Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Electrode"
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Al Hajji Safi, Maria, D. Noel Buckley, Andrea Bourke y Robert P. Lynch. "(Invited) Relationship of Pseudo-Capacitive Current in Sulphuric Acid and Vanadium Flow Battery Reaction Kinetics at Carbon Electrodes". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, n.º 59 (22 de diciembre de 2023): 2877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02592877mtgabs.
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Flow battery technologies are promising solutions to the need for electricity storage driven by the increasing demand for energy supply at the same time as the electricity grid becomes more and more dependent on renewable sources such as solar, wind and ocean energy. Vanadium flow batteries (VFBs) are perhaps the most promising of these technologies and a growing number of commercial systems are in operation worldwide. The energy efficiency of vanadium flow batteries (VFBs) largely depends upon the performance of the electrodes. Poor electrode kinetics cause large overpotentials, which reduce the voltage efficiency. They can also lead to side reactions, such as hydrogen evolution at the negative electrode and oxidation of the positive electrode, which reduce the coulombic efficiency and the overall performance and durability. There is considerable variation in the data regarding the kinetics of vanadium redox reactions at carbon electrodes. We have previously reported that cathodic treatment enhances the kinetics of the positive (VIV-VV) electrode in VFBs but inhibits the kinetics of the negative (VII-VIII) electrode, while anodic treatment inhibits the kinetics of the positive electrode but enhances the kinetics of the negative electrode1-3. We also showed that the activity of carbon-based material is strongly dependent on the surface history, in particular the most positive and the most negative potential used to treat an electrode4. In this presentation we will further investigate the effect of electrochemical treatment of the carbon surface and show the relationship between the observed pseudo-capacitive behavior and the kinetics of the different vanadium redox couples. References Bourke, M. A. Miller, R. P. Lynch, X. Gao, J. Landon, J. S. Wainright, R. F. Savinell and D. N. Buckley, J. Electrochem. Soc. 163, A5097 (2016). A. Bourke, M. A. Miller, R. P. Lynch, J. S. Wainright, R. F. Savinell and D. N. Buckley, J. Electrochem. Soc., 162, A1547 (2015). M. A. Miller, A. Bourke, N. Quill, J. S. Wainright, R. P. Lynch, D. N. Buckley and R. F. Savinell, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163, A2095 (2016). M. Al Hajji Safi, A. Bourke, D. N. Buckley, R. P. Lynch, ECS Trans., 109, 67-84 (2022).
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Shi, Haozhi, Shulei Wang, Jijun Zhang, Zhubin Shi, Jiahua Min, Jian Huang y Linjun Wang. "Investigation on the Rapid Annealing of Ti-Au Composite Electrode on n-Type (111) CdZnTe Crystals". Crystals 10, n.º 3 (29 de febrero de 2020): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10030156.
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In this paper, the ohmic properties of Ti, Al, and Ti-Au composite electrodes on n-type (111) CdZnTe crystal deposited by vacuum evaporation method were first analyzed, and then the rapid annealing of Ti-Au electrode under Ar atmosphere with different temperature and time was explored. The ohmic property and barrier height were evaluated by current–voltage (I–V) and capacitance-voltage (C–V) measurements, and the adhesion strength of various electrodess to CdZnTe was compared. The Ti-Au electrode on CdZnTe showed the lowest leakage current and barrier height, and the highest adhesion strength among the three kinds of electrodes on (111) CdZnTe crystals. The rapid annealing of Ti-Au electrode under Ar atmosphere was proved to improve its ohmic property and adhesion strength, and the optimal annealing temperature and time were found to be 423 K and 6 min, respectively. The barrier height of the Ti-Au/CdZnTe electrode is 0.801 eV through rapid annealing for 6 min at 423 K annealing temperature, and the adhesion is 1225 MPa, which increases by 50% compared with that without rapid annealing.
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Fauzhan Warsito, Indhika, Patrique Fiedler, Milana Komosar y Jens Haueisen. "Novel replaceable EEG electrode system". Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 8, n.º 2 (1 de agosto de 2022): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2022-1064.
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Abstract Due to the direct contact between electrode and scalp, dry EEG electrodes are exposed to increased mechanical wear compared to conventional gel-based electrodes. However, state-of-the-art commercial cap systems commonly use permanently fixated electrodes which can lead to downtime of the EEG cap during professional repair and replacement as well as reduced overall lifetime. An easily replaceable EEG electrode would furthermore improve hygiene, especially for newborn and infant applications. We propose a novel replaceable electrode system, consisting of an electrode holder, a snap top, a contact ring fixated inside the electrode holder, and a replaceable electrode. The production process consists of 3D printing, silicone molding, resin casting, and electroless plating. The replaceable electrode system is integrated into a multichannel EEG cap system. A verification study is conducted with 30 volunteers. The operators experienced that the new electrode holder eases adjustment of the electrode to have proper contact with the scalp. During the study, defective electrodes can be replaced without a soldering process. Furthermore, all electrodes stayed in the holder and did not fall off the cap for the whole session. In conclusion, the novel replaceable electrode system is suitable for EEG measurements.
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Cen, Chao y Xinhua Chen. "The Electrode Modality Development in Pulsed Electric Field Treatment Facilitates Biocellular Mechanism Study and Improves Cancer Ablation Efficacy". Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3624613.
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Pulsed electric field treatment is now widely used in diverse biological and medical applications: gene delivery, electrochemotherapy, and cancer therapy. This minimally invasive technique has several advantages over traditional ablation techniques, such as nonthermal elimination and blood vessel spare effect. Different electrodes are subsequently developed for a specific treatment purpose. Here, we provide a systematic review of electrode modality development in pulsed electric field treatment. For electrodes invented for experiment in vitro, sheet electrode and electrode cuvette, electrodes with high-speed fluorescence imaging system, electrodes with patch-clamp, and electrodes with confocal laser scanning microscopy are introduced. For electrodes invented for experiment in vivo, monopolar electrodes, five-needle array electrodes, single-needle bipolar electrode, parallel plate electrodes, and suction electrode are introduced. The pulsed electric field provides a promising treatment for cancer.
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Wójcik, Szymon y Małgorzata Jakubowska. "Optimization of anethole determination using differential pulse voltammetry on glassy carbon electrode, boron doped diamond electrode and carbon paste electrode". Science, Technology and Innovation 3, n.º 2 (27 de diciembre de 2018): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8152.
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Voltammetry is the general term for all techniques in which the current is measured as a function of electrode potential. The voltammetric techniques can be applied for the quantitative analysis of inorganic and organic species and are best suited for substances which can be either oxidized or reduced on electrodes. These techniques are characterized by high sensitivity which results in the possibility of performing determinations at a low concentration level. In voltammetry, many different types of working electrodes are applied. One of the important groups are solid electrodes, among which carbon electrodes play an important role. They represent a good alternative to mercury electrodes, however, surface preparation before the usage is required. In this work anethole determination will be presented using three types of carbon electrodes: glassy carbon electrode, boron doped diamond electrode and carbon paste electrode. Optimization process will be also described.
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Łosiewicz, Bożena, Grzegorz Dercz y Magdalena Popczyk. "Electrode Materials". Solid State Phenomena 228 (marzo de 2015): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.228.3.
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This review work was focused on conventional and modern electrodes which play an important role in electrochemical systems. Among many types of existing electrode materials, some of the most prominent materials from the conventional (metals and their alloys, graphite and mixed metal oxides) and the modern (amorphous, modified and composite) electrodes, have been outlined. What is also discussed is the recent intensive usability of nanocrystalline electrodes of better properties than their microcrystalline equivalents, and development trend of electrode materials.
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Bakhshi, Mahla, Ashvini Sivasengaran y Johannes Landesfeind. "Three-Electrode Coin Cell with Gold Micro-Reference Electrode". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, n.º 8 (22 de diciembre de 2023): 3362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-0283362mtgabs.
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As the demand for Li-ion batteries continues to grow, accelerating their development is crucial. An essential aspect of enhancing battery performance involves obtaining a deeper understanding of fundamental electrochemical processes. This understanding can be achieved by applying advanced measurement techniques such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), a promising method for investigating batteries, providing insights into reactions, material properties, and interphases.1 However, when EIS is conducted on a full cell, the resulting spectra combine information from both electrodes, limiting the characterization of each electrode.2 To deconvolute the influence of the electrodes, a three-electrode setup can be used. This setup introduces a reference electrode (RE) which allows deconvolution of the full cell impedance into the impedance of the separate electrodes. The choice and placement of the RE significantly impact impedance spectra.3 Ideally, the RE should maintain a stable potential, allow ion flow, and not obstruct any part of the other electrodes.4 Micro-REs are often favored for EIS due to these considerations. Additionally, the RE placement can distort impedance spectra if positioned in a geometrically or electrically asymmetric region of the cell.3 Several cell designs have been proposed for three-electrode configurations.4 An innovative approach incorporates a gold micro-RE into a Swagelok T-cell setup.5 This work involves a 50 µm thick insulated gold wire sandwiched between two separators which could be lithiated to form a gold-Li alloy at its tip. This lithiated tip shows a stable potential for extended periods, resulting in reliable impedance spectra of the electrodes. While the proposed setup has been instrumental in facilitating valuable research, the cell format has room for improvement. Even though effective, Swagelok T-cells come with high costs and require intricate assembly. Furthermore, disassembly, cleaning, and drying of cell components for re-use substantially prolong the preparation time. Other studies have explored the coin cell format for the three-electrode setup4, offering several advantages, including simplified and rapid assembly procedures. Moreover, the disposable nature of this cell format significantly reduces unit costs and shortens preparation times. Consequently, some researchers have sought to leverage these benefits by incorporating the RE through a coaxial configuration within a hole in the electrodes.4 However, these adaptations often necessitate substantial modifications to cell components and electrodes and are not well-suited for reliable impedance measurements. In some other approaches that involve placing the RE between separators and electrodes4, achieving consistent cell assembly appears to be a persistent challenge, and cell sealing issues may arise in these setups as well. In this work, we have devised a reliable, cost-efficient approach for three-electrode coin cell construction that employs common coin cell parts. Our approach eliminates the need for specialized tools, relying instead on conventional laboratory-scale equipment and accessible commercial materials. In this configuration, as depicted in the inset of Fig.1, the assembly process is carefully adapted so that the micro-RE wire remains straight and lies as flat as possible throughout the cell, positioned between the electrodes and separators. The sealing in our setup is ensured with a special resin compatible with the micro-RE and the components inside the cell, effectively preventing the penetration of moisture and/or air into the cell. We have validated the effectiveness of this sealing method by electrochemical tests that are sensitive to the water and oxygen content within the cell (see Fig. 1). Here, we present comprehensive details about the assembly modifications and custom-designed cell holder. This study also includes examples of measurement results, especially impedance spectra. The proposed setup holds significant promise for various applications in research laboratories and industrial settings, enabling fast, reliable, and cost-efficient setup for impedance characterization tests. References [1] L. Andrzej, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and its Applications, Springer, New York, NY, (2014). [2] M. Dollé, F. Orsini, A. S. Gozdz, and J.-M. Tarascon, J. Electrochem. Soc., 148, A851–A857 (2001). [3] M. Ender, A. Weber, and I.-T. Ellen, J. Electrochem. Soc., 159, A128 (2011). [4] R. Raccichini, M. Amores, and G. Hinds, Batteries, 5, 12 (2019). [5] S. Solchenbach, D. Pritzl, E. Jia Yi Kong, J. Landesfeind, and H. Gasteiger, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163, A2265–A2272 (2016). Fig. 1. Electrochemical sealing test results from a lithium graphite half-cell coin cell in a three-electrode setup. The graphite electrode lithiated to 500 mV vs. Li/Li+ maintains its stable potential in the absence of current over extended periods, demonstrating reliable sealing and no water and or oxygen penetration in the cell. Inset: a simplified sketch of the three-electrode coin cell design and components with micro-RE placed between two separators, allowing to detangle impedance contributions from the anode and cathode side individually. Figure 1
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Li, Chunlin, Ke Xu y Yuanfen Chen. "Study on the Anti-Interference Performance of Substrate-Free PEDOT:PSS ECG Electrodes". Applied Sciences 14, n.º 14 (22 de julio de 2024): 6367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14146367.
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Substrate-free electrodes are promising dry electrodes for long-term physiological electrical signal monitoring due to their ultra-thinness, conformal contact, and stable skin–electrode impedance. However, the response of substrate-free electrodes to various disturbances during electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring and the corresponding optimization needs to be investigated. This paper investigates the specific effects of various influencing factors on skin–electrode impedance and ECG during electrocardiogram (ECG) detection. The research utilizes substrate-free poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene-sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) electrodes. The investigation employs several methods, including skin–electrode impedance comparison, ECG waveform analysis, spectrum analysis, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) evaluation. To avoid the impact of physiological state differences in subjects at different times, relevant data were only compared with the same group of experiments conducted in the same period. The results demonstrate that the substrate-free conformal contact PEDOT:PSS electrode has more stable skin–electrode impedance and could obtain a more stable ECG than partial contact electrodes (the SNR of the partial contact and conformal contact electrodes are 1.2768 ± 4.0299 dB and 7.2637 ± 1.4897 dB, respectively). Furthermore, the ECG signal quality of the substrate-free conformal contact PEDOT:PSS electrode was independent of the electrode area and shape (the SNRs of the large, medium, and small electrodes are 4.0447 ± 0.4616 dB, 3.9115 ± 0.5885 dB, and 4.1556 ± 0.5557 dB, respectively; the SNRs of the circular, square, and triangular electrodes are 9.2649 ± 0.6326 dB, 9.2471 ± 0.6806 dB, and 9.1514 ± 0.6875 dB, respectively), showing high signal acquisition capability that is the same as microneedle electrodes and better than fabric electrodes. The results of clothing friction effects show that skin–electrode impedance stability was important for ECG stability, while the impedance value was not (the SNRs of friction and non-friction electrodes are 2.4128 ± 7.0784 dB and 9.2164 ± 0.6696 dB, respectively). Moreover, the skin–electrode impedance maintains stability even at a high breathing frequency, but the ECG signal fluctuates at a high breathing frequency. This experiment demonstrates that even when the skin–electrode impedance remains stable, the ECG signal can still be susceptible to interference from other factors. This study suggests that substrate-free PEDOT:PSS that could form conformal contact with the skin has higher skin–electrode impedance stability and could measure a high ECG signal even with a small electrode area, demonstrating its potential as dry ECG electrodes, but the interference from other physiological electrical signals may require better circuit design.
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Wang, Zaihao, Yuhao Ding, Wei Yuan, Hongyu Chen, Wei Chen y Chen Chen. "Active Claw-Shaped Dry Electrodes for EEG Measurement in Hair Areas". Bioengineering 11, n.º 3 (13 de marzo de 2024): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11030276.
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EEG, which can provide brain alteration information via recording the electrical activity of neurons in the cerebral cortex, has been widely used in neurophysiology. However, conventional wet electrodes in EEG monitoring typically suffer from inherent limitations, including the requirement of skin pretreatment, the risk of superficial skin infections, and signal performance deterioration that may occur over time due to the air drying of the conductive gel. Although the emergence of dry electrodes has overcome these shortcomings, their electrode–skin contact impedance is significantly high and unstable, especially in hair-covered areas. To address the above problems, an active claw-shaped dry electrode is designed, moving from electrode morphological design, slurry preparation, and coating to active electrode circuit design. The active claw-shaped dry electrode, which consists of a claw-shaped electrode and active electrode circuit, is dedicated to offering a flexible solution for elevating electrode fittings on the scalp in hair-covered areas, reducing electrode–skin contact impedance and thus improving the quality of the acquired EEG signal. The performance of the proposed electrodes was verified by impedance, active electrode circuit, eyes open-closed, steady-state visually evoked potential (SSVEP), and anti-interference tests, based on EEG signal acquisition. Experimental results show that the proposed claw-shaped electrodes (without active circuit) can offer a better fit between the scalp and electrodes, with a low electrode–skin contact impedance (18.62 KΩ@1 Hz in the hairless region and 122.15 KΩ@1 Hz in the hair-covered region). In addition, with the active circuit, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the acquiring EEG signal was improved and power frequency interference was restrained, therefore, the proposed electrodes can yield an EEG signal quality comparable to wet electrodes.
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Zhang, Wenguang, Xuele Yin y Xuhui Zhou. "Optimal design and evaluation of a multi-shank structure based neural probe". International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 64, n.º 1-4 (10 de diciembre de 2020): 1373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-209456.
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In order to develop long-lifetime neural electrodes, the insertion tissue injury caused by two optimized neural electrode (convex streamline electrode and vibration attenuation electrode) models were evaluated compared with a reference electrode. Based on the experimental evaluation system for testing tissue injury, the effects of insertion speeds on tissue injury of the two optimized electrodes with different insertion depths were studied. The maximum tissue strain caused by the two optimized neural electrodes firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of insertion speed at the depths of 3 mm and 4.5 mm. The insertion forces caused by vibration attenuation electrode are steady with the change of insertion speed. The convex streamline neural electrode caused less tissue injury compared with the other two electrodes. The higher or lower insertion speed causes smaller tissue strain for the two optimized electrodes, which is conductive to set implantation parameters to minimize tissue injury.
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Zhang, Wenguang, Xuele Yin, Jie Xie, Yakun Ma y Zhengwei Li. "Experimental evaluation of optimal-designed neural electrodes based on simulated implantation system". International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 64, n.º 1-4 (10 de diciembre de 2020): 1401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-209459.
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In order to develop long-lifetime neural electrodes, the insertion tissue injury caused by two optimized neural electrode (convex streamline electrode and vibration attenuation electrode) models were evaluated compared with a reference electrode. Based on the experimental evaluation system for testing tissue injury, the effects of insertion speeds on tissue injury of the two optimized electrodes with different insertion depths were studied. The maximum tissue strain caused by the two optimized neural electrodes firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of insertion speed at the depths of 3 mm and 4.5 mm. The insertion forces caused by vibration attenuation electrode are steady with the change of insertion speed. The convex streamline neural electrode caused less tissue injury compared with the other two electrodes. The higher or lower insertion speed causes smaller tissue strain for the two optimized electrodes, which is conductive to set implantation parameters to minimize tissue injury.
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Ertas, Yavuz Nuri, Derya Ozpolat, Saime Nur Karasu y Nureddin Ashammakhi. "Recent Advances in Cochlear Implant Electrode Array Design Parameters". Micromachines 13, n.º 7 (8 de julio de 2022): 1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13071081.
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Cochlear implants are neural implant devices that aim to restore hearing in patients with severe sensorineural hearing impairment. Here, the main goal is to successfully place the electrode array in the cochlea to stimulate the auditory nerves through bypassing damaged hair cells. Several electrode and electrode array parameters affect the success of this technique, but, undoubtedly, the most important one is related to electrodes, which are used for nerve stimulation. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive resource on the electrodes currently being used in cochlear implant devices. Electrode materials, shape, and the effect of spacing between electrodes on the stimulation, stiffness, and flexibility of electrode-carrying arrays are discussed. The use of sensors and the electrical, mechanical, and electrochemical properties of electrode arrays are examined. A large library of preferred electrodes is reviewed, and recent progress in electrode design parameters is analyzed. Finally, the limitations and challenges of the current technology are discussed along with a proposal of future directions in the field.
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Li, Zhi Yong, Pei Yu Dong y Yi Gang Wang. "Experiment Study on Micro-Seam in Electrochemical Machining". Key Engineering Materials 584 (septiembre de 2013): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.584.15.
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In this study, we firstly developed a numerical electrochemical micro-machining (EMM) setup. Furthermore, the effects of five vital process parameters, applied voltage, electrolyte type, electrode shape and diameter, electrode feed rate on micro-seams machining accuracy and process stability were evaluated. The experimental results show that: Wire electrodes machining accuracy is higher than that of sheet electrode. With the wire electrodes diameter decreased from 0.2mm to 0.06mm, micro-seam width is reduced by 36.55%. With the wire electrode feed rate increased from 0.2mm/min to 0.6mmm/min, micro-seam width is reduced by 44.2%. Sheet electrodes machining stability is better than that of wire electrode. The number of machining stability of sheet electrode is 25% higher than that of wire electrode in the condition of 8V applied voltage.
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Chen, Yan y Li Bao An. "Simulation of Electric Field for Carbon Nanotube Assembly by Dielectrophoresis". Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (junio de 2014): 421–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.421.
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In the process of carbon nanotube assembly by dielectrophoresis, the geometry and spacing of electrodes are significantly affecting the assembly precision. In the simulation process, we showed the geometrical shape of conical, round and rectangular electrode and compared the electric field distribution with these electrodes. Compared with single electrode pairs, comb electrodes can achieve high-yield manipulation. Simulation results show that when the distance between adjacent electrode pairs is larger than twice electrode width, it will avoid electric field superimposition. A method of using floating metal posts within the electrode gap can realize precise positioning of assembled carbon nanotubes.
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Rücker, Carsten y Thomas Günther. "The simulation of finite ERT electrodes using the complete electrode model". GEOPHYSICS 76, n.º 4 (julio de 2011): F227—F238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3581356.
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Direct-current resistivity surveys usually are performed using steel rods of finite extent and grounding resistance. However, in modeling, electrodes are commonly treated as ideal point sources. We present an approach for numerical computation applying the complete electrode model (CEM), which is known from medical imaging. The electrode surface was discretized, and the partial-differential equations were extended by additional relations incorporating a contact impedance and a condition for the current flow through the electrode surface. We verified the modeling of the electrical potential using an analytical solution for a perfectly coupled half-ellipsoid current source. To quantify the influence of a finite electrode, we computed the electrode effect as the ratio between CEM and point-source solution and investigated its dependence on geometry and contact impedance. Surface measurements using rods of typical spatial extent showed electrode effects on the order of the measuring accuracy for an electrode length/spacing ratio lower than 0.2. However, the effects are more significant for closed geometries such as experimental tanks. A comparison with a point approximation for finite electrodes using point-source locations along the electrode axis showed the best agreement, with points at about 60% of the electrode extension. The contact impedance played a minor role for four-point measurements, contributing only a few percent to the electrode effect. In addition to penetrating electrodes, we investigated surface electrodes with galvanic or capacitive coupling, showing electrode effects on the same order as for penetrating electrodes. An inhomogeneous resistivity distribution clearly increased the size of the effects. We also investigate the use of CEM to simulate current injected through steel-cased boreholes. Finally, we applied the approach with buried ring electrodes to calculate effects caused mainly by geometric disturbances from the borehole.
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Jaffe, Debra M., Nancy P. Solomon, Robert A. Robinson, Henry T. Hoffman y Erich S. Luschei. "Comparison of Concentric Needle Versus Hooked-Wire Electrodes in the Canine Larynx". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 118, n.º 5 (mayo de 1998): 655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459989811800515.
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BACKGROUND: The use of a specific electrode type in laryngeal electromyography has not been standardized. Laryngeal electromyography is usually performed with hooked-wire electrodes or concentric needle electrodes. Hooked-wire electrodes have the advantage of allowing laryngeal movement with ease and comfort, whereas the concentric needle electrodes have benefits from a technical aspect and may be advanced, withdrawn, or redirected during attempts to appropriately place the electrode. OBJECTIVES: This study examines whether hooked-wire electrodes permit more stable recordings than standard concentric needle electrodes at rest and after large-scale movements of the larynx and surrounding structures. A histologic comparison of tissue injury resulting from placement and removal of the two electrode types is also made by evaluation of the vocal folds. METHODS: Electrodes were percutaneously placed into the thyroarytenoid muscles of 10 adult canines. Amplitude of electromyographic activity was measured and compared during vagal stimulation before and after large-scale laryngeal movements. Signal consistency over time was examined. Animals were killed and vocal fold injury was graded and compared histologically. RESULTS: Waveform morphology did not consistently differ between electrode types. The variability of electromyographic amplitude was greater for the hooked-wire electrode ( p < 0.05), whereas the mean amplitude measures before and after large-scale laryngeal movements did not differ ( p > 0.05). Inflammatory responses and hematoma formation were also similar. CONCLUSIONS: Waveform morphology of electromyographic signals registered from both electrode types show similar complex action potentials. There is no difference between the hooked-wire electrode and the concentric needle electrode in terms of electrode stability or vocal fold injury in the thyroarytenoid muscle after large-scale laryngeal movements. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;118:655–62.)
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Huang, Yiping, Yatong Song, Li Gou y Yuanwen Zou. "A Novel Wearable Flexible Dry Electrode Based on Cowhide for ECG Measurement". Biosensors 11, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 2021): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11040101.
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The electrocardiogram (ECG) electrode, as a sensor, is an important part of the wearable ECG monitoring device. Natural leather is rarely used as the electrode substrate. In this paper, wearable flexible silver electrodes based on cowhide were prepared by sputtering and brush-painting. A signal generator, oscilloscope, impedance test instrument, and ECG monitor were used to build the test platform evaluating the performance of electrodes with six subjects. The lossless waveform transmission can be achieved with our electrodes. Therefore, the Pearson’s correlation coefficient calculated with input waveform and output waveform of the electrodes based on the top grain layer (GLE) and the split layer (SLE) of cowhide were 0.997 and 0.998 at 0.1 Hz respectively. The skin electrode impedance (Z) was tested, and the parameters of the equivalent circuit model of the skin electrode interface were calculated by a fitting method, indicating that the Z of the prepared electrodes was comparable with the standard gel electrode when the skin is moist enough. The signal-to-noise ratio of the ECG of the GLE and the SLE were 1.148 and 1.205 times that of the standard electrode in the standing posture, which meant the ECG measured by our electrodes was basically consistent with that measured by the standard electrode.
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Han, Qing, Ge Ming Liu, Niu Sheng Peng, Tao Feng, Jin Feng Xia y Jin Xia. "Preparation and Characterization of Pt/YSZ Electrode of Zirconia Oxygen Sensor". Key Engineering Materials 544 (marzo de 2013): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.544.72.
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Electrode slurry made of Pt powder was brushed on both surfaces of the sintered ZrO2 substrate. And then the Pt electrodes were sintered under various temperatures. The microstructure of the surface of the electrodes was characterized by scanning electronic microscope. The electrochemical properties of the electrodes were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results show that the sintered temperature of the electrode has a remarkable effect on the microstructure of the electrode and the Pt electrode show favorable electrochemical catalysis performance.
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Amezawa, Koji, Katsuya Nishidate, Zhuo Diao, Teruki Yoshioka, Yuta Kimura, Takashi Nakamura, Keiji Yashiro y Tatsuya Kawada. "(Invited) Mechanism of Cathodic Reaction in Proton-Conducting Ceramic Fuel Cells Investigated By Patterned Model Electrodes". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, n.º 47 (9 de octubre de 2022): 1737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02471737mtgabs.
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Proton-conducting ceramic fuel cell (PCFCs) is one type of solid oxide fuel cell using a solid-state proton-conductor, typically BaZrO3-based and BaCeO3-based ceramics, as an electrolyte. PCFC is expected to operate at intermediate temperatures with high energy conversion efficiency. One of technological challenges for realization of PCFC is the development of high performace cathode. Cathodic reaction in PCFC is electrochemical reduction of oxygen gas foriming water vapor. Since protons, electrons, and oxygen gas molcules exist in the electrolyte, electrode and gas phase, respectively, the electrode reaciton takes place at triple phase boundaries (TPBs) in principle. On the other hand, the reaction site can be expanded from TPBs to double phase boundaries (DPBs), when a mixed ionic-electronic conductor (MIEC) is used. In such an MIEC electrode, the dominant reaction sites are believed to be DPBs because of their large area. So far, some oxides are reported to exhibit mixed protonic-electronic conductor, but no clear experimental evidences have been provided to show how significantly TPB/DPB reactions contribute to the total reaction. Recently we proposed new and original model electrodes, which can be schematically illustrated in Fig. 1, to investigate a gas reaction on a solid electrolyte. These so-called "patterned thin film electrodes" are kinds of thin film electrodes. However, in contrast to a conventional thin film electrode, the electrode/electrolyte contact area was limitted by inserting a slitted insulating layer between the electrode and the electrolyte, and threfore our model electrodes can behave as a columar electrode. In the electrode of Fig. 1(a), the electrode reaction proceeds only through DPBs, and the reaction current gradually decreased with increasing the distance from the electrode/electrolyte interface depending on proton diffusion in the electrode layer. On the other hand, in the electrode of Fig. 1(b), a part of the electrode film was removed from the electrode of Fig.1(a) to introduce TPBs. In this case, the electrode reaction takes place not only through DPBs but also through TPBs. Then, by comparing the electrode performances between these novel model electrodes, the contribution of TPB/DPB reactions can be separately evaluated. We applied these model electrodes to investigate the mechanism of the PCFC cathodic reactions. (La,Sr)CoO3-d was chosen as a cathode material, and the model electrodes were fabricated on a Ba(Zr,Yb)O3-d electrolyte. On the lateral and opposite sides of the electrolyte, porous Pt and Pd electrode was set as a reference and a counter electrodes. DC polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were performed with the model electrodes at 773-973 K. As results, it was found TPBs are the dominant reaction site for (La,Sr)CoO3-d PCFC cathode, although DPB reaction slightly contributes to the total reaction. More detailed disucssion will be given in the presentation based on the results by operando X-ray absorption measurements. Figure 1
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Xu, Qiang, Yiyi She y Li Li. "Model-based analysis of geometrical effects in microfluidic fuel cell with flow-through porous electrodes". International Journal of Modern Physics B 34, n.º 01n03 (11 de noviembre de 2019): 2040022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979220400226.
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Porous electrodes in microfluidic fuel cell (MFC) operate with nonuniform reaction rate. It is intriguing to improve the utilization degree of the porous electrodes. In this work, a three-dimensional computational model is developed for MFC with flow-through porous electrodes. Characteristics of the reaction rate distributions under different electrode geometries are examined. The results show that reaction rate varies noticeably along the electrode width direction, but minimally along the electrode length direction. High reaction rate region locates in the vicinity of the interface between the porous electrode and the middle channel. A relatively high aspect ratio, defined as the ratio of the electrode length to width, is beneficial to improve the utilization degree of the porous electrodes. Yet, concentration losses increase due to the decreased fluid velocity. Considering the cell performance, optimal electrode aspect ratios are derived for the anode and cathode, respectively.
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Pa, Pai Shan. "Design of Completely Inserted and Feeding Electrode for Female Screw in Electrochemical Finishing". Key Engineering Materials 329 (enero de 2007): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.329.231.
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This study discusses electrochemical finishing of female screw using different types of completely inserted electrodes as well as feeding electrodes for die material. In the experiment, four types of design electrode are completely inserted and put through both continuous and pulse direct current and another four types of electrode are used with the application of continuous direct current and axial electrode feed. The controlled factors include the chemical composition and the concentration of the electrolyte, the electrolyte temperature, the flow rate of electrolyte, rotational speed of the electrode, current density, and current rating. The parameters are electrolytic time, die material, pulse period, feed rate of the electrode, and electrode geometry. For inserted electrodes, an electrode with thin plate provides more sufficient discharge space, which is advantageous for polishing. The electrode of single plate performs better than the double plate. Pulse direct current can promote the effect of electrochemical finishing, but the machining time is longer and the cost is raised. For feeding electrodes, an electrode of one side borer tip and thinner heavy section performs the best polishing effect in the current investigation. The electrochemical finishing after screw cutting just needs quite short time to make the surface of female screw smoothing and bright.
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Ndode-Ekane, Xavier Ekolle, Riikka Immonen, Elina Hämäläinen, Eppu Manninen, Pedro Andrade, Robert Ciszek, Tomi Paananen, Olli Gröhn y Asla Pitkänen. "MRI-Guided Electrode Implantation for Chronic Intracerebral Recordings in a Rat Model of Post−Traumatic Epilepsy—Challenges and Gains". Biomedicines 10, n.º 9 (15 de septiembre de 2022): 2295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10092295.
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Brain atrophy induced by traumatic brain injury (TBI) progresses in parallel with epileptogenesis over time, and thus accurate placement of intracerebral electrodes to monitor seizure initiation and spread at the chronic postinjury phase is challenging. We evaluated in adult male Sprague Dawley rats whether adjusting atlas-based electrode coordinates on the basis of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) increases electrode placement accuracy and the effect of chronic electrode implantations on TBI-induced brain atrophy. One group of rats (EEG cohort) was implanted with two intracortical (anterior and posterior) and a hippocampal electrode right after TBI to target coordinates calculated using a rat brain atlas. Another group (MRI cohort) was implanted with the same electrodes, but using T2-weighted MRI to adjust the planned atlas-based 3D coordinates of each electrode. Histological analysis revealed that the anterior cortical electrode was in the cortex in 83% (25% in targeted layer V) of the EEG cohort and 76% (31%) of the MRI cohort. The posterior cortical electrode was in the cortex in 40% of the EEG cohort and 60% of the MRI cohort. Without MRI-guided adjustment of electrode tip coordinates, 58% of the posterior cortical electrodes in the MRI cohort will be in the lesion cavity, as revealed by simulated electrode placement on histological images. The hippocampal electrode was accurately placed in 82% of the EEG cohort and 86% of the MRI cohort. Misplacement of intracortical electrodes related to their rostral shift due to TBI-induced cortical and hippocampal atrophy and caudal retraction of the brain, and was more severe ipsilaterally than contralaterally (p < 0.001). Total lesion area in cortical subfields targeted by the electrodes (primary somatosensory cortex, visual cortex) was similar between cohorts (p > 0.05). MRI-guided adjustment of coordinates for electrodes improved the success rate of intracortical electrode tip placement nearly to that at the acute postinjury phase (68% vs. 62%), particularly in the posterior brain, which exhibited the most severe postinjury atrophy. Overall, MRI-guided electrode implantation improved the quality and interpretation of the origin of EEG-recorded signals.
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Zhang, Meiling, Ningting Guo, Qian Gao, Hongqiang Li y Zhangang Wang. "Design, Characterization, and Performance of Woven Fabric Electrodes for Electrocardiogram Signal Monitoring". Sensors 22, n.º 15 (22 de julio de 2022): 5472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22155472.
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Conductive gel needs to be applied between the skin and standard medical electrodes when monitoring electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, but this can cause skin irritation, particularly during long-term monitoring. Fabric electrodes are flexible, breathable, and capable of sensing ECG signals without conductive gel. The objective of this study was to design and fabricate a circular fabric electrode using weaving technology. To optimize the woven fabric electrode, electrodes of different diameter, fabric weave, and weft density were devised, and the AC impedance, open-circuit voltage, and static ECG signal were measured and comprehensively evaluated. Diameter of 4 cm, 12/5 sateen, and weft density of 46 picks/cm were concluded as the appropriate parameters of the fabric electrode. ECG signals in swinging, squatting, and rotating states were compared between the woven fabric electrode and the standard medical electrode. The results showed that the characteristic waveform of the woven fabric electrode with 86.7% improved data was more obvious than that of the standard medical electrode. This work provides reference data that will be helpful for commercializing the integration of fabric electrodes into smart textiles.
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Jiang, Zhixiang, Yihui Zou, Yue Li, Fanlong Kong y Dongjiang Yang. "Environmental life cycle assessment of supercapacitor electrode production using algae derived biochar aerogel". Biochar 3, n.º 4 (4 de octubre de 2021): 701–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42773-021-00122-1.
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AbstractPorous carbon aerogel material has gained an increasing attraction for developing supercapacitor electrodes due to its cost-effective synthesis process and relatively high electrochemical performance. However, the environmental performances of supercapacitor electrodes produced from different carbon aerogel materials are never comparatively studied, hindering our knowledge of supercapacitor electrode production in a sustainable pattern. In this study, nitrogen-doped biochar aerogel-based electrode (BA-electrode) produced from Entermorpha prolifera was simulated to investigate the environmental performance by using life cycle assessment method. For comparison, the assessment of graphene oxide aerogel-based electrode (GOA-electrode) was also carried out. It can be observed that the life cycle global warming potential for the BA-electrode was lower than that of GOA-electrode with a reduction of 53.1‒68.1%. In comparison with GOA-electrode, the BA-electrodes endowed smaller impacts on environment in majority of impact categories. Moreover, in comparison with GOA-electrode, the environmental damages of BA-electrode were greatly decreased by 35.8‒56.4% (human health), 44.9‒62.6% (ecosystems), and 87.0‒91.2% (resources), respectively. The production stages of GOA and graphene oxide and stages of nitrogen-doped biochar aerogel production and Entermorpha prolifera drying were identified as the hotspots of environmental impact/damage for the GOA-electrode and BA-electrode, respectively. Overall, this finding highlights the efficient utilization of algae feedstock to construct a green and sustainable technical route of supercapacitor electrode production.
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Jiang, Zhixiang, Yihui Zou, Yue Li, Fanlong Kong y Dongjiang Yang. "Environmental life cycle assessment of supercapacitor electrode production using algae derived biochar aerogel". Biochar 3, n.º 4 (4 de octubre de 2021): 701–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42773-021-00122-1.
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AbstractPorous carbon aerogel material has gained an increasing attraction for developing supercapacitor electrodes due to its cost-effective synthesis process and relatively high electrochemical performance. However, the environmental performances of supercapacitor electrodes produced from different carbon aerogel materials are never comparatively studied, hindering our knowledge of supercapacitor electrode production in a sustainable pattern. In this study, nitrogen-doped biochar aerogel-based electrode (BA-electrode) produced from Entermorpha prolifera was simulated to investigate the environmental performance by using life cycle assessment method. For comparison, the assessment of graphene oxide aerogel-based electrode (GOA-electrode) was also carried out. It can be observed that the life cycle global warming potential for the BA-electrode was lower than that of GOA-electrode with a reduction of 53.1‒68.1%. In comparison with GOA-electrode, the BA-electrodes endowed smaller impacts on environment in majority of impact categories. Moreover, in comparison with GOA-electrode, the environmental damages of BA-electrode were greatly decreased by 35.8‒56.4% (human health), 44.9‒62.6% (ecosystems), and 87.0‒91.2% (resources), respectively. The production stages of GOA and graphene oxide and stages of nitrogen-doped biochar aerogel production and Entermorpha prolifera drying were identified as the hotspots of environmental impact/damage for the GOA-electrode and BA-electrode, respectively. Overall, this finding highlights the efficient utilization of algae feedstock to construct a green and sustainable technical route of supercapacitor electrode production.
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Gao, Kunpeng, Nailong Wu, Bowen Ji y Jingquan Liu. "A Film Electrode upon Nanoarchitectonics of Bacterial Cellulose and Conductive Fabric for Forehead Electroencephalogram Measurement". Sensors 23, n.º 18 (14 de septiembre de 2023): 7887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23187887.
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In this paper, we present a soft and moisturizing film electrode based on bacterial cellulose and Ag/AgCl conductive cloth as a potential replacement for gel electrode patches in electroencephalogram (EEG) recording. The electrode materials are entirely flexible, and the bacterial cellulose membrane facilitates convenient adherence to the skin. EEG signals are transmitted from the skin to the bacterial cellulose first and then transferred to the Ag/AgCl conductive cloth connected to the amplifier. The water in the bacterial cellulose moisturizes the skin continuously, reducing the contact impedance to less than 10 kΩ, which is lower than commercial gel electrode patches. The contact impedance and equivalent circuits indicate that the bacterial cellulose electrode effectively reduces skin impedance. Moreover, the bacterial cellulose electrode exhibits lower noise than the gel electrode patch. The bacterial cellulose electrode has demonstrated success in collecting α rhythms. When recording EEG signals, the bacterial cellulose electrode and gel electrode have an average coherence of 0.86, indicating that they have similar performance across different EEG bands. Compared with current mainstream conductive rubber dry electrodes, gel electrodes, and conductive cloth electrodes, the bacterial cellulose electrode has obvious advantages in terms of contact impedance. The bacterial cellulose electrode does not cause skin discomfort after long-term recording, making it more suitable for applications with strict requirements for skin affinity than gel electrode patches.
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Bachman, Ridge M., Callaway Pate, Peter Owuor, Abdullah Khan y Derek M. Hall. "Comparing Electrode Overpotential Contributions in Vrfbs Amongst Multiple Techniques". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, n.º 1 (9 de agosto de 2024): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-011185mtgabs.
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Redox flow batteries (RFBs) offer a potential remedy for the escalating need for energy storage amid the ongoing transition from carbon-intensive fossil energy to renewable energy sources. Yet, many RFB chemistries are shown to have low energy efficiencies which can be attributed, in part, to ineffective electrode materials. Identifying overpotential contributions from electrodes under operating conditions is a key step in understanding how to design better RFB electrodes Previously, three-electrode setups using rotating disk electrodes (RDE) were the effective technique at isolating overpotentials; however, this can only be accomplished by looking at one side of the RFB at a time. RDEs do not easily replicate the operational conditions of a power cell or the porous nature of carbon electrodes used in RFBs. Alongside the normal operation of an RFB, symmetry cells are another approach that can be utilized in quantifying the performance of electrodes. The advantage of a symmetrical cell setup allows us to monitor the overpotential contributions of two different electrodes in the same electrolyte concurrently. Membrane-based reference electrodes (MBRE), and other reference electrode integration concepts, allow us to use three-electrode techniques in operational RFB power cells. As a case study, we examined the effect of oxidative electrode treatments on the positive and negative side of the VRFB using multiple methods. While other studies have shown that an untreated negative electrode may be the key inhibitor in VRFB performance, we have quantified the overpotential at 50% state of charge to be 194 mV when 50 mA cm-2 is applied. After an oxidative treatment is applied to the negative electrode, the overpotential is reduced to 111 mV. Applying this to other techniques, we can compare the effectiveness of a non-symmetry cell setup vs. a symmetry cell setup, which displayed that oxidative treatment techniques appear to have an opposite effect on the positive electrode. A treated-positive electrode shows an overpotential of around 100 mV whereas an untreated-positive electrode only contributes 15 mV less of overpotential. These findings are further compared using common reference electrodes placed in the electrolyte tank, providing insights into the effectiveness of power cell techniques in improving RFB electrode performance.
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Patrick, J. F. y J. C. MacFarlane. "Characterization of Mechanical Properties of Single Electrodes and Multielectrodes". Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 96, n.º 1_suppl (enero de 1987): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00034894870960s121.
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Over recent years there has been increasing awareness of the potential damage to the fragile structures of the cochlea that could be caused by the insertion of intracochlear electrodes. Temporal bone histologic studies from chronically implanted human patients have shown that intracochlear electrodes can cause significant insertion trauma. This paper describes how the mechanical properties of the electrode array can influence insertion trauma, and compares the properties of solid wire electrodes with those of a tapered electrode array. The maximum force that can be applied by the tip of the solid wire electrode is 25 times what can be applied by the tapered electrode array, whereas the tapered array is ten times more flexible. These differences in mechanical properties suggest that evidence for insertion trauma should be assessed on an electrode-by-electrode basis.
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Lorca, Sebastián, Florencio Santos, Javier Padilla, J. J. López Cascales y Antonio J. Fernández Romero. "Importance of Continuous and Simultaneous Monitoring of Both Electrode Voltages during Discharge/Charge Battery Tests: Application to Zn-Based Batteries". Batteries 8, n.º 11 (7 de noviembre de 2022): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8110221.
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Two different Zn-based batteries are tested, simultaneously recording the voltage of the negative and positive electrodes during the discharge/charge processes to evidence the advantages of using a three-electrode cell, including a pseudo-reference electrode, with respect to the normally applied two electrodes system. The three-electrode cell allows us to identify in each moment which electrode reveals unexpected events during a battery test and thus to act on it accordingly. In this work, alkaline Zn/Bi2O3 and Zn/air batteries, including a pseudo-reference electrode, are subjected to different galvanostatic discharge/charge tests, highlighting several unforeseen changes and failures in both negative and positive electrodes. Thus, the usefulness of using a three-electrodes system in Zn-based batteries is revealed because it allows us to explain what the cause of the battery failure was and, if necessary, to act immediately. Finally, Spectroscopic Impedance measurements are also applied to a specific case of the Zn/Bi2O3 battery using the same three-electrode cell.
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Rahmadhani, Sri, Henry Setiyanto y Muhammad Ali Zulfikar. "Fabrication of Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Phenol Imprinted Polyaniline as a Sensor for Phenol Analysis by Potentiometric". Materials Science Forum 936 (octubre de 2018): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.936.71.
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A phenol imprinted polymer modified electrode has been prepared by electropolymerization technique in the solution containing aniline as monomer and phenol as a template onto carbon paste electrode surface. A potentiometric method was used to evaluate the performance of the electrodes. Optimization of aniline and phenol composition and a number of polymerization cycles was investigated based on the Nernstian factor. The performance of the electrode sensor is affected by the pH of the analyte solution. Based on the potential response of three different electrodes, it is known that MIP modified electrode has better sensitivity than non-imprinted electrode or bare carbon paste electrode.
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Mittmann, Philipp, Grit Rademacher, Sven Mutze, Arneborg Ernst y Ingo Todt. "Electrode Migration in Patients with Perimodiolar Cochlear Implant Electrodes". Audiology and Neurotology 20, n.º 6 (2015): 349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000435873.
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Migration of a cochlear implant electrode is a hitherto uncommon complication. So far, array migration has only been observed in lateral wall electrodes. Between 1999 and 2014, a total of 27 patients received bilateral perimodiolar electrode arrays at our institution. The insertion depth angle was estimated on the initial postoperative scans and compared with the insertion depth angle of the postoperative scans performed after contralateral cochlear implantation. Seven (25.93%) patients were found to have an electrode array migration of more than 15°. Electrode migration in perimodiolar electrodes seems to be less frequent and to occur to a lower extent than in lateral wall electrodes. Electrode migration was clinically asymptomatic in all cases.
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Ding, Xue-Feng, Yan Gao, Hui Zhang, Yuan Zhang, Shao-Xia Wang, Yong-Qi Zhao, Yi-Zheng Wang y Ming Fan. "A novel low-cost electrode for recording the local field potential of freely moving rat’s brain". Translational Neuroscience 11, n.º 1 (5 de junio de 2020): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tnsci-2020-0104.
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AbstractLocal field potentials (LFPs) are involved in almost all cognitive activities of animals. Several kinds of recording electrodes are used for recording LFPs in freely moving animals, including commercial and homemade electrodes. However, commercial recording electrodes are expensive, and their relatively fixed size often causes a steric hindrance effect, especially when combining deep brain stimulation (DBS) with LFP recording, which may not always satisfy the aim of researchers. Currently, an increasing number of researchers are designing their own recording electrodes to lower research costs. Nevertheless, there is no simple universal method to produce low-cost recording electrodes with a specific size according to the target brain area. Thus, we developed a simple method for quickly producing low-cost multiple-channel recording electrodes. To inspect the effectiveness of our self-designed electrode, LFPs were recorded in a Parkinson’s disease (PD) rat model, and an electrical stimulation electrode was implanted into the subthalamic nucleus to verify the space-saving ability of the self-designed recording electrode. The results showed that <30 min was needed to prepare an electrode and that the electrode materials cost <5 dollars. Further investigations showed that our electrode successfully recorded the beta oscillations (12–40 Hz) in the PD rat model. Thus, this method will greatly reduce the cost of recording electrodes and save time for researchers. Additionally, the small size of the electrode will further facilitate DBS research.
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Zhang, Rui, Zhiqiang Tian, Wenxiong Xi y Dongjing He. "Discharge Characteristics and System Performance of the Ablative Pulsed Plasma Thruster with Different Structural Parameters". Energies 15, n.º 24 (12 de diciembre de 2022): 9389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249389.
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Under the given initial discharge energy level, altering the electrode structural parameters of the Ablative Pulse Plasma Thruster (APPT) is an effective way to improve the performance of the thruster. The purpose of this study is to reveal the underlying mechanism of the effect of changing the electrode structure parameters on the performance of the APPT system and to offer targeted support for researchers to optimize the design of APPT structure. With rectangular and tongue-shaped electrode configurations at various electrode flare angles, electrode lengths, and electrode spacings, the discharge characteristics, propellant ablation characteristics, and thruster performance of the APPT are systematically investigated. The underlying mechanism of how changing the electrode’s configuration parameter affects the performance of the thruster is identified by fitting and predicting the parameters of the APPT discharge circuit and system performance under various operating conditions. The results show that using tongue-shaped electrodes is more effective than using rectangular electrodes in terms of enhancing the inductive gradient of the electrodes, transferring more energy to the discharge channel, and increasing the squared integral value of the discharge current. As a result, the tongue-shaped electrode APPT performs better than the APPT with rectangular electrodes, as a consequence. The thruster’s performance can be enhanced for the same electrode configuration by increasing the electrode flare angle within a certain angle range; however, the improvement is extremely limited. Additionally, in the case of small electrode spacing, increasing the electrode flare angle can enhance the thruster’s performance more effectively.
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Popović-Maneski, Lana, Marija D. Ivanović, Vladimir Atanasoski, Marjan Miletić, Sanja Zdolšek, Boško Bojović y Ljupčo Hadžievski. "Properties of different types of dry electrodes for wearable smart monitoring devices". Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik 65, n.º 4 (27 de agosto de 2020): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmt-2019-0167.
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AbstractWearable smart monitors (WSMs) applied for the estimation of electrophysiological signals are of utmost interest for a non-stressed life. WSM which records heart muscle activities could signalize timely a life-threatening event. The heart muscle activities are typically recorded across the heart at the surface of the body; hence, a WSM monitor requires high-quality surface electrodes. The electrodes used in the clinical settings [i.e. silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) with the gel] are not practical for the daily out of clinic usage. A practical WSM requires the application of a dry electrode with stable and reproducible electrical characteristics. We compared the characteristics of six types of dry electrodes and one gelled electrode during short-term recordings sessions (≈30 s) in real-life conditions: Orbital, monolithic polymer plated with Ag/AgCl, and five rectangular shaped 10 × 6 × 2 mm electrodes (Orbital, Ag electrode, Ag/AgCl electrode, gold electrode and stainless-steel AISI304). The results of a well-controlled analysis which considered motion artifacts, line noise and junction potentials suggest that among the dry electrodes Ag/AgCl performs the best. The Ag/AgCl electrode is in average three times better compared with the stainless-steel electrode often used in WSMs.
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Guy, Jean-Baptiste, Benoit Chavillon, Eric Mayousse, Sophie Chazelle, Frederic Bossard, Willy Porcher y Sebastien Martinet. "Influence of Battery Electrode Manufacturing Process on Electrode Characteristics and Electrochemical Performance". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, n.º 2 (22 de diciembre de 2023): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-022280mtgabs.
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The numerous battery gigafactory projects show that the Li-ion battery sector is booming. Although groundbreaking technologies such as all-solid-state batteries mobilize a lot of research effort, current Li-ion liquid technology still needs to be updated. Only a few publications are related to electrode manufacturing. However, increasing the active material content, the areal capacity, or the solid slurry content is key to improve the energy density but also the manufacturing costs. The objectives of this thesis work are to understand and improve the preparation of the slurry and the manufacturing process as a whole in order to obtain the best possible performances depending on the material used. Initially, the study is carried out in an aqueous formulation for negative graphite electrodes. Still, it will be extended after that to the positive electrode in an organic formulation. The negative electrode is very interesting from a fundamental study point of view because of its specificities that limit the fast charge operation of the cells with a risk of metallic lithium deposit. This electrode's basic composition, in weight, is 96.5% graphite (90/10 mixture of natural and artificial graphite), 1.3% Na-CMC, 1.7% latex, and 0.5% electronic conductor. Eleven significant parameters were selected thanks to preliminary results and literature outcomes. Their impact is determined by crossing experiences and varying them thanks to a rational approach based on the design of experiments (DOE) methodology. A DOE is carried out to be able to study this large number of parameters with a limited number of trials. Apart from the active material and the mixer used, the parameters are grouped into three categories: - The CMC (CarboxyMethylCellulose) polymer, with the molar mass, the substitution degree, and its content. - The electronic conductors, the content as well as the nature (nanotube, nano-sphere, and platelet) - Electrode properties such as coating speed, porosity, or loading. To determine their influences, characterizations are carried out throughout the electrode coating. The slurries are analyzed by rheology and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The adhesion of the electrodes and their structuring are measured, with particular attention on the electronic resistivity and tortuosity. Finally, the electrodes obtained are tested by electrochemical cycling at various charging rates. Tortuosity is a particularly sensitive factor in relation to the issue of rapid charge/discharge [1]. The tortuosity is measured by electrochemical impedance in the blocking and symmetric electrode configuration and corresponds to the measurement of the distance traveled by the ions in order to cross an electrode (Figure 1). [2] The results of this wide study will be presented with parameter sensitivity on capacity retention, high charging rate capabilities, or electrode mechanical properties. Interrelations between the parameters will be pointed out. Optimal electrode formulations and designs will be presented to validate the approach. [1] D. Grießl, A. Adam, K. Huber, and A. Kwade, "Effect of the Slurry Mixing Process on the Structural Properties of the Anode and the Resulting Fast-Charging Performance of the Lithium-Ion Battery Cell," J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 169, no. 2, p. 020531, 2022, doi: 10.1149/1945-7111/ac4cdb. [2] J. Landesfeind, J. Hattendorff, A. Ehrl, W. A. Wall, and H. A. Gasteiger, "Tortuosity Determination of Battery Electrodes and Separators by Impedance Spectroscopy," J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 163, no. 7, pp. A1373–A1387, 2016, doi: 10.1149/2.1141607jes Figure 1
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Xu, Guobao y Wei Zhang. "(Invited, Digital Presentation) Simple Electrodes for Electrochemical Sensing". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, n.º 53 (7 de julio de 2022): 2235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01532235mtgabs.
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Electrodes are essential for electrochemical analysis. Numerous bare electrodes and chemically modified electrodes have been utilized for electrochemical sensing. Common bare electrodes, such as platinum electrode, gold electrode and glassy carbon electrode, are relatively expensive. It requires good skills to fabricate chemically modified electrodes to get reproducible results. In recent years, we have exploited the applications of some simple electrodes for electrochemical sensing and biosensing [1-5]. We have used stainless steel electrode for electrochemical detection and electrochemiluminescent detection of hydrogen peroxide, glucose, and the activity of glucose oxidase [1,2]. The automatic formation of passivation layer on stainless steel electrode not only results in unique electrochemical sensing performance but also avoid complex modification of electrode. We have also developed stainless steel electrode as a new driving electrode with low background for bipolar electrogenerated chemiluminescence [3]. Moreover, we have developed carbon paste electrodes as effective electrode for sensitive detection of sodium azide and cathodic electrochemiluminescence [4,5]. Finally, we have developed a wireless electrode array chip for wireless electrochemiluminescence analysis [6,7]. Acknowledgment We are grateful for financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 22004116 and 21874126). References [1] A. Kitte, M. N. Zafar, Y. T. Zholudov, X.i Ma, A. Nsabimana, W. Zhang, G. Xu. Anal. Chem., 2018, 90, 8680. [2] A. Kitte, W. Gao, Y. T. Zholudov, L. Qi, A. Nsabimana, Z. Liu, G. Xu. Anal. Chem., 2017, 89, 9864. [3] Yuan, L. Qi, T. H. Fereja, D. V. Snizhko, Z. Liu, W. Zhang, G. Xu. Electrochim. Acta, 2018, 262, 182. [4] Li, M. Han, F. Wu, A. Nsabimana, W. Zhang, J. Li, G. Xu. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2018, 410, 4953. [5] Tian, S. Han, L. Hu, Y. Yuan, J. Wang, G. Xu. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2013, 405, 3427. [6] Qi, Y. Xia, W. Qi, W. Gao, F. Wu, G. Xu. Anal. Chem., 2016, 88, 1123. [7] Qi, J. Lai, W. Gao, S. Li, S. Hanif, G. Xu. Anal. Chem., 2014, 86, 8927.
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An, Xiang y George Stylios. "A Hybrid Textile Electrode for Electrocardiogram (ECG) Measurement and Motion Tracking". Materials 11, n.º 10 (2 de octubre de 2018): 1887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101887.
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Wearable sensors have great potential uses in personal health monitoring systems, in which textile-based electrodes are particularly useful because they are comfortable to wear and are skin and environmentally friendly. In this paper, a hybrid textile electrode for electrocardiogram (ECG) measurement and motion tracking was introduced. The hybrid textile electrode consists of two parts: A textile electrode for ECG monitoring, and a motion sensor for patient activity tracking. In designing the textile electrodes, their performance in ECG measurement was investigated. Two main influencing factors on the skin-electrode impedance of the electrodes were found: Textile material properties, and electrode sizes. The optimum textile electrode was silver plated, made of a high stitch density weft knitted conductive fabric and its size was 20 mm × 40 mm. A flexible motion sensor circuit was designed and integrated within the textile electrode. Systematic measurements were performed, and results have shown that the hybrid textile electrode is capable of recording ECG and motion signals synchronously, and is suitable for ambulatory ECG measurement and motion tracking applications.
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Wang, Yudong, Nengneng Xu y Xiao-Dong Zhou. "Quantifying Individual Electrode Polarization and Unraveling Theinteractive Phenomenon in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, n.º 37 (9 de agosto de 2024): 2178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-01372178mtgabs.
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In electrochemically active systems, such as fuel cells, electrolyzers, and batteries, researchers often modify the material chemistry or operating variables at one of the electrodes (e.g., the cathode) to investigate its properties. This approach assumes that changes in measured polarization and cell performance result solely from the modifications made to the selected electrode, while the conditions at the other electrode (e.g., the anode) remain constant. However, the potential interactions between the polarizations of these two electrodes have remained unclear. In our study, we utilize a voltage probe capable of precisely determining electrode polarization. Our findings reveal three key insights:1. The quantification of electrode polarization becomes feasible through the implementation of a voltage probe. 2. The fuel electrode plays a pivotal role in the performance of state-of-the-art solid oxide cells, with its influence being comparable to that of the oxygen electrode. 3. A reciprocal interaction exists between the two electrodes within a solid oxide cell. Consequently, when there are changes in the chemistry or operational conditions at one electrode, the polarization of the other electrode changes simultaneously
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Nguyen, Thi Thu Hien, Minh Hoang Nguyen, Minh Triet Khong, Thi Kim Dung Nguyen, Tien Dat Doan, Nhung Hac Thi, Ho Thi Oanh et al. "Fabrication of flexible multilayer transparent electrode based on silver nanowire, graphene oxide, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate". Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 60, n.º 6 (30 de diciembre de 2022): 1067–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/16661.
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High-performance flexible multilayer transparent conducting electrodes (TCE) based on silver nanowires (AgNWs), graphene oxide (GO), and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) materials on the flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate were successfully fabricated by spin-coating technique. The multilayer electrodes were fabricated using different combinations of AgNWs, GO, and PEDOT:PSS materials. The morphological, physical properties, surface roughness, and durability of the fabricated electrodes were investigated. The results indicated that the five-layer structured electrode of PEDOT:PSS/GO/AgNW/GO/PEDOT:PSS possesses the best performance with a sheet resistance of 23 Ω/sq, transmittance of 85 %, and the figure of merit (FoM) value of 8.6, which is equivalent to the commercial ITO electrode. Besides, the five-layer structured electrode possessed a surface roughness of only 8 nm. The PEDOT:PSS/GO/AgNW/GO/PEDOT:PSS electrode also exhibited high durability after being exposed to the environment for 30 days. Owing to the combination of AgNWs, GO, and PEDOT: PSS materials, the five-layer electrode of PEDOT:PSS/GO/AgNW/GO/PEDOT:PSS improved the inherent disadvantages of AgNWs electrodes. In addition, the electrode possessed good conductivity, high stability, low cost, and simplicity. The electrode can be used as a promising electrode in optoelectronic devices.
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Wu, Guangzu, Zhiwei Zhang, Manman Du, Dan Wu, Junting Zhou, Tianteng Hao y Xinwu Xie. "Optimizing Microfluidic Impedance Cytometry by Bypass Electrode Layout Design". Biosensors 14, n.º 4 (19 de abril de 2024): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios14040204.
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Microfluidic impedance cytometry (MIC) has emerged as a popular technique for single-cell analysis. Traditional MIC electrode designs consist of a pair of (or three) working electrodes, and their detection performance needs further improvements for microorganisms. In this study, we designed an 8-electrode MIC device in which the center pair was defined as the working electrode, and the connection status of bypass electrodes could be changed. This allowed us to compare the performance of layouts with no bypasses and those with floating or grounding electrodes by simulation and experiment. The results of detecting Φ 5 μm beads revealed that both the grounding and the floating electrode outperformed the no bypass electrode, and the grounding electrode demonstrated the best signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), coefficient of variation (CV), and detection sensitivity. Furthermore, the effects of different bypass grounding areas (numbers of grounding electrodes) were investigated. Finally, particles passing at high horizontal positions can be detected, and Φ 1 μm beads can be measured in a wide channel (150 μm) using a fully grounding electrode, with the sensitivity of bead volume detection reaching 0.00097%. This provides a general MIC electrode optimization technology for detecting smaller particles, even macromolecular proteins, viruses, and exosomes in the future.
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Song, Jinzhong, Tianshu Zhou, Zhonggang Liang, Ruoxi Liu, Jianping Guo, Xinming Yu, Zhongping Cao, Chuang Yu, Qingjun Liu y Jingsong Li. "Electrochemical Characteristics Based on Skin-Electrode Contact Pressure for Dry Biomedical Electrodes and the Application to Wearable ECG Signal Acquisition". Journal of Sensors 2021 (15 de septiembre de 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7741881.
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Based on one simulated skin-electrode electrochemical interface, some electrochemical characteristics based on skin-electrode contact pressure (SECP) for dry biomedical electrodes were analysed and applied in this research. First, 14 electrochemical characteristics including 2 static impedance (SI) characteristics, 11 alternating current impedance (ACI) characteristics and one polarization voltage (PV), and 4 SECP characteristics were extracted in one electrochemical evaluation platform, and their correlation trends were statistically analysed. Second, dry biomedical electrode samples developed by the company and the laboratory, including textile electrodes, Apple watch, AMAZFIT rice health bracelet 1S, and stainless steel electrodes, were placed horizontally and vertically on the “skin” surface of the electrochemical evaluation platform, whose polarization voltages were quantitatively analysed. Third, electrocardiogram (ECG) collection circuits based on an impedance transformation (IT) circuit for textile electrodes were designed, and a wearable ECG acquisition device was designed, which could obtain complete ECG signals. Experimental results showed SECP characteristics for dry electrodes had good correlations with static impedance and ACI characteristics and the better correlation values among 2-10 Hz. In addition, polarization voltages in vertical state were smaller in horizontal state for dry biomedical electrodes, and polarization voltage of electrode pair (PVEP) values for Apple watch bottom was always smaller than ones for Apple watch crown and LMF-2 textile electrode. And the skin-electrode contact impedance of IT textile electrodes was less than the traditional textile electrodes.
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Leandri, Massimo y Alberto Gottlieb. "Trigeminal evoked potential—monitored thermorhizotomy: a novel approach for relief of trigeminal pain". Journal of Neurosurgery 84, n.º 6 (junio de 1996): 929–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1996.84.6.0929.
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✓ This paper presents a complete method for performing trigeminal thermorhizotomy, guided by neurophysiological data, to relieve tic douloureux. The method involves the use of trigeminal evoked potentials (TEPs) produced by stimulation of the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental nerves and recorded from electrodes at both the scalp and the trigeminal nerve. To perform the thermorhizotomy, a cannula is modified to produce a concentric bipolar electrode that is suitable for both recording and lesion making. The operating procedure is divided into five steps: Step 1, recording of baseline scalp TEPs from the derivation of the cervical vertex to C-7 to ensure that all stimulating electrodes are correctly placed; Step 2, recording of TEPs from the trigeminal electrode after stimulation of the peripheral nerve trunks to ascertain the electrode's position relative to the root bundles; Step 3, fine positioning of the trigeminal electrode by recording the root activity evoked by stimulation of cutaneous trigger points or of the most painful areas; Step 4, assessing the position of the trigeminal electrode relative to the motor root by stimulating the nerve via the electrode and observing the masseter motor responses; and Step 5, recording scalp TEPs immediately before and after each thermolesion. Thermolesions are made until the scalp-recorded wave W2 decreases its amplitude by 20% to 50% of the original value or until it is delayed by 0.30 msec. This procedure has the potential to enable extremely precise monitoring of the position of the trigeminal electrode relative to the activated fibers and provides very effective monitoring of the extent of the lesion. The authors have performed this procedure with very satisfactory results in 30 patients with trigeminal neuralgia in the second branch.
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Zhen, Shao Hua, Li Bao An y Chun Rui Chang. "Simulation on the Dielectrophoretic Assembly of Carbon Nanotubes". Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (agosto de 2013): 328–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.328.
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Dielectrophoresis (DEP) has been verified to be an efficient means of assembling carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for various applications. This paper simulates the electric field distribution of the quadruple electrode structure when the external AC voltage is applied between a pair of opposite electrodes. There exist induced electric potentials between high voltage electrodes and floating electrodes and thus floating electrodes seriously change the field distribution. For a pair of wide parallel electrodes, the deposition of one CNT bridging the electrode pair will greatly alter the local electric field and repel the further deposition of CNTs in the vicinity. The screening distance is relevant with the width of the electrode gap, which provides a way to estimate the density of assembled CNTs between the electrode pair.
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Park, Sun-Young, Hye Won Chung, Jung Hwan Baek, Jeong Hyun Lee, Min Hee Lee y Joon Woo Lee. "Radiofrequency ablation using injectable cooled electrode: the effects of lidocaine injection in ex vivo study". Acta Radiologica 61, n.º 2 (1 de agosto de 2019): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0284185119865722.
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Background Pain control is needed during radiofrequency ablation in musculoskeletal tumor. The effect of radiofrequency ablation can be modulated by lidocaine injection. Purpose To evaluate the effects of injectable electrodes with intralesional lidocaine injection and compare its ablation performance with that of non-injectable electrodes in ex vivo pork sirloin. Material and Methods Five specimen groups were used to investigate the effects of fluid injection before radiofrequency ablation using injectable and non-injectable electrodes: three injectable electrode comparison groups with 2% lidocaine (group A); 1% lidocaine (group B); 0.9% sodium chloride (group C); injectable electrode reference group without fluid (group D); and non-injectable electrode control group (group E). The injectable and non-injectable electrodes were 17-gauge electrodes each having a 1-cm active tip. Technical parameters, ablation size, and volumes were compared between the five groups. Results Mean energies and currents during radiofrequency ablation were significantly lower for the four injectable electrode groups compared to group E (all P < 0.005). Two transverse diameters, vertical diameter, and volumes in the four injectable electrode groups were significantly smaller than those in group E (all P < 0.05). Among the injectable electrode groups, volumes and two transverse diameters were significantly smaller in group A than in group D (all P < 0.05). Conclusions A slightly smaller ablation zone is obtained when lidocaine injection is performed before radiofrequency ablation using an injectable electrode compared to a non-injectable electrode.
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LaViolette, Peter S., Scott D. Rand, Manoj Raghavan, Benjamin M. Ellingson, Kathleen M. Schmainda y Wade Mueller. "Three-Dimensional Visualization of Subdural Electrodes for Presurgical Planning". Operative Neurosurgery 68, suppl_1 (1 de marzo de 2011): ons152—ons161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0b013e31820783ba.
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Abstract BACKGROUND: Accurate localization and visualization of subdural electrodes implanted for intracranial electroencephalography in cases of medically refractory epilepsy remains a challenging clinical problem. OBJECTIVE: We introduce a technique for creating accurate 3-dimensional (3D) brain models with electrode overlays, ideal for resective surgical planning. METHODS: Our procedure uses postimplantation magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomographic (CT) imaging to create 3D models of compression-affected brain combined with intensity-thresholded CT-derived electrode models using freely available software. Footprints, or “shadows,” beneath electrodes are also described for better visualization of sulcus-straddling electrodes. Electrode models were compared with intraoperative photography for validation. RESULTS: Realistic representations of intracranial electrode positions on patient-specific postimplantation MRI brain renderings were reliably created and proved accurate when compared with photographs. Electrodes placed interhemispherically were also visible with our rendering technique. Electrode shadows were useful in locating electrodes that straddle sulci. CONCLUSION: We present an accurate method for visualizing subdural electrodes on brain compression effected 3D models that serves as an ideal platform for surgical planning.
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Friesen, Lendra M., Robert V. Shannon y William H. Slattery. "Effects of Electrode Location on Speech Recognition with the Nucleus-22 Cochlear Implant". Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 11, n.º 08 (septiembre de 2000): 418–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1748129.
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AbstractSpeech recognition performance was measured as a function of electrode in two experiments with the Nucleus-22 cochlear implant using 4–electrode SPEAK speech processors. In experiment 1, the four stimulated electrode pairs were shifted in 0.75–mm steps over 3 mm in the apical-basal direction. In experiment 2, the four electrodes were closely spaced and positioned apically, medially, or basally. An additional condition spaced the four electrodes as widely as possible. In experiment 1, City University of New York sentence scores showed a significant decrease in performance as the electrodes were shifted basally; no other speech measures showed a significant change with electrode location. For experiment 2, all scores were the best with the processor that had the electrodes spaced as widely as possible. In both experiments, all 4–electrode SPEAK processors produced significantly poorer speech recognition than the subject's own 20–electrode processor. These results indicate that the location of electrodes is an important factor in implant performance. Abbreviations: C = maximum comfortable loudness levels, CI = cochlear implant, CUNY = City University of New York, NU-6 = Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6, Τ = electrical thresholds
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Hamzah, Hairul Hisham, Nur Hidayah Saleh, Bhavik Anil Patel, Mohd Muzamir Mahat, Saiful Arifin Shafiee y Turgut Sönmez. "Recycling Chocolate Aluminum Wrapping Foil as to Create Electrochemical Metal Strip Electrodes". Molecules 26, n.º 1 (23 de diciembre de 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26010021.
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The development of low-cost electrode devices from conductive materials has recently attracted considerable attention as a sustainable means to replace the existing commercially available electrodes. In this study, two different electrode surfaces (surfaces 1 and 2, denoted as S1 and S2) were fabricated from chocolate wrapping aluminum foils. Energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were used to investigate the elemental composition and surface morphology of the prepared electrodes. Meanwhile, cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were used to assess the electrical conductivities and the electrochemical activities of the prepared electrodes. It was found that the fabricated electrode strips, particularly the S1 electrode, showed good electrochemical responses and conductivity properties in phosphate buffer (PB) solutions. Interestingly, both of the electrodes can respond to the ruthenium hexamine (Ruhex) redox species. The fundamental results presented from this study indicate that this electrode material can be an inexpensive alternative for the electrode substrate. Overall, our findings indicate that electrodes made from chocolate wrapping materials have promise as electrochemical sensors and can be utilized in various applications.
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Schlack, Sebastian, Hendrik Wulfmeier y Holger Fritze. "Impact of electrode conductivity on mass sensitivity of piezoelectric resonators at high temperatures". Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 11, n.º 2 (15 de noviembre de 2022): 299–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-299-2022.
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Abstract. High-temperature stable piezoelectric Ca3TaGa3Si2O14 and La3Ga5SiO14 resonators with keyhole-shaped Pt electrodes are coated with metal oxide films such as TiO2−δ and SnO2 that overlap the Pt electrodes. The resonators are exposed to reducing atmospheres in order to increase the electrical conductivity of the oxide film and then act as extended oxide electrodes. The resulting increase in the effective electrode radius causes an increase in the mass sensitivity of the resonators and, thereby, resonance frequency shifts. In other words, the effective mass of the Pt electrode becomes higher. An electrical circuit model is presented to describe the increase in the effective electrode radius of the resonator, which is used to calculate the related resonance frequency shift. Additionally, an electromechanical model is presented, which subdivides the resonator into two coupled oscillators. One is representing the resonator volume underneath the Pt electrode and the other underneath the oxide electrode at increased electrical conductivity. The model reflects how the oxide electrodes affect the resonance frequency. Furthermore, the impact of increasing oxide electrode conductivity on the resonance frequency is discussed with respect to the application of oxide electrodes and for gas sensing.
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Goyal, Krittika, David A. Borkholder y Steven W. Day. "Dependence of Skin-Electrode Contact Impedance on Material and Skin Hydration". Sensors 22, n.º 21 (4 de noviembre de 2022): 8510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218510.
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Dry electrodes offer an accessible continuous acquisition of biopotential signals as part of current in-home monitoring systems but often face challenges of high-contact impedance that results in poor signal quality. The performance of dry electrodes could be affected by electrode material and skin hydration. Herein, we investigate these dependencies using a circuit skin-electrode interface model, varying material and hydration in controlled benchtop experiments on a biomimetic skin phantom simulating dry and hydrated skin. Results of the model demonstrate the contribution of the individual components in the circuit to total impedance and assist in understanding the role of electrode material in the mechanistic principle of dry electrodes. Validation was performed by conducting in vivo skin-electrode contact impedance measurements across ten normative human subjects. Further, the impact of the electrode on biopotential signal quality was evaluated by demonstrating an ability to capture clinically relevant electrocardiogram signals by using dry electrodes integrated into a toilet seat cardiovascular monitoring system. Titanium electrodes resulted in better signal quality than stainless steel electrodes. Results suggest that relative permittivity of native oxide of electrode material come into contact with the skin contributes to the interface impedance, and can lead to enhancement in the capacitive coupling of biopotential signals, especially in dry skin individuals.
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Wang, Yibao, Zhigang Gai, Fengxiang Guo, Mei Zhang, Lili Zhang, Guangsen Xia, Xu Chai, Ying Ren, Xueyu Zhang y Xin Jiang. "A Diamond/Graphene/Diamond Electrode for Waste Water Treatment". Nanomaterials 13, n.º 23 (29 de noviembre de 2023): 3043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13233043.
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Boron-doped diamond (BDD) thin film electrodes have great application potential in water treatment. However, the high electrode energy consumption due to high resistance directly limits the application range of existing BDD electrodes. In this paper, the BDD/graphene/BDD (DGD) sandwich structure electrode was prepared, which effectively improved the conductivity of the electrode. Meanwhile, the sandwich electrode can effectively avoid the degradation of electrode performance caused by the large amount of non-diamond carbon introduced by heavy doping, such as the reduction of the electrochemical window and the decrease of physical and chemical stability. The microstructure and composition of the film were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Then, the degradation performance of citric acid (CA), catechol, and tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) by DGD electrodes was systematically studied by total organic carbon (TOC) and Energy consumption per unit TOC removal (ECTOC). Compared with the single BDD electrode, the new DGD electrode improves the mobility of the electrode and reduces the mass transfer resistance by 1/3, showing better water treatment performance. In the process of dealing with Citric acid, the step current of the DGD electrode was 1.35 times that of the BDD electrode, and the energy utilization ratio of the DGD electrode was 2.4 times that of the BDD electrode. The energy consumption per unit TOC removal (ECTOC) of the DGD electrode was lower than that of BDD, especially Catechol, which was reduced to 66.9% of BDD. The DGD sandwich electrode, as a new electrode material, has good electrochemical degradation performance and can be used for high-efficiency electrocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants.