Tesis sobre el tema "Éléphants de mer – Écologie"
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Mestre, Julie. "Entre variabilité interannuelle et stratégies individuelles : effets des paramètres environnementaux sur l’écologie alimentaire et le succès reproducteur des éléphants de mer de l’archipel de Kerguelen". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS228.
Texto completoBecause time-series relative to foraging ecology, environmental parameters and population trends are scarce, few studies focused on the mechanisms linking oceanographic variables with the foraging behaviour and breeding success in marine top predators. This PhD thesis aims to assess the effects of inter-annual environmental conditions and individual strategies on the foraging ecology and breeding success of the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina), a key species of the Southern Ocean. The simultaneous analysis of stable isotopes and tracking-diving time-series highlighted that the foraging habitats, as well as the diving- and foraging behaviour of female seals, remained stable over the last fourteen years. This thesis also revealed a consistency in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic foraging strategies, and a decrease in the body condition of females exploiting the latter habitat. The weaning mass of their pups, considered as a proxy of the breeding success, decreased too. A difference in habitat quality was detected between the area located east and west of the Kerguelen archipelago, with the area located west providing a higher foraging success. Moreover, a spatial structuration of foraging strategies was highlighted between two breeding sites located at Kerguelen Island. Despite consistency in the behaviour of seals, an overall increase in body condition was assessed over the study period. Combined with a global decrease in δ13C values, this result suggests that some modifications are occurring in the food web of the Southern Ocean
Labrousse, Sara. "Beneath the sea ice : exploring elephant seal foraging strategy in Earth's extreme Antarctic polar environment". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066542/document.
Texto completoUnderstanding how physical properties of the environment underpin habitat selection of large marine vertebrates is crucial in identifying how and where animals acquire resources necessary for locomotion, growth and reproduction and ultimately their fitness. The Southern Ocean harbors one of the largest and most dynamic marine ecosystems on our planet which arises from the presence of two majors physical features, (i) the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and (ii) the seasonal sea ice cover region. In the Antarctic, marine predators are exposed to climate-induced shifts in atmospheric circulation and sea ice. However, because these shifts vary regionally, and because much remains to be understood about how individual animals use their environment, it has been difficult to make predictions on how animals may respond to climate variability. Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) are a major consumer of Southern Ocean resources and use two main large scale foraging strategies, (i) feeding in the frontal zone of the Southern Ocean, or (ii) feeding in the seasonal sea ice region. In the present thesis I examined the winter post-moulting foraging strategies of 46 male and female Kerguelen southern elephant seals which utilized the second strategy. Using an eleven year time-series of tracking, diving, and seal-collected hydrographic data (from 2004-2014) I assessed their movements and foraging performance in relation to in situ hydrographic and sea ice conditions. The influence of both the spatio-temporal and inter-annual variability of sea ice around seal locations was investigated, and an investigation on the role of polynya for male elephant seal during winter conducted
Labrousse, Sara. "Beneath the sea ice : exploring elephant seal foraging strategy in Earth's extreme Antarctic polar environment". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066542.
Texto completoUnderstanding how physical properties of the environment underpin habitat selection of large marine vertebrates is crucial in identifying how and where animals acquire resources necessary for locomotion, growth and reproduction and ultimately their fitness. The Southern Ocean harbors one of the largest and most dynamic marine ecosystems on our planet which arises from the presence of two majors physical features, (i) the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and (ii) the seasonal sea ice cover region. In the Antarctic, marine predators are exposed to climate-induced shifts in atmospheric circulation and sea ice. However, because these shifts vary regionally, and because much remains to be understood about how individual animals use their environment, it has been difficult to make predictions on how animals may respond to climate variability. Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) are a major consumer of Southern Ocean resources and use two main large scale foraging strategies, (i) feeding in the frontal zone of the Southern Ocean, or (ii) feeding in the seasonal sea ice region. In the present thesis I examined the winter post-moulting foraging strategies of 46 male and female Kerguelen southern elephant seals which utilized the second strategy. Using an eleven year time-series of tracking, diving, and seal-collected hydrographic data (from 2004-2014) I assessed their movements and foraging performance in relation to in situ hydrographic and sea ice conditions. The influence of both the spatio-temporal and inter-annual variability of sea ice around seal locations was investigated, and an investigation on the role of polynya for male elephant seal during winter conducted
Le, Ster Loïc. "Estimation des variations saisonnières et interannuelles de la biomasse et de la composition en phytoplancton du secteur indien de l’Océan Austral sur les deux dernières décennies et évaluation de leurs conséquences écologiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS429.
Texto completoThe Southern Ocean (SO) plays a critical role in the uptake and storage of anthropogenic carbon due to the combined action of physical and biological pumps (Boyd et al. 2019 DOI:10.1038/s41586-019-1098-2). Furthermore, the Southern Ocean provides half of the primary production of the biosphere. Recent analyses nevertheless suggest a change in surface chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations in the Southern Ocean with an increasing trend, especially over the winter period (Del Castillo et al. 2019 DOI:10.1029/2019GL083163). Given the phenology of the different phytoplankton species, this trend and the associated temporal shift could imply a change in the composition of phytoplankton communities succeeding each other during the year. This hypothesis is supported, but not verified, by work done at the CEBC revealing a continuous decrease in the δ13C isotopic signature of Kerguelen elephant seals over the period 2006-2018 while the signature of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) did not vary over the same period (SNO-OISO data, N. Metzl personal comm.). This change in elephant seal composition reflects a potential change in the quality of phytoplankton at the base of the food chains on which they depend (Schell et al., 1989 DOI:10.1007/BF00399575; Cherel and Hobson, 2007 DOI:10.3354/meps329281). The objective of the project is firstly to estimate quantitative variations in phytoplankton biomass in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean, and secondly, to assess the associated qualitative changes in phytoplankton community composition, as well as their impacts on the ecology of large predators such as the elephant seal
Authier, Matthieu. "L'écologie en mer des Éléphants de Mer Austraux au travers des isotopes stables du carbone et de l'azote". Phd thesis, Université de Poitiers, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00660199.
Texto completoAuthier, Matthieu. "L'écologie en mer des éléphants de mer austraux au travers des isotopes stables du carbone et de l'azote". Phd thesis, Poitiers, 2011. http://nuxeo.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/f58ff740-8026-4c5a-a40c-7618a58cad1e.
Texto completoHow can we study the foraging of organisms with a cryptic lifestyle? For marine species, direct observations may not be logistically feasible. To circumvent these problems, indirects approaches, which aim at tracking the flux of molecules within ecosystems, have been on the rise in ecology since the 1970s. One indirect approach relies on measuring stable isotopes in various organic tissues, including those from museum specimen, to study the trophic ecology of wild animals. Using the indirect evidence stable isotopes can provide, this Ph. D. Thesis endeavoured to study the at-sea ecology of a large predator : the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina) breeding on îles Kerguelen in the Southern Ocean. This seal spends less than one fifth of its lifetime on land where it may be directly observed, and only forages at sea. By taking advantage of the existence of a latitudinal gradient in carbon isotopes within the Southern Ocean, I investigated the relationship between foraging strategy and fitness in this capital breeder, through the use of bayesian models. Inferences on foraging locations from stable isotopic data were in broad agreement with “biologging” results : seals were mainly foraging at the Polar Front or in Antarctic waters. Using mixture models, I studied how breeding females foraging in Antarctic waters were more likely to wean a large pup compared to females foraging in Subantarctic waters. I used a joint modelling approach to study longevity in males, a fitness-related trait that is hard to study in wild populations, and its relationship with foraging as inferred from repeated isotopic sampling of teeth. This approach revealed males that had a very stable and constant foraging from an early age to be the most long-lived ones
Jaud, Thomas. "Comportement alimentaire des éléphants de mer dans un océan à très fine échelle". Thesis, Brest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BRES0064/document.
Texto completoOcean dynamics, especially in the southern ocean, are caracterized by strong fluctuation due to mesoscale (eddies, 100-200km) and submesoscale (filaments, <50km) processes. Theses processes are known to strongly stimulate primary production and with him the rest of the trophic chain. However, in marine ecosystems, relationship between prey and predator distribution remain challenging to understand. Such complexe link exist within the Southern Elephant Seal (SES) and their deep diving prey.This PhD worked to understand how the SES diving and foraging behaviour is impacted by submesoscale variation of the environment. Two original aspects of this work was first to use the very high resolution measurement from SES as an unique 3-D in-situ submesoscale dataset and then to combine it to, more classic, satellite temperature and altimetry measurement. This work showed, for the first time the in-situ impact of submesoscale frontal regions on one top predator foraging behaviour. Furthermore, during this study, an original method to identify fine scale frontal regions was developped. Finally, this PhD confirm the relevant use of the Surface Quasi-Geostrophic method in the study of fine scale dynamics, especially in the possibility of high resolution spatial missions (such as SWOT)
Chaise, Laureline. "Ecologie thermique et thermorégulation sociale des éléphants de mer austraux (Mirounga leonina) en phase de mue". Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MNHN0025/document.
Texto completoAnnual life cycle of Phocids at sea is interrupted twice for reproduction and moult on land. The moult, an energetically costly phase, is essential for the renewal of hair, as well as epidermis in some monachine seals (Mirounga and Monachus). Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) huddle in mud pools, or “wallows”, while moulting on land. Peripheral vasodilatation through the isolating layer of the blubber to renew skin cells during the moult creates major heat loss, that’s why this species moult on land, fasting, rather than staying in water. Many bird and mammal species developed an energy saving strategy based on social thermoregulation in order to decrease heat loss, especially in extreme environments or particular physiological stages. However, few studies have investigated behavioural and physiological adaptations of southern elephant seals during the moult. Our study rests on the hypothesis that huddling behaviour of moulting elephant seals follows the same determinants and allows equivalent thermal and energetic benefices than social thermoregulation. We studied behavioural adaptations on land of female southern elephant seals during five moult seasons, linked to local environmental and individual physiological variations. Our results show that habitat selection, distances moved on land and aggregation behaviour are influenced by the stage of the moult, the habitat type and meteorological conditions. At the peak of moult, heat loss and aggregation behaviour are both increased, as movements on land are decreased. Moreover, aggregation rate and aggregations size increase when local weather is deteriorated, mainly in “wallows”. However, distances moved increase when windchill is low or solar radiation is high. Furthermore, aggregated seals have a lower body temperature (skin and stomach) than isolated seals. The elevated metabolic rate observed would be linked to thermal constraints and an elevated hormonal metabolism. Although we found no correlation between aggregation and body mass loss, individual aggregation rate was negatively correlated to metabolic rate. Therefore, elephant seals are sensible to environmental conditions and would adapt their behaviour to decrease energy expenditure. Aggregation behaviour allows to decrease heat loss and thus thermoregulation cost. “Wallows” offer thermal advantages and induce an increased moult rate, supposedly by maximising the decrease in heat loss when aggregated. Decreased heat loss would allow an adjustment in body temperature in aggregated seals and energy save from thermoregulation could be reallocated to the moult process. Elephant seals seem to balance movements on land and aggregation, in relation to individual body reserves, in order to decrease energy expenditure. New promising methods to record physiological parameters in the field (heart rate method and the use of bio-impedancemetry) need to be calibrate in this species to allow more precised moult metabolism and energy expenditure records, linked to individual variations
Park, Won-Kyou. "Variation de la composition élémentaire et de la contamination métallique chez quatre bio-indicateurs (posidonies, moules, oursins, dauphins) le long des côtes provençales (Méditérranée, France)". Aix-Marseille 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX30073.
Texto completoVacquié, Garcia Jade. "Variation spatio-temporelle de l'activité d'alimentation des éléphants de mer en relation avec les paramètres physiques et biologiques de l'environnement". Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2433/.
Texto completoNumerous studies focused on the study of the foraging activity of marine predators in relation to oceanographic conditions. However, the foraging activity of marine predators was often indirectly estimated from the analysis of their trajectory at sea and consequently, it is more the searching behavior of predators which was studied than their food intake. Recently, new devices equipped with of accelerometers have been implemented to evaluate the events of food intake. By combining these technologies with devices recording high frequency data on the environment, this phD aims to assess whether the spatio-temporal variation of the foraging activity of a marine predator, the southern elephant seal (SES), is related to the heterogeneity of the physical and biological conditions encountered. Two main results were highlighted. Firstly, by linking the foraging activity of SES with three physical parameters, the temperature, the light and the depth, five distinct foraging environments were characterized for this predator. Secondly, a qualitative relationship was found between the bioluminescence and the foraging activity of SES. While providing innovative results on the ecology of SES, this phD developed methods that have the potential to be applied to a large number of marine predators and that provide research opportunities on the study of predator / prey interactions
Dragon, Anne-Cécile. "Modélisation des stratégies d'approvisionnement des éléphants de mer austraux : influence de la variabilité de la production primaire et des conditions océanographiques physiques". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066276.
Texto completoBailleul, Frédéric. "Deux mille mètres sous les mers : stratégies d'acquisition des ressources et réponses comportementales des éléphants de mer de Kerguelen aux structures physiques de l'Océan Austral". La Rochelle, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LAROS176.
Texto completoUnderstanding how organisms exploit the resources of their environment is a central topic in ecology. At first, this work describes the foraging strategies of the Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) from Kerguelen Islands. Then, it investigates the relationships between foraging behaviour of this species and the environmental parameters and the physical structures of the Southern Ocean. The elephant seals from Kerguelen have exhibited a large distribution in the Southern Ocean but they have concentred their foraging activity within specific areas. Close to the Antarctic continent or within the polar frontal zone, their behaviour was influenced by sea ice. And eddies, respectively. Resources distribution and predictability were not necessary the unique parameter to explain behavioural adjustments of seals. This study takes place in a global project, which compare, on the one hand, the foraging behaviour of the three principal populations of elephant seals of the Southern Ocean, to contribute for understanding their demography and, on the other hand, to acquire oceanographic data in this part of the world
Cusset, Fanny. "Importance de la glace de mer pour les oiseaux marins arctiques". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36971.
Texto completoIn the Arctic, sea ice sets the clock for marine productivity. This includes two consecutive pulses of primary producers, sea-ice algae and phytoplankton, that constitute the basis of marine food webs and provide the energy transferred to higher trophic levels. As such, any change affecting Arctic sea-ice will have strong implications on the phenology of primary producers, and cascading effects on all other trophic levels. Previous studies demonstrated the potential of Highly Branched Isoprenoid biomarkers (HBIs) to quantify the relative contributions of the two pools of primary producers to higher trophic levels. Here, we combined HBIs with stable isotopesto (i) evaluate if and how much arctic seabird rely on sea ice, and (ii) determine if changes in sea ice affect their feeding ecology and reproductive performance. We focused on two Arctic species exhibiting contrasting ecologies: the thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia) and the northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis). For each species, 60 eggs were collected on Prince Leopold Island (Canadian Arctic) during years of highly contrasting ice conditions (2010-2013). Eggs were analysed for HBI distributions, isotopic (carbon and nitrogen) and energetic compositions. Results showed that murres were closely linked to sea ice and heavily relied on ice-associated prey. Sea ice presence was beneficial for murres’ reproductive performance, with larger and more energetic eggs laid during icier years. In contrast, fulmars did not exhibit a clear association with sympagic communities. Even large changes in sea ice did not seem to affect their feeding ecology or their reproductive performance. Murres therefore appear more vulnerable to changes and may become the losers of future climate shifts in the Arctic, while more resilient species such as fulmars might make the most of the situation. Overall, our study emphasises the importance of combining different biomarkers to better understand the importance of sympagic resources for top predators within changing Arctic marine ecosystems
Connan, Maëlle. "Biomarqueurs lipidiques, réseau trophique pélagique et écologie alimentaire des oiseaux de mer Procellariiformes". Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066622.
Texto completoMaguer, Jean-François. "Absorption et régénération de l'azote dans les écosystèmes côtiers : relations avec le régime de mélange vertical des masses d'eaux : cas du domaine homogène peu profond de la Manche occidentale". Brest, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BRES2022.
Texto completoColobert, Le FLoch Isabelle. "Absorption et régénération de l'azote dans les systèmes côtiers : réponse à des apports massifs de nitrate". Brest, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BRES2001.
Texto completoBouvier, Thierry. "Structure et dynamique du réseau trophique microbien dans le bassin nord occidental de la Mer noire sous influence du Danube". Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20196.
Texto completoTaureau, Florent. "Cartographie harmonisée des mangroves de l'Outre-mer français". Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT2035/document.
Texto completoBased on a standardized typology, this thesis aims to propose a method for mapping the French Overseas mangroves. Several sets of satellite data are used to (i) determine mangrove extent, (ii) quantify canopy closure, (iii) quantify canopy height, and (iv) identify main species. Determination of mangrove extent was possible by using spectral characteristics of mangroves in the short wave infrared wavelength observed on the Landsat and Sentinel-2 images. Quantification of canopy closure is based on a fully constrained algorithm (FCLSU) of linear spectral mixture analysis of pixels of a very high resolution Pléiades images. Quantification of canopy height was performed using photogrammetric analysis of WorldView-3 stereoscopic panchromatic images (0.3 meters resolution). Finally, discrimination of main mangrove species was permitted through the use of spectral surveys and calibration of spectral properties of the different species observed on the satellite images
Lins, da Silva Nadja Maria. "Étude de la répartition spatio-temporelle des peuplements microbiens planctoniques en mer Ligure (Méditerranée nord-occidentale)". Paris 6, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA066757.
Texto completoWattimena, Stephen. "Couplage pelagos-benthos en Manche occidentale". Brest, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BRESA001.
Texto completoStriby, Laurent. "Biogéochimie de la matière organique dans deux écosystèmes marins : Cas d'une structure physique unidimensionnelle verticale (mer Ligure) et d'une structure physique frontale (front Alméria-Oran) : Variations spatio-temporelles de la fraction lipidique à petite échelle". Aix-Marseille 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX22057.
Texto completoDugenne, Mathilde. "Dynamique du phytoplancton en mer Méditerranée : approches par mesures à haute fréquence, modélisation, et statistiques bayésiennes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0121.
Texto completoThe conversion of atmospheric carbon into organic matter by photosynthesis is important for all marine ecosystems. Two approaches are presented to measure phytoplankton productivity from the temporal evolution of cells' size. They traduce the incremental assimilation of inorganic carbon during cells' lifespan, before its reallocation to the next generation of cells produced by division. In the sea, the carbon flux depends on phytoplankton communities and their inherent sensitivity. The short time/spatial scale monitoring of phytoplankton in disturbed ecosystems is essential to foresee the Global change. Climate and inhabiting populations will especially reacts to Global change in the Mediterranean Sea. In the Mediterranean and in the global Ocean, observations programs are fundamental for climatic scenario used to predict the effect of environmental changes on the buffering capacity of CO₂ emissions induced by phytoplankton productivity
Cohu, Stéphanie. "Écologie du Dinoflagellé benthique toxique Ostreopsis cf. Ovata Fukuyo en Méditerranée Nord-Occidentale". Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4107.
Texto completoIn the last decades, the global range and frequency of HABs (Harmful Algal Blooms) are increasing worldwide. These events mainly involve toxic species belonging to Dinoflagellates. In the North-Western Mediterranean sea, the toxic benthic Dinoflagellate Ostreopsis c. Ovate form large blooms during summer, sometimes causing serious human health injuries. The in situ Ecological studies performed during this thesis aimed to characterize the distribution and spatio-temporal variability of this microalga at different scales. The results highlighted the seasonal development of the microalga and the occurrence, during summer, of large and rapid variations of its benthic and planktonic abundances. Annual hydroclimate probably influences the period of blooms appearance. Temperatures between 22 and 30° C are required for the growth of O. Cf. Ovate. A large spatial heterogeneity of D. Cf. Ovate abundances was also observed from regional to micro-scale. The hydrodynamics seems to play a key role at all scales. In the encountered conditions, nutrients did not appear limiting for the development of microalgae. O. Cf. Ovate was observed for the first time ip do 30 m depth, but its maximum abundance occurred from 0. 5 to 3 meters, showing an adaptation to high irradiances. Finally, a wide variation in abundances has been reported between several biotic substrates, suggesting a host preference. The various results of this thesis provided some major leads to managers for the establishment of a suitable strategy for monitoring and risk prevention
Ritt, Bénédicte. "Écologie de la faune associée aux émissions de fluides froids de Méditerranée orientale profonde". Brest, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BRES2020.
Texto completoThe major objectives of this thesis were to study the structure, functioning and dynamics of different faunal assemblages associated with cold seep ecosystems in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. We focused our study on three main sites: the Marmara Sea, the Mediterranean ridge and the Nile deep sea fan. This thesis aims at determining the environmental signature of Mediterranean sites and the characteristics of the associated fauna at European and global scales. The specific objectives were to (1) determine the composition, diversity, density, biomass of invertebrate assemblages, (2) characterize biogeochemical conditions within different microhabitats in the vicinity of organisms, (3) to define the trophic relationships amongst seep fauna using stable isotope analyses (collaboration) and lastly, (4) to compare the spatial distribution and assemblage characteristics at different spatial scales (local, structure-scale, regional). The results show that (1) the Napoli mud volcano is the richest structure in terms of numbers of taxa while the Nile deep-sea fan sites need additional sampling, (2) a high variability is observed both between the different microhabitats but also within a single microhabitat, (3) the methane and oxygen gradients as well as substratum type are the main structuring factors explaining the distribution of the fauna and (4) the characteristics of the microhabitats, rather than the study area, influence the structure of benthic communities associated with Mediterranean cold seeps
Jean, Natacha. "Etude du DMSP et du DMS dans deux écosystèmes littoraux marins de niveaux trophiques différents (Méditerranée Occidentale, France) : relations avec les facteurs abiotiques et biotiques". Toulon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOUL0016.
Texto completoRochette, Sébastien. "Effet des perturbations anthropiques sur la survie des juvéniles de poissons marins dans les nourriceries et conséquences sur les renouvellement des populations. : Application au stock de sole commune (Solea solea) en Manche Est". Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSARH082.
Texto completoThrough the example of the common sole (Solea solea) population in the eastern Channel, this Ph. D. Thesis combined different modelling approaches to quantify natural and human-induced mortalities at different stages of the life cycle and to evaluate their combined consequences. 1 - Quantitative maps of coastal and estuarine sole nurseries in the eastern Channel built by coupling a habitat suitability model to a geographical information system permitted to evaluate the consequences of habitat destruction in the Seine estuary during the last 150 years, in particular while estimating that the destruction of estuarine muddy grounds induced a 40% loss of its capacity. This loss combined to low juvenile densities, probably due to high chemical contamination in this sector, may have significant consequences on the total amount of juveniles in the Eastern Channel. 2 – Larval dispersal has been modelled thanks to a particle transport model simulating hydro-climatic conditions of the eastern Channel and including individual-based life history. This model showed that the amount of larvae reaching nursery grounds fluctuated mainly because of hydrodynamical conditions ; the fluctuations of the spawning stock biomass and the resulting amount of eggs having a lesser influence. This model also permitted to evaluate the larval allocation among the nurseries of the eastern Channel. 3 – These results on young stages were merged to effects of fishing on adults in a spatially-explicit Bayesian state-space model. The combination of the previous models within this life cycle model laid the foundations of a methodological framework offering interesting developments and new perspectives to disentangle the consequences of different pressures and to help decision – making for suitable spatially-structured management
Praud, Annie. "Isolement, caractérisation structurale et analyse de nouveaux métabolites d'algues méditerranéennes appartenant aux genres Cystoseira et Lyngbya". Aix-Marseille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX11059.
Texto completoDugenne, Mathilde. "Dynamique du phytoplancton en mer Méditerranée : approches par mesures à haute fréquence, modélisation, et statistiques bayésiennes". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0121/document.
Texto completoThe conversion of atmospheric carbon into organic matter by photosynthesis is important for all marine ecosystems. Two approaches are presented to measure phytoplankton productivity from the temporal evolution of cells' size. They traduce the incremental assimilation of inorganic carbon during cells' lifespan, before its reallocation to the next generation of cells produced by division. In the sea, the carbon flux depends on phytoplankton communities and their inherent sensitivity. The short time/spatial scale monitoring of phytoplankton in disturbed ecosystems is essential to foresee the Global change. Climate and inhabiting populations will especially reacts to Global change in the Mediterranean Sea. In the Mediterranean and in the global Ocean, observations programs are fundamental for climatic scenario used to predict the effect of environmental changes on the buffering capacity of CO$_{2}$ emissions induced by phytoplankton productivity
Timmerman, Charles-André. "Variations saisonnières et ontogéniques des interactions trophiques : étude des poissons de Manche – mer du Nord à plusieurs niveaux d’organisation". Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1R042.
Texto completoIdentifying and quantifying trophic interactions between organisms is crucial to understand the structure and functioning of food webs. However, many sources of variation are poorly known, such as seasonal and ontogenetic variations. These variations have been studied at several levels of organization, assemblage, species and individual in the Eastern English Channel (EEC) and the Southern North Sea (SNS) ecosystems.These variations were studied by analyzing the stable isotopes of carbon (delta13C) and nitrogen (delta15N), which provides information on resource and habitat use in a two-dimensional space. These analyses were performed on several tissues because isotopic values of tissues reflect the diet over the period during which the tissue was synthesized providing dietary information over different temporal periods. These analyses were coupled with stomach contents analyses providing a short-term picture of feeding patterns. At the assemblage scale, coupling between benthic and pelagic habitats has emerged as an important feature of the EEC ecosystem, due to its shallow depth, as well as to the combination of two ecological processes. First, trophic interaction revealed trophic plasticity and resource partitioning. Second, changes in the composition of fish assemblage did not impact benthic-pelagic couplings as most dominant species were generalist within a period, allowing a complete use of all available resources. Further analyses were carried out on whiting, the dominant species in the EEC-SNS ecosystems in winter, and revealed seasonal and ontogenetic trophic changes for this species. Finally, at the individual scale, species tend to be generalist but composed of specialist individuals along the delta13C and delta15N axes. The species increase their niche mainly through an increase of the niche variation between individuals. This behavior may be a strategy to avoid competition and favored by the important benthic-pelagic coupling offering a wide diversity of resources for species. This study revealed the importance of considering ontogenetic and seasonal changes of trophic interactions. Informing these changes in ecosystem models would increase their ability to capture the complexity of marine ecosystems and inform fisheries management. Modeling these effects at several levels of organization is necessary to predict the effects of global change on ecosystem structure and functioning
Heerah, Karine. "Ecologie en mer des phoques de Weddell de l'Antarctique de l'Est en relation avec les paramètres physiques de l'environnement". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2014PA066533.pdf.
Texto completoStudying the movement patterns and diving behaviour of top predators in relation with biotic and abiotic environmental features can provide valuable insights in the behavioural tactics they have evolved and/or learned to maximize prey acquisition in a given environment. The Weddell seal is the only marine mammal inhabiting the coastal fast-ice area year-round. While its behaviour has been well studied in summer when individuals are breeding or moulting on the sea-ice, virtually nothing is known about their winter ecology. However, winter is a crucial period in Weddell seals life cycle during which they spend 80% of their time diving under the ice to store the energy needed for the following breeding season. Using telemetric data, the main aim of this thesis was to improve our understanding of the foraging strategies adopted by Weddell seals during winter in two locations of East Antarctica (Dumont D’Urville and Davis). First, we developed two methods to identify and quantify within dive foraging effort from both high and low-resolution dive datasets. Then, these foraging metrics were used to investigate the influence of several key abiotic parameters of the Antarctic environment (topography, light intensity, sea-ice, water masses) on Weddell seals’ foraging behaviour
Raducu-Trifu, Maria Cristina. "Transfert des nutriments dans le bassin du Danube et apports à la Mer Noire : modélisation et bilans". Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066308.
Texto completoLagarde, Franck. "Écologie de la reproduction de l'huître Crassostrea gigas en lagune méditerranéenne". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS470.
Texto completoThe Mediterranean lagoons host many anthropogenic uses including shellfish aquaculture since the beginning of the 20th century. Imported in 1970, the cupped oyster, Crassostrea gigas, has adapted perfectly and has allowed an important development of oyster’s industry until 2008, the year of occurrence of spat outbreak related to the emergence of an Ostreid Herpes-virus µvar. The scarcity of spat and the speculation on this product changed regionally cultural practices and the supply of juveniles, with in particular the wish of developing a local activity of spat collection. However the cycle of reproduction of the species and the recruitment of juveniles were poorly known in lagoon environments. In this context, the objective of this thesis is to characterize the variability of the reproduction and the recruitment of the cupped oyster in Mediterranean lagoon. The lagoon configuration offers the advantages of productivity for the broodstock and hydrodynamic connectivity for the larvae. However, it appears that the ecological functioning of the system at the base of the primary production plays an essential role on the trophic resources for the success of oyster reproduction. This work takes place in the context of the ecological restoration under oligotrophication, which first effects we describe on the oyster's reproductive cycle
Laine, Laurianne. "Organisation de l'ichtyofaune en fonction du confinement dans les milieux paraliques de Méditerranée occidentale". Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20191.
Texto completoSeuront, Laurent. "Hétérogénéité spatio-temporelle et couplage physique-biologie en écologie pélagique : implications sur les flux de carbone". Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50376-1999-401-1.pdf.
Texto completoVallières, Catherine. "Production bactérienne et structure du réseau alimentaire microbien dans le fleuve Mackenzie et l'océan Arctique côtier". Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24315/24315.pdf.
Texto completoGlobally significant quantities of organic carbon are stored in northern permafrost soils, but little is known about how this carbon is processed by microbial communities once it enters rivers and is transported to the coastal Arctic Ocean. As part of the Arctic River-Delta Experiment (ARDEX), we measured environmental and microbiological variables along a 300 km transect across the Mackenzie River and coastal Beaufort Sea in July-August 2004 to investigate the river and estuarine gradients in microbial community structure and activity, and to evaluate the influence of UV exposure and carbon supply on bacterial processes in these ecosystems. Microbial community structure changed along the transect and the contribution of particle-attached bacteria was significantly higher in riverine and transition zone stations. Experimental results showed that bacterial metabolism was carbon limited in the Mackenzie River. Photodegradation increased organic carbon biolability in the Mackenzie River and decreased it in the Beaufort Sea.
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Heerah, Karine. "Ecologie en mer des phoques de Weddell de l'Antarctique de l'Est en relation avec les paramètres physiques de l'environnement". Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066533/document.
Texto completoStudying the movement patterns and diving behaviour of top predators in relation with biotic and abiotic environmental features can provide valuable insights in the behavioural tactics they have evolved and/or learned to maximize prey acquisition in a given environment. The Weddell seal is the only marine mammal inhabiting the coastal fast-ice area year-round. While its behaviour has been well studied in summer when individuals are breeding or moulting on the sea-ice, virtually nothing is known about their winter ecology. However, winter is a crucial period in Weddell seals life cycle during which they spend 80% of their time diving under the ice to store the energy needed for the following breeding season. Using telemetric data, the main aim of this thesis was to improve our understanding of the foraging strategies adopted by Weddell seals during winter in two locations of East Antarctica (Dumont D’Urville and Davis). First, we developed two methods to identify and quantify within dive foraging effort from both high and low-resolution dive datasets. Then, these foraging metrics were used to investigate the influence of several key abiotic parameters of the Antarctic environment (topography, light intensity, sea-ice, water masses) on Weddell seals’ foraging behaviour
Selleslagh, Jonathan. "Fonctionnement des nourriceries intertidales et estuariennes : influence de l'environnement sur la dynamique et les performances physiologiques de l'ichtyofaune". Littoral, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DUNK0224.
Texto completoIntertidal and estuarine areas play a key role for marine resources renewal. Numerous species, including fish, frequent during their juvenil stage these shallow water areas which serve as nursery grounds for individuals. These ecosystems are permanently submitted to harsh and fluctuant environmental conditions. A better understanding, as well as the preservation of intertidal and estuarine areas, is important in order to maintain the biodiversity and assure fish recruitment. In this context, the present work aims to determine the importance of environmental factors on spatio-temporal dynamic of the ichthyofauna and on physiological performances of juveniles frequenting intertidal and estuarine areas along the eastern English Channel. A first step of this work allowed determining the structure and the spatio-temporal variability of fish assemblages in relation to environmental changes. Results underline the important function of these shallow water areas in fish stock renewal regarding the high number of juvenils occuring in these aquatic systems. The ichthyofauna shows variations concerning diversity, abundances, assemblages and fish size. These variations are more pronounced to inter-seasonal scale than weekly, intra-seasonal and inter-annual scale on a temporal level and along the estuarine gradients than between estuaries on a spatial scale. Our works pointed up that physico-chemical factors (mainly temperature, salinity and fine sediments) have a great importance on fish assemblages’ structure and indicate the influence of winter temperatures on interannual variations of settlement date and abundances of some fish species. Results show a strong similarity between the three studied estuaries (Canche, Authie and Somme) concerning their ichthyological functioning and suggest than the Canche ichthyofauna could serve as reference assemblage from small estuarine systems. For a better understanding about the nurseries functioning, importance of trophic relationships (feeding, competition and predation) on juvenils fish dynamic and population was taken into account. Our results show that food availability (macrobenthos and zooplankton abundances) is not limiting in considered nursery areas which offer a great foraging ground for fish and crustaceans and optimal conditions (good feeding and low competition) for fish development. In contrast, predation pressure plays an important role in the dynamic of fish. Results show that variations of brown shrimp abundances (Crangon crangon) explain in great part interannual variations of mortality of juveniles which have recently settled intertidal areas. Nevertheless, predation pressure seems no sufficient to cause recruitment variability which is mainly generated by events operating before the juvenile stage. The last part of this work focussed on physiological performances of juvenile flatfish in order to define if environmental conditions are favourable to fish developments along all their settlement period within intertidal and estuarine areas and to assess the influence of environmental perturbations (with focus on Phaeocystis globosa bloom and chemical pollution). Field results, in addition to experimental approach, show that recent growth, general condition K and nutritional ratios RNA/DNA and TAG/ST of juveniles are high all over their settlement period, indicating that studied nurseries are favourable to development and survival, and hence to fish recruitment. Our works indicate that P. Globosa bloom decrease nutritional status of fish whereas chemical pollution, based on a comparison of different sites, affects habitat quality decreasing recent growth, condition and nutritional status of juveniles. Finally, the present work shows that the intertidal and estuarine eastern English Channel environment is favourable to good fish life history development
Cachera, Marie. "Implications of morphological and functional traits for trophic relationships within fish communities and marine trophic network architecture". Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10122/document.
Texto completoA current issue in ecology is to understand the contribution of biodiversity to ecosystem functioning and notably to comprehend how inter- and intra-specific trait variation affects trophic interactions between individuals and species, the trophic organization of communities and trophic network architecture. Particularly, morphology has historically been considered as a main determinant of organisms’ ecology, which led to the field of ecomorphology, and, from a functional perspective, is expected to influence trophic relationships and other ecological functions performed by species. This thesis aimed at studying the trophic organization of a marine fish community and its dependency on morphological and functional trait variation between and within species. The associated trophic network revealed a meta-community structure, including two sub-networks along a coastal-offshore gradient. Species trophic niche breadth and individual trophic niche variation increased together, a pattern relying partly on species functional identity and the sex, body size and habitat of individuals. Contrary to phylogeny, species morphology was a relevant proxy for functional identity. Finally, morphology seemed the main source of variability in individual trophic relationships within the assemblage, but a large part of diet variation remained unexplained suggesting that critical factors had been neglected, notably behaviour. These results allow understanding better the role of morphological and functional diversity in the structure of marine trophic networks and may help to predict their spatio-temporal dynamics and their responses to perturbations
Denoyelle, Mariéva. "Impact environnemental des activités de forage sur les foraminifères benthiques". Angers, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ANGE0078.
Texto completoMénard, Thierry. "Etude phytosociologique et écologique des peuplements lichéniques saxicoles calcifuges du sud-est de la France". Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30088.
Texto completoLelong, Amandine. "Emergence et dispersion précoce chez la truite commune Salmo trutta L. : Effets de la fragmentation et des caractéristiques phénotypiques (morphologie et énergie) des alevins sur les comportements exprimés". Pau, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PAUU3006.
Texto completoIn brown trout Salmo trutta, a part of fry population disperse downstream immediately after emergence from the redd. However the factors triggering this behaviour are still poorly understood. We hypothesized that individual early dispersal propensity of newly-emerged trout could be dependent on both genetic and non-genetic maternal effects which influence fry phenotype. Dispersal propensity as well as dispersers morphological and energetic characteristics were compared for individual fry from different full-sib families obtained from natural spawners originating from two populations with contrasting habitat fragmentation. Our results suggest that dispersal has no simple genetic basis in Salmo trutta. However, they also provide evidence that brown trout maternal life-history traits influence both progeny dispersal propensity and phenotypic characteristics. In the isolated population, individuals showing a low energetic value emerged earlier. This strategy might provide better survival than emerging at a more appropriate stage in terms of hydrodynamism but with energy depletion through prior residence effects. Such differences were not detected in the connected population. In the connected population, dispersal was due to high energy reserves and probably evolved to maximize habitat use and to reduce density-dependent mortality. In contrast, dispersers from the isolated population were late emerging fry showing low caloric value. It suggests that dispersal was mainly due to competition with early emergent fry and evolved to maximize late emerging fry survival. We concluded that populations experiencing different environmental conditions could develop different behavioural strategies for emergence and dispersal
Artaud, Hélène. "La poïétique des flots : ouvrir, construire, et refermer la mer dans le Banc d'Arguin (Mauritanie)". Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EHES0469.
Texto completoThe sea is not an immuable and pre-existent undifferentiated space. It renews, constructs and elaborates itself following distinct rationales which are complementary or conflicting, convergent or divergent. The imragen fishermen community of Mauritania shows an immeasurable diversity of arrangements representations and ways to domesticate the sea in spite of a strong pastoral base. The goal of our thesis is to reveal its uniqueness, its richness and its transformations in the aftermath of the Banc d'Arguin National Parc creation whose territory is occupied by part of these communities
Kacher, Mohamed. "Le Merlu du Golfe de Gascogne et de la Mer Celtique : Croissance, répartition spatiale et bathymétrique, écologie alimentaire et assemblages". Littoral, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004DUNK0114.
Texto completoUp to now, the estimate of the northern hake stock present a number of difficulties because of the ignorance of its growth parameters. By describing the evolution of the growth for the juvenile stages (<25 cm), it was possible (1) to certify that the hakes in the Bay of Biscay and in the Celtic Sea belong to the same species, (2) to evaluate the growth rates of the various group of age and (3) to improve our knowledge about the spatial and bathymetric distribution, the food ecology and the trophic behaviour
Chifflet, Marina. "Interprétation par modélisation des processus physiques et biologiques observés à courte échelle de temps sur la colonne d'eau : Application à la mer Ligure en Mai 1995 (Campagne Dynaproc)". Aix-Marseille 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX22064.
Texto completoLe, Fur Jean. "Modélisation numérique des transferts de radioéléments artificiels en mer de Manche : processus hydrodynamiques, biologiques et sédimentaires". Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO10129.
Texto completoCarre, Catherine. "Transfert de radionucléides dans les organismes vivants : analyse de données et modélisation : application au domaine de la Manche". Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10238.
Texto completoVantrepotte, Vincent. "Caractérisation bio-optique des eaux côtières en Manche Orientale pour l'estimation de la production primaire et le suivi des poussées phytoplanctoniques : application à la télédétection satellitaire "couleur de l'eau" en milieu côtier". Littoral, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DUNK0100.
Texto completoThe coastal ecosystems are among the most productive but also the most variable ones at both spatial and temporal scales. Remote sensing of "ocean colour" seems to be well adapted to study phytoplankton dynamics in such variable systems, due to its high spatial resolution and high temporal frequency. Remote sensing development in coastal waters (belonging to case 2 waters) requires simultaneously the characterization of : (i) the phytoplankton dynamics, (ii) the bio-optical properties of the optically active compartments of seawater (phytoplankton, yellow substances and non-phytoplankton particulate matter) and (iii) the variability of algal photosynthetic parameters. These points correspond to the objectives of our study, for which 5 mesoscale campaigns at sea were carried out in the eastern English Channel in 2000. At an ecological point of view, various ecosystems ("province") were discriminated on their hydro-biological characteristics. At a bio-optical point of view, the absorption spectra of yellow substances, phytoplankton and non-phytoplankton particulate matter present different dynamics (both at space and season scales), related to different environmental and/or biological factors. The variability of the algal photosynthetic parameters was studied on various spatial and temporal scales in order to define and adapted strategy for the mesoscale primary production modelling in the Eastern English Channel
Cotonnec, Gwenaëlle. "Les lipides, marqueurs des relations trophiques planctoniques dans les écosystèmes pélagiques côtiers". Littoral, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DUNK0060.
Texto completoThe objective of this work was to study the trophic relationships between the phytoplankton and the zooplankton in the Eastern English Channel durong the spring bloom dominated by Phaeocystis sp. These relationships were studied using the fatty acids and the phytoplanktonic pigments as biomarkers. The POM (particulate organic matter) and copepods were analyzed by HLPC and GC to : characterize the composition of the nutritive pool, estimate the physiological state and the nutritive quality of the phytoplankton, characterize the diet of copepods. Jointly, microscopic counting was done to determine more accurately the phytoplankton composition and measure the cell size. A spatial study was conducted through the strait of Dover to : point out the qualitative and quantitative changes of the nutritive pool in the Strait of Dover ; localise the zone of high production during the phytoplankton spring bloom : the French coastal waters where the trophic relationships were detailed. A temporal study was conducted between Boulogne/Mer and the Bay of Authie in March, May and June 1998 to describe the qualitative and quantitative variations of the copepod nutritive pool. During the phytoplankton spring bloom, a development of Phaeocystis sp. Was observed jointly to a declining of diatoms, Cryptophytes, Dinophytes and Cyanophytes. In the same way, the nutritive quality of the POM decreased. During the phytoplankton growth, the nutrients are depleted in the water column. Thus, the phytoplankton production was totally regenerated. The trophic relationships were studied through the Dover Strait and in a retention zone localise in front of the Bay of Somme. The lipid biomarkers pointed out the diet and the alimentary behaviour of copepods : A. Clausi, P. Elongatus and T. Longicornis. In this study, T. Longicornis was the most selective species whereas A. Clausi was the most opportunistic. The daily ratios were sufficient for A. Clausi and P. Elongatus by contrast to T. Longicornis. Nevertheless, the fatty acid reserves were mobilised in the three species indicating that the Phaeocystis sp bloom was inadequate
Ridoux, Vincent. "Ecologie alimentaire des oiseaux de mer des îles Crozet". Brest, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BRES2035.
Texto completoFiard, Maud. "Indicateurs microbiens de l'état fonctionnel de mangroves en Outre-mer : application de la directive cadre sur l'eau". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/221214_FIARD_308gabs216ubg613yma945ic_TH.pdf.
Texto completoDue to its location, mangrove forests testify of the quality of the coastal waters and of the anthropic pressures in the littoral zone. Mangroves could therefore constitute a useful biological quality element to be used in the EU Water Framework Directive. To assess the use of mangroves for monitoring the water bodies in French overseas territories, a specific project, the “DCE mangrove project”, was created and funded by the French Biodiversity Agency. This project offered the opportunity to study the response and the functioning of French mangroves subjected to different types and levels of anthropic pressures. The global aims of this PhD were to characterize the French mangroves benthic bacterial and archaeal communities (molecular biomass, abundance, diversity and composition) in order (i) to improve our knowledge of these key organisms in mangroves functioning, (ii) to determine the drivers of mangrove microbiota, (iii) to identify several potential bioindicators of main anthropic pressures applied on mangrove forests. The results obtained to date have allowed (i) to select an appropriate molecular method to describe the benthic mangrove microbiota, (ii) to produce a detailed characterization of the anthropic pressures in several mangrove sites in French Guiana and Martinique island (West Indies), (iii) to start to build the microbial diversity reference system in French mangrove sediments and (iv) to identify potential microbial bioindicators of mangrove health. This work is a contribution to the establishment of a mangrove ecological indicator of the coastal and transitional water bodies qualities of the French oversea territories