future situations were used, taking into account global warming in an optimist (SRES B1) and pessimist (SRES A2) perspective. The output files from the global climate model CCSM3 (Community Climate System Model) based in these scenarios were used as initial and boundary conditions for the model used in this work and, based on a defined set of cases, possible impacts on ozone concentrations were evaluated over the MASP for 2020 and 2050. Also, possible impacts on air quality were considered based on changes in the emission sources. In this way, the following cases were studied: 1) the actual emission for the two meteorological scenarios during 2020 and 2050; 2) same meteorological condition of 2011 for scenarios of urban emission with public politics of emission control for 2020 and 2050, and; 3) a scenario with 2050´s emissions and IPCC meteorological conditions. Results were evaluated through statistical methods based on a control case, which represents the ozone concentrations during the period between November 08th and 16th of 2011. Results obtained with the control case simulation showed that the model represented satisfactorily environmental conditions observed during the study period. Simulation results of future events considering cases where weather conditions were modified for 2020 and 2050 and keeping the emissions of 2011 showed little difference in the ozone concentrations over the MASP. On the other hand, simulation results obtained from the change in emissions for future years, based on weather conditions of 2011, showed a large variation of ozone concentrations over the same area. Finally, results from simulations with changes in weather and emissions for 2050, considering the two IPCC scenarios, showed major differences between the simulated scenarios and both of them show similar results in the sense that high ozone concentrations are estimated for the future. This trend of increased concentrations can be explained by two assumptions: higher temperature, causing the occurrence of photochemical processes, and the implementation of control emissions by heavy vehicles, leading to a ratio of Volatile Organic Compounds by Oxides of Nitrogen more favorable to the formation of ozone.

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Oliveira, Antonio Carlos Seidl. "Estudo da emissão da frota de veículos diesel e ciclo Otto, sem conversores catalíticos, nos municípios de Sorocaba e Votorantim". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18147/tde-06012010-162252/.

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Este trabalho avalia por meio de um IEV - Inventário de Emissão Veicular, a contribuição dos veículos automotores na poluição do ar, nos municípios de Sorocaba e Votorantim, dando ênfase às suas características de frota e posição geográfica, seus impactos, quantificação e qualificação de emissão de poluentes, através de experimentos com a utilização de diesel metropolitano - B2 e biodiesel - B100 (soja), como combustível nos veículos equipados com motores de ignição por compressão (motor diesel), em substituição total ou parcial ao diesel existente no mercado nacional e a utilização de gasolina padrão da Petrobrás e de AEHC - ácool etílico hidratado combustível em veículos flex equipados com motores de ignição por centelha (motor ciclo Otto), sem os conversores catalíticos, buscando identificar as condições mais próximas da realidade da manutenção da frota. Para este trabalho, considera-se que os poluentes de interesse são o monóxido de carbono (\'C\'O\'), os hidrocarbonetos (\'H\'C\'), os óxidos de nitrogênio (\'N\'O IND.X\'), dióxido de carbono (\'C\'O IND.2\'), hidrocarbonetos sem metano (\'N\'M\'H\'C\'), aldeídos, formaldeídos e acetaldeídos. A análise dos dados obtidos nos experimentos, sem a utilização de conversor catalítico, utilizando gasolina padrão e AEHC - álcool etílico hidratado combustível, com relação aos limites L-4 do Proconve, demonstrou que os fatores de emissão (FE) obtidos, com gasolina padrão, resultaram em aumento em torno de 184% para \'C\'O\', 167% para \'H\'C\', 680% para \'N\'O IND.X\', 468% para \'N\'M\'H\'C\' e 23% para aldeídos, já para os FE obtidos com AEHC - álcool etílico hidratado combustível, resultaram em aumento em torno de 150% para \'C\'O\', 138% para \'H\'C\', 330% para \'N\'O IND.X\', 434% para \'N\'M\'H\'C\' e 405% para aldeídos. A simulação das emissões da frota real de modelos ciclo Otto e diesel em estudo sem a utilização de conversores catalíticos, ou seja, para 317.539 veículos, sendo 75.294 movidos à AEHC - álcool etílico hidratado combustível, 157.694 movidos à gasolina padrão, 16.042 movidos à biodiesel metropolitano B2, 64.730 tipo motocicletas movidas à gasolina, excluindo-se 3.779 veículos diversos entre reboques e semi-reboques, foi constatado que, as emissões totais seriam de 21.628,525 t/ano de \'C\'O\', 3.011,947 t/ano de \'H\'C\', 5.321,934 t/ano de \'N\'O IND.X\', 540.500,022 t/ano de \'C\'O IND.2\', 2.660,792 t/ano de \'N\'M\'H\'C\', 89,253 t/ano de formaldeídos, 138,565 t/ano de acetaldeídos e 227,818 t/ano de aldeídos. A simulação das emissões da frota real de modelos ciclo Otto e diesel em estudo sem a utilização de conversores catalíticos, ou seja, para 317.539 veículos, sendo 75.294 movidos à AEHC - álcool etílico hidratado combustível, 157.694 movidos à gasolina padrão, 16.042 movidos à biodiesel B100, 64.730 tipo motocicletas movidas à gasolina, excluindo-se 3.779 veículos diversos entre reboques e semi-reboques, foi constatado que, as emissões totais seriam de 21.628,425 t/ano de \'C\'O\', 3.011,947 t/ano de \'H\'C\', 5.302,977 t/ano de \'N\'O IND.X\', 540.875,538 t/ano de \'C\'O IND.2\', 2.660,792 t/ano de \'N\'M\'H\'C\', 91,039 t/ano de formaldeídos, 138,828 t/ano de acetaldeídos e 229,868 t/ano de aldeídos. Os resultados obtidos durante os experimentos, demonstram que uma manutenção inadequada, torna ineficaz qualquer ganho ambiental obtido, tendo em vista a crescente ampliação da frota existente, baseada em políticas públicas equivocadas, as quais, continuam a incentivar a aquisição de veículos particulares em detrimento do sistema de transporte público, o qual continua ineficiente, além de caro para os padrões econômicos da população.
This study evaluates by means of a IEV - inventory of vehicle emission to propagate, the contribution of motor vehicles in air pollution in the cities of Sorocaba and Votorantim, of the emphasis to the characteristics of the fleet and the geographic position of these cities, to the impacts of these characteristics, the quantification and qualification of the emission of pollutants, through experiments with the use of diesel metropolitano - B2 and biodiesel - B100, as combustible in vehicles equipped with engines of ignition for compression (motor diesel), in total or partial substitution to existing diesel in national market, and gasoline standard of Petrobras and AEHC - combustible hidrated ethyl alcohol and its mixtures in equipped vehicles flex with engines of ignition for flash (cycle Otto motor), without the catalytic converters; searching to identify the conditions next to the reality of the maintenance of the fleet. For this work, it is considered that the interest pollutants are the carbono monoxide (\'C\'O\'), hidrocarbons (\'H\'C\'), the nitrogen oxides (\'N\'O IND.X\'), carbono dioxide (\'C\'O IND.2\'), non-methane hydrocarbons (\'N\'M\'H\'C\'), aldehydes, formaldehydes and acetaldehydes. The analysis of the data gotten in the experiments, without the use of catalytic converter, using gasoline standard and AEHC - hydrated ethilic alcohol, with regard to the L-4 limits of the Proconve, demonstrated that the factors of emission (FE) gotten, with gasoline standard, had resulted in increase around 184% for \'C\'O\', 167% for \'H\'C\', 680% for \'N\'O IND.X\', 468% for \'N\'M\'H\'C\' and 23% for aldehydes, already for the FE gotten with AEHC, had resulted in increase around 150% for \'C\'O\', 138% for \'H\'C\', 330% for \'N\'O IND.X\', 434% for \'N\'M\'H\'C\' and 405% for aldehydes. The simulation of the emissions of the real fleet of models cycle Otto and diesel in study without the use of catalytic converters, that is, for 317.539 vehicles, being 75.924 moved to the AEHC, 157.694 moved by gasoline, 16.042 moved by the metropolitan biodiesel B2, 64.730 type motorcycles moved by the gasoline, abstaining itself 3.779 diverse vehicles between tows and semitrailers, was evidenced that, the total emissions would be of 21.628,525 tons per year (tpy) of \'C\'O\', 3.011,947 tpy of \'H\'C\', 5.231,934 tpy of \'N\'O IND.X\', 540.500,022 tpy of \'C\'O IND.2\', 2.660,792 tpy of \'N\'M\'H\'C\', 89,253 tpy of formaldehyde, 138,565 tpy for acetaldehyde and 227,818 tpy for aldehyde. The simulation of the emissions of the real fleet of models cycle Otto and diesel in study without the use of catalytic converters, that is, for 317.539 vehicles, being 75.294 moved by the AEHC, 157.694 moved by gasoline, 16.042 moved by the biodiesel B100 from syo bean oil, 64.730 type motorcycles moved by the gasoline, abstaining itself 3.779 diverse vehicles between tows and semitrailers, was evidenced that, the total emissions would be of 21.628,425 tpy of \'C\'O\', 3.011,947 tpy of \'H\'C\', 5.302,977 tpy of \'N\'O IND.X\', 540.875,538 tpy of \'C\'O IND.2\', 2.660,792 tpy of \'N\'M\'H\'C\', 91,039 tpy of formaldehyde, 138,828 tpy for acetaldeíhyde and 229,868 tpy for aldehydes. The results obtained during the experiments show that inadequate maintenance, makes ineffective any environmental gains achieved, with a view to increasing expansion of the existing fleet, based on misguided public policies, which continue to encourage the purchase of cars at the expense of public transport system, which remains inefficient, and expensive for the economic standards of the population.

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Costa, Renata Facundes da. "Sensoriamento remoto a laser de aerossóis em uma refinaria de petróleo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-31032016-132804/.

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A emissão de poluentes em megacidades e áreas industriais pode ter fortes impactos no clima e na saúde. Nos últimos anos tem sido crescente a preocupação com emissões atmosféricas contendo partículas nanométricas, cuja presença, juntamente com compostos orgânicos voláteis, óxidos de nitrogênio e outros, pode resultar na formação de uma série de substâncias gasosas poluentes e na formação de aerossóis. Medições mais precisas da concentração e distribuição de tamanho de fuligem são importantes, não só do ponto de vista ambiental, mas também para a saúde humana. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a distribuição de tamanho de partículas na chaminé de uma refinaria em Cubatão. Para isso foi utilizada uma abordagem baseada nos métodos de inversão, tradicionalmente usados para calcular parâmetros de aerossóis atmosféricos, ao contexto dos aerossóis de tochas industriais. Os resultados se mostraram consistentes com a literatura científica, sendo possível determinar alguns parâmetros da distribuição do tamanho de partículas provenientes da chama de uma tocha industrial utilizando um sistema lidar de três comprimentos de onda com um nível de discrepância aceitável. Um estudo do expoente de Angström foi realizado com o objetivo de validar o algoritmo de inversão desenvolvido neste trabalho. Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que os dados experimentais corroboram com as curvas teóricas e, portanto, o algoritmo pode ser utilizado como ferramenta para a medição de emissões atmosféricas provenientes de tochas industriais. O desenvolvimento deste projeto representará um passo importante, não somente do ponto de vista tecnológico, mas principalmente como recurso para tratar de problemas de emissões que futuramente poderão surgir, dentre as medidas voltadas ao controle de mudanças climáticas.
The emission of pollutants in megacities and industrial areas can have strong impacts on climate and health. In recent years there has been a growing concern about air emissions containing nanometric particles whose presence, together with volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, and others, can result in the formation of a series of gaseous pollutants and aerosol. More accurate measurements of the concentration and size distribution of soot are important not only from an environmental point of view, but also to human health. The objective of this study was to determine the particle size distribution in the chimney of a refinery in Cubatao. For this it used an approach based on inversion methods traditionally used to calculate parameters of atmospheric aerosols, the context of aerosols of industrial torches. The results were consistent with the scientific literature, it is possible to determine some parameters of size distribution of particles from an industrial torch flame using a system handling three wavelengths with an acceptable level of mismatch. A study by the Angstrom exponent was carried out in order to validate the inversion algorithm developed in this work. The results of this study showed that corroborate experimental data with the theoretical curves and thus the algorithm can be used as a tool for measuring atmospheric emissions from industrial torches. The development of this project will be an important step, not only from a technological point of view, but rather as a resource to address emission problems that may arise in the future, among the measures aimed at controlling climate change.

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38

Arvidsson, Martins Mikael. "Convergence of CO2 emissions in the Americas". Thesis, Jönköping University, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-53137.

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Maintaining global warming to 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels is vital. Whether the convergence hypothesis holds for carbon dioxide emissions is important for policymakers facing this issue. This paper investigates the convergence behavior of carbon dioxide emissions for 39 countries in the Americas from 1960-2016. A linear regression test of convergence which looks for conditional sigma convergence is employed, and a clustering algorithm is used to identify convergence clubs. The results show evidence of convergence in the region for the long run. Convergence clubs are identified for the short run. The convergence clubs show some relation to spatial distribution and income level. Possible factors determining the formation of convergence clubs are investigated through logistic regression. Initial level of emissions and energy intensity were found to have the largest impact determining what convergence club a country belongs to. Per capita GDP, trade openness, and renewable energy were all found to be highly significant factors determining what convergence club a country belongs to as well. Different results were found for urbanization’s impact in determining the formation of convergence clubs. These findings show that policymakers should promote allocation schemes for carbon dioxide emissions. Policymakers should also aim to reduce carbon footprint based on the economy’s structural characteristics.

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39

Forsberg, Joel. "The effects of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme on the energy enterprises with small carbon dioxide emissions in Sweden". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-44234.

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To reduce the rate of global warming the EU has implemented the European Union EmissionTrading Scheme (EU ETS) as the world’s largest Cap and Trade system in an ambitiousattempt to reduce greenhouse gases with high cost-effectiveness. However, Cap and Tradetheory stipulates that transaction costs should be low for a Cap and Trade system to workeffectively. There is a possibility that small actors producing district heating and electricitypay too large a part of their costs in transaction cost, thereby making the EU ETS fail in itseffort to reduce emissions in the most cost effective way. To research this, interviews withrepresentatives from ten small producers of district heating and electricity in Sweden whereconducted. This study details their time and cost necessary to administrate the EU ETS. Theresults showed that transaction costs where high at around 50%. The cause for the hightransaction costs are the administrative requirements necessary to fulfill the legal obligationsin the EU ETS, a system that requires a little less than a week to administrate. Despite thehigh transaction costs the EU ETS does not lower the energy producers CO2 emissions, sincebio-fuel is already the preferred fuel. It is recommended is that the Swedish government usesthe possibility stipulated in the EU legislation to opt-out small emitters from the EU ETS.

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40

Gill, Simaranjit Singh. "Controlling diesel NO_x & PM emissions using fuel components and enhanced aftertreatment techniques : developing the next generation emission control system". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3643/.

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The following research thesis focuses on methods of controlling nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and particulate matter (PM) emissions emitted from a low temperature diesel exhaust. This involves studying the influence of hydrogen (H₂) on various aftertreatment devices such as hydrocarbon selective catalytic reduction (HC-SCR) over silver-alumina (Ag-Al₂O₃) catalysts for lean NO_x reduction, platinum diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC) for nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) production and passive regeneration methods for the diesel particulate filter (DPF). H₂ was implemented on-board either through diesel exhaust gas fuel reforming or via the simulation of ammonia (NH₃) dissociation. Both methods showed to be very effective in enhancing the activity of a silver HC-SCR catalyst for the reduction of NO_x with conversions reaching 90% with the aid of an upstream DPF. A combined DOC and catalysed DPF (cDPF) configuration proved promising for passive regeneration in the presence of reformed exhaust gas recirculation (REGR). The addition of H₂ over the DOC led to an improved catalyst light-off temperature and increased rate of oxidation for NO₂ production. Implementing filtered EGR (FEGR) removes the hydrocarbon (HC) and soot recirculation penalty, thus minimising particulate growth which results in a significantly reduced engine-out soot emission during exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and hence, an improved NO_x/soot ratio. Introducing fuel components which enhance the cetane number and oxygenate the diesel fuel allow better control of the NO_x/soot trade-off with improved soot oxidation properties.

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41

França, Camila Isaac. "Análise das emissões de gases de efeito estufa e consumo energético setorial do Estado de São Paulo por meio da matriz insumo-produto". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-25092013-130430/.

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A Política Estadual de São Paulo de Mudanças Climática (PEMC) foi lançada em 2009. Esta política voluntária, independente de qualquer acordo nacional ou internacional, foi estabelecida para reduzir a emissão dos gases de efeito estufa em 2020 em 20%, de acordo com os níveis de 2005. Uma vez que a melhoria da eficiência energética está entre as ações de mitigação de emissões de carbono especificadas pela PEMC, este trabalho visa avaliar as emissões diretas e indiretas e o consumo energético das cadeias produtivas na economia do Estado de São Paulo. Conseqüentemente, este estudo combina dados da Matriz Insumo Produto com o Primeiro Inventário de Gases de Efeito Estufa do Estado de São Paulo (2011) e o Balanço Energético (2010). Todos os dados estão baseados nos valores do ano de 2004. O trabalho avalia três simulações. A primeira simulação compara as emissões totais e energia por unidade de demanda final, já a segunda simulação aplica o mesmo método, porém apenas contabiliza as emissões de energia. A terceira simulação é baseada na massa total de emissões diretas e indiretas e foi determinada por meio dos multiplicadores. Além disso, o efeito total de cada setor está relacionado às emissões diretas e indiretas geradas por uma unidade de demanda final. Baseado nos resultados das três simulações foi possível observar que as emissões indiretas representam quase 30% sobre as emissões totais, e que apesar deste número não ser mais representativo, a responsabilidade do setor é maior se as emissões indiretas forem consideradas. Os resultados da Simulação 1, identificam os setores que se destacam devido a altos geradores de emissões e energia: Outros da indústria extrativa e Cimento, de outro modo, se apenas os geradores das emissões fossem considerados Cimento e Pecuária teriam se destacado com aproximadamente 3,5 GgCO2e emitidos direta e indiretamente por 1 milhão de reais de demanda final. Já, de acordo com a Simulação 2, os setores que se destacam são: Cimento e Frabricação de aço e derivadoscom respectivamente 1,4 GgCO2e e 0,5GgCO2e de emissões totais emitidas por 1 milhão de reais de demanda final. Por fim, na Simulação 3, o setor de Transportes se destaca com 23% das emissões diretas, enquanto é responsável por 9% das emissões indiretas, correspondentes às emissões incorporadas pela demanda por serviços e produtos. Por outro lado, o setor Alimentos e bebidas é o que mais se destaca devido a 17% das emissões indiretas apesar de apresentar apenas 2% do total das emissões diretas.
The Sao Paulo State Climate Change Policy (CCP) was established in 2009. This voluntary policy, independent of any domestic and international accord, was established to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in 2020 by 20%, according to 2005\'s emission levels. Once the energy efficiency improvements are among the carbon mitigation actions specified by CCP, this present work aims to evaluate direct and indirect carbon dioxide equivalent emissions and energy consumption of supply chains in the Sao Paulo State\'s economy. Consequently, this study combines data from the Sao Paulo input-output matrix with the First Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory of Sao Paulo State (2011) and the Sao Paulo States Energy Balance (2010). All data used are based on 2004 values. Based on the CCP goal to reduce 20% in total emissions, this work assesses three simulations. The first simulation compares total emissions and energy by each final demand unit, whereas the second simulation applies the same method, but accounts for energy related emissions only. The third simulation is based on total direct and indirect emission mass. In addition, the work presents a comparison between all sectors in terms of their direct and indirect emissions, which is conveyed by emission multipliers. In addition, the total effect of each sector which is related to the direct and indirect emissions generated to one final demand unit, was assessed. Based on the results of the 3 simulations it was possible to see that indirect emissions represent almost 30% of the total emissions, and although this number is not more representative, in some cases sector\'s responsibility is greater if indirect emissions are accounted for. Results from Simulation 1 identify the sectors that stand out because of high energy and emission total effects: Other extractive industry and Cement. In comparision, if only total emissions effect are considered Cement and Livestock sectors stand out with approximately 3.5 GgCO2e emitted direct and indirectly for each 1 mi BRL of final demand, for each sector. Then, according to Simulation 2, the sectors that stand out are: Cement and Steel manufacture and products with respectvely 1.4 GgCO2e and 0.5 GgCO2e of total emissions emitted by each 1 mi BRL consumed by sector. Lastly, on Simulation 3, Transport is the sector that stands out with 23% of direct emissions, and 9% of the sum of indirect emissions, due to embodied emissions on services and products demand. Regarding indirect emissions, Food and beverage stands out, encompassing 17% of the indirect emissions and only 2% of total direct emissions.

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42

Agerhäll, Isabella, Malin Kindmark y Cecilia Stern. "Towards Climate Neutral Facility Management : Improved Greenhouse Gas Emission Calculations for Ihus". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och industriell teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-413768.

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Uppsala municipality has set a goal in line with the UN’s 2030 Agenda for sustainable development to be fossil-free by 2030. To achieve this a lot of local companies have signed the Uppsala Climate Protocol. One of these companies is the municipal facility management company AB Uppsala Kommun Industrihus, Ihus. This project aimed to help Ihus map their emissions connected to facility maintenance and management and to enable them to reach their goal of becoming climate neutral by 2030. The daily facility management was split up into the categories gardening, ventilation and installation, cleaning and facility work, materials and products, renovations, and painting. A sustainability spend analysis was performed on Ihus’ organisation and emissions per spent MSEK were calculated for each category by researching Ihus’ suppliers. By using those emission intensities, the two categories with the highest emissions could be identified as renovations and materials and products with intensities of 84.48 and 57.56 tonnes CO2e/MSEK, respectively. The remaining categories all had intensities below 3 tonnes CO2e/MSEK. Sensitivity analyses were performed on the results by tweaking the values of which the emissions were based on. The results showed that to lessen Ihus’ climate impact the areas of improvement are life cycle assessments for their facilities and overseeing transports.

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43

Melo, Ana Dolores Passarelli de. "Efeito do ruído contralateral na amplitude das emissões otoacústicas evocadas por clique em crianças com audição normal e crianças com neuropatia Auditiva/Dessincronia Auditiva". Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/25/25143/tde-30032009-145305/.

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A utilização das emissões otoacústicas (EOs) têm contribuído na avaliação do sistema auditivo eferente por meio do estudo do efeito da estimulação acústica simultânea à pesquisa das EOs, descrito na literatura como supressão das EOs. Este trabalho teve por objetivo comparar o efeito da estimulação contralateral do ruído na amplitude das emissões otoacústicas evocadas por clique (EOE-c), em crianças que apresentam audição normal e em crianças com Neuropatia Auditiva/Dessincronia Auditiva. A casuística foi constituída de 16 crianças com audição normal e 11 crianças com o diagnóstico audiológico de Neuropatia Auditiva/Dessincronia Auditiva. As EOE-c foram pesquisadas, utilizando-se o clique linear na intensidade de 60 dB NPS e, para a estimulação contralateral do ruído, foi utilizado o ruído branco na intensidade de 65 dB NPS, com monitoramento do nível de pressão sonora, gerado no conduto auditivo externo, por meio do microfone sonda. Os resultados demonstraram que, nas crianças com audição normal, além da redução da amplitude das EOE-c, foi observada supressão das EOE-c, ou seja, a ausência do registro das EOE-c com a estimulação contralateral do ruído. Nas crianças com Neuropatia Auditiva/Dessincronia Auditiva, foi observado que a estimulação contralateral do ruído não provocou mudanças significativas na amplitude das EOE-c. Este trabalho permitiu concluir que a amplitude das EOE-c do grupo de crianças com audição normal se comportou de maneira estatisticamente diferente do grupo de crianças com Neuropatia Auditiva/Dessincronia Auditiva na presença da estimulação contralateral do ruído, e que a média da redução da amplitude das EOE-c frente à estimulação contralateral do ruído nas crianças com audição normal é estatisticamente maior que a redução da amplitude das EOEc nas crianças com Neuropatia Auditiva/Dessincronia Auditiva.
The use of otoacoustic emissions (EOs) has contributed to the evaluation of the efferent auditory system through the effect of the acoustic stimulation simultaneous to the EOs, described in the literature as EOs suppression. This study had the objective of comparing the effect of the contralateral stimulation of the noise in the amplitude of the click-evoked otoacoustic emissions (EOE-c), in children having normal hearing and in children with Auditory Neuropathy/ Auditory Dsy-synchrony. The casuistry was constituted by 16 children having normal hearing and 11 children diagnosed audiologically as having Auditory Neuropathy/ Auditory Dsy-synchrony. The EOE-c were scrutinized by using the linear click in the intensity of 60 dB SPL, and to the contralateral noise stimulation, the white noise was employed in the intensity of 65 dB SPL, with the monitoring of the level of sound pressure generated in the external auditory conduit, by using the microphone probe. The results have shown that in children with normal hearing, besides the reduction of amplitude of the EOE-c, it was noticed their suppression, that is, the absence of the record of the EOE-c with the contralateral noise stimulation. It was observed that the contralateral noise stimulation havent provoked significative change in the amplitude of the EOE-c in children with Auditory Neuropathy/ Auditory Dsy-synchrony. This study allowed us to conclude that the amplitude of EOE-c in children with normal hearing presented a different statistical result in the group of children with Auditory Neuropathy/ Auditory Dsy-synchrony in the presence of the contralateral noise stimulation and the average of the amplitude reduction of the EOE-c in the face of children with normal hearing is statistically higher than the amplitude reduction of the EOE-c in the children with Auditory Neuropathy/Auditory Dsy-synchrony.

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Teles, Diógenes Barbosa. "Projeto e validação de válvula industrial do tipo esfera para baixa emissão fugitiva". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/134891.

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Nos últimos anos é notável a preocupação mundial com o controle de taxas de emissões fugitivas em equipamentos instalados na indústria do petróleo e gás. Os prejuízos com a perda de produção e impacto ambiental direcionam as empresas do segmento a buscarem projetos mais eficientes, principalmente com relação às válvulas industriais, que são equipamentos utilizados para gerenciamento de fluidos com a função de bloquear, direcionar ou controlar o fluxo de determinado produto fluente em uma planta industrial. As emissões fugitivas são vazamentos de produtos químicos, que se apresentam para atmosfera de forma inesperada ou indesejada em equipamentos. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e validar um projeto de válvula industrial do tipo esfera para aplicações que requerem baixas emissões fugitivas. Inicialmente foram identificados e avaliados os requisitos apresentados na norma ISO 15848-1, quanto aos ensaios que devem ser executados em protótipo de válvula do tipo bloqueio para qualificação de projeto, onde foi possível elaborar um procedimento de ensaio. Foi realizado o dimensionamento dos sistemas de vedações para um protótipo de válvulas do tipo esfera, Top Entry, Trunnion, bitola NPS 4”, classe de pressão CL600, utilizando como padrões construtivos as normas API 6D, ASME B16.34 e ABNT NBR 15827. Fabricou-se um protótipo deste equipamento o qual foi utilizado na realização dos ensaios de qualificação do projeto. Foram realizados ciclos de abertura e fechamento do obturador da válvula, utilizando a pressão máxima de trabalho, conforme padrões construtivos e como fluido de teste foi utilizado o gás Hélio. Os ensaios foram realizados em uma câmara de ciclagem de válvulas instrumentada com um espectrômetro de massa de Hélio, onde foi possível monitorar e registrar os dados do ensaio, tais como: vazamentos, número de ciclos, pressão de teste, temperatura e torque durante os acionamentos da válvula. Os resultados obtidos com relação aos requisitos da norma ISO 15848-1 foram: número de ciclos 2500 atendendo a classificação CO3, classe de vazamento Classe B, temperatura de qualificação de -29 °C a 200 °C. Também foi realizado a qualificação Fire Test conforme norma ISO 10497 como complemento. Conclui-se que este trabalho atingiu os objetivos pré-estabelecidos quanto à homologação do protótipo e contribuiu com a preservação do meio ambiente, pois a concepção de projetos eficazes, que minimizam as taxas de poluição para a atmosfera, contribuí com a preservação dos ecossistemas.
In recent years is remarkable worldwide concern over control rates fugitive emissions in equipment installed in the oil and gas industry. The loss of production and environmental impact, leads segment companies to seek more efficient projects, mainly with respect to industrial valves, which are devices used for fluid management with the function to block, to direct or to control the flow of fluent product in an industrial plant. Fugitive emissions are leaks of chemicals which present themselves to atmosphere in a manner unexpected or undesired in equipment. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a model of industrial ball valve design for applications requiring low fugitive emissions. Initially were identified and assessed the requirements of ISO 15848-1 standard, how much to the appropriate tests to be executed on the prototype of block valve for qualification. It was possible to develop a test procedure. It was made the design of the seals systems for a ball valve prototype, type Top Entry, Trunnion, NPS 4", pressure class CL600. Was used API 6D, ASME B16.34 and NBR 15827 as construction standards. A prototype of this equipment has manufactured and used in the realization of design qualification tests. Were performed opening and closing cycles of the valve plug by using the maximum working pressure conform construction standards and was used Helium gas as test fluid. The tests were performed in a valve cycling chamber instrumented with a Helium mass spectrometer, where it was possible to monitor and record the test data as: leaks, number of cycles, pressure, temperature and torque for the valve actuators. The results obtained with respect to the ISO 15848-1 standard requirements were: number of cycles 2500 attending to CO3, classification leakage Class B, qualification temperature of -29 ° C to 200 ° C. It was also performed the qualification Fire Test ISO 10497 standard as a complement. In conclusion, this work has reached the pre-established objective about the approval of the prototype and contributed to the preservation of the environment, because the conception of effective projects that minimize pollution rates to the atmosphere, contributes to the preservation of ecosystems.

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Mäck, Andreas [Verfasser]. "Understanding methane emissions from impounded rivers - a process-based approach to quantify methane emission rates in space and time / Andreas Mäck". Landau : Universitätsbibliothek Landau, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1049565347/34.

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Martins, Ana Paula Garcia. "Cascas de árvores como biomonitores da poluição atmosférica de origem veicular em parques urbanos da cidade de São Paulo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5144/tde-25022010-150352/.

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O presente estudo foi desenvolvido para caracterizar a área de influência dos corredores de tráfego, através do monitoramento da concentração de elementos-traço em cascas de árvores. Amostras (n = 98) de cascas de árvores de diversas espécies foram coletadas em cinco parques urbanos da cidade de São Paulo. Para controle, foram coletadas cascas de árvores numa zona rural de Embu-Guaçu, longe de tráfego ou de indústrias. As concentrações de Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ca, Pb, S e Zn foram determinadas nas amostras de cascas de árvores por espectrometria de fluorescência de raios-X. Amostras coletadas nos parques urbanos apresentaram níveis mais elevados de elementos-traço em comparação com as da região controle. Elementos relacionados a atividades antropogênicas exibiram maiores concentrações nas amostras coletads na periferia dos parques, diminuindo gradativamente para os seus centros. Áreas próximas a grandes avenidas ou próximas a semáforos e cruzamentos apresentaram maiores concentrações de elementos nas cascas. Em conclusão, o estudo mostrou que medidas de acúmulo de elementos traço em cascas de árvore, associadas a métodos geoestatísticos, podem auxiliar a determinação das zonas de maior influência da poluição veicular no cenário urbano
The present study was designed to characterize the area of influence of high traffic corridors by monitoring trace element concentrations on tree barks. Samples (n=98) of tree barks were collected from several tree species in five urban parks of the city of São Paulo. For controlling purposes, we collected tree barks in a rural area of Embu-Guaçu which is far from traffic or industries. Concentrations of Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ca, Pb, S and Zn were determined in these barks by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Samples from urban parks exhibited higher levels of trace elements in comparison with those from control region. Elements related to anthropogenic activities exhibited higher concentrations in tree barks at the periphery of the parks, decreasing when moving towards their centers. Areas facing the busy streets or those close to traffic lights or traffic junctions presented higher concentrations of elements in barks. In conclusion, the present study showed that measures of trace elements accumulation in tree barks within geostatistical methods can indicate areas of strong influence of vehicular pollution in the urban scene

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Pinto, Vanessa Sinelli. "Emissões otoacústicas: produto de distorção em lactentes de até dois meses de idade". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2005. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/11857.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:11:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VanessaSinelliPinto.pdf: 2216187 bytes, checksum: a967a05c6a769a97c9e8960060d16e6c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-08-23
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Introduction The distortion product otoacoustic emission has been used because its specific features evaluate high frequencies and can identify hearing losses in initials stages. It is an important tool to neonatal hearing screening and test battery that includes audiologic assessment in infants. Therefore, there is a necessity to set up parameters to analyse DPOAE records in infants in order to be used as clinic criterion in audiologic assessment. Objective To describe the findings of DPOAE records in infants from birth to two months old, through analysis of response level, the noise level and the signal to noise ratio in all frequencies; the analysis of response level according to variables: age in days, gender, timpanometry pression peak, infant state during test and distribution of percentile from the response level. Methodology 138 infants were evaluated, being all full term, without risk indicators to hearing loss and who passed in hearing screening. The parameters used in this record were: L1= 65 dBSPL and L2= 50 dBSPL in equipment ILO292 Otodynamic. Results 70 male infants and 68 female infants were evaluated, with ages between 6 to 65 days. The medians from DPOAE level were: 6,7 dBSPL to f2 1001 Hz; 11,5 dBSPL to f2 1257 Hz; 14,2 dBSPL to f2 1587 Hz; 14,2 dBSPL to f2 2002 Hz; 13,7 dBSPL to f2 2515 Hz; 13,7 dBSPL to f2 3174 Hz; 15,5 dBSPL to f2 4004 Hz; 16,3 dBSPL to f2 5042 Hz e 6,0 dBSPL to f2 6348 Hz. The medians from the noise level were: 4,9 dBSPL to f2 1001 Hz; 5,9 dBSPL to f2 1257 Hz; 6,0 dBSPL to f2 1587 Hz; -2,1 dBSPL to f2 2002 Hz; -12,5 dBSPL to f2 2515 Hz; -5,6 dBSPL to f2 3174 Hz; -8,9 dBSPL to f2 4004 Hz; -9,5 dBSPL to f2 5042 Hz e -4,4 dBSPL to f2 6348 Hz. The medians from the signal to noise ratio were: 1,5 dBSPL to f2 1001 Hz; 5,4 dBSPL to f2 1257 Hz; 7,7 dBSPL to f2 1587 Hz; 16,4 dBSPL to f2 2002 Hz; 18,9 dBSPL to f2 2515 Hz; 19,3 dBSPL to para f2 3174 Hz; 24,2 dBSPL to f2 4004 Hz; 25,5 dBSPL to f2 5042 Hz e 10,5 dBSPL to f2 6348 Hz. Conclusions There was a tendency to decrease from the response level around 30 days of life, being more evident in 2002 Hz frequency (f2). The timpanometry pression peak defined by three groups (among -50 and +50 daPa; <-50 daPa and >+50 daPa) showed no influence on records from the response level. There was no statistically significant difference between genders and between ears to the response level. The baby state (light sleep, deep sleep and alert) had influence on signal to noise ratio in deep sleep state. The findings of percentile were similar to the ones found in the literature, therefore for clinical interpretation, the percentile 5 can suggest hearing loss and the percentile 95 can suggest a normal hearing, so the results of the two percentiles, a place uncertainty refering to hearing losses
Introdução A emissão otoacústica-produto de distorção tem sido utilizada devido às suas características específicas de avaliar bandas de freqüências altas e de detectar perdas auditivas em estágios iniciais, sendo essencial na triagem auditiva neonatal e na bateria de testes que envolvem a avaliação audiológica infantil. Portanto, há uma necessidade de se estabelecer parâmetros para análise do registro das EOAPD em lactentes, com a finalidade de utilizá-los como critério clínico na avaliação audiológica. Objetivo Descrever os achados do registro das emissões otoacústicas-produto de distorção em lactentes de até dois meses de idade por meio da análise do nível de resposta, do nível de ruído e da relação sinal/ruído em todas as bandas de freqüências; da análise do nível de resposta em relação às variáveis: dias de vida, gênero, pico de pressão na timpanometria e estado do lactente durante o exame e da distribuição do percentil do nível de resposta. Metodologia Foram avaliados 138 lactentes, todos nascidos a termo, sem indicadores de risco para perda auditiva e que passaram na triagem auditiva. Os parâmetros utilizados para este registro foram: L1= 65 dBNPS e L2= 50 dBNPS no equipamento ILO292 Otodynamic. Resultados Foram avaliados 70 lactentes do gênero masculino e 68 do feminino, com idade variando de 6 a 65 dias de vida. As medianas do nível de resposta das EOAPD para cada freqüência (f2) foram de: 6,7 dBNPS para 1001 Hz; 11,5 dBNPS para 1257 Hz; 14,2 dBNPS para 1587 Hz; 14,2 dBNPS para 2002 Hz; 13,7 dBNPS para 2515 Hz; 13,7 dBNPS para 3174 Hz; 15,5 dBNPS para 4004 Hz; 16,3 dBNPS para 5042 Hz e 6,0 dBNPS para 6348 Hz. As medianas do nível de ruído para cada freqüência (f2) foram de: 4,9 dBNPS para 1001 Hz; 5,9 dBNPS para 1257 Hz; 6,0 dBNPS para 1587 Hz; -2,1 dBNPS para 2002 Hz; -12,5 dBNPS para 2515 Hz; -5,6 dBNPS para 3174 Hz; -8,9 dBNPS para 4004 Hz; -9,5 dBNPS para 5042 Hz e -4,4 dBNPS para 6348 Hz. As medianas da relação sinal/ruído para cada freqüência (f2) foram de: 1,5 dBNPS para 1001 Hz; 5,4 dBNPS para 1257 Hz; 7,7 dBNPS para 1587 Hz; 16,4 dBNPS para 2002 Hz; 18,9 dBNPS para 2515 Hz; 19,3 dBNPS para 3174 Hz; 24,2 dBNPS para 4004 Hz; 25,5 dBNPS para 5042 Hz e 10,5 dBNPS para 6348 Hz. Conclusões Houve uma tendência de diminuição do nível de resposta a partir dos 30 dias de vida. O pico de pressão na timpanometria definido por três grupos (entre -50 e +50 daPa; <-50 daPa e >+50 daPa) não influenciou no registro do nível de resposta. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre gêneros e entre orelhas para o nível de resposta. O estado do lactente influenciou na relação sinal/ruído, sendo a melhor relação sinal/ruído no estado sono profundo. Os achados do percentil foram semelhantes aos encontrados na literatura. Portanto, para uma interpretação clínica, o percentil 5 pode sugerir perda auditiva e o percentil 95 pode sugerir audição dentro da normalidade, sendo os resultados entre esses dois percentis uma região de incerteza quanto às perdas auditivas

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Rahimi, Mostafa. "Modeling and simulation of vehicle emissions for the reduction of road traffic pollution". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/365449.

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The transportation sector is responsible for the majority of airborne particles and global energy consumption in urban areas. Its role in generating air pollution in urban areas is even more critical, as many visitors, commuters and citizens travel there daily for various reasons. Emissions released by transport fleets have an exhaust (tailpipe) and a non-exhaust (brake wears ) origin. Both exhaust and non-exhaust airborne particles can have destructive effects on the human cardiovascular and respiratory systems and even lead to premature deaths. This dissertation aims to estimate the amount of exhaust and brake emissions in a real case study by proposing an innovative methodology. For this purpose, different levels of study have been introduced, including the subsystem level, the system level, the environmental level and the suprasystem level. To address these levels, two approaches were proposed along with a data collection process. First, a comprehensive field survey was conducted in the area of Buonconsiglio Castle and data was collected on traffic and non-traffic during peak hours. Then, in the first approach, a state-of-the-art simulation-based method was presented to estimate the amount of exhaust emissions generated and the rate of fuel consumption in the case study using the VISSIM traffic microsimulation software and Enviver emission modeler at the suprasystem level. In order to calculate the results under different mobility conditions, a total of 18 scenarios were defined based on changes in vehicle speeds and the share of heavy vehicles (HV%) in the modal split. Subsequently, the scenarios were accurately modelled in the simulation software VISSIM and repeated 30 times with a simulation runtime of three hours. The results of the first approach confirmed the simultaneous effects of considering vehicle speed and HV % on fuel consumption and the amount of exhaust emissions generated. Furthermore, the sensitivity of exhaust emissions and fuel consumption to variations in vehicle speed was found to be much higher than HV %. In other words, the production of NOx and VOC emissions can be increased by up to 20 % by increasing the maximum speed of vehicles by 10 km/h. Conversely, increasing the HV percentage at the same speed does not seem to produce a significant change. Furthermore, increasing the speed from 30 km/h to 50 km/h increased CO emissions and fuel consumption by up to 33%. Similarly, a reduction in speed of 20 or 10 km/h with a 100% increase in HV resulted in a 40% and 27% decrease in exhaust emissions per seat, respectively. In the second approach, a novel methodology was proposed to estimate the number of brake particles in the case study. To achieve this goal, a downstream approach was proposed starting from the suprasystem level (microscopic traffic simulation models in VISSIM) and using a developed mathematical vehicle dynamics model at the system level to calculate the braking torques and angular velocities of the front and rear wheels, and proposes an artificial neural network (ANN) as a brake emission model, which has been appropriately trained and validated using emission data collected through more than 1000 experimental tribological tests on a reduced-scale dynamometer at the subsystem level (braking system). Consideration of this multi-level approach, from tribological to traffic-related aspects, is necessary for a realistic estimation of brake emissions. The proposed method was implemented on a targeted vehicle, a dominant SUV family car in the case study, considering real driving conditions. The relevant dynamic quantities of the targeted vehicle (braking torques and angular velocities of the wheels) were calculated based on the vehicle trajectory data such as speed and deceleration obtained from the traffic microsimulation models and converted into braking emissions via the artificial neural network. The total number of brake emissions emitted by the targeted vehicles was predicted for 10 iterations route by route and for the entire traffic network. The results showed that a large number of brake particles (in the order of billions of particles) are released by the targeted vehicles, which significantly affect the air quality in the case study. The results of this dissertation provide important information for policy makers to gain better insight into the rate of exhaust and brake emissions and fuel consumption in metropolitan areas and to understand their acute negative impacts on the health of citizens and commuters.

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Santos, Camila Fernanda Rocha Teles Tanzillo. "Análise de significância e caracterização de fontes estacionárias individualizadas visando o monitoramento atmosférico não radiológico no campus IPEN/CNEN-SP". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-23022018-094649/.

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Devido ao compromisso com a melhoria do meio ambiente, aliado às crescentes exigências dos órgãos ambientais, e a necessidade de identificar a contribuição de cada atividade/processo desenvolvido em institutos de pesquisas, quanto ao impacto destes à qualidade do ar, este trabalho teve a finalidade de desenvolver um modelo de inventário e aplicar uma metodologia de cálculo, que permita estimar a emissão de poluentes atmosféricos, decorrentes das atividades dos centros de pesquisa e desenvolvimento do Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN/CNEN-SP). O estudo foi motivado pela ausência de metodologias de cálculo de emissões atmosféricas específicas para fontes fixas como capelas químicas de exaustão e da necessidade em atender as condicionantes estabelecidas no licenciamento ambiental da instituição. Para a elaboração dos cálculos foram adotados os fatores de emissão e a equação descrita na AP-42 da EPA- Environmental Protection Agency. Foram utilizadas como abordagens de cálculo de emissões: a) Mensuração direta (por meio do inventário de emissões atmosféricas); e b) Estimativa de emissões (utilizando estimativa da taxa de emissão calculada a partir do fator de emissão apropriado). O estudo foi detalhadamente realizado tendo como base inicial o inventário e o modelo de estimativa de emissão atmosférica das fontes fixas aplicado no Centro de Química e Meio Ambiente (CQMA). Cabe ressaltar que o monitoramento online da qualidade do ar no campus é realizado em estação fixa, parceria IPEN CETESB, na estação CETESB Cid. Universitária IPEN - USP. O estudo possibilitou estabelecer, de forma efetiva, o Programa de Monitoramento e Controle de Emissões Atmosféricas (PMEA IPEN), podendo servir de modelo para outras instituições de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento & Inovação. Como produto final obteve-se um inventário de emissões atmosféricas de fontes fixas da instituição, a taxa de emissão de poluentes, bem como a concentração de poluentes emitidos. A estimativa das emissões não ultrapassou os limites dispostos na legislação em âmbito nacional e estadual.
Atmospheric Emission Factors and Significance Analysis applied to the Air Quality Management in the IPEN / CNEN-SP Campus due to the commitment to improve the environment, combined with the increasing demands of environmental agencies, and the need to identify the contribution of each activity / process developed in research institutes, as well as the impact of these on the air quality, this work aims to develop an inventory model and apply a methodology of calculation for measuring the emission of atmospheric pollutants, arising from the activities of the research and development centers of the Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN / CNEN-SP). The study was motivated by the absence of atmospheric emission calculation methodologies specific to stationary sources, such as fume hoods. For preparation of the calculations, the emission factors and the equation described in the AP-42 EPA- Environmental Protection Agency were adopted. The emission calculation methods used were: a) Direct measurement (through the inventory of air emissions); and b) Emissions estimate (using the emission rate estimate calculated from the appropriate emission factor). The study was carried out in detail, based on the inventory and model of atmospheric emission of fixed sources applied at the Chemistry and Environment Center (CQMA). It should be noted that online monitoring of air quality on campus is carried out at a fixed station, IPEN CETESB partnership, at CETESB Cid station. University - IPEN - USP. The study has made it possible to establish, in an effective way, the Atmospheric Emission Monitoring and Control Program (PMEA - IPEN), which could serve as a model for other Research, Development and Innovation institutions. The final product was an inventory of atmospheric emissions from fixed sources of the institution, the emission rate of pollutants, as well as the concentration of pollutants emitted. The estimation of the emissions did not exceed the limits established in the national legislation and state level.

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Pivari, Daniela. "Caracterização das emissões sonoras de Sotalia fluviatilis (Gervais, 1853) (Cetacea, Delphinidae) durante o comportamento alimentar em duas praias do estuário de Cananéia, São Paulo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41134/tde-18012005-123526/.

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O estudo aqui apresentado teve dois objetivos: a descrição das emissões sonoras de S. fluviatilis e a classificação dos assobios analisados. Durante os meses de agosto e dezembro de 2002, foram gravadas emissões sonoras de indivíduos solitários e grupos de 2 a 10 animais que se aproximavam das praias do Pereirinha (Ilha do Cardoso) e da Ponta da Trincheira (Ilha Comprida) no complexo estuarino-lagunar de Cananéia, São Paulo para se alimentar. Para tal utilizou-se um hidrofone (HTI SSQ 94) acoplado a um gravador profissional analógico (SONY TCM 5000ev). Em cerca de 22h de gravações foram reportados 3.188 assobios (74,5%), 689 seqüências de clicks de ecolocalização (16%) e 406 sons pulsantes explosivos (9,5%), totalizando 4.283 emissões sonoras. Isto significa 0,93 emissões/minuto/indivíduo. Apenas as emissões de clara visualização previamente classificadas e abaixo de 20kHz de freqüência foram analisadas (61%). Os assobios foram classificados de duas formas, primeiramente pela técnica de observação humana e em um segundo momento através da aplicação de análise multivariada. Pelo método de observação humana 1.592 assobios foram classificados qualitativamente em 5 categorias de acordo com a forma física do contorno dado pelo número de pontos de inflexão apresentados. Foram encontrados assobios de 0 a 4 pontos de inflexão. A maior parte (89%) não apresentou pontos de inflexão e os assobios ascendentes foram os mais representativos (87%). Foram descritos apenas 213 (13,3%) assobios com harmônicos. A média de tempo de duração dos 1.592 assobios analisados foi de 0,23s (variação entre 0,04 e 0,64s). Já a variação de freqüência dos assobios encontrados neste trabalho esteve entre 1,01 e 19,98kHz. A média de modulação de freqüência encontrada para os indivíduos gravados em Cananéia foi de 7,22kHz. Foram encontradas variações quando se comparou este trabalho com outros estudos desenvolvidos com S. fluviatilis, mas isso se deve principalmente à utilização de diferentes métodos e equipamentos de gravação e análise de dados. Além disso, diferenças de hábitats, do contexto ecológico e comportamental entre os ecótipos fluvial e marinho devem ser levadas em consideração. Os resultados da análise multivariada aplicada para os 1.592 assobios de S. fluviatilis foram diferentes dos resultados encontrados pela a técnica de observação visual baseada no número de inflexões de cada assobio (análise univariada). A técnica multivariada associa todos os parâmetros acústicos mensurados e, a partir dessas associações, forma os grupos de assobios. Os 4 grupos apresentados pela técnica multivariada mostraram assobios com variados números de pontos de inflexões. São poucos os trabalhos que classificam os assobios de odontocetos de acordo com análise multivariada. A descrição qualitativa e quantitativa de assobios dos golfinhos faz-se necessária para futuras comparações entre populações de diferentes regiões geográficas ao longo da distribuição das espécies. Tais estudos reportam importantes relações ecológicas das populações estudadas e podem contribuir para os esforços de preservação das mesmas.
This study had two objectives: to describe the sound emissions of Sotalia fluviatilis and to classify the analyzed whistles. During August and December, 2002, whistle emissions were recorded from solitary individuals and groups of 2 to 10 individuals that, in order to capture preys, approached Pereirinha (Ilha do Cardoso) and Ponta da Trincheira (Ilha Comprida) beaches in Cananéia estuarine complex, São Paulo. A hydrophone (HTI SSQ 94), connected to a professional analog audio tape recorder (SONY TCM 5000ev) was used to capture the emissions. In 22 hours of acoustic data, 3.188 whistles (74,5%), 689 echolocation click sequences (16%) and 406 burst pulses (9,5%) were reported; totalling 4.283 sound emissions. This represents 0,93 emissions/minute/individual. Only the emissions with clear visualization and up to 20kHz were analyzed (61%). The whistles were classified in two ways: by human observation technique and through the multivariate analysis. Using human observation, 1.592 whistles were quantitatively classified in 5 categories, according to the physical shape of the contour resulting from the number of inflection points presented in the whistle. Whistles with up to 4 inflection points were found. Most of the whistles (89%) did not show inflection points; moreover, there were considerably more whistles with rising frequency. (87%). Only 213 (13,3%) whistles had harmonics. The average duration of the 1.592 whistles was 0,23s (but varied between 0,04 and 0,64s). The frequency modulation of the whistles varied between 1,01 and 19,98 (mean = 7,22kHz). Variations were found when compared to other studies carried out on S. fluviatilis; nevertheless, this occurred due to differences in methodology, recorder equipment and data analysis. Furthermore, varieties of habitats and the ecological and behavioral context between freshwater and marine ecotypes of S. fluviatilis must be considered. The results of the multivariate analysis, applied to the 1.592 whistles, were very different to the results of the human observation technique (univariate method). The multivariate analysis links all measured acoustics; forming whistle groups. Four groups were formed by this method; they showed whistles with varying numbers of inflection points. There are few studies that classify whistles of odontocetes according to multivariate analysis. This kind of study is important to comparisons between different populations. The qualitative and quantitative descriptions of the whistles are necessary for future comparisons among populations from different geographic regions along the species distribuition. This study reported important ecological relationships and can contribute to the efforts of preservation.

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