Tesis sobre el tema "Elimination du carbone atmosphérique"
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Berger, Manon. "Coastal ocean carbon cycle, and the potential role of macroalgae in removing atmospheric carbon dioxide". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPSLE013.
Texto completoInternational climate agreements aim to reduce CO₂ emissions, but a gap remains between current trajectories and the reductions needed to limit warming to 2°C. Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies are essential to offset residual emissions, particularly from hard-to-decarbonize sectors. The ocean’s vast capacity to absorb CO₂ offers a key opportunity for marine CDR (mCDR), especially through seaweed cultivation in coastal regions like Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs). Seaweed farming is promising due to its high productivity and established agricultural practices, but scaling to climate-relevant levels poses challenges related to long-term carbon sequestration and ecosystem impacts. This PhD explores seaweed cultivation as a CDR strategy using the NEMO-PISCES ocean biogeochemical model. Simulations show that seaweed CDR potential is limited by dynamical and geochemical processes, with only partial air-sea carbon equilibration. Biological constraints, including nutrient competition with phytoplankton, further reduce potential. Additionally, accounting for seaweed’s iron utilization lowers afforestation potential, suppresses phytoplankton production, and reduces CDR estimates. We show that nutrient affinity and demand significantly impact these projections. As CDR will be critical for future climate mitigation, we assess the effects of rising atmospheric CO₂ and climate change on seaweed CDR. Results indicate potential increases at high latitudes due to enhanced stratification and CO₂ concentrations, while other regions maysee declines. These findings highlight the importance of accurately representing seaweed physiology and broader biogeochemical processes in future CDR assessments
MONTEIRO, DE ABREU LUCIJANE. "Elimination du carbone organique dissous biodegradable par filtration biologique : modelisation et optimisation". Rennes 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994REN10215.
Texto completoRamonet, Michel. "Variabilité du CO2 atmosphérique en régions australes : comparaison modèle / mesures". Paris 7, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA077184.
Texto completoDufour, Emmanuel. "Vers la télédétection spatiale du gaz carbonique atmosphérique". Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA077211.
Texto completoGuillemot, Marianne. "Elimination de composés organiques volatils (COV) chlorés sur zéolithes par couplage adsorption-oxydation catalytique". Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POIT2286.
Texto completoThis study is focused on tetrachloroethylene (PCE) adsorption over faujasite type zeolites, in static and dynamic conditions, in dry and humid environment. In addition, catalytic oxidation of PCE over zeolite FAU based catalyst exchanged or not with platinum was studied. Lastly, PCE removal was carried out over dual functional adsorbent/catalyst system. The elimination of methylethylketone (MEK) was also performed by single adsorption and oxidation, and using adsorbent/catalyst media
Vivin, Philippe. "Effets de l'augmentation atmosphérique en CO2 et de contraintes hydriques sur l'allocation de carbone et d'azote et sur l'ajustement osmotique chez Quercus robur L". Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10076.
Texto completoTounsi, Khoudhir. "Le cycle du carbone dans l'Océan atlantique tropical". Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30233.
Texto completoYavuz, Hande. "Dépôt par plasma à pression atmosphérique et caractérisation des nanostructrures obtenues". Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00685122.
Texto completoMarnas, Fabien. "Mesure du dioxyde de carbone (CO2) atmosphérique par LIDAR DIAL : préparation d'une future mission spatiale". Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00006030.
Texto completoGaucher, Catherine. "Effets physiologiques de fortes teneurs d'ozone et de CO2 seul et en combinaison, chez des semis d'érable à sucre (Acer saccharum Marsh. )". Nancy 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NAN10182.
Texto completoExperiments in OTC and phytotronic chambers were conducted during one growing season to study the effects of high CO2 and O3 on regeneration of sugar maple seedlings. Assimilation rate and growth of seedlings were decreased after an exposure at constant O3 (100 to 300 nL. L-1). Stimulation of GR, G6PDH, PEPC and NR activities allowed an increased availability of reducing power, carbon skeletons and nitrogen necessary for the detoxification and repair mechanisms. Under 650 [mu]L. L-1 CO2, increase of growth (10 to 100%) depends of nutrient and light availability of the experiment. Under high CO2 + O3, growth and stimulation of G6PDH, PEPC and NR were intermediary to these of the seedlings exposed under high O3 and those exposed under high CO2. Under high CO2, assimilation rate was stimulated. This allowed an increased synthesis of NADPH and carbons skeletons, which may be allocated to detoxification and repair mechanisms and, thus, contributed to reduce the propagation of oxidative damages
Paris, Rodolphe. "Etude de l'impact de la complexation organique atmosphérique sur la solubilité du fer terrigène". Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077038.
Texto completoIron dust solubility in atmospheric waters is critical to estimate the effect of its deposition on primary production, especially on global carbon cycle. My PhD studies the effect of atmospheric organic complexation on iron dust dissolution. First of all, I studied the water soluble fraction of collected aerosols in the source region during strong biomass burning event, an important source of organic compounds. Second of all, I performed laboratory experiments with dust particles from different African sources and different organic compounds measured in the atmosphere. This work have highlight that the variability of iron dust solubility could be linked to the organic complexation. Oxalic acid is the most important iron ligand in the atmosphère and is the one with the most important effect on iron solubility, but others organic compounds such as malonic, tartane, glycolic acids or HULIS could enhanced the dissolution of iron. This dissolution, without light, is reductive and lead to the formation of Fe(II). I found a linear dissolution for dust iron in presence of increasing concentration of oxalate and HULIS, but for the other compounds the dissolution seems to be limited. I also found that the mineralogical composition of iron contained in dust is very important, and the dissolution is controlled by me presence of iron from clay minerals rather than iron from (hydr-)oxides
Lacan, Antoine. "Potentialités d'une mesure télédétectée du dioxyde de carbone atmosphérique par spectrométrie par transformation de Fourier statique". Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00392398.
Texto completoSarkissian, Alain. "Fouilles Massives d'Archives Spectroscopiques : L'Observatoire Virtuel, de la Vapeur d'Eau Atmosphérique au Carbone dans les Astéroïdes". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00666080.
Texto completoGibert, Fabien. "Télédétection du CO2 atmosphérique par Lidar DIAL Doppler Hétérodyne à 2 microns". Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001903.
Texto completoFerrand-Roumet, Catherine. "Importance et devenir du CO2 fixé par les racines nodulées de soja (Glycine max L. Merrill) : incidence sur l'estimation du coût carboné de la fixation de N2". Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20196.
Texto completoGautier, Mathieu. "Effets de l'hypoxie chronique et du monoxyde de carbone sur la fonction cardiaque et l'activité des canaux potassiques des cellules musculaires lisses d'artères coronaires chez le rat". Tours, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOUR4040.
Texto completoDelpierre, Nicolas. "Etude du déterminisme des variations interannuelles des échanges carbonés entre les écosystèmes forestiers européens et l’atmosphère : une approche basée sur la modélisation des processus". Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112167.
Texto completoMelin, Alexandre. "Incidences morphologiques et fonctionnelles cardiaques d'un entraînement conduit en environnement hypoxique et/ou pollué au monoxyde de carbone chez le rat". Orléans, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ORLE2074.
Texto completoBéland, Nicolas. "Production économique d’un solvant vert à partir de dioxyde de carbone (CO2)". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8890.
Texto completoParis, Jean-Daniel. "Transport des polluants et variabilité atmosphérique du CO2 en Sibérie : Apport des mesures in situ aéroportées". Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00358602.
Texto completoLauvaux, Thomas. "Inversion à méso échelle des sources et puits de carbone". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008VERS0007.
Texto completoLes méthodes d'inversion à grande échelle ont permis d'estimer la variabilité spatiale des sources et puits de carbone continentaux mais les incertitudes associées restent importantes. En e_et, les concentrations atmosphériques intègrent la variabilité des _ux de surface, mais les modèles de transport à basse résolution utilisés dans les inversions ne peuvent reproduire correctement la complexité da la dynamique atmosphérique locale des sites de mesure. Cependant, ces estimations sont plus représentatives de la grande hétérogénéité spatiale des écosystèmes que les mesures directes des _ux. Les méthodes inverses et directes qui visent toutes les deux à estimer le bilan des échanges de carbone entre la surface et l'atmosphère s'appliquent donc à des échelles di_érentes et sont ainsi di_cilement comparables. Au cours de cette thèse, un système d'inversion à méso échelle a été développé pour corrigerles _ux de carbone à une résolution de 8km. Le modèle de transport à haute résolution (MésoNH) a permis de simuler la variabilité des concentrations atmosphériques avec une meilleure précision, ce qui a permis de limiter les incertitudes sur les _ux inversés. L'intégralité des données est issue de la campagne régionale intensive CERES de mai et juin 2005, lors de laquelle plusieurs tours instrumentées ont mesurées les concentrations et les _ux de CO2 dans le Sud Ouest de la France. Des mesures aéroportées ont permis également d'observer les concentrations en altitude ainsi que les _ux de CO2 aggrégées sur de larges bandes à la surface. Dans un premier temps, la capacité du système à corriger les _ux de CO2 a été estimé par l'intermédiaire de pseudo-données. La majeure partie de la variabilité des concentrations a été attribuée aux _ux régionaux dans une zone qui s'étend, selon les conditions météorologiques, jusqu'à 300km autour des sites de mesure. Dans un second temps, un ensemble de simulations a permis de dé_nir les structures spatiale et temporelle des erreurs de transport. Dans un dernier temps, les _ux corrigés par l'inversion à 8km de résolution ont été comparés à des mesures directes de _ux. Le système d'inversion a été ainsi validé dans le temps et l'espace et a montré une amélioration de l'estimation des _ux de CO2 issues d'un modèle de végétation en diminuant signi_cativement les erreurs initiales par rapport aux observations indépendantes de _ux de CO2
Crevoisier, Cyril. "Etude de la distribution du CO2 atmosphérique à partir des observations infrarouges à haute résolution spectrale de l'instrument AQUA/AIRS". Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA077041.
Texto completoChevillard, Anne. "Etude à haute résolution du CO2 atmosphérique en Europe et en Sibérie : impact pour les bilans de carbone". Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066503.
Texto completoSalame, Thérèse. "Sources d’émission du carbone organique gazeux à Beyrouth". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10108.
Texto completoThe atmospheric pollution related to the VOC still maintains a great interest since these species contribute to the formation of tropospheric ozone, peroxyacetylnitrate and secondary organic aerosols resulting in negative impacts on human health, climate and on the environment. In order to apply efficient control strategies, there is a need to identify the VOC emission sources, to determine their speciation and their contribution to VOC ambient levels. To date, there is a paucity of data regarding the VOC in the Middle East region (MEA) due to a lack of ground-based measurements leading to insufficient evaluation of air pollution in this region. In this work, we report the results of the first study regarding VOC in Lebanon, a developing country in the MEA region. The study is based on two intensive field measurement campaigns within the frame of the Emission and Chemistry of Organic Carbon in the East Mediterranean, Beirut (ECOCEM-Beirut) project conducted during summer 2011 and winter 2012 at a sub-urban site. Over 70 VOC from C2 to C16 have then been measured. First, we provide insights on the factors controlling VOC distribution. Then, VOC source profiles were determined with field measurements close to the main potential emitters. Finally, we identified the VOC factors, based on the sources profiles established previously, and quantified their relative contribution according to the season, by implementing the source receptor model PMF. The major sources were traffic-related emissions (combustion and gasoline evaporation) in winter and in summer. The modeled results showed an agreement with the local emission inventory regarding the load of the on-road mobile source
Carouge, Claire. "Vers une estimation des flux de CO2 journaliers européens à haute résolution par inversion du transport atmosphérique". Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066013.
Texto completoThanwerdas, Joël. "Estimation des émissions et puits de méthane par inversion atmosphérique multi-contraintes du transport et de la chimie atmosphérique à l’aide d’un ensemble d’observations". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASJ015.
Texto completoAtmospheric methane mole fractions have been multiplied by 2.6 since the beginning of the industrial era. This increase greatly amplified the impact of methane on global warming, ecosystems and human health. Understanding the biogeochemical cycle of methane and quantifying its sources and sinks from the global to the national scale is crucial to implement and evaluate the effectiveness of policies to mitigate methane emissions. Atmospheric inversion methods allow to estimate methane sources and sinks by combining information from observations of atmospheric methane mole fractions and a priori knowledge of its sources and sinks through chemistry-transport modeling. Furthermore, using the additional information provided by observations of methane isotopic signals (in 13C:12C and in D:H) can help to better differentiate between the multiple emission categories and reduce uncertainties in their estimates compared to assimilating methane mole fractions alone. The aim of this PhD was to investigate the evolution of the methane cycle over the last 20 years by integrating new functionalities to the CIF-LMDz-SACS inversion system used at LSCE. First, the LMDz-SACS chemistry-transport model was enriched to include the methane sink by chlorine which has a large influence on the isotopic fractionation of atmospheric methane. The influence of chlorine concentrations on methane mole fractions and its 13C:12C isotopic signal was rigorously quantified and found to be important for the representation of methane isotopic signals. Second, the CIF-LMDz-SACS inversion system was enhanced and the sensitivity of the system to some configuration parameters was analyzed. Finally, the new system was used to explain the increase in atmospheric methane mole fractions since 2007, after they stabilized between 1999 and 2006. Taking into account the large uncertainties in source isotopic signatures, our results suggest that this increase was caused by increases in emissions from 1) fossil fuels and 2) agriculture and waste. By contrast, if the source isotopic signatures are considered perfectly known, the distribution of total emissions among the different emission categories is radically changed and our results suggest this time that the increase in methane mole fractions after 2007 was caused by increases in emissions from 1) fossil fuels, 2) agriculture and waste and 3) wetlands. This work suggests that reducing uncertainties in source isotopic signatures and increasing the number of available isotopic observations would allow the isotopic constraint to express its full potential to better separate different sources of methane on a regional scale
Rueff, Henri. "Optimizing dryland afforestation : prospects and limitations : minimum carbon payment for non-annex I dryland countries on an aridity gradient with stochastic weather and prices". Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX32045.
Texto completoRecent findings demonstrate that dryland trees are efficient carbon sinks. The price of carbon at which a farmer would be indifferent between his customary activity and the plantation of trees for the trade of carbon credits remains however unknown. Carbon yields were simulated by means of the CO2FIX v3. 1 model for Pinus halepensis. Wheat yields and pasture yields were predicted on somewhat similar nitrogen-based quadratic models, using 30 years of weather data for the simulation of moisture stress. Both models were developed for dryland conditions, while calibration and validation were done with data collected in Israel on 8 stations (from 200mm to 900mm of annual precipitation). No-till wheat and pasture yield values were then fitted to a gamma probability distribution function, to enable iterative stochastic production simulation. Input and output prices were, however, fitted to a normal distribution. Stochastic production, input and output prices were afterwards simulated on a Monte Carlo matrix with 10,000 iterations on a 30 years cash flow. Results show that, despite the high levels of carbon uptake by dryland trees, carbon trading by afforesting is unprofitable anywhere along the aridity gradient. Indeed, the price of carbon will have to raise unrealistically high, and the certification costs will have to drop significantly, to make afforestation under the clean development mechanism a worthwhile activity for non annex I dryland countries
Agbekodo, Koffi Marcus. "Elimination par nanofiltration des composés organiques d'une eau de surface prétraitée : caractérisation du carbone organique dissous avant et après nanofiltration". Poitiers, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994POIT2252.
Texto completoMoreau, Muriel. "Elimination simultanée du carbone et de l'azote dans un réacteur à biomasses fixées de type à circulation de matériaux (RCM)". Toulouse, INSA, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ISAT0035.
Texto completoBoufeldja, Linda. "Influence de l’élévation du dioxyde de carbone atmosphérique sur les propriétés nutrition-santé de la tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UMONG088.
Texto completoAn increase in atmospheric CO2 levels has been observed since the beginning of the industrial era, which had a major impact on crops yield. Increase atmospheric CO2 concentration has been identified as a fertilizing agent that induces an alteration of the nutritional quality of plants. A decrease in proteins and minerals content has been observed. Such variation in nutritional value of crops might conduct to the development of metabolic disorders and the disruption of antioxidant and antiinflammatory defense leading to the increased incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as "metabolic syndrome".The objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of atmospheric CO2 enrichment on the nutritional and health quality of two types of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum): MicroTom, a dwarf variety that has been extensively studied as model plant and the big tomatoes represented by the parents of the MAGIC population (that resumes the genetic diversity existing in cultivated tomatoes). The determination of macronutrients such as sugars, lipids and proteins followed by the quantification of micronutrients such as carotenoids and minerals allowed us to establish a complete nutritional profile confirming the degradation of the mineral and protein composition accompanied by an accumulation of sugars and a modification of bioactive compounds. A more profound investigation was the evaluation of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity on tomato extracts to better understand the influence of this modification on human nutrition and biological defenses. Our results highlighted that the MicroTom model showed a marked modification of its biochemical profile. The study of antioxidant activity on this model revealed an alteration that can be explained by the interaction between culture conditions and atmospheric CO2 enrichment while the anti-inflammatory activity seems to be unchanged.The second MAGIC model confirmed the results obtained with MicroTom, thus it validated that an alteration of the biochemical composition of the tomato did not show a negative effect on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory defense. All these observations on MicroTom and MAGIC allowed us to make the link between the atmospheric CO2 enrichment and human health and to give suggestions to better orient future research in this field
Bressac, Matthieu. "Apports atmosphériques à l'océan : devenir du fer atmosphérique, interactions des particules avec la matière organique et conséquences sur l'export de carbone". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066016.
Texto completoCette thèse a pour but d’étudier l’impact des apports atmosphériques sur les cycles biogéochimiques et l’export de carbone à l’océan profond. Deux approches expérimentales complémentaires d’ensemencement artificiel au sein d’un assemblage naturel et en condition abiotique ont permis de démontrer l’importance des processus d’agrégation entre les particules lithogéniques et la matière organique dissoute (MOD) et ont confirmé le pouvoir « ballast » attribué à ces particules. Nous avons ainsi pu démontrer que le flux de carbone organique particulaire (COP) associé à ces particules pouvait représenter une part importante du flux global de COP engendré par ces dépôts atmosphériques. Cette « pompe à carbone lithogénique » peut donc être considérée comme une composante majeure de l’export de carbone dans les régions océaniques fortement soumises aux dépôts atmosphériques. L’influence de la MOD et le rôle des différents processus post-dépositionnels sur le devenir du fer dissous (DFe) d’origine atmosphérique dans l’eau de mer ont également été étudiés. De fortes interconnexions entre les processus post-dépositionnels, contrôlées par la MOD, ont induit une large gamme de dissolution du fer d’origine atmosphérique (un ordre de grandeur) dans des conditions biogéochimiques contrastées. Ces variations saisonnières sont telles que la non-prise en compte de ces processus post-dépositionnels fausse notre compréhension du rôle des apports atmosphériques sur le cycle du fer. Ainsi, les flux de DFe ne sont pas linéairement reliés aux flux atmosphériques démontrant l’inadéquation de l’utilisation d’une valeur absolue de solubilité du fer pour paramétrer les flux de fer biodisponible à l’océan
Russ, Emile. "Réactions d'altération dans les cuprates supraconducteurs au bismuth sous l'action des agents atmosphériques". Aix-Marseille 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX11035.
Texto completoCheiney, Audrey. "Estimation des sources et puits de gaz à effet de serre et de leurs précurseurs par inversion du transport et de la chimie atmosphériques". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS0008.
Texto completoThe understanding of the changes in the greenhouse gas and their precursor concentrations is essential for a comprehensive knowledge of tropospheric chemistry and of the actual carbon cycle and for the modeling of future biogeochemical cycles from realistic emission scenarios. In this work, atmospheric concentration measurements, by satellite or/and at surface stations have been extensively used, to i) optimize the estimations of the sources and sinks (emission, chemical production and loss) of greenhouse gases (methane CH4, methylchloroform MCF, chlorodifluoromethane HCFC-22 et 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoromethane HFC-134a) and some of their precursors (carbon monoxide CO, formaldehyde HCHO, volatile organic compounds VOC) and ii) reduce the uncertainties associated to their budget. The bayesian and variational PYVAR inversion system, coupled to the chemistry-transport model LMDz-SACS has been developed and improved. The relatively high spatial and temporal resolution of the inversion and the long time-period studied provided additional knowledge on the amplitude and the variability of these gases. For example, the optimized CO emissions are 37% higher than the prior ones built from EDGAR-v3. 2 and GFED-v2 inventories. Our results also exhibit an overestimation of about 30% of isoprene emissions in the GEIA inventory. Significant seasonal variations of the CO, VOC and HCFC-22 emissions, explained by socioeconomic or biogenic factors, have been revealed. Finally, an alternative to MCF as a proxy for the hydroxyl radical, OH, is studied using HFC-134a
Chevalier, Amandine. "Développement du service d'observation PAES : pollution atmosphérique à l'échelle synoptique, bilan de l'ozone dans la troposphère libre". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00193744.
Texto completoMazoué, Franck. "Analyse de la couche de choc dans le CO2 : application à l'entrée atmosphérique de la planète Mars". Aix-Marseille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX11056.
Texto completoWalcker, Romain. "Dynamique spatiale des mangroves de Guyane entre 1950 et 2014 : forçage atmosphérique et conséquence pour le stock de carbone côtier". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30318/document.
Texto completoMangroves in French Guiana are characterized by their spatial dynamism. This specificity is the result of intense coastal sedimentary processes. The goals of this study are to: (1) quantify mangrove spatial dynamics on a regional level and a multi-decadal timescale using archives of remote sensing images; (2) test the hypothesis of the role played by the atmosphere using correlations with time series of atmospheric and ocean surface reanalysis datasets; (3) quantify consequence of this spatial dynamism on coastal carbon storage. Results showed that approximatively 15 000 ha of mangroves fluctuate on a multi-decadal timescale in opposition to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) phases, the main mode of atmospheric multi-decadal variability in the North Atlantic. This relation is operated by ocean waves whose energy is modulated by NAO phases. The study suggests that, on the one hand, decrease of mangrove surface areas is due to periods of high wave energy (NAO+) which favour coastal erosion and mangrove retreat, sediment resuspension and transport. On the other hand, the study suggests that periods of low wave energy (NAO-) favour sediment deposition on the coast and is at the origin of mangrove surface area expansion. Results also showed that alternation between phases of retreat and expansion generates the demographic structure of mangrove ages, which determines the mangrove carbon storage capacity. The study finally suggests that through time mangrove can switch from a source to a sink of carbon, and vice and versa, for the ocean and the atmosphere
Salame, Thérèse. "Sources d’émission du carbone organique gazeux à Beyrouth". Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10108/document.
Texto completoThe atmospheric pollution related to the VOC still maintains a great interest since these species contribute to the formation of tropospheric ozone, peroxyacetylnitrate and secondary organic aerosols resulting in negative impacts on human health, climate and on the environment. In order to apply efficient control strategies, there is a need to identify the VOC emission sources, to determine their speciation and their contribution to VOC ambient levels. To date, there is a paucity of data regarding the VOC in the Middle East region (MEA) due to a lack of ground-based measurements leading to insufficient evaluation of air pollution in this region. In this work, we report the results of the first study regarding VOC in Lebanon, a developing country in the MEA region. The study is based on two intensive field measurement campaigns within the frame of the Emission and Chemistry of Organic Carbon in the East Mediterranean, Beirut (ECOCEM-Beirut) project conducted during summer 2011 and winter 2012 at a sub-urban site. Over 70 VOC from C2 to C16 have then been measured. First, we provide insights on the factors controlling VOC distribution. Then, VOC source profiles were determined with field measurements close to the main potential emitters. Finally, we identified the VOC factors, based on the sources profiles established previously, and quantified their relative contribution according to the season, by implementing the source receptor model PMF. The major sources were traffic-related emissions (combustion and gasoline evaporation) in winter and in summer. The modeled results showed an agreement with the local emission inventory regarding the load of the on-road mobile source
Jaidan, David Nizar. "Etude des processus d'import et d'export de la pollution gazeuse et particulaire au-dessus du bassin méditerranéen dans le cadre du projet ChArMEx". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30063/document.
Texto completoThe objective of this thesis is to study the import and the export processes of gaseous and particulate air pollution over the Mediterranean Basin (MB). Firstly, we investiga- ted the evolution of surface ozone (O3) over the MB over the time period 2000-2100 in a context of climate change, using the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model In- tercomparison Project (ACCMIP) outputs from 13 models. Compared to the reference period (2000), we found a net decrease in the ensemble mean surface O3 over the MB in 2030 (2100) for 3 RCPs (Representative Concentration Pathway) : -14% (-38%) for RCP2.6, -9% (-24%) for RCP4.5 and -10% (-29%) for RCP6.0. For the RCP8.5 scenario, the ensemble mean surface O3 is almost constant over the MB from 2000 to 2100. Se- condly, we identified the geographical sources and the transport pathways of polluted air masses inducing high levels of surface O3 and carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations in di erent regions of the MB, representative of the west, the center and the east of the MB between 2012 and 2014, using several backward trajectory statistical analyses combining in situ measurements and back trajectories obtained from the HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single- Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) model. In general, O3 and CO are transported to the MB from continental Europe and Eastern Europe, respectively. Finally, we studied the import and export processes of pollution over the MB using the chemical transport model MOCAGE (MOdele de Chimie Atmosphérique à Grande Échelle) and the HYS- PLIT model. We also investigated in situ measurements carried out during both TRAQA (TRAnsport à longue distance et Qualité de l'Air) (2012) and GLAM (Gradient in Longi- tude of Atmospheric constituents above the Mediterranean basin) (2014) field campaigns performed within the framework of the ChArMEx (The Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment) program. We highlighted the long-range transport of air masses rich in O3 and the impact of the Mistral wind on the air mass mixing. The budget of O3 and CO was also performed over the MB for the year 2012 using the MOCAGE model simulations. We found that the MB is an import area for CO during the spring-summer period, whilst tropospheric O3 is imported to the MB during the January-June period and exported the rest of the year
Conte, Ludivine. "Emissions océaniques de gaz d’intérêt pour la chimie atmosphérique - Modélisation des dynamiques océaniques du CO, de l’isoprène et du DMS". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASV007.
Texto completoPhytoplankton activity is responsible for the oceanic production of volatile compounds which, once released into the atmosphere, have an impact on its oxidative capacity, on aerosol formation and on climate evolution. The oceanic emissions of most of these compounds are, however, poorly known because of a low number of in situ observations and a lack of knowledge in the oceanic processes involved. In a first step, I studied the oceanic cycles of carbon monoxide (CO) and isoprene (C5H8). In order to re-evaluate their emissions to the atmosphere, the sources and sinks of these gases in the water column have been embedded into the 3-D ocean circulation and marine biogeochemistry model NEMO-PISCES. In parallel, I compiled in situ measured oceanic concentrations and laboratory results from the literature to better constrain these oceanic processes. I produced the first spatialization of CO and isoprene emissions based on a 3-D ocean model and not relying on satellite data for the calculation of concentrations. For CO, global emissions are estimated to 4.0 Tg C yr-1, with a spatial dynamic reflecting its photochemical source. This dynamic is very different from the one produced in the 80s, which was the only one available to the atmospheric chemistry community. For isoprene, I showed the importance of water temperature in regulating the phytoplankton production. Global emissions are estimated to 0.66 Tg C yr-1, with a spatial dynamic reflecting this source. For both compounds, I also showed the importance of ocean circulation and mixing in determining surface concentrations and therefore emissions to the atmosphere. In a second step, I studied the responses of oceanic emissions of CO, isoprene and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) to climate change. This leads to an increase in the emissions of the 3 gases (+9.4, +4.2 and +6.5% for CO, isoprene and DMS in 2100 for a scenario with high emissions of greenhouse gases). Emissions tend to increase at high latitudes and decrease at lower latitudes. Global changes are mainly controlled by changes in water temperature, while changes in spatial distribution are controlled by a redistribution of phytoplankton production. Even if the uncertainties in modeling these cycles are still important, this work should allow integrating these cycles into an Earth System model coupling marine biogeochemistry and atmospheric chemistry, in order to better quantify the potential role of these interactions on the evolution of atmospheric chemistry and climate
Rouhier, Hervé. "Réponse du châtaignier (Castanea sativa Mill. ) à l'augmentation du CO² atmosphérique : croissance et activité rhizosphérique". Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO10140.
Texto completoPellerano, Mario. "Évaluation d'absorbants pour le captage et le transport de CO²". Nantes, 2010. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=f10f503c-d210-4296-89f9-32e6e8a2cc79.
Texto completoIn order to reduce greenhouse gases emissions, CO2 release due to human activities should be better controlled. CO2 capture by adsorption is considered as one ot the potential options. In this work, different commercialized activated carbons (AC) were evaluated as a potential adsorbent for CO2 capture by pressure modulation and were compared to commercialised zeolites. Adsorption isotherms, materials aging and gas separation were determined and evaluated. Relations between physical properties and adsorption capacities are founded. These relations were used in order to determine the adsorbent demonstrating the best adsorption regeneration capacities depending on the operating conditions applied. CO2 transportation from production places to storage locations is presently accomplished by liquid or supercritical phase, which generate large costs and emissions. This final part of this work considers the possibility to transport CO2 in adsorbed phase (with considered materials) and analyzes its cost as a function of transported quantities, transport conditions and transportation means. CO2 transport by ship in adsorbed phase on small distances was seen as being competive to ship transportation in liquid phase. The CO2 emissions generated by CO2 transport in adsorbed phase were evaluated in all cases (transportation means, distances, conditions) to be much smaller than the ones generated by liquid phase transport
Prügel, Bärbel. "Contribution à l'étude des modifications chimiques des cires cuticulaires de picea abies (L. ) Karst et de picea sitchensis (Bong. ) carr. En relation avec le dépérissement forestier et l'augmentation du taux de CO2 dans l'atmosphère". Nancy 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NAN10141.
Texto completoLhuissier, Franck. "Les pollens biomarqueurs de la pollution atmosphérique ? Approche microscopique et biochimique". Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES095.
Texto completoPrieur, Anne. "Les ressources forestières : produits du bois, usages énergétiques, capture et stockage du carbone". Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12871.
Texto completoMolina, Carpio Luis. "Modélisation inverse des flux de CO2 en Amazonie". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV040.
Texto completoA better knowledge of the seasonal and inter-annual variations of the Amazon carbon cycle is critical to understand the influence of this terrestrial ecosystem on climate change. Atmospheric inverse modeling is a powerful tool to estimate these variations by extracting the information on the spatio-temporal patterns of surface CO2 fluxes contained in observations of atmospheric CO2. However, the confidence in the Amazon flux estimates obtained from global inversion frameworks is low, given the scarcity of observations in this region.In this context, I started by analyzing in detail the Amazon net ecosystem exchange (NEE) inferred with two global inversions over the period 2002 — 2010. Both inversions assimilated data from the global observation network outside Amazonia, and one of them also assimilated data from four stations in Amazonia that had not been used in previous inversion efforts. I demonstrated that in a global inversion the observations from sites distant from Amazonia, as well as local observations, controlled the NEE inferred through the inversion. The inferred fluxes revealed large-scale structures likely not consistent with the actual NEE in Amazonia. This analysis confirmed the lack of observation sites in Amazonia to provide reliable flux estimates, and exposed the limitations of global frameworks, using low-resolution models to quantify regional fluxes. This limitations justified developing a regional approach.Then I evaluated the benefit of the regional atmospheric model BRAMS, relative to the global forecast system ECMWF, when both models provided the meteorological fields to drive the atmospheric transport model CHIMERE to simulate CO2 transport in tropical South America at high resolution (~35 km). I simulated the CO2 distribution with both transport models―CHIMERE-BRAMS and CHIMERE-ECMWF. I evaluated the model simulations with aircraft measurements in vertical profiles, analyzing the concentrations associated to the individual measurements, but also with horizontal gradients along wind direction between pairs of sites at different altitudes, or vertically integrated. Both transport models simulated the CO2 observations with similar performance, but I found a strong impact of the uncertainty in the transport models. Both individual measurements and horizontal gradients were most sensitive to NEE, but also to biomass burning CO2 emissions (EFIRE) in the dry season. I found that horizontal gradients were more suitable for inversions than individual measurements, since the former were less sensitive fluxes outside South America and further decreased the impact of the transport model uncertainty in altitude.Finally, I developed two analytical regional inversion systems for tropical South America, driven with CHIMERE-BRAMS and CHIMERE-ECMWF, and made inversions with four observation vectors: individual concentration measurements and horizontal gradients at five vertical levels, close to the surface, or horizontal gradients vertically integrated. I found a strong dependency of the inverted regional and sub-regional NEE and EFIRE emissions budgets on both the transport model and the observation vector. Inversions with gradients yielded a better separation of NEE and EFIRE signals. However, the large uncertainties in the inverted fluxes, did not yield high confidence in the estimates. Therefore, even though my study did not improve the knowledge of seasonal and year-to-year variations of the NEE in Amazonia, it demonstrated need of further efforts to improve transport modeling in the region and the inverse modeling strategy, at least through a careful definition of the observation vector that accounts for the characteristics of the available data, and the limitations of the current transport models
Bonne, Jean-Louis. "Observations continues de la composition atmosphérique au sud Groenland". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VERS008V.
Texto completoSouth Greenland is a key region placed under Arctic and Northern Atlantic influences, whichis poorly documented in terms of atmospheric monitoring. The aim of my thesis is to conductand use the first regional atmospheric observations of CO2, O2, CH4 and isotopic compositionof water vapour and precipitation performed in Ivittuut, a coastal site in south-west Greenland.Which information can we infer from these atmospheric observations, in terms of localatmospheric processes and large scale atmospheric transport variations? Can we use these observationsto document the surface-air exchanges of these compounds, which represent an importantpart of the water and carbon biogeochemical cycles?After validating the observations regarding international precision recommandations, I havebeen able to analyse the variabilities at different time scales, resulting from different specificprocesses. This highlighted the fact the atmospheric composition of our site is weakly influencedby local processes, either for local greenhouse gases sources or small scale atmosphericvariations affecting water vapour isotopic composition. This facilitates the interpretation of ourobservations in terms of large scale atmospheric transport signals.To better understand the observed variations, I related our data series with other observationsoriginating from different sites, and with outputs from different atmospheric models. Ihave first witnessed the links between variations of atmospheric composition and large synopticscale atmospheric transport changes. Then, I have identified the spatial representativity of ourobservations and contributed to the evaluation of atmospheric models. The case study of astrong heat wave covering Greenland during summer 2012 allowed me to study the transport ofwater vapour within an air mass between different stations. It allowed me to provide the firstexperimental observation of deuterium excess conservation during atmospheric transport.Finally, combining observations and atmospheric simulations, I have documented surfaceairexchanges of the observed compounds: first by the attribution of observed values of CH4and water vapour isotopic composition to their simulated potential origins, secondly by thecomparison of observed variations with the direct simulation of atmospheric transport of eitherCH4 sources estimated from inventories or simulated CO2 and O2 air-sea fluxes from an oceanmodel
Danger, Florence. "Etude de la signature isotopique du carbone (delta13C) du CO2 respiré et du cerne en relation avec le fonctionnement de l’arbre". Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112284.
Texto completoBecause of the current atmospheric CO2 increase, study of temperate forest functioning as C source or sink becomes essential. Functional studies at smaller scales, like tree scale, allow to improve C flux estimates at the forest level. This thesis work mainly examines isotopic signals (13C quantity compared to 12C, delta13C) of two components of tree-C balance : 1) delta13C of CO2 respired by tree and characterization of its temporal variations, in relation to tree functioning. Our results showed a high variability of respired CO2 delta13C due to changes either in respiratory substrate delta13C or in intensity of substrate use. 2) Ring delta13C as an indicator of tree functioning in response to climate changes. This work showed that during latewood formation, variations of delta13C of new assimilated sugars were transmitted and recorder in the ring delta13C. These results validate, by a functional approach, the use of ring delta13C as an archive of tree functional responses to climatic conditions. These studies improve the understanding the tree isotopic signals and their interpretation at larger spatial and temporal scales, like in the study of ecosystem C balance or in the study of forest responses to inter-annual climate changes
Lecointre, Julien. "Ionisation et dissociation par impact électronique d'ions moléculaires d'intérêt atmosphérique et thermonucléaire". Université catholique de Louvain, 2007. http://edoc.bib.ucl.ac.be:81/ETD-db/collection/available/BelnUcetd-11062007-134628/.
Texto completoAissat, Aissa. "Elimination catalytique simultanée de composés organiques volatils (COV) et de particules carbonées en présence d'oxydes d'azote (NOx)". Littoral, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DUNK0293.
Texto completoThe control of atmospheric emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbonaceous particulate and nitrogen oxides (Nox) is a common concern for many industries using combustion processes. In the means of remediation, catalytic processes do not sufficiently take into account the simultaneous presence of these pollutants in the effluent. This study aims to evaluate the performance of materials based on transition metal oxides, copper (Cu) or cobalt (Co) supported on zirconium oxide (ZrO2) for the simultaneous removal of toluene and particulate carbon in the presence of Nox. The introduction of alkali promoters in solids has been considered and all the catalytic materials were physicochemical characterized. The activity of the catalysts depends on the nature of Co or Cu oxides species on the surface of ZrO2 support. Dispersed species of transition metal oxides are very active in toluene oxidation. Moreover, these oxides present as crystallites, associated with an alkali promoter effect of contact, are efficient in the oxidation reaction of carbonaceous particles. Finally, this work considers the effect of Nox, their interaction with the considered catalytic systems and their ability to participate in the oxidation of VOCs and carbonaceous particles
Allard, Vincent. "Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations on carbon and nitrogen fluxes in a grazed pasture". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2003. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_2003_ALLARD_V.pdf.
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