Bibliografías temáticas / Electrode

Literatura académica sobre el tema "Electrode"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 12 de octubre de 2024

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Electrode"

Al Hajji Safi, Maria, D. Noel Buckley, Andrea Bourke y Robert P. Lynch. "(Invited) Relationship of Pseudo-Capacitive Current in Sulphuric Acid and Vanadium Flow Battery Reaction Kinetics at Carbon Electrodes". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, n.º 59 (22 de diciembre de 2023): 2877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02592877mtgabs.

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Flow battery technologies are promising solutions to the need for electricity storage driven by the increasing demand for energy supply at the same time as the electricity grid becomes more and more dependent on renewable sources such as solar, wind and ocean energy. Vanadium flow batteries (VFBs) are perhaps the most promising of these technologies and a growing number of commercial systems are in operation worldwide. The energy efficiency of vanadium flow batteries (VFBs) largely depends upon the performance of the electrodes. Poor electrode kinetics cause large overpotentials, which reduce the voltage efficiency. They can also lead to side reactions, such as hydrogen evolution at the negative electrode and oxidation of the positive electrode, which reduce the coulombic efficiency and the overall performance and durability. There is considerable variation in the data regarding the kinetics of vanadium redox reactions at carbon electrodes. We have previously reported that cathodic treatment enhances the kinetics of the positive (VIV-VV) electrode in VFBs but inhibits the kinetics of the negative (VII-VIII) electrode, while anodic treatment inhibits the kinetics of the positive electrode but enhances the kinetics of the negative electrode1-3. We also showed that the activity of carbon-based material is strongly dependent on the surface history, in particular the most positive and the most negative potential used to treat an electrode4. In this presentation we will further investigate the effect of electrochemical treatment of the carbon surface and show the relationship between the observed pseudo-capacitive behavior and the kinetics of the different vanadium redox couples. References Bourke, M. A. Miller, R. P. Lynch, X. Gao, J. Landon, J. S. Wainright, R. F. Savinell and D. N. Buckley, J. Electrochem. Soc. 163, A5097 (2016). A. Bourke, M. A. Miller, R. P. Lynch, J. S. Wainright, R. F. Savinell and D. N. Buckley, J. Electrochem. Soc., 162, A1547 (2015). M. A. Miller, A. Bourke, N. Quill, J. S. Wainright, R. P. Lynch, D. N. Buckley and R. F. Savinell, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163, A2095 (2016). M. Al Hajji Safi, A. Bourke, D. N. Buckley, R. P. Lynch, ECS Trans., 109, 67-84 (2022).

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Shi, Haozhi, Shulei Wang, Jijun Zhang, Zhubin Shi, Jiahua Min, Jian Huang y Linjun Wang. "Investigation on the Rapid Annealing of Ti-Au Composite Electrode on n-Type (111) CdZnTe Crystals". Crystals 10, n.º 3 (29 de febrero de 2020): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10030156.

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In this paper, the ohmic properties of Ti, Al, and Ti-Au composite electrodes on n-type (111) CdZnTe crystal deposited by vacuum evaporation method were first analyzed, and then the rapid annealing of Ti-Au electrode under Ar atmosphere with different temperature and time was explored. The ohmic property and barrier height were evaluated by current–voltage (I–V) and capacitance-voltage (C–V) measurements, and the adhesion strength of various electrodess to CdZnTe was compared. The Ti-Au electrode on CdZnTe showed the lowest leakage current and barrier height, and the highest adhesion strength among the three kinds of electrodes on (111) CdZnTe crystals. The rapid annealing of Ti-Au electrode under Ar atmosphere was proved to improve its ohmic property and adhesion strength, and the optimal annealing temperature and time were found to be 423 K and 6 min, respectively. The barrier height of the Ti-Au/CdZnTe electrode is 0.801 eV through rapid annealing for 6 min at 423 K annealing temperature, and the adhesion is 1225 MPa, which increases by 50% compared with that without rapid annealing.

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Fauzhan Warsito, Indhika, Patrique Fiedler, Milana Komosar y Jens Haueisen. "Novel replaceable EEG electrode system". Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 8, n.º 2 (1 de agosto de 2022): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2022-1064.

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Abstract Due to the direct contact between electrode and scalp, dry EEG electrodes are exposed to increased mechanical wear compared to conventional gel-based electrodes. However, state-of-the-art commercial cap systems commonly use permanently fixated electrodes which can lead to downtime of the EEG cap during professional repair and replacement as well as reduced overall lifetime. An easily replaceable EEG electrode would furthermore improve hygiene, especially for newborn and infant applications. We propose a novel replaceable electrode system, consisting of an electrode holder, a snap top, a contact ring fixated inside the electrode holder, and a replaceable electrode. The production process consists of 3D printing, silicone molding, resin casting, and electroless plating. The replaceable electrode system is integrated into a multichannel EEG cap system. A verification study is conducted with 30 volunteers. The operators experienced that the new electrode holder eases adjustment of the electrode to have proper contact with the scalp. During the study, defective electrodes can be replaced without a soldering process. Furthermore, all electrodes stayed in the holder and did not fall off the cap for the whole session. In conclusion, the novel replaceable electrode system is suitable for EEG measurements.

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Cen, Chao y Xinhua Chen. "The Electrode Modality Development in Pulsed Electric Field Treatment Facilitates Biocellular Mechanism Study and Improves Cancer Ablation Efficacy". Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3624613.

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Pulsed electric field treatment is now widely used in diverse biological and medical applications: gene delivery, electrochemotherapy, and cancer therapy. This minimally invasive technique has several advantages over traditional ablation techniques, such as nonthermal elimination and blood vessel spare effect. Different electrodes are subsequently developed for a specific treatment purpose. Here, we provide a systematic review of electrode modality development in pulsed electric field treatment. For electrodes invented for experiment in vitro, sheet electrode and electrode cuvette, electrodes with high-speed fluorescence imaging system, electrodes with patch-clamp, and electrodes with confocal laser scanning microscopy are introduced. For electrodes invented for experiment in vivo, monopolar electrodes, five-needle array electrodes, single-needle bipolar electrode, parallel plate electrodes, and suction electrode are introduced. The pulsed electric field provides a promising treatment for cancer.

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Wójcik, Szymon y Małgorzata Jakubowska. "Optimization of anethole determination using differential pulse voltammetry on glassy carbon electrode, boron doped diamond electrode and carbon paste electrode". Science, Technology and Innovation 3, n.º 2 (27 de diciembre de 2018): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8152.

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Voltammetry is the general term for all techniques in which the current is measured as a function of electrode potential. The voltammetric techniques can be applied for the quantitative analysis of inorganic and organic species and are best suited for substances which can be either oxidized or reduced on electrodes. These techniques are characterized by high sensitivity which results in the possibility of performing determinations at a low concentration level. In voltammetry, many different types of working electrodes are applied. One of the important groups are solid electrodes, among which carbon electrodes play an important role. They represent a good alternative to mercury electrodes, however, surface preparation before the usage is required. In this work anethole determination will be presented using three types of carbon electrodes: glassy carbon electrode, boron doped diamond electrode and carbon paste electrode. Optimization process will be also described.

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Łosiewicz, Bożena, Grzegorz Dercz y Magdalena Popczyk. "Electrode Materials". Solid State Phenomena 228 (marzo de 2015): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.228.3.

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This review work was focused on conventional and modern electrodes which play an important role in electrochemical systems. Among many types of existing electrode materials, some of the most prominent materials from the conventional (metals and their alloys, graphite and mixed metal oxides) and the modern (amorphous, modified and composite) electrodes, have been outlined. What is also discussed is the recent intensive usability of nanocrystalline electrodes of better properties than their microcrystalline equivalents, and development trend of electrode materials.

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Bakhshi, Mahla, Ashvini Sivasengaran y Johannes Landesfeind. "Three-Electrode Coin Cell with Gold Micro-Reference Electrode". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, n.º 8 (22 de diciembre de 2023): 3362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-0283362mtgabs.

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As the demand for Li-ion batteries continues to grow, accelerating their development is crucial. An essential aspect of enhancing battery performance involves obtaining a deeper understanding of fundamental electrochemical processes. This understanding can be achieved by applying advanced measurement techniques such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), a promising method for investigating batteries, providing insights into reactions, material properties, and interphases.1 However, when EIS is conducted on a full cell, the resulting spectra combine information from both electrodes, limiting the characterization of each electrode.2 To deconvolute the influence of the electrodes, a three-electrode setup can be used. This setup introduces a reference electrode (RE) which allows deconvolution of the full cell impedance into the impedance of the separate electrodes. The choice and placement of the RE significantly impact impedance spectra.3 Ideally, the RE should maintain a stable potential, allow ion flow, and not obstruct any part of the other electrodes.4 Micro-REs are often favored for EIS due to these considerations. Additionally, the RE placement can distort impedance spectra if positioned in a geometrically or electrically asymmetric region of the cell.3 Several cell designs have been proposed for three-electrode configurations.4 An innovative approach incorporates a gold micro-RE into a Swagelok T-cell setup.5 This work involves a 50 µm thick insulated gold wire sandwiched between two separators which could be lithiated to form a gold-Li alloy at its tip. This lithiated tip shows a stable potential for extended periods, resulting in reliable impedance spectra of the electrodes. While the proposed setup has been instrumental in facilitating valuable research, the cell format has room for improvement. Even though effective, Swagelok T-cells come with high costs and require intricate assembly. Furthermore, disassembly, cleaning, and drying of cell components for re-use substantially prolong the preparation time. Other studies have explored the coin cell format for the three-electrode setup4, offering several advantages, including simplified and rapid assembly procedures. Moreover, the disposable nature of this cell format significantly reduces unit costs and shortens preparation times. Consequently, some researchers have sought to leverage these benefits by incorporating the RE through a coaxial configuration within a hole in the electrodes.4 However, these adaptations often necessitate substantial modifications to cell components and electrodes and are not well-suited for reliable impedance measurements. In some other approaches that involve placing the RE between separators and electrodes4, achieving consistent cell assembly appears to be a persistent challenge, and cell sealing issues may arise in these setups as well. In this work, we have devised a reliable, cost-efficient approach for three-electrode coin cell construction that employs common coin cell parts. Our approach eliminates the need for specialized tools, relying instead on conventional laboratory-scale equipment and accessible commercial materials. In this configuration, as depicted in the inset of Fig.1, the assembly process is carefully adapted so that the micro-RE wire remains straight and lies as flat as possible throughout the cell, positioned between the electrodes and separators. The sealing in our setup is ensured with a special resin compatible with the micro-RE and the components inside the cell, effectively preventing the penetration of moisture and/or air into the cell. We have validated the effectiveness of this sealing method by electrochemical tests that are sensitive to the water and oxygen content within the cell (see Fig. 1). Here, we present comprehensive details about the assembly modifications and custom-designed cell holder. This study also includes examples of measurement results, especially impedance spectra. The proposed setup holds significant promise for various applications in research laboratories and industrial settings, enabling fast, reliable, and cost-efficient setup for impedance characterization tests. References [1] L. Andrzej, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and its Applications, Springer, New York, NY, (2014). [2] M. Dollé, F. Orsini, A. S. Gozdz, and J.-M. Tarascon, J. Electrochem. Soc., 148, A851–A857 (2001). [3] M. Ender, A. Weber, and I.-T. Ellen, J. Electrochem. Soc., 159, A128 (2011). [4] R. Raccichini, M. Amores, and G. Hinds, Batteries, 5, 12 (2019). [5] S. Solchenbach, D. Pritzl, E. Jia Yi Kong, J. Landesfeind, and H. Gasteiger, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163, A2265–A2272 (2016). Fig. 1. Electrochemical sealing test results from a lithium graphite half-cell coin cell in a three-electrode setup. The graphite electrode lithiated to 500 mV vs. Li/Li+ maintains its stable potential in the absence of current over extended periods, demonstrating reliable sealing and no water and or oxygen penetration in the cell. Inset: a simplified sketch of the three-electrode coin cell design and components with micro-RE placed between two separators, allowing to detangle impedance contributions from the anode and cathode side individually. Figure 1

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Li, Chunlin, Ke Xu y Yuanfen Chen. "Study on the Anti-Interference Performance of Substrate-Free PEDOT:PSS ECG Electrodes". Applied Sciences 14, n.º 14 (22 de julio de 2024): 6367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14146367.

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Substrate-free electrodes are promising dry electrodes for long-term physiological electrical signal monitoring due to their ultra-thinness, conformal contact, and stable skin–electrode impedance. However, the response of substrate-free electrodes to various disturbances during electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring and the corresponding optimization needs to be investigated. This paper investigates the specific effects of various influencing factors on skin–electrode impedance and ECG during electrocardiogram (ECG) detection. The research utilizes substrate-free poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene-sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) electrodes. The investigation employs several methods, including skin–electrode impedance comparison, ECG waveform analysis, spectrum analysis, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) evaluation. To avoid the impact of physiological state differences in subjects at different times, relevant data were only compared with the same group of experiments conducted in the same period. The results demonstrate that the substrate-free conformal contact PEDOT:PSS electrode has more stable skin–electrode impedance and could obtain a more stable ECG than partial contact electrodes (the SNR of the partial contact and conformal contact electrodes are 1.2768 ± 4.0299 dB and 7.2637 ± 1.4897 dB, respectively). Furthermore, the ECG signal quality of the substrate-free conformal contact PEDOT:PSS electrode was independent of the electrode area and shape (the SNRs of the large, medium, and small electrodes are 4.0447 ± 0.4616 dB, 3.9115 ± 0.5885 dB, and 4.1556 ± 0.5557 dB, respectively; the SNRs of the circular, square, and triangular electrodes are 9.2649 ± 0.6326 dB, 9.2471 ± 0.6806 dB, and 9.1514 ± 0.6875 dB, respectively), showing high signal acquisition capability that is the same as microneedle electrodes and better than fabric electrodes. The results of clothing friction effects show that skin–electrode impedance stability was important for ECG stability, while the impedance value was not (the SNRs of friction and non-friction electrodes are 2.4128 ± 7.0784 dB and 9.2164 ± 0.6696 dB, respectively). Moreover, the skin–electrode impedance maintains stability even at a high breathing frequency, but the ECG signal fluctuates at a high breathing frequency. This experiment demonstrates that even when the skin–electrode impedance remains stable, the ECG signal can still be susceptible to interference from other factors. This study suggests that substrate-free PEDOT:PSS that could form conformal contact with the skin has higher skin–electrode impedance stability and could measure a high ECG signal even with a small electrode area, demonstrating its potential as dry ECG electrodes, but the interference from other physiological electrical signals may require better circuit design.

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Wang, Zaihao, Yuhao Ding, Wei Yuan, Hongyu Chen, Wei Chen y Chen Chen. "Active Claw-Shaped Dry Electrodes for EEG Measurement in Hair Areas". Bioengineering 11, n.º 3 (13 de marzo de 2024): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11030276.

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EEG, which can provide brain alteration information via recording the electrical activity of neurons in the cerebral cortex, has been widely used in neurophysiology. However, conventional wet electrodes in EEG monitoring typically suffer from inherent limitations, including the requirement of skin pretreatment, the risk of superficial skin infections, and signal performance deterioration that may occur over time due to the air drying of the conductive gel. Although the emergence of dry electrodes has overcome these shortcomings, their electrode–skin contact impedance is significantly high and unstable, especially in hair-covered areas. To address the above problems, an active claw-shaped dry electrode is designed, moving from electrode morphological design, slurry preparation, and coating to active electrode circuit design. The active claw-shaped dry electrode, which consists of a claw-shaped electrode and active electrode circuit, is dedicated to offering a flexible solution for elevating electrode fittings on the scalp in hair-covered areas, reducing electrode–skin contact impedance and thus improving the quality of the acquired EEG signal. The performance of the proposed electrodes was verified by impedance, active electrode circuit, eyes open-closed, steady-state visually evoked potential (SSVEP), and anti-interference tests, based on EEG signal acquisition. Experimental results show that the proposed claw-shaped electrodes (without active circuit) can offer a better fit between the scalp and electrodes, with a low electrode–skin contact impedance (18.62 KΩ@1 Hz in the hairless region and 122.15 KΩ@1 Hz in the hair-covered region). In addition, with the active circuit, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the acquiring EEG signal was improved and power frequency interference was restrained, therefore, the proposed electrodes can yield an EEG signal quality comparable to wet electrodes.

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Zhang, Wenguang, Xuele Yin y Xuhui Zhou. "Optimal design and evaluation of a multi-shank structure based neural probe". International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 64, n.º 1-4 (10 de diciembre de 2020): 1373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-209456.

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In order to develop long-lifetime neural electrodes, the insertion tissue injury caused by two optimized neural electrode (convex streamline electrode and vibration attenuation electrode) models were evaluated compared with a reference electrode. Based on the experimental evaluation system for testing tissue injury, the effects of insertion speeds on tissue injury of the two optimized electrodes with different insertion depths were studied. The maximum tissue strain caused by the two optimized neural electrodes firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of insertion speed at the depths of 3 mm and 4.5 mm. The insertion forces caused by vibration attenuation electrode are steady with the change of insertion speed. The convex streamline neural electrode caused less tissue injury compared with the other two electrodes. The higher or lower insertion speed causes smaller tissue strain for the two optimized electrodes, which is conductive to set implantation parameters to minimize tissue injury.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Electrode"

Tavener, P. "Electron spectroscopy of electrode materials". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370304.

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Hoffrogge, Johannes Philipp. "A surface-electrode quadrupole guide for electrons". Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-155503.

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Koep, Erik Kenneth. "A Quantitative Determination of Electrode Kinetics using Micropatterned Electrodes". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10524.

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Interfacial polarization resistances limit the performance of many thin film solid-state devices, especially at low temperatures. To improve performance, a fundamental understanding of the electrode kinetics that govern interfacial reaction rates must be developed. The goal of this work is to determine site-specific reaction mechanisms and the relative significance of various reactions in order to quantify optimum structural parameters within the cathode microstructure. Key parameters include the length of triple phase boundary (TPB), the quantity of exposed electrolyte/electrode surface, and the ratio of electrolyte to electrode material. These parameters, when studied in a specific system, can be incorporated into broader models, which will encompass the specific conductivity of each component to develop an optimized three-dimensional network. The emphasis of this work is the systematic control and manipulation of potential cathodic reaction sites in order to develop an understanding of the relative importance of specific reaction sites. Since the physical dimensions of reaction sites are relatively small, an approach has been developed that utilizes micro-fabrication (similar to that used in integrated-circuit fabrication) to produce small and highly controlled microstructures. Investigations were made into the nature and reactivity of Triple Phase Boundaries (hereafter TPB) through the use of patterned platinum electrodes since only the TPBs are active in these electrodes. After the processing details of micro-fabrication were established for the platinum electrodes, patterned Mixed-Ionic/Electronic Conducting (MIEC) electrodes were fabricated and studied using impedance spectroscopy to determine the contributions from the MIEC surface versus the TPB. Systematically changing the geometry of the MIEC electrodes (thickness and line width) allowed for the determination of the effect of ambipolar transport within the MIEC on the activity of MIEC surfaces versus the TPB. This information is critical to rational design of functionally graded electrodes (with optimal particle size, shape, porosity and conductivity). In addition to experimental studies, representative patterned electrode samples were made available for collaborative studies with surface scientists at other institutions to provide additional techniques (such as Raman Spectroscopy) on the carefully designed and controlled cathode surfaces.

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Taylor, M. E. "Substrate and electrode effects in inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235265.

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Inelastic Electron Tunnelling Spectroscopy is a powerful and versatile technique for obtaining vibrational densities of states of amorphous materials and adsorbed molecules. The experimental device, or tunnel junction, consists of two metal electrodes separated by a thin (2nm) layer of the material under study. This thesis looks at features in the tunnelling spectrum due to electrode phonons, and also at the effects of substrate roughness on the spectrum. Two coupled linear chains are used to model the vibrational behaviour of joined lattices in order to consider the penetration of phonons of one material into the other; penetration does not occur unless the two chains have very similar properties. Work with Al-I-Al-Pb tunnel junctions confirms the model results, as no sign is seen of lead phonon peaks in the tunnelling spectrum. However, other workers have seen lead peaks in Al-I-Ag-Pb junctions, and invoked phonon penetration in explanation. Microscopic examination of similarly prepared silver films reveals that they are pinholed; and this, it is argued, gives rise to the lead peaks. Results are presented on the magnitudes of electrode phonon structure in tunnelling spectra, and models for the occurrence of these features are reviewed. It is argued, from comparison of the experimental data with bulk self energies from superconducting tunnelling, that the electron-phonon coupling responsible is characteristic of the bulk metal; interaction does not take place in the barrier. This is consistent with the linear chain model. The effects of roughening tunnel junctions with calcium fluoride substrates are studied. Little change is noted with undoped junctions, but investigation of formate-doped junctions confirms the loss in dopant peak intensity seen by other workers and some variation is noticed in the rate of loss of intensity between C-H and CO₂ modes. The mechanism which best explains these observations is that roughening encourages penetration of the organic layer by atoms of the top electrode metal.

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Aixill, W. Joanne. "Electrode processes". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9578fd22-42fe-41cc-9d92-96f8272956d8.

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The work presented in this thesis first characterises a high speed channel flow cell and then applies the system to the electro-reduction of nitromethane in aqueous solution. Potential step transient measurements are carried out with the current-time transients simulated using a model based on the absence of axial diffusion. The excellent agreement between theory and experiment confirms the proposed mass transport model and further demonstrates that the combination of current-time transients recorded using the high speed channel flow cell and numerical simulations provide a powerful tool to access homogeneous rate constants of the order 1 x 10⁶s̄¹. The high speed channel flow cell is then used in combination with a range of complementary electrochemical techniques, numerical modelling, in-situ ESR, single crystal experiments and kinetic isotope measurements to infer a mechanistic scheme for the complex electro-reduction pathway of nitromethane in aqueous solution. Platinum, gold, mercury/copper and mercury/gold electrodes are investigated enabling the most conclusive description of the reduction mechanism to date. The reaction pathway is shown to follow an ECEEE type process with the chemical step proceeding at the electrode surface. The heterogeneous rate constant, k_het, describing the chemical step is calculated for each electrode surface. For platinum in the pH range 7.0 - 9.0 this value is 0.3 ± 0.06 cm s̄¹. For mercury/copper it is 0.18 cm s̄¹, for gold/mercury it is 0.06 cm s̄¹ and for Au it is 0.095 cm s̄¹. Consideration of these values shows a surprising independence of the heterogeneous rate constant on the chemical identity of the surface with all of the values being similar to within less than an order of magnitude. The reason for the apparent paradox of the observed surface indifference of the chemical reaction step is explained by a homogeneous H transfer from the carbon to the oxygen of the nitromethane radical anion, formed form the initial electron transfer step, occurring in the layer of solution immediately adjacent to the electrode solution as shown in the scheme below. The resulting species, ^•CH2 N(OH))ˉ then undergoes a rapid irreversible adsorption to the electrode surface and subsequent transformation to the final product the hydroxylamine, CH₃NHOH. It is proposed that if the energy barrier to the adsorption of ^•CH2 N(OH))ˉ is less than that required for the H atom transfer then the reaction rate will be insensitive to the adsorption step and hence the chemical identity of the electrode. This introduces the concept of a whole new electrochemical process: the surface indifferent electrocatalytic reaction.

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Seon, Hongsun 1965. "Electrode erosion and arc stability in transferred arcs with graphite electrodes". Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=108637.

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Arc stability and erosion behavior were studied on a hollow graphite DC cathode in an argon atmosphere at atmospheric pressure. It was found that the arc stability is associated with the electron emission mode transition of the cathode operation. Estimation of current densities, SEM pictures, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of total voltage, and measurement of cathode surface temperature supported this. Stable arcs are in the thermionic emission regime while unstable arcs in the thermofield emission regime. Higher argon gas flow rate is believed to cause the shift of the mode from the thermofield emission to the thermionic emission by increasing the arc root temperature through steepening the thermal gradient at the arc root and increasing ionization phenomena inside the arc. Sharp cathode tip geometry usually leads to the thermionic emission while a rounded tip geometry encourages the thermofield emission. For the unstable arcs, the high voltage fluctuation resulted from the jumping of the arc root between different cathode spots and changes in the arc length. In the stable arcs, however, the voltage was almost constant because of the absence of arc jumping. The standard deviation of the voltage was used as the arc stability indicator and was less than 3 V for the stable arc in this transferred arc system.
The erosion rate of the cathode in this work ranged from 0.41 to 2.61 mug/C. At 150 A runs the arc stability strongly influenced the erosion rate; as the arc stability increased, the erosion rate decreased. Higher currents runs (300 and 400 A), however, showed the opposite trend because of the carbon vapor redeposition. The total erosion rates of 150 A runs were separated into the stable (Es) and the unstable (Eu) erosion rate. The Eu was more than 3 times higher in this work. It is believed that the thermofield emission of the unstable arcs produced more erosion because of the higher local heat flux to the cathode spots.

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Gardel, Emily Jeanette. "Microbe-electrode interactions: The chemico-physical environment and electron transfer". Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11185.

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This thesis presents studies that examine microbial extracellular electron transfer that an emphasis characterizing how environmental conditions influence electron flux between microbes and a solid-phase electron donor or acceptor. I used bioelectrochemical systems (BESs), fluorescence and electron microscopy, chemical measurements, 16S rRNA analysis, and qRT-PCR to study these relationships among chemical, physical and biological parameters and processes.
Engineering and Applied Sciences

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Euler, Luisa. "Impedance and Stimulation Comfort of Knitted Electrodes for Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) : Influence of electrode construction and pressure application to the electrode". Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-23896.

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Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a modality of electrotherapy which is aiming to restore and improve muscle function by injecting small levels of current into the muscle using different types of electrodes. Advantages are seen in using textile electrodes which can be integrated into wearables. Previous research has been done for the development of textile stimulation electrodes. However, the focus has not been on the electrode construction itself. Therefore, the influence of electrode construction parameters of knitted electrodes as well as of the electrode condition, i.e. wet or dry, on the skin-electrode impedance and on the perceived stimulation comfort were analysed. Further, the application of pressure to the electrode was investigated. It was found that the electrode condition is the most important parameter for the electrode performance as a wet electrode showed a lower impedance and an improved stimulation comfort with a better skin contact. Followed by this, the pressure was the second most important factor, especially for dry electrodes. A higher pressure reduced the skin-electrode impedance and improved the skin contact in dry condition. Nevertheless, dry electrodes with a high applied pressure still performed worse than wet electrodes. Regarding the electrode design, the most important factor was the electrode size. A bigger size reduced the impedance. Nevertheless, for the application in NMES, a smaller electrode size is to be preferred as it improved the stimulation selectivity and thus, a lower NMES level was required to induce a plantarflexion without affecting the stimulation comfort. The other investigated construction parameters (binding, yarn density, shape) only showed minor influences on the electrode performance. Therefore, the possibilities of applying pressure to the electrode to improve the performance of dry textile electrodes should be further investigated.

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Brosel, Oliu Sergi. "Interdigitated electrode arrays (idea) impedimetric transducers for bacterial biosensing applications". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666603.

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La tecnologia dels biosensors, basada en dispositius analítics que combinen un bioreceptor amb una unitat de transducció, s’ha aplicat en nombroses àrees de recerca per a la detecció de diferents analits d’interès. Els bacteris, especialment els bacteris patògens, són agents biològics importants per ser detectats en diversos camps com el diagnòstic clínic, la indústria alimentària o la qualitat de l’aigua per prevenir malalties en els éssers humans. No obstant això, els bacteris també es poden utilitzar en un ampli ventall d’aplicacions; per exemple, com a indicadors biològics per determinar la toxicitat de diversos compostos. En aquesta tesi es proposa l’ús de transductors impedimètrics basats en elèctrodes de tipus interdigitat (interdigitated electrode arrays, IDEA de les sigles en anglès) com a instrument per al desenvolupament d’aplicacions biosensores bacterianes. L’espectroscòpia electroquímica d’impedància és una tècnica àmpliament estudiada per caracteritzar biosistemes perquè permet monitoritzar els fenòmens que tenen lloc a la superfície dels elèctrodes. Aquesta tècnica no requereix marcadors en el procés de transducció i pot ser usada en un mode d’operació sense marcatge addicional; així se simplifiquen els assajos de biomonitoratge. Entre els diferents tipus de transductors impedimètrics, els elèctrodes de tipus interdigitat són realment avantatjosos en termes de miniaturització, d’obtenció d’una resposta ràpida i estable o d’increment en la relació senyal-soroll. La utilització dels dispositius IDEA com a base de transducció per a un biosensor permet reduir el temps i cost per assaig. A més a més, en aquest treball es detalla i demostra l’aplicabilitat dels IDEA tridimensionals (3D-IDEA), en els quals els dígits dels elèctrodes estan separats per barreres aïllants, que permeten millorar la sensibilitat en el registre de canvis superficials si els comparem amb els IDEA convencionals per a la detecció de bactèries. Els objectius d’aquest treball són l’elaboració i la validació d’estratègies de biodetecció, estables i reproduïbles, utilitzant IDEA i 3D-IDEA per a la identificació de bacteris com a analit d’interès o bé com a element de sensat. En el primer cas, s’ha dut a terme la detecció de bacteris o endotoxines bacterianes en mostres líquides, mentre que en el segon s’ha desenvolupat un biosensor del tipus microbià. Per tal de dur-ho a terme, els dispositius IDEA s’han (bio)funcionalitzat mitjançant diverses metodologies per desenvolupar en quatre aplicacions.
Biosensor technology, consisting of analytical devices that conjugate a bioreceptor with a transducer unit, has been applied in numerous research areas for the detection of different analytes of interest. Bacteria, especially pathogenic bacteria, are important targets to be sensed and identified in many fields, like clinical diagnosis, food industry or water safety, to prevent a great number of diseases in humans. However, bacteria can be employed in a wide range of beneficial applications, such as their use as biological indicators to determine the toxicity of various compounds. In this thesis, the use of impedimetric transducers based on interdigitated electrode arrays (IDEA) has been proposed as a tool for the development of bacterial biosensing applications. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy is a widely studied technique to characterize biosystems because it allows to monitor electrical events occurring on the surface of electrodes. This technique does not require additional markers for the transduction and can be used in a label-free operation mode and hence simplifying the biosensing assays. Among different types of impedimetric transducers interdigitated electrodes arrays are really advantageous in terms of easy-miniaturization, fast establishment of the steady-state signal response and increased signal-to-noise ratio. The utilization of IDEA devices as a base of a biosensor transducer permits reducing the time and cost per assay. In addition, the applicability of three-dimensional IDEA (3D-IDEA) is described and demonstrated, in which the electrode digits are separated by insulating barriers, to improve the sensitivity for the registration of superficial parameters compared with standard IDEA for bacteria sensing. The main aim of this work is the elaboration and testing of robust and reproducible biosensing strategies using IDEA and 3D-IDEA impedance transducers with bacteria, as an analyte target or as a sensing element. In the first case, the detection of bacteria or bacterial endotoxins in liquid samples may be performed and, in the second one, novel microbial-based biosensors may be developed. To this end, IDEA devices have been (bio)functionalized using various grafting schemes for their use in four different applications.

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Eklund, John C. "Electrode reaction dynamics". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297021.

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Libros sobre el tema "Electrode"

Compton, R. G. Electrode potentials. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

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Tiwari, Ashutosh, Filiz Kuralay y Lokman Uzun, eds. Advanced Electrode Materials. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119242659.

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G, Compton R., ed. Electrode kinetics: Reactions. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1987.

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Seo, Masahiro. Electro-Chemo-Mechanical Properties of Solid Electrode Surfaces. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7277-7.

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H, Berns Darren, Heberlein J y United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Arc electrode interaction study. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health., ed. Electrode Corporation, Chardon, Ohio. [Atlanta, Ga.?]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1994.

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D, Burns David, Heberlein J y United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Arc electrode interaction study. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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Hine, Fumio. Electrode Processes and Electrochemical Engineering. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0109-8.

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Larson, David J., Ty J. Prosa, Robert M. Ulfig, Brian P. Geiser y Thomas F. Kelly. Local Electrode Atom Probe Tomography. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8721-0.

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W, Murray Royce, ed. Molecular design of electrode surfaces. New York: Wiley, 1992.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Electrode"

Schimanek, Robert, Muhammed Aydemir, Alexander Müller y Franz Dietrich. "Flow Modeling for Vacuum Pressure-Based Handling of Porous Electrodes of Lithium-Ion Batteries". En Annals of Scientific Society for Assembly, Handling and Industrial Robotics 2022, 305–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10071-0_25.

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AbstractIn lithium-ion battery (LIB) production, limp electrodes are handled gently by vacuum-pressure based handling and transport systems, which generate a fluid flow that propagates through the porous electrode coating during handling. To investigate the limits and material-damaging behavior of vacuum pressure-based handling, it is required to understand how process parameters and electrode qualities affect fluid flow. Questions on how fluid flow reduces electrode quality are insufficiently addressed or modeled. Modeling the electrode and handling system interaction requires knowledge of the effective surface geometry and the volumetric flow rate caused by the pressure difference. In this article, flow through porous electrode coatings during handling is modeled. Experiments demonstrate a flow behavior according to the generalized Darcy’s law. Thus, using Darcy’s law, modeling fluid flow through the electrode improves the exploration of the limits and design of vacuum pressure-based handling and transport of electrodes in LIB production.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Electrode". En Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 259. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_4275.

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Gao, Ping y Rudolf Holze. "Electrode". En Encyclopedia of Applied Electrochemistry, 668–70. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5_435.

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Lenarz, T., R. D. Battmer, J. E. Goldring, J. Neuburger, J. Kuzma y G. Reuter. "New Electrode Concepts (Modiolus-Hugging Electrodes)". En Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 347–53. Basel: KARGER, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000059209.

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Johnson, Lee J. y Dean A. Scribner. "Electrode Architecture". En Visual Prosthesis and Ophthalmic Devices, 121–33. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-449-0_9.

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Floresco, Stan, Robert Kessler, Ronald L. Cowan, Robert Kessler, Ronald L. Cowan, Mark Slifstein, Andrea Cipriani et al. "Reference Electrode". En Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 1144. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_608.

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Rieger, Philip H. "Electrode Potentials". En Electrochemistry, 1–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0691-7_1.

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Inzelt, György. "Electrode Potentials". En Handbook of Reference Electrodes, 1–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36188-3_1.

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Hammou, Abdelkader y Samuel Georges. "Electrode reactions". En Solid-State Electrochemistry, 171–204. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39659-6_4.

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Comte, P. "Electrode Technology". En Presurgical Evaluation of Epileptics, 109–11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71103-9_19.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Electrode"

Gao, Feng, Jianmin Qu y Matthew Yao. "Conducting Properties of a Contact Between Open-End Carbon Nanotube and Various Electrodes". En ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-11117.

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The carbon nanotube (CNT) is becoming a promising candidate as electrical interconnects in nanoscale electronics. This paper reports the electronic structure and the electrical conducting properties at the interface between an open-end single wall CNT (SWCNT) and various metal electrodes, such as Al, Au, Cu, and Pd. A simulation cell consisting of an SWCNT with each end connected to the metal electrode was constructed. A voltage bias is prescribed between the left- and right-electrodes to compute the electronic conductance. Due to the electronic structure, the electron density and local density of states (LDOS) are calculated to reveal the interaction behavior at the interfaces. The first-principle quantum mechanical density functional and non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) approaches are adopted to compute the transport coefficient. After that, the voltage-current relation is calculated using the Landauer-Buttiker formalism. The results show that electrons are conducted through the electrode/CNT/electrode two-probe system. The contact electronic resistance is calculated by averaging the values in the low voltage bias regime (0.0–0.1 V), in which the voltage–current relationship is found to be linear. And the electrical contact conductance of electrode/CNT/electrode system show the electrode-type dependent, however, the amplitude for different electrodes is of the same order.

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Enikov, Eniko T., Carlos Gamez, Shezaan Kanjiyani, Mahdi Ganji y Joshua Gill. "Flexible Electrode Structures for Thermo-Tunneling Applications". En ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62903.

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Combined thermionic emission and tunneling of hot electrons (thermo-tunneling) has emerged as a potential new solid-state cooling technology. Practical implementation of thermo-tunneling, however, requires the formation of a nanometer-sized gap spanning macroscopically significant surfaces. Thermo-tunneling of hot electrons across a few-nanometer gap has application to vacuum electronics, flat panel displays, and holds great potential in thermo-electric cooling and energy generation. Development of new thermo-tunneling applications requires creation of a stable nanometer gap between two surfaces. This presentation is focused on our effort to investigate the feasibility of creating such gaps using distributed electro-magnetic forces arising in thin-film flexible structures. Early efforts based on rigid electrodes showed that the effective tunneling approaches 400 square-micrometers, which albeit small, could lead to useful practical systems. In this presentation, we report a theoretical and experimental investigation of a thin-electrode system which could lead to further increase on the effective tunneling area. The device under study consists of a thin membrane collector electrode (anode) suspended over the emitting electrode (cathode). The structure is placed in a vacuum enclosure with an externally generated magnetic field perpendicular to the current flow in the membrane. The resulting Lorentz force is then directed upwards, separating the two surfaces. A mathematical model of the steady-state operation of the device is presented along with predictions of the contact area and tunneling current. Essential output parameters of the model include a central contact area measured by its length (delta) and the thermo-tunneling current. Both parameters are determined as a function of the externally applied external potential and magnetic field. Numerical solutions of the model show two possible operating modes: (1) symmetric deformation with negligibly small current; and (2) asymmetric mode where the B-field controls the current and contact area.

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Wang, Hai-bo, Joon-wan Kim, Shinichi Yokota y Kazuya Edamura. "Performance Evaluation of a Triangular-Prism-Slit Electrode Pair as an Electro-Conjugate Fluid Jet Generator". En ASME 2011 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference and Bath/ASME Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2011-6077.

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Electro-conjugate fluid (ECF) is a dielectric and functional fluid, which generates a powerful jet when electrodes inserted into it are subjected to a constant voltage of less than one thousand volts. As one essential research field on ECF, researchers have been conducting the study on electrodes. Several structures, e.g. planar parallel rod-like electrode array, ring-needle electrode pair and triangular-prism-slit (TPS) electrode pair, were proposed. Among them, the TPS electrode structure is often thought as the most promising candidate for future ECF applications thanks to its great merits of combining easy fabrication and relatively high performance. In this paper, in order to evaluate performance of the TPS electrode pair, a novel modular ECF-jet generator capable of independently adjusting alignment and gap of each electrode is designed. By utilizing it, the relationship between output pressure and parameters of the TPS electrode pair, including thickness, slit width, tip angle, electrode gap and alignment, are obtained.

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Wu, J. W. "Electro-optic measurement of the electric-field distributions in coplanar-electrode poled polymers". En Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.md.9.

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In electro-optic thin film samples, two configurations of electrodes are commonly adopted for the electric field poling, parallel and coplanar. In the parallel-plate configuration, electro-optic (EO) polymer is sandwiched between two thin electrode plates on top of a substrate. Because the size of electrodes is larger than the polymer thin film thickness, the electric field distribution is almost uniform inside the polymer film between the top and bottom electrodes. In the coplanar electrode structure, two thin separate electrodes with a narrow gap in between them are deposited on top of substrate, and EO polymer film is spin coated. Here the film covers both electrodes and the dc poling and EO effect measuring fields pass through and above the film making the electric field distribution complicated. Furthermore the electric field lines have different shapes for different thickness of thin films, since the dielectric constant of polymer films is different from that of the air.

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Goundar, Jowesh Avisheik, Qiao Xiangyu, Ken Suzuki y Hideo Miura. "Improvement in Photosensitivity of Dumbbell-Shaped Graphene Nanoribbon Structures by Using Asymmetric Metallization Technique". En ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-69917.

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Abstract The existence of Schottky barrier between the semiconductive graphene nanoribbon (GNR) and the metallic electrodes at its both ends causes a major hurdle in the development of GNR based devices. Here, a dumbbell-shape GNR structure was proposed to solve the problem. This structure consisted of a semiconductive GNR and wide metallic GNR at both ends. The ohmic contact between the wide metallic GNR and metallic electrode was easily achieved. Furthermore, an effective mechanism to enhance electronic band properties of the dumbbell-shape GNR structure by using asymmetric metallization technique is employed. To achieve this, two different metallic electrodes were introduced, Platinum (Pt) and Titanium (Ti), at each end of the GNR channel to break the symmetry in the Schottky barrier at both ends. The asymmetric difference in the Schottky barrier at the electrode/GNR interface at each ends allows for an efficient directional flow of electrons, effectively separating the photo-generated carriers. The individual contributions at each electrode/GNR interface were summed up resulting in a larger absolute photo-induced current. The electron transfer characteristics of the DS-GNR-FET was studied under an irradiation of a light source with a wavelength of 632.8-nm at room temperature. The developed 70-nm DSGNR-FET showed a significantly larger and enhanced photosensitivity of about 1.6 × 107 A/W.m2 as compared to the device fabricated with identical metallic electrodes as the source and drain electrodes.

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Nelson, Robert L., James G. Grote, Joseph W. Haus y Brad Birchfield. "Embedded electrode electro-optic composite materials". En SPIE Optics + Photonics, editado por Graeme Dewar, Martin W. McCall, Mikhail A. Noginov y Nikolay I. Zheludev. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.682488.

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Jibhakate, Piyush D. y George J. Nelson. "Fabrication and Characterization of Nanostructured Cathodes for Li-Ion Batteries". En ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-67873.

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Li-ion batteries have emerged as a leading energy storage technology for several applications including portable electronics devices and electric vehicles. Rigorous efforts are made to develop these batteries with higher energy density, higher power density, and better cycling stability while reducing cost and environmental impact. To better understand how electrode microstructure contributes to the electrode performance, the spinel LiMn2O4 (LMO) cathode material was prepared using a template-assisted sol-gel synthesis method. This method involves soaking of polycarbonate template membranes in the precursor solution followed by drying, to remove the solvent. The dried templates containing precursor materials were etched in an oxygen plasma to remove the template, and the nanostructured electrode formed was then calcined to convert these nanostructures to spinel LiMn2O4. Simultaneously, powdered LMO was prepared using the same synthesis procedure, but without the aid of a template to control electrode morphology. A series of tests were performed to study the effect of processing conditions on the structure and morphology of the nanostructured electrodes. The resulting electrodes were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) in support of efforts to understand the effects of process parameters on the electrochemical performance of the electrode. The template assisted synthesis approach yielded an electrode of well-defined nanotubules. Extending the template soaking time was found to provide better definition of individual tubule structures. Increasing calcination temperature was found to create a better defined spinel structure for the LMO. These observations provide insight into process parameters relevant to electrode preparation and substrate selection when producing nanostructured electrodes using template-assisted methods.

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Lai, Chien-Hsun y Yuan-Fang Chou. "Surface Acoustic Waves in Piezoelectric Half Space With Periodic Surface Electrodes". En ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12127.

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Surface acoustic waves of piezoelectric half space with periodic surface electrodes are investigated. Since the boundary has periodic character, Bloch’s theorem and plane wave expansion method are employed in the analysis. Modeling the periodic electrode’s mechanical effects and electric boundary conditions of short grating and open grating are major tasks. Verification is performed on a 128°YX-LiNbO3 substrate covered by aluminum electrodes. Cases of different electrode aspect ratios are also investigated. Comparisons of dispersion curves corresponding to different boundary conditions are given. The effect of electrode aspect ratio on band gap width is obvious. The developed solution scheme finds the dispersion relations and propagation modes very efficiently and accurately.

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Ye, F. X., A. Ohmori y C. J. Li. "The Photoresponse and Donor Concentration of Plasma Sprayed TiO2 and TiO2-ZnO Electrodes". En ITSC2004, editado por Basil R. Marple y Christian Moreau. ASM International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2004p0922.

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Abstract The photoelectrochemical characteristics of plasma sprayed porous TiO2, TiO2-5%ZnO and TiO2-10%ZnO electrodes in 0.1N NaOH solution were studied through a three-electrode cell system. The microstructure, morphology and composition of the electrodes were analyzed using electron probe surface roughness analyzer (ERA-8800FE), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the sprayed electrodes had a porous microstructure, which was affected by the plasma spraying parameters and composition of the powders. TiO2-ZnO electrodes consisted of anatase TiO2, rutile TiO2 and Zn2Ti3O8 phase. The photoresponse characteristics of the plasma sprayed electrodes were comparable to that of single crystal TiO2, but the breakdown voltage was approximate to 0.5V (vs. SCE). The short-circuit photocurrent density increased with a decrease of donor concentration, which was calculated according to Garner-Bulter model. For the lowest donor concentration of a TiO2-5%ZnO electrode prepared under the arc current of 600A, the short-circuit photocurrent density was approximately 0.4mA/cm2 higher than that of the TiO2 electrodes under 30mW/cm2 xenon light irradiation. The photocurrent density increased linearly with light intensity.

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Samiei, Ehsan y Mina Hoorfar. "Modifying Electrode Geometry for Unequal Droplet Splitting in Digital Microfluidics". En ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-66844.

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In the present study, unequal droplet splitting is performed simply by modifying the electrode geometry: an electrode is divided into four small squares or four narrow sub-electrodes which are surrounded by regular spatial electrodes. Two possible configurations are studied for the narrower modified electrodes in which the narrow sub-electrodes are i) parallel, and ii) perpendicular to the flow direction. By actuating one (or more) sub-electrodes on one side and a spatial electrode on the other side of the droplet reproducible unequal splitting was achieved without a need for a complicated control system. In addition to reproducibility, the proposed approach offers a great deal of flexibility by splitting the droplet (or dispense a droplet) to different volumes based on the number of the actuated sub-electrodes.

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Informes sobre el tema "Electrode"

Weaver, R. y J. Ogborn. CGX-00-005 Cellulosic-Covered Electrode Storage - Influence on Welding Performance and Weld Properties. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), enero de 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011816.

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Cellulosic-covered electrodes have been used for shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) circumferential welding of line pipe over many decades. They are characterized by electrode coverings containing organic matter. Unlike low hydrogen SMAW electrodes that achieve optimum results at low covering moisture levels, cellulosic-covered electrodes require much higher covering moisture levels for proper operation. For example, pipe welders have been known to deliberately expose electrodes to the weather, or even dip them in water prior to use. There are suggestions that high incidents of hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC) might be associated with low moisture levels in the cellulosic-covered electrodes used. This suggests further that storage and handling practices based on conventional wisdom in the field may not be sufficient as the industry transitions to more demanding applications and higher-strength materials. Consequently, this work was undertaken to develop more definitive information on the performance of cellulosic-covered electrodes for three purposes: � determine the influence of various storage and handling practices on electrode covering moisture, � determine the influence of covering moisture on electrode operability, weld metal chemical composition, and weld hardness, and � develop more definitive guidelines for cellulosic-covered electrode storage and handling practice. Three different E8010 type electrodes (one E8018-G and two E8018-P1) were subjected to various storage conditions - temperatures from -40�C (-40�F) to 66�C (150�F), and time periods up to 196 hours. As the temperature increased there was a tendency for lower electrode covering moisture levels with corresponding increases in weld metal alloy content (particularly Mn, Si, and Ti), increased weld hardness, increased weld strength, and higher tendency to HAC. Variations in electrode operation were also noted.

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Blum, L. Structured Electrode Interfaces. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, enero de 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada222763.

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Wang, Chunsheng y Yujie Zhu. Novel Electro-Analytical Tools for Phase-Transformation Electrode Materials. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, agosto de 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada517245.

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Tobin J. Marks, R.P.H. Chang, Tom Mason, Ken Poeppelmeier y Arthur J. Freeman. ENGINEERED ELECTRODES AND ELECTRODE-ORGANIC INTERFACES FOR HIGH-EFFICIENCY ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAICS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), noviembre de 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/940916.

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Pintauro, Peter. Fuel Cell Membrane Electrode Assemblies with Ultra-Low Pt Nanofiber Electrodes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), abril de 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2331465.

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Bond, Daniel R. Molecular Basis for Electron Flow Within Metal-and Electrode-Reducing Biofilms. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), noviembre de 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1332121.

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Fischer, A. y H. Wendt. Electrode porosity and effective electrocatalyst activity in electrode-membrane-assemblies (MEAs) of PEMFCs. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), diciembre de 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/460297.

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Ervin, Matthew H., Benjamin S. Miller y Brendan Hanrahan. SWCNT Supercapacitor Electrode Fabrication Methods. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, febrero de 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada538479.

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Dunn, Bruce. Vanadium Oxide Aerogel Electrode Materials. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, marzo de 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada389142.

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Ho, I.-Pin. Instrumentation for Multi-Electrode Voltammetry. Portland State University Library, enero de 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1140.

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