Artículos de revistas: "Electromagnetic"

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Achille Ecladore, Tchahou Tchendjeu, Yungho Edickson Bobo y Nfah Eustace Mbaka. "Design and Realization of a Controlled Electromagnetic Breaking System". Journal of Engineering 2023 (14 de agosto de 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/1426506.

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Industrial machines with sharp moving blades are extremely dangerous to workers. These machines often rotate for some time (called the run-down time) before completely stopping due to little or no brakes. In the case where brakes are used, they are mechanical in nature and are associated with problems of wear out and frequent maintenance among others. In this paper, we proposed a mathematical model and implementation of an electromagnet and design and construction of a mechanical support frame and a controller for the electromagnetic braking system. The electromagnetic braking system works on the principle of electromagnetism. To realize the semicircular electromagnets, we coil the gauge wires several times around a ferromagnetic core material. The electromagnet was connected to a 12 V 7 Ah battery and was used to lift a load whose mass and corresponding weight were predetermined using a scale balance. The magnetic force generated was equal to the amount of maximum load it could lift. The mechanical frame, on which the electromagnets, motor, battery, switches, and chain drive system were mounted, was designed using SolidWorks and constructed by measuring, cutting, and joining of iron materials. A microcontroller and a power MOSFET were used in the control circuit to drive the electromagnet. Major results such as the realized electromagnets and the magnitude of the electromagnetic force (1.43 N) produced by the electromagnets are presented. The mechanical frame and the control circuit are also presented. The braking force was greater than the rotation torque of the disc, and hence braking was achieved.

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2

Bajpai, Shrish, Siddiqui Sajida Asif y Syed Adnan Akhtar. "Electromagnetic Education in India". Comparative Professional Pedagogy 6, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2016): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rpp-2016-0020.

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Abstract Out of the four fundamental interactions in nature, electromagnetics is one of them along with gravitation, strong interaction and weak interaction. The field of electromagnetics has made much of the modern age possible. Electromagnets are common in day-to-day appliances and are becoming more conventional as the need for technology increases. Electromagnetism has played a vital role in the progress of human kind ever since it has been understood. Electromagnets are found everywhere. One can find them in speakers, doorbells, home security systems, anti-shoplifting systems, hard drives, mobiles, microphones, Maglev trains, motors and many other everyday appliances and products. Before diving into the education system, it is necessary to reiterate its importance in various technologies that have evolved over time. Almost every domain of social life has electromagnetic playing its role. Be it the mobile vibrators you depend upon, a water pump, windshield wipers during rain and the power windows of your car or even the RFID tags that may ease your job during shopping. A flavor of electromagnetics is essential during primary level of schooling for the student to understand its future prospects and open his/her mind to a broad ocean of ideas. Due to such advancements this field can offer, study on such a field is highly beneficial for a developing country like India. The paper presents the scenario of electromagnetic education in India, its importance and numerous schemes taken by the government of India to uplift and acquaint the people about the importance of EM and its applications.

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3

R, Bharathi, Om Prakash, S, G. Gowrishankar y S. Arun. "Electromagnetic Engine Controlled using IR Sensor". Journal of Electronics,Computer Networking and Applied Mathematics, n.º 23 (20 de abril de 2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jecnam.23.1.4.

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The base idea of this paper is to control the electromagnetic engine to enhance a smooth rotation by measuring distance of the piston using an IR sensor. This electromagnetic engine consists of an electromagnet, permanent magnet, Infrared Sensor, powerful microcontroller and power supply. The permanent magnet acts as a piston in this electromagnetic engine, it has magnetic field energy for a proper function. The position of permanent magnet has to be noted for electromagnets energisation in order to reduce power consumption by electromagnet. The infrared sensor mounted with electromagnet set and pointed towards permanent magnet, whenever the permanent magnet moves towards electromagnet, sensor reads the change in magnetic piston position. The electromagnet is energized on the reach of permanent magnet near electromagnet. Control of electromagnets power supply is depends on the signal provided by IR sensor, this sensor is mainly makes timing control of power drive circuit through the microcontroller. This makes engine to run continuously and reducing its power consumption by providing a pulse to electromagnet.

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4

R, Bharathi, Om Prakash, S, G. Gowrishankar y S. Arun. "Electromagnetic Engine Controlled using IR Sensor". Journal of Electronics,Computer Networking and Applied Mathematics, n.º 23 (20 de abril de 2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jecnam.23.1.4.

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The base idea of this paper is to control the electromagnetic engine to enhance a smooth rotation by measuring distance of the piston using an IR sensor. This electromagnetic engine consists of an electromagnet, permanent magnet, Infrared Sensor, powerful microcontroller and power supply. The permanent magnet acts as a piston in this electromagnetic engine, it has magnetic field energy for a proper function. The position of permanent magnet has to be noted for electromagnets energisation in order to reduce power consumption by electromagnet. The infrared sensor mounted with electromagnet set and pointed towards permanent magnet, whenever the permanent magnet moves towards electromagnet, sensor reads the change in magnetic piston position. The electromagnet is energized on the reach of permanent magnet near electromagnet. Control of electromagnets power supply is depends on the signal provided by IR sensor, this sensor is mainly makes timing control of power drive circuit through the microcontroller. This makes engine to run continuously and reducing its power consumption by providing a pulse to electromagnet.

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5

R, Bharathi, Om Prakash, S, G. Gowrishankar y S. Arun. "Electromagnetic Engine Controlled using IR Sensor". Journal of Electronics,Computer Networking and Applied Mathematics, n.º 23 (20 de abril de 2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jecnam.23.1.4.

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The base idea of this paper is to control the electromagnetic engine to enhance a smooth rotation by measuring distance of the piston using an IR sensor. This electromagnetic engine consists of an electromagnet, permanent magnet, Infrared Sensor, powerful microcontroller and power supply. The permanent magnet acts as a piston in this electromagnetic engine, it has magnetic field energy for a proper function. The position of permanent magnet has to be noted for electromagnets energisation in order to reduce power consumption by electromagnet. The infrared sensor mounted with electromagnet set and pointed towards permanent magnet, whenever the permanent magnet moves towards electromagnet, sensor reads the change in magnetic piston position. The electromagnet is energized on the reach of permanent magnet near electromagnet. Control of electromagnets power supply is depends on the signal provided by IR sensor, this sensor is mainly makes timing control of power drive circuit through the microcontroller. This makes engine to run continuously and reducing its power consumption by providing a pulse to electromagnet.

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6

DAKSHNAMOORTHY, Easu, Ralph H. RYNTATHIANG, Sarang, SIVAKUMAR y Sidharth Krishna VINOD KUMAR. "Experimental Study of Vibration Isolation Using Electromagnetic Damping". Mechanics 30, n.º 2 (23 de abril de 2024): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j02.mech.34759.

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This study presents an experimental investigation focused on the reduction of vibrations using electromagnetic damping techniques. The objective is to explore the effectiveness of electromagnetic damping in mitigating undesirable vibrations and enhancing system stability. A single-degree vertically constrained spring-mass system, two pairs of electromagnets, Lab VIEW software, an accelerometer, DAQ card were used for the experimentation. SWG 17 and SWG19 coil electromagnets were used in different conditions of energization to evaluate the effectiveness of the electromagnetic damping system. The parameters such as excitation frequency, vibration amplitude, and electromagnetic damping force are systematically varied and their effects on vibration isolation are analysed. The results demonstrate that the electromagnetic damping system effectively isolates base induced vibrations across a range of frequencies and amplitudes. The experimental data reveal that at lower frequencies, upto 6Hz the amplitude of RMS acceleration was same as that of the system without energizing the electromagnet and at higher frequencies, above 10 Hz, all 2V,4V and 6V of energized electromagnets in the SDVC system showed negligible variation in the RMS amplitude of acceleration. A substantial isolation of top plate was observed at higher frequencies of base excitation.

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7

Xiang, Chun, Jun-Cheng Wang, Yu-Feng Gu, Shi-Jin Zhang y Shi-An Chen. "Experiment, Optimization, and Design of Electromagnetic Track Brake for High-Speed Railways System". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (9 de marzo de 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6957963.

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To enhance braking force and control convenience of high-speed railway systems, this paper proposes a new electromagnetic track brake, and the corresponding design, optimization, and experimental test are implemented. The proposed track brake is longitudinal-axis magnetic circuits excited by multiple coils electromagnets, and the pole shoes are extending outward. A preliminary design of an electromagnetic track brake is developed, including iron core height, iron core width, iron core gap, excitation ampere-turn, coil arrangement form, coil thickness, and preliminary height of single-layer coil. The electromagnet number and pole shoe gap are optimized through three-dimensional electromagnetic simulation comparisons. The final design of the electromagnetic track brake is determined, including iron core length, copper wire diameter, coil turn, and final height of single-layer coil. Experimental verification of electromagnetic attractive force is performed through prototype tests, and the newly developed electromagnetic track brake can enhance electromagnetic braking deceleration by 39%.

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8

Liao, Yu, Yinshui Liu, Jun Xing, Biao Chen y Lizhi Gao. "Electromagnetic force investigation of electromagnets with variable pole area in an electromagnetic diaphragm pump". PLOS ONE 18, n.º 10 (12 de octubre de 2023): e0292685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292685.

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Electromagnetic diaphragm pump is a kind of widely applied diaphragm pump that has promising sealing performance, simple structure and low power loss. Planar pole electromagnet is a significant component of the electromagnetic diaphragm pump. However, the sharply changing displacement-force characteristics of the planar pole electromagnet do not match the constant load characteristics of the electromagnetic diaphragm pump. Herein, an electromagnet with variable pole area is put forward. A theoretical relationship between structural parameters, the Ampere turns and the electromagnetic force of the electromagnet with variable pole area is determined by analyzing the equivalent magnetic circuit of the electromagnet with variable pole area. The experimental results imply that the initial electromagnetic force of the electromagnet with variable pole area is 32.51% larger than the planar pole electromagnet, the engaging electromagnetic force of the electromagnet with variable pole area is 22.3% smaller than the planar pole electromagnet and the displacement-force characteristics of the electromagnet with variable pole area match the constant load characteristics of the electromagnetic diaphragm pump.

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9

Jiang, Zeqi, Jianhua Fang, Fei Chen, Boshui Chen y Kecheng Gu. "Effect of electromagnetic field on tribological properties of two lubricating oils containing zinc dithiophosphate". Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 70, n.º 5 (9 de julio de 2018): 878–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-01-2017-0004.

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Purpose This paper aims at understanding tribological properties of lubricating oils doped with zinc dithiophosphate(ZDDP) with and without electromagnetic field impact. Design/methodology/approach The friction and wear properties of the oils formulated with zinc butyloctyl dithiophosphate (T202) or zinc dioctyl dithiophosphate (T203) under electromagnetic field or nonelectromagnetic field were evaluated on a modified four-ball tribotester. The characteristics of the worn surfaces obtained from electromagnetic or nonelectromagnetic field conditions were analyzed by scanning electronic microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This paper focuses on understanding influence of electromagnetic field on lubrication effect of the ZDDP-formulated oils. Findings The electromagnetic field could effectively facilitate anti-wear and friction-reducing properties of the oils doped with T202 or T203 as compared to those without electromagnetism affection, and the T203-doped oils were more susceptible to the electromagnetic field. The improvement of anti-wear and friction-reducing abilities of the tested oils were mainly attributed to the promoted tribochemical reactions and the modification of the worn surfaces (forming Zn-Fe solid solution) induced by the electromagnetic field. Originality/value This paper has revealed that tribological performances of ZDDP-doped oils could be improved by the electromagnetic field and discussed its lubrication mechanisms. Investigating tribological properties of additives from the viewpoint of electromagnetics is a new attempt, which has significance not only for the choose and designing of additives in electromagnetic condition but also for development of tribological theories and practices.

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10

Suzumori, Koichi, Takashi Nagata, Takefumi Kanda, Kazuo Uzuka y Isao Enomoto. "Development of Electromagnetic Nutation Motor (Electromagnetic Investigation)". Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 16, n.º 3 (20 de junio de 2004): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2004.p0327.

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The nutation motor, a new type of stepping motor we developed, features a simple structure, high resolution, and speed reduction, and operates on electromagnetic power. Our previously developed nutation motor operated on air pressure. We designed an electromagnetic coil based on magnetic field analysis using the finite element method (FEM) and optimized dimensions. The result was an electromagnet having an maximum force of 60N and an electric current of 0.3A. Using this electromagnet, we developed a motor having a maximum torque of 0.67N × m, a maximum rotation of 4.3rpm, and a minimum resolution of 1248step/rev.

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11

Leliuk, Mykola y Victoriia Lytvynenko. "Medium voltage vacuum circuit breaker with per phase electromagnetic actuator". Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice, n.º 1 (5) (28 de mayo de 2021): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2079-3944.2021.1.04.

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In medium voltage vacuum circuit breakers, in order to achieve an even distribution of force along the entire length of the drive shaft, the drive mechanism is made per phase, that is, a separate electromagnet is installed under each pole. The analysis of designs and features of operation of vacuum circuit breakers with a per phase electromagnetic drive is carried out. Deficiencies in the designs of these drives have been identified. The design of a vacuum circuit breaker with a per phase electromagnetic drive and a kinematic diagram of the operation of a vacuum circuit breaker with a monostable polarized electromagnet and a return spring during the closing operation are considered. As a per phase drive, it is proposed to use three monostable polarized electromagnets with return springs, which makes it possible to reduce the overall dimensions of not only the drive electromagnet, but also the vacuum circuit breaker. Moreover, the return spring is not included in the design of the proposed electromagnet, but is part of the circuit breaker drive mechanism. The design of the housing of the vacuum circuit breaker with a per phase drive and a synchronizing shaft has been developed, which makes it impossible for the non-simultaneous closing and opening of the main contacts when performing switching operations. The calculation of a monostable polarized electromagnet is carried out and the possibility of its use as a per-phase drive in a medium voltage vacuum circuit breaker is confirmed.

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12

Bochkarev, I. V. y I. V. Bryakin. "Development of a new method of diagnostics electromagnetic drive power and commutation mechanisms". Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 22, n.º 3 (8 de septiembre de 2020): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2020-22-3-68-77.

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A new method for diagnosing power and switching electromagnetic mechanisms containing a control electromagnet and a movable armature is proposed. The movable element of the diagnosed electromagnetic mechanism (EMM) is irradiated with a high-frequency probing electromagnetic field and the reradiated electromagnetic field from it is recorded. The source of the probing field and the receiver of the re-radiated field is the EMM electromagnet winding. The probing electromagnetic field is formed by imposing on the low-frequency high-voltage operating voltage of the supply winding of the electromagnet EMM an additional high-frequency low-voltage voltage. The diagnostic parameter is determined by algorithmic processing of the measurement results of the magnitude of the voltage increment on the EMM winding, caused by exposure to a reradiated electromagnetic field, and the technical condition of the diagnosed electromagnetic mechanism is determined by the absolute value of the di-agnostic parameter. The method allows to diagnose the current state of the main functional units of the EMM and to control its operating modes as a whole.

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13

Yao, Kexin. "Defects and Correction Theories of Electromagnetics". Applied Physics Research 8, n.º 4 (29 de julio de 2016): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v8n4p154.

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<p class="1Body">Experiments show that, there is the electrostatic field around the permanent magnet; since the electromagnetics can not explain this phenomenon, it can be concluded that there are some defects in electromagnetics. This paper makes an analysis of the defects of electromagnetics from fourteen aspects. It is noted that, the basic defect of electromagnetics is that there is no explanation of any inherent causes and physical processes of electromagnetic induction, displacement current, Lorentz force and other surface phenomena. Moreover, it may also lead us to make incorrect inferences in the theoretical analysis of electromagnetics, e.g. the same direction of action and reaction, infinitely high kinematic velocity of magnetic field, etc. It can be seen from analysis of all electromagnetic phenomena that, all the electromagnetic phenomena will be inevitably accompanied by an electron motion; and the electron motion is bound to take effect through an electric field; therefore, the analysis of motion in an electric field is the basis for analysis of all electromagnetic phenomena. This paper proposes seven rules for analysis of motion in an electric field, analyzes the uniform motion and variable motion in an electric field on the basis of such rules, clarifies the inherent causes of Lorentz force, theoretically qualitatively and quantitatively demonstrates why there exists the electrostatic field at some locations around the permanent magnet, and considers that all the magnetic phenomena are resulted from the contraction of electric field in the direction of motion, which is derived from the natural law of constant velocity of light, and therefore all the electromagnetic phenomena is rooted in the constant velocity of light. Through the analysis of variable motion in an electric field, this paper proves the law of displacement current and electromagnetic induction, clarifies the physical processes of such phenomena, deduces the law of total current, explains why electric field strength and magnetic field strength of electromagnetic wave must be in same phase and why a plane wave has the electric and magnetic fields only with a certain length but no source, and considers that neither fast nor slow propagation velocity of electromagnetic wave is good and that the actual velocity of light is the ideal velocity of light.</p>

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14

Fiapshev, A. G., M. M. Khamokov, O. Kh Kilchukova y K. S. Rozumatova. "SELECTION OF THE OPTIMAL REACTIVE FORCE TO ACHIEVE THE MAXIMUM SPEED OF THE ELECTROMAGNET". Izvestiya of Kabardino-Balkarian State Agrarian University named after V.M. Kokov, n.º 1(35) (2022): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.55196/2411-3492-2022-1-35-128-136.

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Based on the analysis of switching devices and various electrical installations, the article shows that their main element is a high-speed electromagnetic device that performs the functions of a reacting organ and a drive. Both a polarized and a neutral electromagnet can be used as such a device. So far, polarized electromagnets have been most widely used as the fastest ones. However, there are a number of designs of neutral type electromagnets that can replace polarized electromagnets, in particular in electric locomotive circuit breakers. An analysis of the state of the problem showed that the methods for calculating and studying high-speed electromagnetic devices require more rigorous and accurate mathematical calculations that allow replacing experimental studies in real emergency conditions and at the same time automating the work of researchers through the widespread use of more accurate calculations. The results of theoretical studies of processes occurring in high-speed electromagnets, mathematical dependencies for calculating parameters and characteristics, both in static and dynamic modes of operation, are presented. An equation was obtained to determine the optimal counteracting force, at which the cycle time is minimal. Mathematical algorithms have been developed for calculating the static and dynamic characteristics of high-speed electromagnets, taking into account steel saturation, leakage fluxes, eddy currents in massive elements of magnetic circuits and current conductors.

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15

Torii, Akihiro, Yuta Mitsuyoshi, Suguru Mototani y Kae Doki. "Orientation Compensation of an Inchworm Stage with Optical Navigation". International Journal of Automation Technology 12, n.º 5 (5 de septiembre de 2018): 784–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2018.p0784.

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The orientation compensation of a three-degrees-of-freedom inchworm stage with optical navigation is described. As the stage does not use any guide or preload, a closed loop feedback control system is employed to retain the accurate orientation of the stage. The stage consists of piezoelectric actuators (piezos) for thrusting and electromagnets for positioning. A non-excited electromagnet is moved by the deformation of piezos, and excited electromagnets retain their positions. However, a weak electromagnetic force prevents the stage from retaining its accurate position. In addition, a friction force reduces the displacement of the non-excited electromagnet. Therefore, the orientation of the stage is measured using a light source and an optical detector, and the deformation of the piezos is controlled. The orientation error is reduced by using optical navigation.

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16

Kramarov, Andrey, Denis Batishchev, Irina Bolshenko y Andrey Gummel. "Research of the Influence of a Ferromagnetic Shunt on the Characteristics of the Electromagnetic Actuator of a Low-Voltage Contactor". Известия высших учебных заведений. Электромеханика 64, n.º 2 (2021): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17213/0136-3360-2021-2-44-49.

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The article presents the results of a research of the influence of a ferromagnetic shunt (FMS) on the static and dynamic characteristics of the control electromagnet of the KTP 6000 series contactor by means of computer numerical simulation in the ANSYS Electromagnetic Suite software package. A computer numerical model of an electromagnetic actuator with FMS is proposed and verified, the influence of the geometrical dimensions of the shunt on the static and dynamic characteristics of the electromagnetic actuator of a low-voltage DC contactor is investigated. Recommendations are given for the selection of the FMS dimensions in the design calcu-lation of the valve-type electromagnetic drive, which will increase the dynamic traction force of the electromagnet and reduce its response time.

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17

Yurtkuran, Alkin. "An Improved Electromagnetic Field Optimization for the Global Optimization Problems". Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2019 (23 de mayo de 2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6759106.

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Electromagnetic field optimization (EFO) is a relatively new physics-inspired population-based metaheuristic algorithm, which simulates the behavior of electromagnets with different polarities and takes advantage of a nature-inspired ratio, known as the golden ratio. In EFO, the population consists of electromagnetic particles made of electromagnets corresponding to variables of an optimization problem and is divided into three fields: positive, negative, and neutral. In each iteration, a new electromagnetic particle is generated based on the attraction-repulsion forces among these electromagnetic fields, where the repulsion force helps particle to avoid the local optimal point, and the attraction force leads to find global optimal. This paper introduces an improved version of the EFO called improved electromagnetic field optimization (iEFO). Distinct from the EFO, the iEFO has two novel modifications: new solution generation function for the electromagnets and adaptive control of algorithmic parameters. In addition to these major improvements, the boundary control and randomization procedures for the newly generated electromagnets are modified. In the computational studies, the performance of the proposed iEFO is tested against original EFO, existing physics-inspired algorithms, and state-of-the-art meta-heuristic algorithms as artificial bee colony algorithm, particle swarm optimization, and differential evolution. Obtained results are verified with statistical testing, and results reveal that proposed iEFO outperforms the EFO and other considered competitor algorithms by providing better results.

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18

Jones, Preston y Douglas Singleton. "Interaction between gravitational radiation and electromagnetic radiation". International Journal of Modern Physics D 28, n.º 06 (abril de 2019): 1930010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271819300106.

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In this review paper, we investigate the connection between gravity and electromagnetism from Faraday to the present day. The particular focus is on the connection between gravitational and electromagnetic radiation. We discuss electromagnetic radiation produced when a gravitational wave passes through a magnetic field. We then discuss the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with gravitational waves via Feynman diagrams of the process [Formula: see text]. Finally, we review recent work on the vacuum production of counterpart electromagnetic radiation by gravitational waves.

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Liu, Yaozong, Wenxi Deng y Pu Gong. "Dynamics of the Bogie of Maglev Train with Distributed Magnetic Forces". Shock and Vibration 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/896410.

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A dynamic model of the bogie of maglev train with distributed magnetic forces and four identical levitating controllers is formulated. The vertical, pitching, and rolling degree of freedom of the electromagnet modules and their coupling are considered. The frequency responses of the bogie to track irregularity are investigated with numerical simulation. The results tell us that there are resonances related to the first electromagnetic suspension whose frequencies are determined by the control parameters. A comparative analysis has been carried out between the models with distributed or concentrated magnetic forces. The comparison indicates that simplifying the distributed magnetic force to concentrated one degenerates the dynamic behavior of the maglev bogie, especially resulting in overestimated resonances of the first electromagnetic suspension of maglev trains. The results also indicate that those resonances only occur on specific wavelengths of irregularity that relate to the length of the electromagnets.

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Zabchev, Angel y Romeo Alexandrov. "CURRENT CONTROL OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SEPARATOR". Sustainable Extraction and Processing of Raw Materials 4, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 2023): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.58903/u17190835.

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Based on a patented electromagnetic separator with six electromagnets (EM), a supply voltage and thyristor rectifier are proposed for generating current through the electromagnets. The currents in the six electromagnets create a travelling magnetic field that transports the magnetic material. The control pulses and the harmonic composition of the current are analytically determined.

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Yuan, Duan Lei, Hai Yan Wang, Zhi Hao Zhu y Hua Jun Dong. "Design of Electromagnetic Mechanism with Finite Element Method". Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (agosto de 2013): 3226–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.3226.

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A closing electromagnetic mechanism for rail transit direct-current circuit breaker is designed. But it is found that the temperature is too high when the mechanism kept closing for a long time because of the coils high power. Based on the theory of electromagnetic field and electromagnet design, the distribution of magnetic field and the electromagnetic force of electromagnetic mechanism are simulated by finite element analysis software ANSYS. An improved mechanism is manufactured according to the simulation results. The experiments show that the improved scheme can effectively reduce the electromagnetic mechanisms closing maintenance power, and the accuracy of simulation results is validated.

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Hena, Hasna, Jenita Jahangir y Md Showkat Ali. "Electromagnetics in Terms of Differential Forms". Dhaka University Journal of Science 67, n.º 1 (30 de enero de 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v67i1.54564.

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The calculus of differential forms has been applied to electromagnetic field theory in several papers and texts, some of which are cited in the references. Differential forms are underused in applied electromagnetic research. Differential forms represent unique visual appliance with graphical apprehension of electromagnetic fields. We study the calculus of differential forms and other fundamental principle of electromagnetic field theory. We hope to show in this paper that differential forms make Maxwell’s laws and some of their basic applications more intuitive and are a natural and powerful research tool in applied electromagnetics. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 67(1): 1-4, 2019 (January)

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Cao, Jian Nan, Jun Liu y Yong Yang. "Impact Characteristics Study on Electromagnet Magnetic Isolation Ring to Electromagnetic Force". Applied Mechanics and Materials 201-202 (octubre de 2012): 635–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.201-202.635.

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This paper makes simulation analysis on an electromagnetic valve product based on ANSYS software by changing the angle, position, length and permeability of electromagnet magnetic isolation ring, and get different electromagnetic force curves. According to electromagnetic force curves, it can verify the importance of magnetic isolation ring’s existence. Comparing simulation results curve with measured electromagnetic force curve, it can find that Attenuation trend of two curves are consistent, which can prove the reliability of simulation by ANSYS software. This study makes a series of electromagnetic force simulation by changing the angle, relative position, and length of magnetic isolation ring. The results show that the influence of relative position’s change to electromagnetic force is more obvious than other factors. The conclusion can be taken as reference by electromagnetic valve designers. Furthermore, there exists important application value in this series of electromagnetic valve optimal design process.

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Wang, Hong Ming, Chang Chen Qu, Xiao Jian Fan y Gui Rong Li. "Simulation Study on the Force of Particles Migrating in Molten Metal under High-Frequency Magnetic Field". Advanced Materials Research 1095 (marzo de 2015): 851–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1095.851.

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According to the basic principles of electromagnetism, the magnetic flux density on the surface of the metal melt was calculated by numerical simulation method. The relational expression of the electromagnetic body force and the magnetic flux density was deduced. The results show that the electromagnetic body force in the melt is directly proportional to the square of the magnetic induction intensity. Increasing the electric current, the electromagnetic body force in the melt can be increased effectively. Increasing the frequency, the particular electromagnetic body force within the melt can be increased first and then decreased.

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Karambe, Mohan, Ashutosh Nimsarkar, Kunal Likhar, Rajat Wankhede, Shivam Rahangdale, Utkarsh Hedaoo y Aniket Gajghate. "Fabrication of Automatic Electromagnetic Braking System for 4 Wheels". Journal of Advances in Electrical Devices 8, n.º 1 (31 de marzo de 2023): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/jaed.2023.v08i01.001.

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An electromagnetic brake is a new and revolutionary concept. They have no friction at all. The brakes that operate on both electric and magnetic power are known as electromagnetic brakes. The power required to brake in an electromagnetic braking system is manually applied, but magnetic force is used to engage the brake. A new type of braking system utilised in both light and heavy motor vehicles is the electromagnetic braking system. The components of this system combine electromechanical ideas. Nowadays, accidents happen more frequently due to inefficient braking systems. The electromagnetic brake is a vital innovation to ensure that heavy trucks can stop safely. The aim of this project is to create a model of an electromagnetic four-wheel braking system that can use brakes without causing any friction loss and without wasting energy input. For automatic sensing operation, an ultrasonic sensor is included. As soon as the sensor picks it up, the electromagnetic braking mechanism will kick in. Two electromagnets that are powered by the circuit are used. Additionally, the motor is coupled with a wheel, which rotates with the help of the motor when power is applied. Due to the proximity of the electromagnets and the wheel, eddy currents are created, which cause the rotating wheel or rotor to stop. This idea helps with the use of vehicle retardation devices in several ways.

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Doria, Renato, J. Chauca y I. Soares. "Four Bosons Electromagnetism". JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 10, n.º 1 (5 de agosto de 2015): 2610–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v10i1.1341.

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Based on light invariance and electric conservation a four bosons electromagnetismÂ is proposed. It enlarges the electric charge conservation beyond displacement currentÂ and Dirac charge to a new physical situation where the electromagnetic phenomena isÂ mediated by the usual photon plus a massive photon and two additional charged vectorÂ bosons.Considering the enlarged abelian gauge symmetry U(1) SO(2) transforming under aÂ same gauge parameter a non-linear electromagnetism involving four bosons is introduced.Â It deploys a Lagrangian containing massless, massive and charged elds with three andÂ four vector bosons interactions. The corresponding Noether's relations and classical equationsÂ of motion are studied. They provide a whole dynamics involving granular, collectiveÂ terms through antisymmetric and symmetric sectors. It develops a new photon equationÂ which extends the Maxwell's one. Self interacting photons are obtained.A four boson electromagnetic ux is derived. It expresses an electromagnetism transferingÂ 4Q = 0 and j4Qj = 1, not more limited to just a massless photon. There is a newÂ electromagnetic owing to be understood, where aside of electric charge conservation, itÂ appears a neutral electromagnetism. There are six neutral electromagnetic charges beyondÂ electric charge as consequences from non-linearity. Two are derived from the secondÂ Noether identity and four from variational continuity equations.Â An electromagnetic ux being conducted by a whole physics is generated. Based onÂ elds set, it develops a determinism under the meaning of directive and circumstance.Â Interpreting that, light invariance concises the photon as directive, the photon becomesÂ a whole maker. It assumes the symmetry command which will control the conservationsÂ laws and opportunities. Consequently, one combines the symmetry equation derived fromNoether theorem with the four equations derived from variational principle, and an effectiveÂ photon equation is obtained. A kind of Navier-Stokes electromagnetic ow isÂ derived. It yields a four bosons electromagnetism preserving electric charge conservationÂ plus introducting the meaning of chance through symmetry management.

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27

Jacob Abisam J y Siddharthan A. "Tuning of PID controller using genetic algorithm for an electromagnetic semi-active suspension system". international journal of engineering technology and management sciences 7, n.º 4 (2023): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.46647/ijetms.2023.v07i04.035.

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Electromagnetic suspension of vehicles has advantage of improved ride comfort and drivability. Electromagnetic levitation has been in use in Maglev trains for smoother transportation. However, application of electromagnetic suspension system was limited by its cost and weight. This paper focuses study on use of an electromagnet and permanent magnet hybrid magnet setup and compares the control method to stabilize the suspension system by genetic algorithm optimization, auto tuning technique and fuzzy logic controller for tuning the Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller for making the system stable. MATLAB-Simulinkanalysis of hybrid magnetic suspension system show stabilization by reduction of the errors in the closed loop control system. Realization in a real time setup may be possible by varying the magnetic field developed in the electromagnet to control the force of repulsion between the electromagnet and permanent magnet.

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28

Pang, Xudong, Qun Chen, Beibei Cao y Shouzheng Zhu. "Loss Analysis of the Electromagnetic Metamaterial Applied to Antenna Size Reductions". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2755, n.º 1 (1 de mayo de 2024): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2755/1/012002.

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Abstract The research of transformation electromagnetics uses spatial coordinate transformation method to transform Maxwell’s equations for the propagations of electromagnetic waves in space, thereby achieving the goal of designing the path of electromagnetic waves, which eventually leads to a more complex tensor design of its constitutive parameters of metamaterials. This demand for artificial design of material parameters has been combined with the rapid development of micro-scale, molecular-scale, and atomic-scale experimental engineering techniques in recent years, enabling metamaterials to be developed, fabricated, and applied in various frontier fields. In this paper, the metamaterial electromagnetic wave concentrator used to reduce the antenna size is mainly discussed and detailed simulations and researches on the electromagnetic lossy conditions of the metamaterial parameters are given, which can better verify the electromagnetic scattering performance under actual engineering conditions. Solutions and quantitative simulations for the attenuation characteristics are also provided, which can deepen the research on the engineering performance of the metamaterial electromagnetic transformation devices.

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29

Chi, Yao Dan, Hai Long Gu, Yin Han Gao, Xiao Tian Yang y Sheng Qian Zhang. "Survey to Automobile Electromagnetic Compatibility Simulation Software". Applied Mechanics and Materials 220-223 (noviembre de 2012): 2968–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.220-223.2968.

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With the rapid developments of computer technology and computing electromagnetism, it is possible to simulate the electromagnetic compatibility of automobiles. At the beginning of the design, electromagnetic compatibility simulation analysis of automobiles can not only shorten the research cycle, but also reduce the cost. In this paper, we summarized the current commercial electromagnetic compatibility simulation analysis software, analyzed the features and applied algorithms of each software, and gave the simulation examples of Ansoft HFSS and FEKO.

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30

Riga, Jeanne y Rebecca Seviour. "Electromagnetic analogs of quantum mechanical tunneling". Journal of Applied Physics 132, n.º 20 (28 de noviembre de 2022): 200901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0118308.

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In this paper, we introduce the theoretical framework underlying our proposed methodology of verification and validation (V&V) for quantum mechanical emission models using analogous macroscopic electromagnetic systems. We derive the correspondence between quantum mechanics and electromagnetism using the transfer matrix approach and describe the electromagnetic analog that will be used to anchor the atomistic quantum tunneling simulations. Finally, we illustrate this correspondence by comparing the quantum mechanical and electromagnetic systems for some simple, analytically soluble examples and outline future V&V work based on the framework presented here.

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31

Syamsuar, Sayuti, Rizki Wibawaningrum y Hariyanti Makarim. "Cara Kerja dan Penggunaan Motor Direct Current (DC)". Warta Penelitian Perhubungan 23, n.º 5 (15 de mayo de 2019): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.25104/warlit.v23i5.1108.

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The motor DC is an electromagnetic process on the mechanical and electrical work that the system will be changed the electrical energy as input to the mechanical energy as output response. The Flemming left hand rule to electromagnet field and the current directions have been indicated of the rotor rotation due the speed of marine vehicle. Ward Leonard Rectifier as generator excitation controls the power system on the submarine. We shown on this paper about mini model SOTO NG, BPPT and others example to known the application in the field.Keywords: motor DC, electromagnetism, Flemming, piston tank, submarine.

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32

Xu, Jiang Tao. "Improve Dynamic Performance on High Speed by Application of Electromagnetic Valve Actuation". Applied Mechanics and Materials 462-463 (noviembre de 2013): 826–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.462-463.826.

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This paper base on electromagnetism valve technology, the intake valves of a car driven by electromagnetic valve, by cooperating average torque of engine with prototype by 6000 RPM engine, then found that the average torque can be increased by 5.679% after changing the intake valves with electromagnetic valves. The increasing torque contributed to increasing the air intake in the opening stage and off stage improved, and provided a theoretical basis for the promotion of the electromagnetic variable valve in automotive.

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33

Guo, Qinmeng, Shanshan Yong y Xin’an Wang. "Statistical Analysis of the Relationship between AETA Electromagnetic Anomalies and Local Earthquakes". Entropy 23, n.º 4 (30 de marzo de 2021): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23040411.

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To verify the relationship between AETA (Acoustic and Electromagnetics to Artificial Intelligence (AI)) electromagnetic anomalies and local earthquakes, we have performed statistical studies on the electromagnetic data observed at AETA station. To ensure the accuracy of statistical results, 20 AETA stations with few data missing and abundant local earthquake events were selected as research objects. A modified PCA method was used to obtain the sequence representing the signal anomaly. Statistical results of superposed epoch analysis have indicated that 80% of AETA stations have significant relationship between electromagnetic anomalies and local earthquakes. These anomalies are more likely to appear before the earthquakes rather than after them. Further, we used Molchan’s error diagram to evaluate the electromagnetic signal anomalies at stations with significant relationships. All area skill scores are greater than 0. The above results have indicated that AETA electromagnetic anomalies contain precursory information and have the potential to improve local earthquake forecasting.

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34

Gradoni, Gabriele, Johannes Russer, Mohd Hafiz Baharuddin, Michael Haider, Peter Russer, Christopher Smartt, Stephen C. Creagh, Gregor Tanner y David W. P. Thomas. "Stochastic electromagnetic field propagation— measurement and modelling". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, n.º 2134 (29 de octubre de 2018): 20170455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0455.

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This paper reviews recent progress in the measurement and modelling of stochastic electromagnetic fields, focusing on propagation approaches based on Wigner functions and the method of moments technique. The respective propagation methods are exemplified by application to measurements of electromagnetic emissions from a stirred, cavity-backed aperture. We discuss early elements of statistical electromagnetics in Heaviside's papers, driven mainly by an analogy of electromagnetic wave propagation with heat transfer. These ideas include concepts of momentum and directionality in the realm of propagation through confined media with irregular boundaries. We then review and extend concepts using Wigner functions to propagate the statistical properties of electromagnetic fields. We discuss in particular how to include polarization in this formalism leading to a Wigner tensor formulation and a relation to an averaged Poynting vector. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Celebrating 125 years of Oliver Heaviside's ‘Electromagnetic Theory’’.

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35

Peng, Chang, Li Qiu, Ke Shen Gong y Ding Jun Wang. "Research on Workpiece Deformation in Electromagnetic Forming Process with Finite Element Method". Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (julio de 2014): 2702–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.2702.

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Electromagnetic forming is a kind of processing technology that use lorentz force to make rapid prototyping of metal workpiece, which can significantly improve the metal forming performance,and it is expected to become an emerging technology that alternative to traditional machining to process light alloy materials. Based on the understanding the basic structure of the electromagnetic coupling on the basis of physical process of electromagnetic forming, this article adopt ANSYS sequential coupling method to simulate the electromagnetic coupling process of electromagnetic structure, and analysis of tube electromagnetic forming and plate of workpiece in the process of free bulging deformation behavior. The solenoid coil tubing have an axis of symmetry due to bulging, and it’s electromagnetism load and constraint has symmetry, so its formability is uniform in hoop direction. When the plank free bulge, the distribution of the electromagnetic force caused by the flat spiral coil is not uniform,and the artifacts accelerate fastest in the part of the radius of coil 1/2, but the center area of the workpiece’s forming height is highest.

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36

Sitzia, A. "An Electromagnetics Cad Exercise for Undergraduates". International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 29, n.º 4 (octubre de 1992): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002072099202900401.

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An electromagnetics CAD exercise for undergraduates This article presents a new electromagnetics CAD exercise for first-year undergraduates at UMIST, U.K. It introduces the use of finite-element software as a design tool for electromagnetic devices.

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37

Ruan, Guangzheng, Lijian Wu, Yaobing Wang, Bo Wang y Runqi Han. "Micro- and Nanosatellite Sensorless Electromagnetic Docking Control Based on the High-Frequency Injection Method". Aerospace 10, n.º 6 (7 de junio de 2023): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10060547.

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This paper proposes a sensorless electromagnetic docking method suitable for micro- and nanosatellites. Based on the circuit model of the electromagnetic docking device, an algorithm for calculating the distance between two satellites on the basis of the high-frequency injection (HFI) method has been developed. In the specific implementation, first, a high-frequency (HF) voltage is injected into one of the two electromagnets; second, the HF currents induced by both electromagnets are measured and their respective root-mean-squares (RMSs) are calculated; third, two RMSs are substituted into a specific formula to obtain a variable carrying distance information; finally, the variable is utilized to calculate the distance estimation using the look-up table interpolation method. This paper presents a closed-loop electromagnetic docking controller which includes an outer distance loop and an inner speed loop and adopts the distance estimation as the feedback. The proposed sensorless electromagnetic docking method is verified by the distance estimation tracking response test and the ground-based docking test. The results indicate that low-impact docking can be achieved under the initial condition that the two satellites have a certain degree of misalignment. The proposed method can be adopted as a primary or as a redundant electromagnetic docking solution for resource-critical micro- and nanosatellites.

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38

Gerasimenko, Anastasiia A., Can Peng, Hao Lu, Vadim O. Korchagin, Xiwen Zhang, Haitao Li y Zigang Deng. "Diamagnetic Screening in the Electromagnetic Turnout Switch for a High-Temperature Superconducting Maglev System". Sustainability 15, n.º 20 (19 de octubre de 2023): 15076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152015076.

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Maglev systems represent a cutting-edge high-speed transport technology, and turnout switches play a critical role in the creation of a highly branched network. There are two common types of turnouts for high-temperature superconducting (HTS) Maglev systems: mechanical and electromagnetic. Due to the many advantages, an electromagnetic turnout is a better choice for a Maglev system than a mechanical one. However, there is a difference in the distribution of the magnetic field over the turnout area and the permanent magnetic track, which cannot meet the safety requirements of the Maglev system. This article proposes a modernized design of an electromagnetic switch based on previously proposed optimization solutions by placing a diamagnetic screen between two electromagnetic poles of an electromagnet, thereby reducing the scattering fluxes between them. The method of diamagnetic screening and experimental methodology are described in this article. The experiment was carried out using a three-dimensional magnetic field scanner to provide results on the distribution of the magnetic field and the increase in the magnetic induction value over the electromagnet poles. Thus, this article provides valuable suggestions for improving the design of the electromagnetic turnout of HTS Maglev systems. Moreover, the proposed method can be applied to any magnetic device or electric machine with an open magnetic circuit.

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39

Ahmed, Raheel, Yu Li Jun, Muhammad Fawad Azhar y Naveed Ur Rehman Junejo. "Comprehensive Study and Review on Maglev Train System". Applied Mechanics and Materials 615 (agosto de 2014): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.615.347.

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Electromagnetic levitated systems commonly used in the field of people transportation, tool machines frictionless bearings and conveyor systems. In the case of high speed people transport vehicles, the electromagnetic levitation offers the advantage of a very silent motion and of a reduced maintenance of the rail. Magnetic levitated trains requires the guidance force needed to keep the vehicles on the track is obtained with the levitation electromagnets, Particular shapes of the rails and to a clever placement of the electromagnets with respect to the rails helpful and effective to achieve the goal. This article gives the basic idea of the electromagnets trains and its control system mechanism

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40

Viktorov, V. A. "METHODOLOGY FOR CALCULATING ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS GENERATED BY AN AUTOMATED WORKPLACE OF AN OBJECT OF INFORMATIZATION". RADIO COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY, n.º 46 (30 de septiembre de 2020): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33286/2075-8693-2020-46-30-44.

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A methodology for calculating electromagnetic fields generated by an automated workstation of an object of informatization has been developed. Using the presented methodology, it becomes possible to form a complete scheme of electromagnetic radia-tion of the space under study. Based on the output of the calculation of electromagnet-ic fields, the permissible time spent by the operator at each point of his workplace is calculated. For the first time, electromagnetic radiation sources are modeled by a com-bination of elementary electric dipoles powered by various harmonic components. The reliability of the illustrated methodology was carried out by comparing the calculated values of the parameters of electromagnetic fields with the measured values of the lev-els at given frequencies.

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41

Vasin, Konstantin, Yerik Yedygenov, Nakhypbek Aldiyarov y Vladimir Voronin. "Development of an electronic control module and research of dynamic and power characteristics of an electromagnetic hammer for destruction of boulders." E3S Web of Conferences 56 (2018): 01024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185601024.

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The developed electronic control module of an electromagnetic hammer for destruction of boulders is described and studied in the article. The possibility of using an inductive slot sensor for both controlling electromagnets and for measuring dynamic and energy characteristics is demonstrated. During the research of the possibility of controlling the impact energy of an electromagnetic hammer, the advantage of the method of adjusting the height of the lifting of the armature in relation to the method for controlling the magnitude of the electric current of the electromagnets is clarified.

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42

Pugachev, Vladimir Valerievich, Viktor Gavrilovich Petko, Ilmira Agzamovna Rakhimzhanova, Maksim Borisovich Fomin y Vladislav Viktorovich Samosyuk. "To the method for calculation of an electromagnetic vibrator". Agrarian Scientific Journal, n.º 6 (26 de junio de 2023): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2023i6pp128-135.

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The paper considers the issues of calculating an electromagnetic vibrator designed to drive working bodies with reciprocating motion. The purpose of this work is to refine the mathematical model of electromagnetic vibrators and, on this basis, to propose the most rational parameters of their design and modes of use. Based on the initial parameters of the magnetic system of an alternating current electromagnet, the inductance and inductive resistance of the electromagnet winding are determined as a function of the air gap, as well as the current flowing through the winding under the action of the applied voltage and the magnetic flux excited by it. As a result, the force of attraction of the armature and the yoke of the electromagnet was determined, which is the perturbing force, the restoring force of the spring opposing it, and the resistance force of the medium, which is proportional to the speed of the armature. This made it possible to form a second-order differential equation, the solution of which was carried out using the Given-Odesolve computing unit of the Mathcad mathematical system. As a result, the dependence of the armature deviation from the neutral state on time and the influence on this dependence of both geometric and electrical, and operating parameters of the electromagnetic vibrator were obtained in graphical form. As a result, the analysis carried out in the work and the developed method for determining the output parameters of an electromagnetic vibrator allow, for specific initial geometric and physical parameters of the vibrator, to determine the shockless trajectory of the electromagnet armature, the frequency and range of oscillations, as well as the optimal frequency and supply voltage of the electromagnet coil. If necessary, make adjustments to the requirements specified by the technological object for the output parameters of the vibrator.

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43

TOMINAGA, Tetsuya. "High Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse and High Power Electromagnetics". Journal of The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan 138, n.º 10 (1 de octubre de 2018): 661–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejjournal.138.661.

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44

Baum, C. E. "From the electromagnetic pulse to high-power electromagnetics". Proceedings of the IEEE 80, n.º 6 (junio de 1992): 789–817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/5.149443.

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45

Gough, W. y J. P. G. Richards. "Electromagnetic or electromagnetic induction?" European Journal of Physics 7, n.º 3 (1 de julio de 1986): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/7/3/009.

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46

Roederer, J. G. "ELECTROMAGNETIC SNACKS". Anales AFA 27, n.º 4 (19 de enero de 2017): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31527/analesafa.2016.27.4.134.

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47

POPŁAWSKI, NIKODEM J. "GRAVITATION, ELECTROMAGNETISM AND THE COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT IN PURELY AFFINE GRAVITY". International Journal of Modern Physics D 18, n.º 05 (mayo de 2009): 809–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271809014777.

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The Eddington Lagrangian in the purely affine formulation of general relativity generates the Einstein equations with the cosmological constant. The Ferraris–Kijowski purely affine Lagrangian for the electromagnetic field, which has the form of the Maxwell Lagrangian with the metric tensor replaced by the symmetrized Ricci tensor, is dynamically equivalent to the Einstein–Maxwell Lagrangian in the metric formulation. We show that the sum of the two affine Lagrangians is dynamically inequivalent to the sum of the analogous Lagrangians in the metric–affine/metric formulation. We also show that such a construction is valid only for weak electromagnetic fields. Therefore the purely affine formulation that combines gravitation, electromagnetism and the cosmological constant cannot be a simple sum of terms corresponding to separate fields. Consequently, this formulation of electromagnetism seems to be unphysical, unlike the purely metric and metric–affine pictures, unless the electromagnetic field couples to the cosmological constant.

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48

Antonini, Giulio, Daniele Romano y Luigi Lombardi. "Computational Electromagnetics for Industrial Applications". Electronics 11, n.º 12 (9 de junio de 2022): 1830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11121830.

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49

Sumithra, P. y D. Thiripurasundari. "Review on Computational Electromagnetics". Advanced Electromagnetics 6, n.º 1 (10 de marzo de 2017): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7716/aem.v6i1.407.

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Computational electromagnetics (CEM) is applied to model the interaction of electromagnetic fields with the objects like antenna, waveguides, aircraft and their environment using Maxwell equations. In this paper the strength and weakness of various computational electromagnetic techniques are discussed. Performance of various techniques in terms accuracy, memory and computational time for application specific tasks such as modeling RCS (Radar cross section), space applications, thin wires, antenna arrays are presented in this paper.

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50

He, Ying, Lei Liu, Hao Zhou y Xinshua Chu. "Biaxial Fatigue Loading System for Electromagnetic Excitation of Wind Turbine Blades". Scientific Journal of Technology 4, n.º 7 (20 de julio de 2022): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/sjt.v4i7.1276.

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Based on the shortcomings of the current detection methods for wind power blades, an electromagnetic excitation biaxial fatigue loading system is designed. The loading method mainly adopts the principle of electromagnetic actuators. The loading part is mainly composed of electromagnet cores and coils. The blades exert electromagnetic force to achieve blade vibration. The dual-axis loading can be more in line with the actual working conditions of the blade. Electromagnetic loading mechanisms are installed in the two directions of the blade's waving and swaying respectively, and the electromagnetic force is applied in the two directions of the blade's waving and swaying at the same time. Vibration frequency, so that the vibration reaches the natural frequency of the blade. In addition, the clamping mechanism of the blade is improved, and a mechanical clamping mechanism is designed, which comprehensively uses the ball screw, timing belt, ratchet and came to realize the positioning and clamping of the blade.

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