Tesis sobre el tema "Éléphants de mer – Reproduction (biologie)"
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Mestre, Julie. "Entre variabilité interannuelle et stratégies individuelles : effets des paramètres environnementaux sur l’écologie alimentaire et le succès reproducteur des éléphants de mer de l’archipel de Kerguelen". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS228.
Texto completoBecause time-series relative to foraging ecology, environmental parameters and population trends are scarce, few studies focused on the mechanisms linking oceanographic variables with the foraging behaviour and breeding success in marine top predators. This PhD thesis aims to assess the effects of inter-annual environmental conditions and individual strategies on the foraging ecology and breeding success of the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina), a key species of the Southern Ocean. The simultaneous analysis of stable isotopes and tracking-diving time-series highlighted that the foraging habitats, as well as the diving- and foraging behaviour of female seals, remained stable over the last fourteen years. This thesis also revealed a consistency in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic foraging strategies, and a decrease in the body condition of females exploiting the latter habitat. The weaning mass of their pups, considered as a proxy of the breeding success, decreased too. A difference in habitat quality was detected between the area located east and west of the Kerguelen archipelago, with the area located west providing a higher foraging success. Moreover, a spatial structuration of foraging strategies was highlighted between two breeding sites located at Kerguelen Island. Despite consistency in the behaviour of seals, an overall increase in body condition was assessed over the study period. Combined with a global decrease in δ13C values, this result suggests that some modifications are occurring in the food web of the Southern Ocean
Authier, Matthieu. "L'écologie en mer des Éléphants de Mer Austraux au travers des isotopes stables du carbone et de l'azote". Phd thesis, Université de Poitiers, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00660199.
Texto completoAuthier, Matthieu. "L'écologie en mer des éléphants de mer austraux au travers des isotopes stables du carbone et de l'azote". Phd thesis, Poitiers, 2011. http://nuxeo.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/f58ff740-8026-4c5a-a40c-7618a58cad1e.
Texto completoHow can we study the foraging of organisms with a cryptic lifestyle? For marine species, direct observations may not be logistically feasible. To circumvent these problems, indirects approaches, which aim at tracking the flux of molecules within ecosystems, have been on the rise in ecology since the 1970s. One indirect approach relies on measuring stable isotopes in various organic tissues, including those from museum specimen, to study the trophic ecology of wild animals. Using the indirect evidence stable isotopes can provide, this Ph. D. Thesis endeavoured to study the at-sea ecology of a large predator : the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina) breeding on îles Kerguelen in the Southern Ocean. This seal spends less than one fifth of its lifetime on land where it may be directly observed, and only forages at sea. By taking advantage of the existence of a latitudinal gradient in carbon isotopes within the Southern Ocean, I investigated the relationship between foraging strategy and fitness in this capital breeder, through the use of bayesian models. Inferences on foraging locations from stable isotopic data were in broad agreement with “biologging” results : seals were mainly foraging at the Polar Front or in Antarctic waters. Using mixture models, I studied how breeding females foraging in Antarctic waters were more likely to wean a large pup compared to females foraging in Subantarctic waters. I used a joint modelling approach to study longevity in males, a fitness-related trait that is hard to study in wild populations, and its relationship with foraging as inferred from repeated isotopic sampling of teeth. This approach revealed males that had a very stable and constant foraging from an early age to be the most long-lived ones
Dragon, Anne-Cécile. "Modélisation des stratégies d'approvisionnement des éléphants de mer austraux : influence de la variabilité de la production primaire et des conditions océanographiques physiques". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066276.
Texto completoBailleul, Frédéric. "Deux mille mètres sous les mers : stratégies d'acquisition des ressources et réponses comportementales des éléphants de mer de Kerguelen aux structures physiques de l'Océan Austral". La Rochelle, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LAROS176.
Texto completoUnderstanding how organisms exploit the resources of their environment is a central topic in ecology. At first, this work describes the foraging strategies of the Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) from Kerguelen Islands. Then, it investigates the relationships between foraging behaviour of this species and the environmental parameters and the physical structures of the Southern Ocean. The elephant seals from Kerguelen have exhibited a large distribution in the Southern Ocean but they have concentred their foraging activity within specific areas. Close to the Antarctic continent or within the polar frontal zone, their behaviour was influenced by sea ice. And eddies, respectively. Resources distribution and predictability were not necessary the unique parameter to explain behavioural adjustments of seals. This study takes place in a global project, which compare, on the one hand, the foraging behaviour of the three principal populations of elephant seals of the Southern Ocean, to contribute for understanding their demography and, on the other hand, to acquire oceanographic data in this part of the world
Capapé, Christian. "Les sélaciens des côtes tunisiennes, systématique et biologie de la reproduction : Essai de synthèse critique : volume 1 : systématique des pleurotrêmes ; volume 2 : systématique des hypotrêmes ; volume 3 : biologie de la reproduction". Montpellier 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON20115.
Texto completoLoques, Françoise. "Biologie de la phanérogame marine Zostera Noltii Hornemann sur le littoral méditerranéen français". Nice, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990NICE4441.
Texto completoLoots, Christophe. "Contrôle de la distribution spatiale de l'habitat de reproduction chez les populations de poissons : approche multi-modèles appliquée à la plie et au merlan de Mer du Nord et à l'anchois du Golfe de Gascogne". Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066496.
Texto completoTorrents, Oriol. "Biologie des populations du corail rouge Corallium rubrum (L. 1758) de Méditerranée nord-occidentale". Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2007AIX22072.pdf.
Texto completoThe precious Mediterranean red coral Corallium rubrum (L. 1758) is a long–lived colonial sessile octocorallian which develops a red calcareous skeleton well–appreciated since antiquity for its value in jewellery and ornamentation. Professional harvesting, poaching and mass mortality events associated with positive thermal anomalies are the major sources of disturbance for this species. These disturbances have caused a marked decrease both in the abundance and size of colonies in the present populations. The persistence of these populations is linked to management and conservation plans constructed using reliable information about both main life history traits and population dynamics. Despite its value meaning, little is known about the biology and ecology of red coral. The main goals of this study is to provide data about significant life history traits (growth and reproduction) of red coral populations dwelling along the Mediterranean French rocky coasts in order to contribute our understanding of the biology and ecology of this species. In addition, this study will provide information about the effects of mass mortality events on red coral populations in order to better understand how these disturbances affect its population dynamics. The mean growth rate of red coral colonies was 0. 15 mm per year in diameter. Despite the large number of populations studied, growth rates remained stable across a wide variety of habitats analysed. Habitat comparisons were made between cave entrance vs cave interior, 20 vs 40 m depth and Calanques region vs west coast of Corsica Island. However, fecundity (number of mature gonads per polyp) analysed on the same populations seems only to be influenced by food availability. Thus, red coral populations dwelling at the entrance of caves showed larger fecundity than populations dwelling at the interior of the same caves. On the other hand, populations dwelling in contrasted depths (18 – 22 m vs 39 – 42 m) did not show any significant differences on fecundity. The study of reproduction biology of red coral has been completed by studies on reproductive cycle, sex ratio (1:1 overall studied populations), age and size at first reproduction (less than 3 cm corresponding to 7 – 10 years), differential gonad maturity in contrasted locations in both cave and depth factors analyses, inter-annual variability on fecundity (it seems to be low along three years) and the effects of mass mortality events on red coral fecundity. Finally, experiments on thermal tolerance in aquaria have been performed using two populations dwelling at contrasted depths (11 – 14 vs 39 – 42 m). The upper thermal limit was 25 °C. At this temperature, red coral colonies showed necrosis after 10 – 15 days. Polyp activity and calcification was also affected by increase of seawater temperature. Three experiments indicate that colonies from shallow populations had greater thermal tolerance to elevated temperatures than those from the deeper ones. In conclusion, this study furnished data to complete information about population dynamics of red coral. It is the aim of this study is to contribute to the development of mathematical models that can be used to explore the response of red coral populations under different disturbance regimes, as well as to facilitate future research about genetic or environmental factors which can modulate responses of these populations to environmental changes associated to climate change. Finally, these informations will help to improve both management and conservation plans
Lagarde, Franck. "Écologie de la reproduction de l'huître Crassostrea gigas en lagune méditerranéenne". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS470.
Texto completoThe Mediterranean lagoons host many anthropogenic uses including shellfish aquaculture since the beginning of the 20th century. Imported in 1970, the cupped oyster, Crassostrea gigas, has adapted perfectly and has allowed an important development of oyster’s industry until 2008, the year of occurrence of spat outbreak related to the emergence of an Ostreid Herpes-virus µvar. The scarcity of spat and the speculation on this product changed regionally cultural practices and the supply of juveniles, with in particular the wish of developing a local activity of spat collection. However the cycle of reproduction of the species and the recruitment of juveniles were poorly known in lagoon environments. In this context, the objective of this thesis is to characterize the variability of the reproduction and the recruitment of the cupped oyster in Mediterranean lagoon. The lagoon configuration offers the advantages of productivity for the broodstock and hydrodynamic connectivity for the larvae. However, it appears that the ecological functioning of the system at the base of the primary production plays an essential role on the trophic resources for the success of oyster reproduction. This work takes place in the context of the ecological restoration under oligotrophication, which first effects we describe on the oyster's reproductive cycle
Lafrance, Pascale. "Saison d'éclosion et survie des stades larvaires et juvéniles chez la morue arctique (Boreogadus saida) du sud-est de la mer de Beaufort". Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26145/26145.pdf.
Texto completoArctic cod (Boreogadus saida) is widely distributed in circumpolar Arctic seawaters and plays an important role in transferring energy from lower trophic levels to higher predators in the Arctic marine food web. To limit vulnerability of young Arctic cod to predation and/or cannibalism at the end of short Arctic summers, reproductive strategy of this key species has evolved to reach the largest pre-winter size of cod juveniles. Two adaptative mechanisms strongly influence variability in survival of juvenile Arctic cod in relation to environmental conditions: the hatching season and early growth. In a changing Arctic climate that exhibits interannual variations and strong seasonality, hatching and growth dynamics of Arctic cod urgently need to be address. In this study, we first determined the individual hatch dates of juvenile Arctic cod sampled in southeastern Beaufort Sea during fall expeditions over a five-year period (2002-2006) and from April to August in 2004. The results suggest the existence of two distinct populations of larval Arctic cod in the study area. First, an inshore population that hatches early in winter (January to March) in the thermal refuge (T ≥ -0.47) provided by the estuarine waters of Mackenzie Lake extending under landfast ice. Second, an offshore population of delayed hatching (April to June) that coincide with the ice break-up and the vernal onset of biological productivity on the Mackenzie Shelf and in the Amundsen Gulf. The interannual variability (2002-2006) documented in hatching patterns of juvenile cod results from the relative importance of early-winter hatchers surviving each year and is partly related to variations in dominant environmental factor in the habitat. Overall, this study documents the reproductive strategy of Arctic cod in southeastern Beaufort Sea that aim to maximize size of juvenile at the onset of their first winter under the ice.
Lefebvre, Alain. "Reproduction d'une espèce benthique à phase larvaire planctonique, l'ophiure Ophiothrix fragilis (échinoderme), dans un système côtier à fort hydrodynamisme (détroit du Pas-de-Calais) : interactions physique-biologie et implications dans le fonctionnement global de l'ecosystème". Lille 1, 1999. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/40edcdc2-5512-495f-9dfa-c7eb554d3a17.
Texto completoRuchon, François. "Lipophrys pavo (Risso 1810) (Pisces, Blenniidae). Biologie d'une population lagunaire (stratégies et tactiques adaptatives)". Aix-Marseille 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX30025.
Texto completoBourgeois, Karen. "Ecologie, biologie et conservation d’un oiseau marin endémique de Méditerranée, Puffinus yelkouan". Aix-Marseille 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX30057.
Texto completoThe purpose was to study Puffinus yelkouan, a pelagic seabird remaining poorly known, in order to fill the knowledge gaps for this species ecology and biology, and to provide tangible data for its management and conservation. The review of its world status and threats emphasized that this is a threatened species. We evaluated morphometric and acoustic sexing methods and identified parameters to be considered for monitoring and census planning. The breeding habitat selection analysis highlighted a particularly low occupation rate of the suitable habitat. The analysis of feral cat predation impact showed that this predation constitutes a major threat for the species and revealed an unexpected population structure. These results prioritized cat eradication on our study site (Hyères islands) in order to enhance the breeding population dynamics and to avoid its extinction, the abundance of suitable and available breeding habitat allowing an increase in the species population
Bouchard, Caroline. "Saison d'éclosion, croissance initiale et survie de la morue arctique (Boreogadus saida) en mer de Laptev : impact des polynies". Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24899/24899.pdf.
Texto completoArctic cod (Boreogadus saida) plays a crucial role in the marine Arctic ecosystem. For the first time, the hatching season, and the early growth and survival of Arctic cod are described for the Laptev Sea. The hatching season was early and long (January to July) compared to the North Water and Northeast Water Polynyas (May-June). Length at age was 4 mm longer in 2005 (a year of low ice cover) than in 2003 (heavy ice cover). Larval survival could depend mainly on ice conditions, particularly on the extent and duration of opening of winter polynyas, a key feature of the Laptev Sea that shows strong interannual variations. In particular, the absence of surviving larvae for the period of January to mid-March 2003 coincided with the absence of polynya in the study area.
Jossart, Quentin. "Ecologie moléculaire d'une relation hôte-parasite en contexte insulaire marin: crabes parasites des oursins spatangues en Mer des Caraïbes". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209237.
Texto completoEn étudiant des populations le long de l’arc antillais et de la côte panaméenne, ce travail a mis en évidence que la structure génétique des populations du parasite D. primitivus diffère fortement de celle de son hôte M. ventricosa (microsatellites et cytochrome oxydase I). En effet, alors que les populations du parasite présentent une différenciation au sein de cette région, celles de l’hôte sont génétiquement homogènes. Ce contraste peut être expliqué par des caractères biologiques et écologiques (fécondité, habilité à la nage, disponibilité de l’habitat) et suggère des potentialités d’adaptation locale distinctes. La distance géographique semble être importante dans la structuration des populations du crabe mais la courantologie ou encore des évènements passés (glaciations) jouent également un rôle. A l’échelle d’une même île, les crabes ne présentent pas de différenciation entre des sites distincts. En outre, nous avons pu montrer que des crabes issus d’hôtes d’espèces différentes ne sont pas différenciés génétiquement ce qui pourrait être liée à la mobilité des crabes adultes. Par des analyses de paternité, nous avons souligné cette mobilité, démontrant que le mode de reproduction du crabe est de la polygamie mais aussi que des accouplements pouvaient avoir lieu entre crabes d’espèces hôtes distinctes.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Thierry, Anne-Mathilde. "Statut endocrinien et effort de reproduction chez un oiseau marin longévif, le manchot Adélie, dans un environnement changeant". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01059812.
Texto completoBoivin, Yves. "Le cycle de reproduction d'une étoile de mer couveuse subarctique Leptastérias polaris". Thèse, 1985. http://constellation.uqac.ca/1751/1/1412342.pdf.
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