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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Electrons and neutrons"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 25 de mayo de 2024

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Electrons and neutrons"

Gorlova, D. A., A. Yu Zavorotny, I. N. Tsymbalov, K. A. Ivanov, S. A. Shulyapov, R. V. Volkov y A. B. Savel’ev. "Neutron Source from (γ,<i>n</i>) Reactions at a Laser-Plasma Accelerator and Its Use for Electron Beam Characterization". Поверхность. Рентгеновские, синхротронные и нейтронные исследования, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2023): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s1028096023080083.

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Development of compact laboratory-scale neutron sources is of importance both for fundamental physical research and practical applications (for example, neutron radiography and spectroscopy). One of the most promising approaches to the development of such a source is the implementation of laser-plasma accelerated electrons or ions, and the subsequent initiation of nuclear reactions (γ,n), (p,n) or (d,n) with the emission of neutrons. In the present work, a neutron source produced via photodisintegration reactions (γ,n) using an electron beam from a one TW laser-plasma accelerator has been created and characterized. Maximum observed neutron flux was ~105 neutrons/s · srad with a ~106 neutrons per J of laser radiation efficiency. With constant efficiency and 10 times increase in the laser pulse energy the neutron flux will be sufficient for certain applications. Numerical Monte-Carlo simulations of neutron generation by an electron beam with parameters corresponding to those measured experimentally were also carried out. It was demonstrated that the number of generated neutrons can be used to estimate the charge and average energy of accelerated electrons. The obtained values are in good agreement with the values measured by the standard beam diagnostic tools.

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Liu, Yiheng, Kai He, Gang Wang, Guilong Gao, Xin Yan, Yanhua Xue, Ping Chen et al. "Simulation of the impact of using a novel neutron conversion screen on detector time characteristics and efficiency". AIP Advances 12, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 2022): 045206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0073025.

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To directly measure the DT neutrons from inertial confinement fusion with a high time resolution, a new type of neutron conversion composed of a CH2 conversion layer, a metal moderation layer, and a CsI secondary electron emission layer is proposed. The conversion screen is based on the principle that recoil protons produced by elastic scattering of the neutrons in CH2 interact with CsI to generate secondary electrons. The moderation layer can filter the energy spectrum of protons to prevent low-energy protons from reaching CsI, which shortens the duration of the secondary electron pulse and improves the temporal resolution of the conversion screen. Based on the Monte Carlo method, both the neutron impulse and background γ-rays response of this conversion screen were calculated. The simulation indicates that the temporal resolution of the conversion screen can reach up to 4.9 ps when the thickness of the gold layer is 100 µm. The detection efficiency of secondary electrons/neutrons can reach 7.4 × 10−3. The detection efficiency of the neutron conversion screen for secondary electrons/γ-rays is an order of magnitude lower than the neutron impulse response, and the response time of γ-rays is 20 ps earlier than the neutron pulses. This means that using this conversion screen is beneficial to distinguish between neutrons and γ-rays and has a good signal-to-noise ratio.

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Garibli, A. A., A. A. Garibov y E. M. Huseynov. "Defect formation processes in the silicon nanoparticles under the neutron irradiation". Modern Physics Letters B 33, n.º 26 (20 de septiembre de 2019): 1950315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984919503159.

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Silicon nanoparticles have been irradiated by neutrons up to 20 h. Free electrons and defects in the nanosilicon particles have been comparatively investigated before and after neutron irradiation using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) method. The neutron scattering and capture cross-section processes have been calculated for natural [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] isotopes, which are main part of nanosilicon samples when irradiated for 20 h by epithermal neutrons. Particle size, agglomeration and other surface effects of silicon nanoparticles were studied with scanning electron microscope (SEM) before and after neutron irradiation.

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Potera, Piotr. "Analytical Description of Concentration of Radiation Displacement Defects in Oxide Crystals as Function of Electrons or Neutrons Energy". Advances in Materials Science 22, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2022): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/adms-2022-0012.

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Abstract The main purpose of this work is the description of dependence of the concentration of radiation displacements defects (RDD) induced by electrons and neutrons in garnets, perovskites, silicates, germanates, and tungsted bronzes type crystals (Y3Al5O12, Gd3Ga5O12, YAlO3, LiNbO3, Bi4Si3O12, Bi4Ge3O12, Ca0.28Ba0.72Nb2O6) on the energy of particles by analytical function. The dependences were determined on the basis of calculations made using the Monte-Carlo method realized in the Atom Collision Cascade Simulation program. The results of calculations show that the concentrations of RDD reduced to one impinging particle increased initially with the particles energy and they saturates for the electron and neutron energy above 3–36 MeV, depending on crystal, sublattice and kind of irradiation particle. A wide range of energies for which the concentration of RDD is independent of the energy of particles (neutrons, electrons) makes them potential materials for the dosimetry of high-energy particles. The comparison of the concentrations of RDD calculated for different sublattices as well as for the cases of electrons and neutrons is made. In the case of irradiation with electrons, the relative concentration of RDD of the oxygen sublattice strongly depends on the energy of electrons and the crystal and varies in the range of 10–90%. In the case of neutrons, the relative concentration of RDD of the oxygen sublattice does not depend on the neutron energy and is in the range of 66–84% depending on the crystal.

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Ozawa, Naohiro. "The Emergence of Weak Interaction". Hyperscience International Journals 2, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2022): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.55672/hij2022pp108-114.

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The view of the Standard Model on the β decay of neutrons through weak interaction is that neutrons break down ‎to form ‎protons P and weak bosons W^- and finally into protons‎, electron and anti-electron neutrinos. The three ‎quarks (U,d,d) that ‎compose neutrons are joined by strong interaction, so bonds formed by strong interaction ‎supposedly cannot be broken ‎by weak interaction, which is far weaker than strong interaction. Nevertheless, ‎neutrons do decay. Further, the three ‎quarks (U,d,d) that form neutrons are fundamental particles, and it should ‎not be possible for other fundamental particles to ‎emerge from these three fundamental particles. Nevertheless, not ‎only does (U,d,d) change into (U,U,d), but electrons ‎and anti-electron-neutrinos, which are fundamental particles, ‎also emerge. This must not have a double meaning. As shown ‎here, there are multiple contradictions in weak ‎interaction of the Standard Model.‎ In this paper, weak interaction is mediated by the π‎-ons group that results from ‎the working of strong interaction step 1 ‎that was described in a previous paper and acts on the nucleons group ‎‎(‎‎P‎ ‎,P ̅ ‎‎,n,n ̅ ‎ ‎) that resulted from step 2. In other ‎words, at the point immediately prior to the emergence of weak ‎interaction, all the particles that existed in the universe were ‎used in order to make weak interaction emerge. The ‎weak interaction in this paper refers to the strong interaction bonds ‎composed of neutrons and ‎π^±‎-ons first being ‎dissolved by strong interaction. As such, the reason why neutrons change to ‎protons is just because the ‎‎d-quark of ‎the neutron is replaced with the ‎U‎-quark of the‎ π^±‎-on.‎

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Chen, Zekun, Konstantin Kouzakov, Yu-Feng Li, Vadim Shakhov, Konstantin Stankevich y Alexander Studenikin. "Collective neutrino oscillations in moving and polarized matter". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2156, n.º 1 (1 de diciembre de 2021): 012180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2156/1/012180.

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Abstract We consider neutrino evolution master equations in dense moving and polarized matter consisted of electrons, neutrons, protons and neutrinos. We also take into account the neutrino magnetic moment interaction with a magnetic field. We point out the mechanisms responsible for the neutrino spin precession and provide the expressions for the corresponding interaction Hamiltonians that should be taken into account in theoretical treatments of collective neutrino oscillations.

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Papp, Daniel, Ales Necas, Nasr Hafz, Toshiki Tajima, Sydney Gales, Gerard Mourou, Gabor Szabo y Christos Kamperidis. "Laser Wakefield Photoneutron Generation with Few-Cycle High-Repetition-Rate Laser Systems". Photonics 9, n.º 11 (3 de noviembre de 2022): 826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9110826.

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Simulations of photoneutron generation are presented for the anticipated experimental campaign at ELI-ALPS using the under-commissioning e-SYLOS beamline. Photoneutron generation is a three-step process starting with the creation of a relativistic electron beam which is converted to gamma radiation, which in turn generates neutrons via the γ,n interaction in high-Z material. Electrons are accelerated to relativistic energies using the laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA) mechanism. The LWFA process is simulated with a three-dimensional particle in cell code to generate an electron bunch of 100s pC charge from a 100 mJ, 9 fs laser interaction with a helium gas jet target. The resultant electron spectrum is transported through a lead sphere with the Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) code to convert electrons to gammas and gammas to neutrons in a single simulation. A neutron yield of 3×107 per shot over 4π is achieved, with a corresponding neutron yield per kW of 6×1011 n/s/kW. The paper concludes with a discussion on the attractiveness of LWFA-driven photoneutron generation on high impact, and societal applications.

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HO, CHOON-LIN, V. R. KHALILOV y CHI YANG. "EFFECT OF STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS ON THE EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEGENERATE GAS OF NUCLEONS AND ELECTRONS". Modern Physics Letters B 10, n.º 23 (10 de octubre de 1996): 1141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984996001309.

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We obtain the equations that define the equilibrium of a homogeneous relativistic gas of neutrons, protons and electrons in a constant magnetic field as applied to the conditions that probably occur near the center of neutron stars. We compute the relative densities of the particles at equilibrium and the Fermi momentum of electrons in the strong magnetic field as function of the density of neutrons and the magnetic field induction. Novel features are revealed as to the ratio of the number of protons to the number of neutrons at equilibrium in the presence of large magnetic fields.

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Ghosh, Sayan, Abhijit Bandyopadhyay, Pijushpani Bhattacharjee, Sovan Chakraborty, Kamales Kar y Satyajit Saha. "Simulation of Nuclear Recoils due to Supernova Neutrino-induced Neutrons in Liquid Xenon Detectors". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2156, n.º 1 (1 de diciembre de 2021): 012135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2156/1/012135.

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Abstract Neutrinos from supernova (SN) bursts can give rise to detectable number of nuclear recoil (NR) events through the coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEυNS) process in large scale liquid xenon detectors designed for direct dark matter search, depending on the SN progenitor mass and distance. Here we show that in addition to the direct NR events due to CEvNS process, the SN neutrinos can give rise to additional nuclear recoils due to the elastic scattering of neutrons produced through inelastic interaction of the neutrinos with the xenon nuclei. We find that the contribution of the supernova neutrino-induced neutrons (υIn) can significantly modify the total xenon NR spectrum at large recoil energies compared to that expected from the CEυNS process alone. Moreover, for recoil energies ≳ 20 keV, dominant contribution is obtained from the (υIn) events. We numerically calculate the observable S1 and S2 signals due to both CEvNS and vIn processes for a typical liquid xenon based detector, accounting for the multiple scattering effects of the neutrons in the case of υIn, and find that sufficiently large signal events, those with S1≳50 photo-electrons (PE) and S2≳2300 PE, come mainly from the υIn scatterings.

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Spence, J. C. H., U. Weierstall y J. Fries. "On Lensless Imaging of Organics with Neutrons, X-Rays, Helium Atoms and Low Energy Electrons: Damage and Iterative Phase Retrieval". Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (agosto de 2001): 268–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600027410.

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Recent experiments with X-rays and high energy electrons have shown that image recovery from diffracted intensities is possible for non-periodic objects using iterative algorithms. Application of these methods to biological molecules raises the crucial problem of radiation damage, which may be quantified by Q = ΔE σi/σe, the amount of energy deposited by inelastic events per elastic event. Neutrons, helium atoms and low energy electrons below most ionization thresholds produce the smallest values of Q (see for TMV imaged at 60 eV). For neutrons (λ = 10-2Å, and deuterated, 15N-abelled molecules) Q is ∼3000 times smaller (∼50 times for λ = 1.8Å) than for electrons (80- 500keV) and about 4x 106 times smaller than for soft X-rays (1.5Å). Since σe for neutrons is about 105 times smaller than for electrons (and about 10 times smaller than for soft X-rays), a 105 times higher neutron dose is required to obtain the same S/N in a phase contrast image compared with electrons, if other noise sources are absent.

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Más fuentes

Tesis sobre el tema "Electrons and neutrons"

ANDRADE, MARCOS L. G. "Radiografia com elétrons induzida por nêutrons: Neutron induced eletron radiography". reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2008. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11610.

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Raymond, Stéphane. "Excitations de basse énergie dans les fermions lourds par diffusion inélastique des neutrons". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10103.

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La technique de diffusion inelastique des neutrons a ete utilisee pour caracteriser le spectre des excitations magnetiques de basse energie dans les composes a electrons fortement correles cenisn, ce#1#-#xla#xru#2si#2 et ceru#2ge#2. Cenisn est un compose kondo semimetallique dont le spectre des excitations magnetiques est compose de deux modes d'energie 2 et 4 mev et respectivement piques au centre et bord de zone de brillouin. L'application d'un champ magnetique met en evidence la nature differente de ces modes : le premier se deplace vers les plus hautes energies et la reponse du second s'elargit. Les modeles de gap d'hybridation particularises pour ce compose permettent de relier le mode a 4 mev aux proprietes macroscopiques observees. La dynamique des moments magnetiques pres d'une instabilite magnetique a ete etudiee dans le compose ce#1##xla#xru#2si#2 avec x = 0. 075. De facon surprenante, un ordre magnetique non conventionnel a ete mis en evidence (m = 0. 02 #b et t#n = 1. 8 k). La dynamique de spin par rapport au compose pur a ete reliee, grace a la theorie des fluctuations de spin de moriya, aux mesures macroscopiques. L'application d'un champ magnetique sur le compose ceru#2si#2 met en evidence le changement de la reponse dynamique du systeme de part et d'autre de la transition pseudometamagnetique. La reponse quasielastique et a courte portee a bas champ est remplacee par un ordre statique a longue distance en champ fort (h = 12 t). Dans ce contexte, la phase antiferromagnetique du compose ferromagnetique ceru#2ge#2 a ete caracterisee. Il existe alors une analogie entre ce compose sous sa temperature de curie et ceru#2si#2 au dessus du champ metamagnetique.

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Dale, Gregory E. "Electron accelerator-driven photoneutron source for clinical environments /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3091914.

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Balédent, Victor. "Paramètre d'ordre magnétique dans la phase de pseudogap des oxydes de cuivre supraconducteurs à haute température critique". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00683440.

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Ce travail de thèse présente un nouvel ordre magnétique dans l'énigmatique phase de pseudo-gap des cuprates supraconducteurs à haute température critique. L'étude des composés YBa2Cu3O6+δ, HgBa2CuO4+δ et La1.92Sr0.08CuO4 par diffusion élastique de neutrons polarisés a permis de mettre en évidence un paramètre d'ordre magnétique en dessous d'une température comparable à celle de l'ouverture du pseudo-gap de ces systèmes. Nous avons également montré pour la première fois l'existence dans la famille HgBa2CuO4+δ de deux modes collectifs magnétiques associés à la phase de pseudo-gap. Tous ces résultats indiquent qu'à l'ouverture du pseudo-gap est associée une vraie transition de phase, avec un paramètre d'ordre magnétique et une symétrie brisée: la symétrie par renversement du temps. Il est toutefois important de noter que la symétrie de translation du réseau est préservée: on parle alors d'ordre à Q=0. Dans le système YBa2Cu3O6+δ, nous avons établi que lorsque l'on s'approche du composé parent, ou lorsque l'on introduit des impuretés telles que du Zn, les fluctuations de spin incommensurables autour du vecteur d'onde antiferromagnétique (QAF) se développent au détriment du nouvel ordre à Q=0. De manière similaire, nous avons pu mettre en évidence une interaction entre l'instabilité magnétique autour de QAF et le nouvel ordre à Q=0 dans La1.92Sr0.08CuO4. L'ensemble de ces résultats apporte une pièce maitresse au puzzle que représente toujours la supraconductivité à haute température critique, malgré 25 ans de recherche.

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Grasset, Fabien. "Propriétés structurales, magnétiques et catalytiques de nouveaux oxydes à base de ruthénium ou de platine à empilements mixtes dérivés de la structure perovskite". Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007279.

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Lors de l'étude de la série A3A'RuO6 (membre n = infini de la famille A3n+3A'nBn+3O9+6n) (A = Ca, Sr ; A'=Li, Na), quatre nouvelles phases ont été isolées. La structure, constituée de chaînes [RuA'O6] parallèles à l'axe c, est isotype de Sr4PtO6. Une étude comparative des propriétés magnétiques et des expériences de diffraction neutronique montre que ces phases ne semblent pas supporter de description en terme de système magnétique monodimensionnel. L'investigation du système Ba-Pt-O a permis de mettre en évidence la solution solide Ba12[BaxPt3-x]Pt6O27 (O £ x £ 3) où x représente la proportion de Pt2+ occupant les sites prismatiques. La structure de base correspond au membre n = 3 de la famille A3n+3A'NBn+3O9+6n. Il a été montré par diffraction des rayons X et des électrons que la structure de ces phases est modulée incommensurable pour x £ 1 et modulé commensurable pour x > 1. L'activité catalytique de ces composés pour l'oxydation totale du CO en CO2 a été étudiée. Dans le système Ba-Ru-O, les phases Ba5Ru2O9(O2) et Ba5Ru2O10 ont été caractérisées sur le plan structurale et magnétique. L'originalité dans la phase Ba5Ru2O9(O2) est l'existence d'ions peroxydes (O2)2- dans les couches [Ba2(O2)]. Une filiation structurale avec la structure perovskite est proposée. Ba5Ru2O9(O2) et Ba5Ru2O10 correspondant au membre n = 3 de la série [A2O2](AnBn-1O3n).

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Yuan, Junhua Filippone Bradley. "Progress towards a high precision measurement of the neutron spin--electron angular correlation in polarized neutron beta decay with ultra-cold neutrons /". Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : Caltech, 2006. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-01302006-153024.

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Bianchini, Matteo. "In situ diffraction studies of electrode materials for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries". Thesis, Amiens, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AMIE0022/document.

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Ce travail vise à étudier les matériaux d'électrodes pour batteries Li-ion et Na-ion lors qu’ils fonctionnent à l'intérieur des batteries. Afin de comprendre l'évolution structurelle des matériaux alors que les ions Li+ ou Na+ sont insérés/extraits de leur cadre, on utilise principalement la diffraction, exploitant neutrons, rayons X et le rayonnement synchrotron (SR). Nous avons adopté une approche combinée des mesures ex situ, in situ et operando. Au début, nous avons conçu une cellule électrochimique pour mesures in situ de diffraction de neutrons sur poudre (NPD), avec un alliage en (Ti,Zr) "transparent aux neutrons"; cette cellule s'est ajoutée à l’ensemble de nos outils pour effectuer des études de type operando. Nous avons démontré leur faisabilité en utilisant LiFePO4, montrant de bonnes performances électrochimiques et des données NPD de haute qualité pour affinements structurales Rietveld. Ensuite, nous avons réalisé des études des spinelles Li1+xMn2-xO4 (x=0,0.05,0.10) et LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4: pendant le cyclage, nous avons rapporté des évolutions structurelles, des diagrammes de phases et paramètres subtils tels que le comportement du Li, ou les facteurs de température. L’utilisation complémentaire du SR a clarifié la nature de la phase ordonnée Li0.5Mn2O4. Nos études combinées ont concernées d’autres matériaux d'électrodes prometteurs: LiVPO4O et Na3V2(PO4)2F3. Les 2 révèle des comportements complexes pendant la (de)intercalation du Li+/Na+. Les données de haute qualité ont permis des analyses quantitatives, dévoilant la structure d'un grand nombre des phases ordonnées et menant à la compréhension du comportement des cations dans ces matériaux
This work aims at studying electrode materials for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries as they function inside batteries. Diffraction is the mainly used technique, exploiting neutrons, X-Rays and synchrotron radiation (SR), to obtain insights on the structural evolution of such materials as Li+ or Na+ are inserted/extracted from their framework. We adopted a combined approach of ex situ, in situ and operando measurements to extract a maximum of information from our studies. At first, we designed an electrochemical cell for in situ neutron powder diffraction (NPD) measurements, featuring a “neutron-transparent” (Ti,Zr) alloy; this cell, joined to others previously developed in our group, gave us a complete set of tools to perform our studies. We demonstrated the feasibility of operando NPD using LiFePO4, showing good electrochemical performances and high-quality NPD patterns for Rietveld structural refinements. Then we carried out detailed studies of spinels Li1+xMn2-xO4 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10) and LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4: we reported phase diagrams, structural evolutions and subtle parameters as lithium's behavior inside the spinel framework, or thermal displacement parameters, directly upon cycling. Complementary use of SR shed light on other features, as the nature of the ordered phase Li0.5Mn2O4. Our combined studies concerned other promising electrode materials: LiVPO4O and Na3V2(PO¬4)2F3. Both revealed complex behaviors upon Li+/Na+

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Astier, Pierre. "Recherche d'oscillations de neutrinos dans le canal neutrino-muon vers neutrino-electron aupres de l'accelerateur de brookhaven". Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077268.

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Heron, Heidi. "Techniques to measure the NC background in the SNO experiment". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244578.

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Fischer, Vincent. "Beta-decay emitted electronic antineutrinos as a tool for unsolved problems in neutrino oscillation physics". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066237/document.

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Le cadre global des oscillations de neutrinos est maintenant bien compris et nous quittons une ère d'exploration pour une ère de précision. L'expérience Double Chooz a pour but de mesurer l'angle de mélange theta13 par l'étude des oscillations des antineutrinos électroniques produits par les réacteurs de la centrale nucléaire de Chooz. Dans cette thèse, une sélection préliminaire des neutrinos détectés dans le détecteur proche est présentée. Les résultats les plus récents de Double Chooz, desquels sont extraits la mesure de theta13 la plus précise que l'expérience peut fournir à ce jour, seront également discutés. La géométrie de l'expérience, relativement simple, représente un avantage considérable afin d'effecteur des études de directionalité des neutrinos dont les résultats, obtenus en analysant les jeux de données les plus récents avec captures sur Gd et H, sont présentés. Ce concept de directionalité peut être appliqué à l'astronomie/astrophysique en offrant la possibilité de localiser des supernovas après détection de leurs neutrinos. Les résultats de simulations de directionalité effectuées avec différentes combinaisons de détecteurs seront présentées. Enfin, plusieurs anomalies pourraient s'expliquer par l'existence de nouveaux états, stériles, de neutrinos. Le but de l¿expérience CeSOX est de confirmer ou réfuter cette hypothèse en déployant une source radioactive à coté d'un grand détecteur comme KamLAND ou Borexino. Dans cette thèse seront présentés les résultats des simulations de signaux et de bruits de fond effectuées afin de valider le principe de l'expérience et de s'assurer de sa sensibilité à l'observation d'une oscillation vers un neutrino stérile
The framework of neutrino oscillations is quite well-understood and now requires precision rather than exploration. The Double Chooz experiment aims at measuring the theta13 mixing angle through the oscillations of electronic antineutrinos produced by the reactors of the Chooz nuclear power plant. The comparison of the interaction rates and spectral shapes in the two Double Chooz's detectors allows the observation of a disappearance and a spectral distortion, both driven by theta13. In this thesis, a preliminary neutrino selection with the near detector, whose data taking started in December 2014, has been performed. The most recent results of Double Chooz, providing the most precise measurement of the experiment, are presented as well.The simple layout of Double Chooz is a strong advantage to conduct directionality studies. Results of these studies using the most recent neutrino candidates with neutron captures on Gd and H are showed. Neutrino directionality can be applied to astronomy, with the localization of core-collapse supernovae. To this purpose, results of directionality measurements performed with combinations of large neutrino detectors over the globe are presented.Finally, recent anomalies observed in short baseline experiments provided hints of the hypothetical existence of additional sterile neutrino states. The goal of the CeLAND/CeSOX experiment is to test this hypothesis by deploying a radioactive source next to a large liquid scintillator detector such as KamLAND or Borexino. In this thesis, are presented results of signal and background simulations performed to validate the design and assess the sensitivity of such an experiment

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Libros sobre el tema "Electrons and neutrons"

Kannengiesser, Thomas, Sudarsanam Suresh Babu, Yu-ichi Komizo y Antonio J. Ramirez, eds. In-situ Studies with Photons, Neutrons and Electrons Scattering. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14794-4.

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In-situ studies with photons, neutrons and electrons scattering. Heidelberg: Springer, 2010.

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Smarandache, Florentin. Neutrosophic physics: More problems, more solutions, collection of papers. Hanko, Finland: North-European Scientific Publishers, 2010.

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Kannengiesser, Thomas, Sudarsanam Suresh Babu, Yu-ichi Komizo y Antonio J. Ramirez, eds. In-situ Studies with Photons, Neutrons and Electrons Scattering II. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06145-0.

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R, Helliwell John y Rentzepis Peter M. 1934-, eds. Time-resolved diffraction. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.

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Balcar, Ewald. Theory of magnetic neutron and photon scattering. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.

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An introduction to the passage of energetic particles through matter. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2007.

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Balcar, E. Neutron-electron spectroscopy. Chilton: Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, 2000.

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A search for muon neutrino to electron neutrino oscillations in the MINOS experiment. New York: Springer, 2011.

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K, Mann Alfred, ed. Neutrino interactions with electrons and protons: An account of an experimental program in particle physics in the 1980s. New York: American Institute of Physics, 1993.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Electrons and neutrons"

Averyn, Viktar S. "Short Refresher of Radiobiology". En Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies in Animal Production Systems, Preparedness, Response and Recovery, 13–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-63021-1_2.

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AbstractThe atoms are built up of a nucleus, containing positive (protons) and neutral (neutrons) particles, surrounded by negative particles (electrons), circulating around the “atomic orbit”. The number of the protons in the nucleus is giving the atomic number of the element (usually labelled as “Z”), and the sum of the neutrons and protons in the nucleus is giving the atomic or mass number of the element (usually labelled as “A”). The number in the electrons in the atomic orbit is always equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. However, as the mass of the electrons is almost equal to zero, they do not influence the whole atomic mass.

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Budzyński, Piotr. "Irradiation with neutrons, α particles and electrons". En Effect of Ion Irradiation on the Properties of Metals and Alloys, 154–58. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781032629605-7.

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Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann, C. A., T. Abdul-Redah, M. Krzystyniak y M. Vos. "Attosecond Effects in Scattering of Neutrons and Electrons from Protons". En Decoherence, Entanglement and Information Protection in Complex Quantum Systems, 483–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3283-8_32.

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Komizo, Yu-ichi y Hidenori Terasaki. "In Situ Study of Phase Transformation in Steel During Welding". En In-situ Studies with Photons, Neutrons and Electrons Scattering, 1–11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14794-4_1.

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Zabler, S., A. Rack, F. García-Moreno, A. Ershov, T. Baumbach y J. Banhart. "Imaging Fast Processes in Liquid Metal Foams and Semi-Solid Alloys Using Synchrotron Radioscopy with Spatio-Temporal Micro-Resolution". En In-situ Studies with Photons, Neutrons and Electrons Scattering, 149–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14794-4_10.

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Francis, J. A. "In Situ Measurements for Structural Integrity: An Engineer’s Perspective". En In-situ Studies with Photons, Neutrons and Electrons Scattering, 159–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14794-4_11.

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Tomota, Y., P. G. Xu, E. C. Oliver y A. Paradowska. "In Situ Neutron Diffraction During Thermo-Mechanically Controlled Process for Low Alloy Steels". En In-situ Studies with Photons, Neutrons and Electrons Scattering, 175–90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14794-4_12.

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L’uboš, Mráz, Leif Karlsson, Hamák Ivan, Mikula Pavol y Vrána Miroslav. "Influence of Plastic Deformation on the Residual Stress Distribution and Fatigue Behaviour of High Strength Steels Welds". En In-situ Studies with Photons, Neutrons and Electrons Scattering, 191–200. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14794-4_13.

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Kromm, Arne, Thomas Kannengiesser y Jens Gibmeier. "In Situ Studies of Phase Transformation and Residual Stresses in LTT Alloys During Welding Using Synchrotron Radiation". En In-situ Studies with Photons, Neutrons and Electrons Scattering, 13–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14794-4_2.

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Torres, E. A., F. G. Peternella, R. Caram y A. J. Ramírez. "In Situ Scanning Electron Microscopy High Temperature Deformation Experiments to Study Ductility Dip Cracking of Ni–Cr–Fe Alloys". En In-situ Studies with Photons, Neutrons and Electrons Scattering, 27–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14794-4_3.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Electrons and neutrons"

Altstadt, Eberhard, Carsten Beckert, Hartwig Freiesleben, Vladimir Galindo, Eckart Grosse, Arnd Junghans, Ba¨rbel Naumann y Frank-Peter Weiss. "Design of a Photoneutron Source for Time-of-Flight Experiments at the Radiation Source ELBE". En 12th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone12-49456.

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The new radiation source ELBE at Research Center Rossendorf uses the high brilliance electron beam from a superconducting LINAC to produce various secondary beams. Electron beam intensities of up to 1 mA at energies between 12 MeV and 40 MeV can be delivered with a wide variability in the electron pulse structure. The maximum pulse frequency is 13 MHz with a pulse width less than 10 ps. The small emittance of the electron beam permits the irradiation of very small volumes. These main beam parameters led to the idea to convert the intense picosecond electron pulses into sub-ns neutron pulses by stopping the electrons in a heavy (high atomic number) radiator and to produce neutrons by bremsstrahlung photons through (γ,n)-reactions. In order to enable measurements of energy resolved neutron cross sections like (n,p), (n,α) and (n,f) with a time-of-flight arrangement with a short flight path of only a few meters, it is necessary to keep the volume of the radiator for neutron production as small as possible to avoid multiple scattering of the emerging neutrons which would broaden the neutron pulses. It is the primary physics objective of this neutron source to determine neutron cross sections firstly for construction materials of fusion and fission reactors, for which it is important to select radiation hard materials, and secondly for the handling of waste from such reactors, especially in order to find processes which transmute long-lived radioactive nuclides into short-lived and finally stable ones. In addition, the distribution of fragments can be analyzed which are produced by neutron-induced transmutation of long-lived radioactive nuclides. Furthermore experiments can be performed which address problems of nuclear astrophysics. The energy deposition of the electron beam in the small neutron radiator is that high that any solid material would melt. Therefore, the neutron radiator consists of liquid lead flowing through a channel of 11.2×11.2 mm2 cross section. From the thermal and mechanical point of view molybdenum turned out to be the most suited channel wall (thickness 0.5 mm) material. Depending on the electron energy and current up to 20 kW power will be deposited into a radiator volume of 3 cm3. This heating power is removed through the heat exchanger in the liquid lead circuit. Typical flow velocities of the lead are in the range of 2 m/s in the radiator section. The electrons that are not stopped in the radiator and the secondary radiation are dumped in an aluminum beam dump. To reduce the radiation back-ground in the measuring direction, the neutrons are decoupled from the radiator at an angle of 90° with respect to the impinging electrons. Particle transport calculations were carried out using the Monte Carlo codes MCNP and FLUKA. These calculations predict a neutron source strength of 7.88·1012 and 2.67·1013 n/s for electron energies between 20 and 40 MeV. At the measuring place 362 cm away from the radiator, neutron fluxes of 1.7·107 n/(cm2 s) will be obtained. The mentioned time-of-flight distance allows for an energy resolution better than 1%. The maximum usable neutron energy is about 7 MeV.

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Rusby, D., S. M. Kerr, G. J. Williams, A. Kemp, A. Aghedo, A. MacPhee, S. Wilks et al. "Laser-Driven MeV X-ray Radiography using the NIF-ARC laser system". En 3D Image Acquisition and Display: Technology, Perception and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/3d.2023.jtu4a.14.

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High intensity lasers (>1 x 1018 W/cm2) interacting with a plasma can accelerate a spectrum of electrons whose temperature can be several mega-electron volts. It has been shown experimentally that the efficiency of laser energy into this electron population is on the order of 10s of percent. There are many potential applications of laser driven sources including the acceleration of protons from a mechanism known as Target-Normal-Sheath-Acceleration and the subsequent generation of neutrons. One application is x-ray radiography. If the populations of MeV electrons are accelerated into a high-Z converter, MeV x-rays can be generated via bremsstrahlung [1].

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Сарач y B. Sarach. "View on our world (some addenda to existing ideas)". En XXIV International Conference. Москва: Infra-m, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/22880.

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The hypothesis is made: the actually density of the Universe substance both before and after the Big Bang has remained invariable and equal to the Planck value approx. 1097 kg/m3. After the Big Bang the huge number of tiny particles – a neutrino (the gravitating masses) – was formed, the density of which is equal to the specified size. On the basis of the hypothesis the structure, parameters, resulting forces and accelerations of neutrino, nucleons (neutrons and protons), -particles, electrons and photons are estimated.

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Cui, Zhiqiang. "Energy Calibration of Scintillator Detectors in Different Neutron Diagnostic System on Tokamak". En 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-81190.

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The purpose of tokamak plasma diagnostics is to provide the necessary parameters for device protection, operation, and maintenance. It can also supply parameters for fusion physics research. As one of the main ways to diagnose nuclear fusion plasma, neutron diagnosis focuses on the detection of neutrons, produced by the D-D and D-T fusion reactions, to obtain the physical information of internal plasma. Neutron measurements are widely performed on tokamak to provide the essential information on the neutron yield rate of the plasma that is related to fusion power. Since neutron has no electric charge, neutron can’t be ionized directly by the interaction of electrons in the detection material. The interactions between neutron and nuclei, such as nuclear reaction and nuclear recoil, are used to detect neutrons. According to the front sensitive materials, neutron detectors can be divided into gas detectors, scintillator detectors, semiconductor detectors, ionization chambers and so on. Since the magnetic field surrounding Tokamak can have a magnificent influence on the performance of photo-electronic multiplier tubes (PMTs), it is necessary to employ magnetic shielding in designing detectors, thus guaranteeing the proper operation of detectors within a strong magnetic field. Although the PMTs are equipped with magnetic shielding materials by manufacturers, they can only resist the influence of geomagnetic field. Besides the magnetic shielding and neutron/gamma shielding, neutron detectors should be calibrated before used on the tokamak. Nine similar detectors were assembled and calibrated in this paper. The basic idea of processing calibration data is that we should adjust the resolution and the light response function in order to make experiment spectrum and simulation spectrum fit on the recoil proton edge. A special explication is given to the data processing of neutron calibration, followed by an analysis of its resulting light response function and by comparison with PTB’s results.

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Slowinski, B. y Artur Pacan. "Neutrons production in heavy spallation targets by electrons and protons beams". En XXII International Baldin Seminar on High Energy Physics Problems. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.225.0063.

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Cindro, Vladimir, Gregor Kramberger, Manuel Lozano, Igor Mandic, Marko Mikuz, Giulio Pellegrini, Jozef Pulko, Miguel Ullan y Marko Zavrtanik. "Trapping of Electrons and Holes in p-type Silicon Irradiated with Neutrons". En 2006 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nssmic.2006.356125.

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Kiselev, S. A., V. A. Pustovarov, M. O. Petrova y D. A. Tavrunov. "Defect-related luminescence in KLuP2O7 doped with Pr3+ ions after irradiation with fast electrons and neutrons". En 8th International Congress on Energy Fluxes and Radiation Effects. Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56761/efre2022.r4-o-039201.

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This paper reports the spectroscopic properties of praseodymium-doped phosphate, KLuP2O7doped with Pr3+ ions. Spectra of photoluminescence (PL) upon selective UV photon excitation and PL excitation spectra were measured. Recordings of luminescence spectra were done with pure samples and after irradiating with fast electrons (E = 10 MeV) using the UELR-10-10C2 linear electron accelerator in Ural Federal University and fast neutrons (E > 1 MeV) using IBR-2 reactor in Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. Pure samples demonstrate three typical channels of emission: interconfigurational d–f transitions, intraconfigurational f–f transitions and defect-related luminescence. After irradiating, significant changes of emission characteristics were observed: redistribution of interconfigurational transitions intensity and growth of defect-related luminescence bands. Several peaks are associated with phosphorus formations in crystal lattice.

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Newnam, Brian E. "All-Metal Resonator Designs for Visible/Near-Infrared Free-Electron Laser Oscillators*". En Optics in Adverse Envirornments. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oae.1987.wc2.

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The multiple radiation environment of future high-current free-electron laser (FEL) oscillators will pose severe requirements on the resonator mirrors. In addition to withstanding the high-average power, high-repetition-rate pulses of the fundamental laser radiation, the optical properties of the mirrors must not be degraded by the attendant optical harmonics, gamma rays, neutrons, electrons, and vacuum. Furthermore, the initial mirror absorption must be low enough so that the reflected wavefront distortion is tolerable when various types of mirror cooling are employed.

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Batha, S. H., R. E. Reinovsky, M. Alvarado-Alvarez, D. P. Broughton, C. K. Huang, A. Junghans, T. R. Schmidt, Z. Wang, B. T. Wolfe y C. S. Wong. "Multi-probe Radiography for Dynamic Condensed Matter Experiments". En Digital Holography and Three-Dimensional Imaging. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/dh.2023.hm3d.2.

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Multi-probe, point-projection radiography is explored, potentially using petawatt laser sources of x-rays, protons, neutrons and electrons, to diagnose dynamic, condensed matter experiments across experimental scales from single physics experiments to complex engineered systems.

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BAJEAT, O., S. ESSABAA, F. IBRAHIM, C. LAU, Y. HUGUET, P. JARDIN, N. LECESNE et al. "OPTIMIZATION OF ISOL UCx TARGETS FOR FISSION INDUCED BY FAST NEUTRONS OR ELECTRONS". En Proceedings of the International Workshop. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812702579_0022.

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Informes sobre el tema "Electrons and neutrons"

McDonald, Rebecca. On display: Replica instruments used to discover electrons, neutrons and more. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), septiembre de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2000885.

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Spengos, M. A Study of the Spin Structure on the Neutron in Deep Inelastic Scattering of Polarized Electrons on Polarized Neutrons. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), enero de 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/826672.

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Dunn, J. Measurement of the Spin Structure Function of the Neutron G1(N) from Deep Inelastic Scattering of Polarized Electrons from Polarized Neutrons in He-3. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), enero de 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/826671.

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Dauffy, L. y J. Koch. Charge Carrier Density and signal induced in a CVD diamond detector from NIF DT neutrons, x-rays, and electrons. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), octubre de 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/885389.

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Papadopoulou, Afroditi. Electrons for Neutrinos. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), junio de 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1460788.

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Lister, Adam. Constraint of Systematic Uncertainties in an Electron Neutrino Search Using Muon Neutrinos at MicroBooNE. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), enero de 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1570192.

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Lai, C. y T. Tajima. Electron-neutrino phase separation instability. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), julio de 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10174420.

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Avvakumov, Sergey E. Search for muon neutrino (anti-muon neutrino) ---> electron neutrino (anti-electron neutrino) oscillations in the E815 (NuTeV) fixed target neutrino experiment at Fermilab. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), enero de 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1420960.

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Swanson, W. P. Neutron dose equivalent at electron storage rings. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), agosto de 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6201780.

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Romosan, Alexandru. High statistics search for muon-neutrino (anti-muon-neutrino) ---> electron-neutrino (anti-electron-neutrino) oscillations in the small mixing angle regime. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), enero de 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1421755.

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