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Potrč Obrecht, Tajda, Sabina Jordan, Andraž Legat y Alexander Passer. "The role of electricity mix and production efficiency improvements on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of building components and future refurbishment measures". International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 26, n.º 5 (mayo de 2021): 839–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01920-2.
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Abstract Purpose An estimation of the environmental impact of buildings by means of a life cycle assessment (LCA) raises uncertainty related to the parameters that are subject to major changes over longer time spans. The main aim of the present study is to evaluate the influence of modifications in the electricity mix and the production efficiency in the chosen reference year on the embodied impacts (i.e., greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions) of building materials and components and the possible impact of this on future refurbishment measures. Methods A new LCA methodological approach was developed and implemented that can have a significant impact on the way in which existing buildings are assessed at the end of their service lives. The electricity mixes of different reference years were collected and assessed, and the main datasets and sub-datasets were modified according to the predefined substitution criteria. The influence of the electricity-mix modification and production efficiency were illustrated on a selected existing reference building, built in 1970. The relative contribution of the electricity mix to the embodied impact of the production phase was calculated for four different electricity mixes, with this comprising the electricity mix from 1970, the current electricity mix and two possible future electricity-mix scenarios for 2050. The residual value of the building was also estimated. Results and discussion In the case presented, the relative share of the electricity mix GHG emission towards the total value was as high as 20% for separate building components. If this electricity mix is replaced with an electricity mix having greater environmental emissions, the relative contribution of the electricity mix to the total emissions can be even higher. When, by contrast, the modified electricity mix is almost decarbonized, the relative contribution to the total emissions may well be reduced to a point where it becomes negligible. The modification of the electricity mix can also influence the residual value of a building. In the observed case, the differences due to different electricity mixes were in the range of 10%. Conclusions It was found that those parameters that are subject to a major change during the reference service period of the building should be treated dynamically in order to obtain reliable results. Future research is foreseen to provide additional knowledge concerning the influence of dynamic parameters on both the use phase and the end-of-life phase of buildings, and these findings will also be important when planning future refurbishment measures.
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Ghani, Hafiz Usman, Awais Mahmood, Asmat Ullah y Shabbir H. Gheewala. "Life Cycle Environmental and Economic Performance Analysis of Bagasse-Based Electricity in Pakistan". Sustainability 12, n.º 24 (18 de diciembre de 2020): 10594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410594.
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Bagasse-based electricity is gaining attention as an affordable, reliable, sustainable, and promising renewable energy source in Pakistan. Therefore, the focus of this analysis was to identify the environmental burdens associated with bagasse-based electricity production via high-pressure cogeneration. The scope of this study was defined as cradle to gate; involving cane production, cane transportation to the mill, the production of bagasse, and then the burning of bagasse in the cogeneration power plant to produce electricity. The overall results revealed that most of the impacts were contributed by the agricultural phase. For some impact categories—such as global warming, fine particulate matter formation, terrestrial acidification, and fossil resource scarcity—the bagasse-based electricity performed better than the grid mix electricity. However, the grid mix electricity performed better than the bagasse-based electricity in terms of eutrophication, land use, and water consumption. When considering the final damage, the bagasse-based electricity proved to be the favorable option in terms of human health and resource availability; however, ecosystem quality was poor in bagasse-based electricity. In terms of environmental prices, the bagasse-based electricity was found to be a promising option compared to the grid mix electricity.
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Olindo, Roberta, Nathalie Schmitt y Joost Vogtländer. "Life Cycle Assessments on Battery Electric Vehicles and Electrolytic Hydrogen: The Need for Calculation Rules and Better Databases on Electricity". Sustainability 13, n.º 9 (7 de mayo de 2021): 5250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095250.
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LCAs of electric cars and electrolytic hydrogen production are governed by the consumption of electricity. Therefore, LCA benchmarking is prone to choices on electricity data. There are four issues: (1) leading Life Cycle Impact (LCI) databases suffer from inconvenient uncertainties and inaccuracies, (2) electricity mix in countries is rapidly changing, year after year, (3) the electricity mix is strongly fluctuating on an hourly and daily basis, which requires time-based allocation approaches, and (4) how to deal with nuclear power in benchmarking. This analysis shows that: (a) the differences of the GHG emissions of the country production mix in leading databases are rather high (30%), (b) in LCA, a distinction must be made between bundled and unbundled registered electricity certificates (RECs) and guarantees of origin (GOs); the residual mix should not be applied in LCA because of its huge inaccuracy, (c) time-based allocation rules for renewables are required to cope with periods of overproduction, (d) benchmarking of electricity is highly affected by the choice of midpoints and/or endpoint systems, and (e) there is an urgent need for a new LCI database, based on measured emission data, continuously kept up-to-date, transparent, and open access.
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Phoumin, Han, Fukunari Kimura y Jun Arima. "Potential Renewable Hydrogen from Curtailed Electricity to Decarbonize ASEAN’s Emissions: Policy Implications". Sustainability 12, n.º 24 (17 de diciembre de 2020): 10560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410560.
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The power generation mix of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is dominated by fossil fuels, which accounted for almost 80% in 2017 and are expected to account for 82% in 2050 if the region does not transition to cleaner energy systems. Solar and wind power are the most abundant energy resources but contribute negligibly to the power mix. Investors in solar or wind farms face high risks from electricity curtailment if surplus electricity is not used. Employing the policy scenario analysis of the energy outlook modelling results, this paper examines the potential scalability of renewable hydrogen production from curtailed electricity in scenarios of high share of variable renewable energy in the power generation mix. The study found that ASEAN has high potential in developing renewable hydrogen production from curtailed electricity. The study further found that the falling cost of renewable hydrogen production could be a game changer to upscaling the large-scale hydrogen production in ASEAN through policy support. The results implied a future role of renewable hydrogen in energy transition to decarbonize ASEAN’s emissions.
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VON MALMBORG, FREDRIK BURSTRÖM y ANNA FORSBERG. "CHOICE OF ENERGY DATA IN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT". Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 05, n.º 01 (marzo de 2003): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s146433320300122x.
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Life cycle oriented methods are increasingly used for environmental assessments (EAs) of the built environment. However, many assumptions are made in such assessments, potentially influencing the results and making the assessment more ambiguous. To increase the reliability of EAs, consequences of the assumptions made have to be better understood. Since energy use in the operation and maintenance phase is an important factor decisive for the overall environmental performance of a building, the purpose of this study is to investigate how the selection of heat and electricity mix affects the assessed environmental performance of buildings. It also aims to suggest how to choose heat and electricity data in EAs of the built environment in general. Applying four different modes of electricity production and two different modes of heat production in a case study of three different buildings with different technical solutions for heat and electricity supply, the study show that choices of heat and electricity mix have significant influence on the final results of the EA. Regarding the choice of heat and electricity mix in an EA of buildings and the built environment, it is argued that both average and marginal data on electricity production should be used in general. As for data on district heat production, it is recommended to use data on the average production in the specific, local district heating system in general. Finally, it is argued that consequences of the assumptions made should be explicitly communicated in the EA report, so as to let the decision-makers rather than the analysts make the evaluation.
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Bahetta, Soufiyan, Nabil Dahhou y Rachid Hasnaoui. "Comparative effectiveness of environmental regulation instruments: Case of the Moroccan electricity mix". AIMS Energy 9, n.º 5 (2021): 1097–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2021050.
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<abstract> <p>Fossil fuels dominate the electricity mix of Morocco, the country is placing renewable energy at the heart of its energy strategy, to improve the security of supply and ensure environmental sustainability. However, the penetration of renewable energy technologies (RET) in the Moroccan electricity mix remains low due to an excess of investment in conventional energy technologies. This study first explores the characteristics of the Moroccan electricity mix before studying the dynamic effects of environmental regulatory instruments, in particular the carbon tax and the emission standards. To do so, we analyzed scenarios using a bottom-up linear and dynamic optimization model « OSeMOSYS» . We will therefore assess the impact of the carbon tax and the emission standards on RET adoption in the Moroccan electricity mix, over a period from 2015 to 2040. Our results suggest that environmental regulation in the electricity sector will lead to a large diversification of the Moroccan electricity mix with a large penetration of RET thus reducing the overall production of conventional energy technologies. Therefore, it follows that the carbon tax encourages the adoption of RET in the Moroccan electricity mix with significant reductions on fuel costs and operating & maintenance (O & M) costs of conventional energy technologies compared to emission standards.</p> </abstract>
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Daniel, Christian Gerald, Fadhil M. Firdaus y Mazmuria Irene Imanuella. "Life Cycle Cost Evaluation of Lab-Scale Modified Asphalt Mixture Production". Jurnal Rekayasa Sistem Industri 13, n.º 1 (26 de abril de 2024): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/jrsi.v13i1.7259.37-46.
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This paper compares the life cycle costs (LCC) of various asphalt mixture technologies added with polymeric substances that modify either the binder or the whole mix and evaluates the hotspot of each mix type with the scope of cradle-to-gate from the raw materials purchase to the production of 7 kg samples. The polymer-modified binder yields the largest total cost of IDR 12,197, followed by the polymer-modified warm and hot asphalt mixture with a difference of up to 3% and 14.5%, and the standard hot mix gives the lowest result (IDR 9,344) of 23.4% smaller than the largest. Raw material price holds the major contribution with approximately 82.7%, while electricity consumption accounts for 30%. Oven heating contributes the most to the calculated impact from the lab production by 40 to 60%, followed by the mixing activity by a 10 – 30% difference. Conclusively, the LCC of bituminous mixture production is heavily influenced by raw materials price and electricity consumption, and the standard hot mix asphalt generates the lowest total cost, despite having a higher cost than the warm mix in the production stage.
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Balaras, Constantinos A., Elena G. Dascalaki, Ioanna Psarra y Tomasz Cholewa. "Primary Energy Factors for Electricity Production in Europe". Energies 16, n.º 1 (21 de diciembre de 2022): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010093.
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The European Union (EU) has committed to supporting the United Nations’ efforts in line with the Paris Agreement for addressing climate change and has set ambitious targets to reduce primary energy consumption and emissions. Similar commitments have also been set by EU-27 member states. For this purpose, it is necessary to use a primary energy factor (PEF) for converting electricity use to primary energy units and for assessing energy conservation measures. Lower PEFs reflect efficiency improvements in power generation, an increased share of renewable energy sources in the fuel mix for electricity generation, and lower transmission and distribution losses. Over the past decades, there have been intensive efforts and notable progress in the EU-27 for increasing the use of renewables in the energy mix for electricity generation. However, the EU default PEF value for electricity was not regularly updated and remained at 2.5 for several years till it was finally recalculated at 2.1 in the 2018 recast of the Energy Efficiency Directive. This paper reviews different calculation options for estimating the PEF for electricity from official annual statistics, presents the historical evolution of the calculated conversion factors, and provides simple linear correlations for projecting the PEF values that can be used to facilitate more-realistic forward-looking calculations and assess national energy efficiency, climate change, or decarbonization plans in EU-27 member states. A more detailed analysis and case studies on the impacts of this work are illustrated for Greece and Poland.
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Shahzad, Khurram, Mohammad Rehan, Muhammad Imtiaz Rashid, Nadeem Ali, Ahmed Saleh Summan y Iqbal Muhammad Ibrahim Ismail. "Sustainability Evaluation of Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production from Slaughterhouse Residues Utilising Emergy Accounting". Polymers 14, n.º 1 (29 de diciembre de 2021): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14010118.
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High raw material prices and rivalry from the food industry have hampered the adoption of renewable resource-based goods. It has necessitated the investigation of cost-cutting strategies such as locating low-cost raw material supplies and adopting cleaner manufacturing processes. Exploiting waste streams as substitute resources for the operations is one low-cost option. The present study evaluates the environmental burden of biopolymer (polyhydroxyalkanoate) production from slaughtering residues. The sustainability of the PHA production process will be assessed utilising the Emergy Accounting methodology. The effect of changing energy resources from business as usual (i.e., electricity mix from the grid and heat provision utilising natural gas) to different renewable energy resources is also evaluated. The emergy intensity for PHA production (seJ/g) shows a minor improvement ranging from 1.5% to 2% by changing only the electricity provision resources. This impact reaches up to 17% when electricity and heat provision resources are replaced with biomass resources. Similarly, the emergy intensity for PHA production using electricity EU27 mix, coal, hydropower, wind power, and biomass is about 5% to 7% lower than the emergy intensity of polyethylene high density (PE-HD). In comparison, its value is up to 21% lower for electricity and heat provision from biomass.
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Kargulewicz, Iwona y Damian Zasina. "The electricity production in Poland compared to selected European countries". Environmental Protection and Natural Resources 30, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2019): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2019-0018.
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Abstract The structure of fuels consumed for energy production and the amount of CO2 emissions associated with that production in Poland in 1990–2017 and in other selected European countries were presented. The countries to be compared were selected so that the analysed group was diverse in terms of electricity generation conditions. CO2 emission intensity from electricity production for Poland were estimated and compared with the average intensity for the EU and for the other selected European countries. Additionally, CO2 emission in the electricity and commercial heat production sector projected until 2040 was included to present the impact of the fuel mix on the emission results.
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Awan, Kamran Yousaf y Abdul Rashid. "Overview of Pakistan's Electricity Crisis, Generation-Mix and Renewable energy scenarios". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 1, n.º 4 (18 de agosto de 2012): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v1i4.161.
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Electricity is a basic need of the modern world. It is impossible for an economy to sustain without electricity. Pakistan, despite having the enormous energy resources, is facing acute shortage of Electricity. The Countrys electricity demand is rising at the rate of 11% annually, while incremental rate of production is fairly flat. Presently, only 15055MW of Electric Power is being generated while peak demand has reached up to 23953MW. Therefore, nation has to strive for meeting the deficiency of 8899 MW. Installed Power Generation Capacity of Pakistan is approximately 19,855 MW among which 67.2% is generated from thermal sources (oil and gas), 29.4% from hydel, 3.3% from nuclear and 0.1% from coal. Due to increased cost of petroleum products, slow development of hydel and nuclear power generation and negligible development of coal power generation, Country is facing severe electricity crisis. This article provides the overview of electricity shortage, problems associated with energy-mix used for power generation and root causes of electricity shortage in Pakistan. It also highlights the importance and availability of Pakistans indigenous energy resources, which can be economically used for electric power generation.
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de Maere d’Aertrycke, Gauthier, Yves Smeers, Hugues de Peufeilhoux y Pierre-Laurent Lucille. "The Role of Electrification in the Decarbonization of Central-Western Europe". Energies 13, n.º 18 (19 de septiembre de 2020): 4919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184919.
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Scenario studies of energy transition generally point to the central role of electricity. This notion is ambiguous as its interpretation can range from an electricity-only policy to portfolios of different energy vectors with a dominance of electricity. This ambiguity adds to the uncertainty that already pervades today’s investment environment. This paper examines the centrality of electricity through a so-called “variational scenario” analysis with policies obtained by a mix of electricity-only and green gas penetration while maintaining constant decarbonization objectives. Electricity is a complex product that can only be further complicated by the high penetration of renewables and its interaction with the production and use of synthetic fuels. The variational scenario analysis is conducted with sufficiently fine (hourly) granularity to produce an adequate representation of these phenomena. It shows that tilting the central role of electricity to a mix of electricity and green gas offers several advantages in terms of efficiency, flexibility of investment strategies, and robustness with respect to major uncertainties. It shows that the variational scenario analysis can be extended to more complex mixes of policies.
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Takeda, Shutaro, Alexander Keeley, Shigeki Sakurai, Shunsuke Managi y Catherine Norris. "Are Renewables as Friendly to Humans as to the Environment?: A Social Life Cycle Assessment of Renewable Electricity". Sustainability 11, n.º 5 (5 de marzo de 2019): 1370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051370.
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The adoption of renewable energy technologies in developing nations is recognized to have positive environmental impacts; however, what are their effects on the electricity supply chain workers? This article provides a quantitative analysis on this question through a relatively new framework called social life cycle assessment, taking Malaysia as a case example. Impact assessments by the authors show that electricity from renewables has greater adverse impacts on supply chain workers than the conventional electricity mix: Electricity production with biomass requires 127% longer labor hours per unit-electricity under the risk of human rights violations, while the solar photovoltaic requires 95% longer labor hours per unit-electricity. However, our assessment also indicates that renewables have less impacts per dollar-spent. In fact, the impact of solar photovoltaic would be 60% less than the conventional mix when it attains grid parity. The answer of “are renewables as friendly to humans as to the environment?” is “not-yet, but eventually.”
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Berna-Escriche, César, Carlos Vargas-Salgado, David Alfonso-Solar y Alberto Escrivá-Castells. "Hydrogen Production from Surplus Electricity Generated by an Autonomous Renewable System: Scenario 2040 on Grand Canary Island, Spain". Sustainability 14, n.º 19 (21 de septiembre de 2022): 11884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141911884.
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The electrification of final energy uses is a key strategy to reach the desired scenario with zero greenhouse gas emissions. Many of them can be electrified with more or less difficulty, but there is a part that is difficult to electrify at a competitive cost: heavy road transport, maritime and air transport, and some industrial processes are some examples. For this reason, the possibility of using other energy vectors rather than electricity should be explored. Hydrogen can be considered a real alternative, especially considering that this transition should not be carried out immediately because, initially, the electrification would be carried out in those energy uses that are considered most feasible for this conversion. The Canary Islands’ government is making considerable efforts to promote a carbon-free energy mix, starting with renewable energy for electricity generation. Still, in the early–mid 2030s, it will be necessary to substitute heavy transport fossil fuel. For this purpose, HOMER software was used to analyze the feasibility of hydrogen production using surplus electricity produced by the future electricity system. The results of previous research on the optimal generation MIX for Grand Canary Island, based exclusively on renewable sources, were used. This previous research considers three possible scenarios where electricity surplus is in the range of 2.3–4.9 TWh/year. Several optimized scenarios using demand-side management techniques were also studied. Therefore, based on the electricity surpluses of these scenarios, the optimization of hydrogen production and storage systems was carried out, always covering at least the final hydrogen demand of the island. As a result, it is concluded that it would be possible to produce 3.5 × 104 to 7.68 × 104 t of H2/year. In these scenarios, 3.15 × 105 to 6.91 × 105 t of water per year would be required, and there could be a potential production of 2.8 × 105 to 6.14 × 105 t of O2 per year.
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Bentsos, Christos, Demetris Koursaros, Kyriaki G. Louka, Konstantinos D. Melas y Nektarios A. Michail. "Liquefied Natural Gas Prices and Their Relationship with a Country’s Energy Mix: A Case Study for Greece". Energies 16, n.º 22 (13 de noviembre de 2023): 7554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16227554.
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Using daily data, we investigate the relationship between European LNG prices, carbon prices (CO2), electricity wholesale prices and changes in the electricity sector’s energy mix in Greece, using a vector error correction model (VECM). The results indicate that an increase in the daily average price of natural gas has the expected impact on Greece’s wholesale electricity price. As expected, gas and other fossil fuels act as substitute goods, while higher imports of electricity lower prices and have a negative impact on fossil fuel shares. Interestingly, carbon prices do not appear to have any significant impact on any variables, while the higher production of electricity from renewable sources pushes wholesale electricity prices down.
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Baumann, Michael, Michael Salzinger, Simon Remppis, Benjamin Schober, Michael Held y Roberta Graf. "Reducing the Environmental Impacts of Electric Vehicles and Electricity Supply: How Hourly Defined Life Cycle Assessment and Smart Charging Can Contribute". World Electric Vehicle Journal 10, n.º 1 (8 de marzo de 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj10010013.
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Increasing shares of renewable electricity generation lead to fundamental changes of the electricity supply, resulting in varying supply mixes and environmental impacts. The hourly-defined life cycle assessment (HD-LCA) approach aims to capture the environmental profile of electricity supply in an hourly resolution. It offers a flexible connectivity to unit commitment models or real-time electricity production and consumption data from electricity suppliers. When charging EVs, the environmental impact of the charging session depends on the electricity mix during the session. This paper introduces the combination of HD-LCA and smart charging and illustrates its impacts on the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of BEVs.
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Toktarova, Alla, Lisa Göransson y Filip Johnsson. "Design of Clean Steel Production with Hydrogen: Impact of Electricity System Composition". Energies 14, n.º 24 (11 de diciembre de 2021): 8349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248349.
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In Europe, electrification is considered a key option to obtain a cleaner production of steel at the same time as the electricity system production portfolio is expected to consist of an increasing share of varying renewable electricity (VRE) generation, mainly in the form of solar PV and wind power. We investigate cost-efficient designs of hydrogen-based steelmaking in electricity systems dominated by VRE. We develop and apply a linear cost-minimization model with an hourly time resolution, which determines cost-optimal operation and sizing of the units in hydrogen-based steelmaking including an electrolyser, direct reduction shaft, electric arc furnace, as well as storage for hydrogen and hot-briquetted iron pellets. We show that the electricity price following steelmaking leads to savings in running costs but to increased capital cost due to investments in the overcapacity of steel production units and storage units for hydrogen and hot-briquetted iron pellets. For two VRE-dominated regions, we show that the electricity price following steel production reduces the total steel production cost by 23% and 17%, respectively, as compared to continuous steel production at a constant level. We also show that the cost-optimal design of the steelmaking process is dependent upon the electricity system mix.
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Lieskovský, Martin, Marek Trenčiansky, Andrea Majlingová y Július Jankovský. "Energy Resources, Load Coverage of the Electricity System and Environmental Consequences of the Energy Sources Operation in the Slovak Republic—An Overview". Energies 12, n.º 9 (6 de mayo de 2019): 1701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091701.
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According to the current circumstances that are related to the effectiveness of the tightened European Union (EU) environmental legislation, which sets minimum requirements for the heat and power sources of energy that are part of the Slovak Electricity System (SES) source mix, an article was prepared to summarize the information regarding energy and environmental legislation, which is in force as in the EU as in Slovakia. This information was completed with a description on the current situation and requirements for the safety and reliability of the “new” mix of sources and technologies of electricity production within the SES in terms of energy and economic efficiency and environmental consequences.
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Ben-Aderet, Nissim y David Soloveitchik. "A Method of Calculating the Social Cost of “Clean” Electricity". Energy & Environment 6, n.º 2 (junio de 1995): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x9500600204.
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This article presents a methodology and estimation of the social benefit of using “clean” technologies of electricity generation. The methodology is based on the margin production cost of electricity and on the avoided pollution cost. The results obtained from our study enable us to estimate the payment to the “clean” electricity producers using the avoided cost methodology. The results show that the social cost for 1 kWh produced by “clean” technologies is higher by 5% than the cost of 1 kwh produced by the mix of the conventional technologies for electricity generation of the same demand level.
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Suer, Julian, Marzia Traverso y Nils Jäger. "Carbon Footprint Assessment of Hydrogen and Steel". Energies 15, n.º 24 (14 de diciembre de 2022): 9468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249468.
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Hydrogen has the potential to decarbonize a variety of energy-intensive sectors, including steel production. Using the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, the state of the art is given for current hydrogen production with a focus on the hydrogen carbon footprint. Beside the state of the art, the outlook on different European scenarios up to the year 2040 is presented. A case study of the transformation of steel production from coal-based towards hydrogen- and electricity-based metallurgy is presented. Direct reduction plants with integrated electric arc furnaces enable steel production, which is almost exclusively based on hydrogen and electricity or rather on electricity alone, if hydrogen stems from electrolysis. Thus, an integrated steel site has a demand of 4.9 kWh of electric energy per kilogram of steel. The carbon footprint of steel considering a European sustainable development scenario concerning the electricity mix is 0.75 kg CO2eq/kg steel in 2040. From a novel perspective, a break-even analysis is given comparing the use of natural gas and hydrogen using different electricity mixes. The results concerning hydrogen production presented in this paper can also be transferred to application fields other than steel.
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Kucukvar, Murat, Nuri C. Onat, Adeeb A. Kutty, Galal M. Abdella, Muhammet Enis Bulak, Fajr Ansari y Gurkan Kumbaroglu. "Environmental efficiency of electric vehicles in Europe under various electricity production mix scenarios". Journal of Cleaner Production 335 (febrero de 2022): 130291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130291.
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Debrah, Seth Kofi, Mark Amoah Nyasapoh, Felix Ameyaw, Stephen Yamoah, Nii Kwashie Allotey y Frederick Agyeman. "Drivers for Nuclear Energy Inclusion in Ghana’s Energy Mix". Journal of Energy 2020 (25 de noviembre de 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8873058.
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Energy has become the driving force for national infrastructure development, including the socioeconomic development of every society. Ghana, like many other African countries, formulated developmental policies to attain middle-income status in the medium term. Socioeconomic growth comes with an upsurge in electricity consumption. Ghana seeks to use industrialization to achieve its middle-income target. To achieve this target, there is a need to develop a reliable, sustainable and affordable energy supply in a benign environment. The entry point for Ghana to become a middle-income economy is a cost-effective and reliable electricity supply. Ghana is endowed with fossil fuel, hydro and renewable resources to drive its industrial ambitions, but the indigenous gas fields feeding some thermal plants for electricity production are decreasing and could run out by early 2030 unless new fields are discovered and may also be affected by price volatility. The untapped hydro resources are also small and unreliable if the country seeks to become a middle-income country. Despite the abundant renewable resources, they are intermittent and do not present a baseload option. In safeguarding Ghana’s energy security, the country seeks to include nuclear energy into her energy mix. This research paper discusses the major drivers for nuclear energy inclusion.
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Conte, Marco, Lorenzo Rinaldi, Francesco Tonini, Tommaso Fumagalli, Giacomo Lorenzin, Paolo Piras, Gian Giacomo Sommariva, Matteo Vincenzo Rocco y Emanuela Colombo. "Investigating the economic and environmental impacts of a technological shift towards hydrogen-based solutions for steel manufacture in high-renewable electricity mix scenarios for Italy". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1106, n.º 1 (1 de noviembre de 2022): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1106/1/012008.
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Abstract Steel production is one of the most carbon-intensive industrial sectors, responsible for 8% of European CO2 emissions. While traditional furnaces strongly rely on the consumption of coal or natural gas, potential opportunities for decarbonization stand in the adoption of alternative technologies such as hydrogen-based Direct Reduction Iron (DRI) coupled with Electric Arc Furnaces (EAF). This work focuses on the Italian steel sector and aims at assessing the potential economic and environmental impact of a switch towards such hydrogen-based technology. Three scenarios have been analyzed, all of which are grounded on the common assumption that hydrogen is produced by employing electrolyzers purchasing electricity from the grid. In the first scenario, the share of electricity production from renewable sources (RES) in the national electricity mix coincides with the one in the current Italian situation. The second scenario reflects the national target of 55% of electricity generated by low-carbon technologies. In the last scenario, the RES share in the electricity mix is 100%, meaning steel production plants are fully supplied with green hydrogen. The analysis is carried out by adopting a multi-regional input-output model for sectorial LCA, which allows to highlight the interlinkages of the steel industry with other sectors in different regional areas. The results show that a switch to DRI with EAF technology, coupled with the increase of RES penetration, allows to reduce the CO2 emissions of the Italian steel sector up to 14%, leading to an increase in employment of about 12 thousand units. It is also worth noting that a larger penetration of electricity produced from RES, which are mostly local, would be a significant improvement in terms of energy security of the steel sector, lowering its dependence on foreign fossil resources.
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Lemba, I., M. Ferreira Dias y M. Robaina. "Electric energy planning in Namibe, Angola: Inserting renewable energies in search of a sustainable energy mix". Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 32, n.º 4 (13 de diciembre de 2021): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2021/v32i4a9430.
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The socioeconomic development of any region requires electricity for operating the various sectors of the economy. Sometimes energy is scarce, not only because of the lack of energy resources, but also because energy policy is inadequate or non-existent. This paper examines the situation in the province of Namibe, Angola, characterising the energy sector, and proposing an energy mix for the security of electricity supply, environmental protection and sustainable economic development. Using the Long-range Energy Alternative and Planning System, energy scenarios were simulated and the greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) for the period 2014-2040 calculated and analysed. The most sustainable scenario, in terms of energy mix diversification and GHG reduction, as well as the least costly (considering electricity production and carbon costs), has an increase of hydro capacity and the insertion of wind, solar photovoltaic, thermoelectric sources and natural gas. Given the intermittency of photovoltaic and wind systems, natural gas appears in this scenario as a way to avoid interruptions in the electricity supply. This scenario is the one with the largest production reserve margin of 24.47 %, and emissions are avoided at 386 550 tCO2eq compared to the base scenario in 2040. Energy policymakers can take this scenario as a model to assist in making decisions on how power capacities can be installed over the planned time for the desired energy output.
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de Souza Henriques, Rafaella, Rodney Rezende Saldanha y Lineker Max Goulart Coelho. "An Air Pollutant Emission Analysis of Brazilian Electricity Production Projections and Other Countries". Energies 12, n.º 15 (24 de julio de 2019): 2851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12152851.
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In the face of the population’s growing awareness about environmental degradation, air pollutant emissions from electricity production become a very relevant issue. Therefore, the present work aims to evaluate the greenhouse gases (GHG), NOx and SO2 emissions in the Brazilian electricity production, using the expected capacity expansion from Ten-Year Energy Expansion Plan-2027, the current installed capacity of power generation and the electrical load factor. This study was based on data provided by official institutions that are responsible for the electricity sector as well as academic studies of the area. In order to obtain a better analysis of the most likely air pollutant emission values bounds, a Monte Carlo simulation was performed. In addition, the 2017 energy production emissions from Brazil, France, China, and the USA were evaluated and compared. The results indicate that non-renewable sources of energy have a negative environmental impact. In general, the emissions of CO2-eq and NOx per MWh are increasing according to Brazilian energy generation projections, but when compared with global indicator Brazil has an affordable electricity mix in terms of air pollutant emissions.
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Samoita, Dominic, Charles Nzila, Poul Alberg Østergaard y Arne Remmen. "Barriers and Solutions for Increasing the Integration of Solar Photovoltaic in Kenya’s Electricity Mix". Energies 13, n.º 20 (20 de octubre de 2020): 5502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205502.
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Currently, Kenya depends mainly on oil, geothermal energy and hydro resources for electricity production, however all three have associated issues. Oil-based electricity generation is environmentally harmful, expensive and a burden to the national trade balance. The rivers for hydropower and their tributaries are found in arid and semi-arid areas with erratic rainfall leading to problems of supply security, and geothermal exploitation has cost and risk issues amongst others. Given these problems and the fact that Kenya has a significant yet underexploited potential for photo voltaic (PV)-based power generation, the limited—although growing—exploitation of solar PV in Kenya is explored in this paper as a means of diversifying and stabilising electricity supply. The potential for integration of PV into the Kenyan electricity generation mix is analysed together with the sociotechnical, economic, political, and institutional and policy barriers, which limit PV integration. We argue that these barriers can be overcome with improved and more robust policy regulations, additional investments in research and development, and improved coordination of the use of different renewable energy sources. Most noticeably, storage solutions and other elements of flexibility need to be incorporated to balance the intermittent character of electricity generation based on solar PV.
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Gyamfi, Kwame, Sylvester Attakorah Birikorang, Emmanuel Ampomah-Amoako, John Justice Fletcher y Bernard Osei. "The Choice of Nuclear Energy for Ghana as a Result of Development of Its Energy Production". Journal of Energy 2020 (17 de agosto de 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8823720.
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Ghana thought of nuclear energy early in the 1960s but has not been able to realize this dream of generating electricity from nuclear power. Ghana’s electricity generation dates back to the Gold Coast era where the main source of electricity supply (isolated diesel generators) was owned by industrial establishments, municipalities, and other institutions. The electricity sector has developed over the years and has diversified its power generation development to take advantage of available and sustainable sources of energy, mainly hydro, natural gas, liquefied petroleum products, and renewables. These sources sought to increase the electricity production capacity in the country, but unfortunately, it has not been able to catch up with the rate of economic growth, urbanization, industrialization, and rural electrification projects. This has led to Ghana’s persistent energy crisis, with inadequate and unpredictable power supply coupled with erratic and prolonged cuts of electricity to homes, industries, and businesses which is now colloquially referred to in the local parlance as “dumsor.” The Government of Ghana and key stakeholders have therefore decided to add nuclear energy to the energy mix of the country to complement the country’s two main energy sources being hydro and thermal electricity. The details of the developments in the electricity sector leading to the choice of nuclear energy as the best solution for Ghana have been outlined.
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Neagoe, Angela, Eliza Isabela Tică, Mihaela Amalia Diminescu, Bogdan Popa y Suzana Carmen Cismaş. "Analysis of hydropower ratio from total energy production in Romania". E3S Web of Conferences 85 (2019): 06009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198506009.
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It is important to know the structure of electricity production of a country and to establish the place of each source within the total energy mix. The aim of this paper is to analyze statistically the percentage of the hydropower production related to the total electrical energy produced in Romania. The time series data analysis was done to determine the trends of average and standard deviation of hydro energy data produced in Romania over eleven years' period (2006-2016).
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Oryani, Bahareh, Yoonmo Koo y Shahabaldin Rezania. "Structural Vector Autoregressive Approach to Evaluate the Impact of Electricity Generation Mix on Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions in Iran". Energies 13, n.º 16 (18 de agosto de 2020): 4268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164268.
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This research attempts to evaluate the impact of renewable electricity generation mix on economic growth and CO2 emissions in Iran from 1980 to 2016. In this regard, by using EViews 10, the Structural Vector Autoregressive model (SVAR) is estimated by imposing the Blanchard and Quah long-run restrictions. The yearly data on real Gross Domestic Production (GDP), the share of electricity generation from renewable sources, and carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) caused by liquid, solid, and gaseous fuels were used. The positive impact of one standard deviation shock of increasing the share of renewable electricity on economic growth was confirmed by using Impulse Response Function (IRF). Contrary to the expectation, the share of renewable electricity in the energy mix is not at a desirable level to lower CO2 emissions, which partly could be explained by the dominant role of fossil fuel in Iran (as an energy-driven country). Moreover, the findings of Variance Decomposition (VD) verified the low share of electricity generated by renewable energy in explaining forecast error variations in economic growth and CO2 emissions. It indicates that in this stage of development, increasing the share of renewable electricity could not be considered as an appropriate strategy to control environmental issues. Therefore, initiating and implementing environmental policies could be considered as the most proper policies to lower CO2 emissions and to achieve the goal of sustainable development.
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Werner, Melanie, Sebastian Muschik, Mathias Ehrenwirth, Christoph Trinkl y Tobias Schrag. "Sector Coupling Potential of a District Heating Network by Consideration of Residual Load and CO2 Emissions". Energies 15, n.º 17 (28 de agosto de 2022): 6281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176281.
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The growing share of fluctuating renewable electricity production within the German energy system causes the increasing necessity for flexible consumers, producers, and storage technologies to balance supply and demand. District heating networks with combined heat and power units, Power-to-Heat applications, and thermal energy storage capacities can serve as one of these flexible options. In this context, a simulation model of the district heating network of the rural community Dollnstein, Germany, was built. With the residual load of different regional areas (Germany, Bavaria, Eichstätt, Dollnstein) it is investigated, how the heat generators can operate in an electricity market beneficial way. Two different control algorithms were evaluated: Due to a correlation between the residual loads and the CO2 emissions of the electricity mix, the CO2 savings achieved by this control algorithm are determined. Another way to operate electricity market beneficial is to consider the current CO2 emissions of each region. The main outcomes of this paper are, that there is a high potential for sector coupling by shifting the operation times of a CHP and a heat pump according to the residual load. The electricity demand of the heat pump can be met in terms of low CO2 emissions of the electricity mix, while the CHP can replace electricity with high CO2 emissions. These results can be improved, by considering not the residual load but the current CO2 emissions in the control algorithm.
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Arcentales-Bastidas, Danilo, Carla Silva y Angel D. Ramirez. "The Environmental Profile of Ethanol Derived from Sugarcane in Ecuador: A Life Cycle Assessment including the Effect of Cogeneration of Electricity in a Sugar Industrial Complex". Energies 15, n.º 15 (27 de julio de 2022): 5421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155421.
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The present study compiles a life cycle inventory for Ecuadorian sugarcane-derived ethanol production to quantify its environmental performance and identify the life cycle stages that cause major impacts. The scope of this study encompasses a cradle-to-gate analysis that includes the agriculture, the milling, the distillation, and the co-generation of electricity. This assessment is modeled using the OpenLCA v1.10.3 software. Two functional units (FU) were established in this study: “1 ton of sugarcane at-the-farm-gate” for the agricultural stage and “1 L of ethanol at-the-plant-gate”. A hybrid attributional and consequential life cycle analysis (LCA) approach has been followed. Economic allocation (EA) and system expansion (SE) were used to take co-products into account in the milling and co-generation of electricity stages, respectively. The co-generation stage is analyzed in three different scenarios: (i) average mix displacement scenario where the surplus electricity produced in the co-generation stage is displaced; (ii) marginal technology displacement scenario where the marginal surplus electricity is displaced from the mix and (iii) no displacement scenario. The global warming potential (GWP) impact at the farm gate level was reported as 53.6 kg of carbon dioxide equivalent (kg CO2eq.) per ton of sugarcane produced. The two main contributors of the agricultural stage correspond to N2O lixiviation and volatilization with 34% followed by the diesel used in agricultural machinery with 24%. The GWP for 1 L of ethanol produced was reported as 0.60 kg CO2eq. based on the average mix displacement scenario. No displacement scenario has a GWP impact of 0.84 kg CO2/liter of ethanol The distillation stage has the highest contribution to GWP impact with approximately 61% followed by the agricultural stage with 47%. The co-generation stage reports a contribution of −8.4% due to the surplus electricity displacement. The scenarios where the system expansion method is applied have a lower GWP impact compared to the scenario where no surplus electricity is displaced. Regarding terrestrial acidification potential impact, 0.01528 kg of SO2eq. was reported at the ethanol production level especially due to the nitrogen and phosphorous content in the vinasse produced from the distillation process. The marine eutrophication impact for 1 L of ethanol produced was 0.00381 kg of Neq. due to the content of nitrogen contained in the vinasse and the use of nitrogenous fertilizers in the agricultural stage. Finally, to create more eco-friendly Ecuadorian sugarcane and ethanol industries, sustainable and less polluting processes should be sought to reduce the environmental burdens. Companies should apply industrial symbiosis and circular economy strategies to produce lesser environmental loads within the ethanol production chain. The sugarcane industrial sector should also promote the surplus electricity production in order to gain credits.
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Philippot, Maeva, Garbiñe Alvarez, Elixabete Ayerbe, Joeri Van Mierlo y Maarten Messagie. "Eco-Efficiency of a Lithium-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicles: Influence of Manufacturing Country and Commodity Prices on GHG Emissions and Costs". Batteries 5, n.º 1 (19 de febrero de 2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries5010023.
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Lithium-ion battery packs inside electric vehicles represents a high share of the final price. Nevertheless, with technology advances and the growth of the market, the price of the battery is getting more competitive. The greenhouse gas emissions and the battery cost have been studied previously, but coherent boundaries between environmental and economic assessments are needed to assess the eco-efficiency of batteries. In this research, a detailed study is presented, providing an environmental and economic assessment of the manufacturing of one specific lithium-ion battery chemistry. The relevance of parameters is pointed out, including the manufacturing place, the production volume, the commodity prices, and the energy density. The inventory is obtained by dismantling commercial cells. The correlation between the battery cost and the commodity price is much lower than the correlation between the battery cost and the production volume. The developed life cycle assessment concludes that the electricity mix that is used to power the battery factory is a key parameter for the impact of the battery manufacturing on climate change. To improve the battery manufacturing eco-efficiency, a high production capacity and an electricity mix with low carbon intensity are suggested. Optimizing the process by reducing the electricity consumption during the manufacturing is also suggested, and combined with higher pack energy density, the impact on climate change of the pack manufacturing is as low as 39.5 kg CO2 eq/kWh.
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Khan, Mohammad Faisal, Asif Pervez, Umar Muhammad Modibbo, Jahangir Chauhan y Irfan Ali. "Flexible Fuzzy Goal Programming Approach in Optimal Mix of Power Generation for Socio-Economic Sustainability: A Case Study". Sustainability 13, n.º 15 (23 de julio de 2021): 8256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158256.
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The demand for cost-efficient and clean power energy cannot be overemphasised, especially in a developing nation like India. COVID-19 has adversely affected many nations, power sector inclusive, and resiliency is imperative via flexible and sustainable power generation sources. Renewable energy sources are the primary focus of electricity production in the world. This study examined and assessed the optimal cost system of electricity generation for the socio-economic sustainability of India. A sustainable and flexible electricity generation model is developed using the concept of flexible fuzzy goal programming. This study is carried out with the aim of achieving the government’s intended nationally determined contribution goals of reducing emission levels, increasing the capacity of renewable sources and the must-run status of hydro and nuclear, and technical and financial parameters. The result shows an optimal cost solution and flexibility in how increased electricity demand would be achieved and sustained via shifting to renewable sources such as solar, wind and hydro.
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Przekota, Grzegorz. "Do Household Electricity Prices in European Union Countries Depend on the Energy Mix?" Energies 16, n.º 21 (27 de octubre de 2023): 7289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16217289.
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In recent years, the international situation and requirements regarding carbon dioxide emissions have increased the production costs of electrical energy and, consequently, prices. The solution to the problem, and at the same time a contribution to improving the quality of the natural environment, is the promotion of renewable energy. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of the share of renewable energy in the energy mix and electricity consumption on household electricity prices. The study was based on data for the EU and Norway for the years 2011–2021. The data have been extracted from the Eurostat database. Multilevel modelling and a correlation analysis were used. It turns out that the situation in the countries covered by the study is different. There are significant differences in electricity prices, consumption and the share of renewable energy in the countries of the EU. The common trend observed is an increase in the share of renewable energy in the energy mix, from 18.6% to 26.3% on average over a decade. Moreover, an increase in the share of renewable energy does not mean a decrease in prices, which increased by approximately 20%.
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Plakas, Konstantinos, Ioannis Karampinis, Panayiotis Alefragis, Alexios Birbas, Michael Birbas y Alex Papalexopoulos. "A Predictive Fuzzy Logic Model for Forecasting Electricity Day-Ahead Market Prices for Scheduling Industrial Applications". Energies 16, n.º 10 (14 de mayo de 2023): 4085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16104085.
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Electricity price forecasting (EPF) has become an essential part of decision-making for energy companies to participate in power markets. As the energy mix becomes more uncertain and stochastic, this process has also become important for industrial companies, as their production schedules are greatly impacted by energy costs. Although various approaches have been tested with varying degrees of success, this study focuses on predicting day-ahead market (DAM) prices in different European markets and how this directly affects the optimal production scheduling for various industrial loads. We propose a fuzzy-based architecture that incorporates the results of two forecasting algorithms; a random forest (RF) and a long short-term memory (LSTM). To enhance the accuracy of the proposed model for a specific country, electricity market data from neighboring countries are also included. The developed DAM price forecaster can then be utilized by energy-intensive industries to optimize their production processes to reduce energy costs and improve energy-efficiency. Specifically, the tool is important for industries with multi-site production facilities in neighboring countries, which could reschedule the production processes depending on the forecasted electricity market price.
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Aguacil, Sergi, Yvan Morier, Philippe Couty y Jean-Philippe Bacher. "Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) combined with hydrogen-based electricity storage system at building-scale towards carbon neutrality". Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 38 (21 de diciembre de 2022): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2022.38.0281.
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Electricity storage technologies in buildings are evolving, mainly to reduce their environmental impact and to improve self-sufficiency of buildings that produce their own energy through Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) installations. To maximize self-consumption - minimizing the import of grid electricity - photovoltaic (PV) systems can be coupled with a hydrogen storage system converting the electricity to hydrogen by electrolysis during the summer season - when the on-site production is higher - and employing it during the winter season with fuel cells. This study focuses on the sizing constraints of solar hydrogen systems at building-scale using an innovative research-centre that will be built in Fribourg (Switzerland). It presents four stories and a mix-usage (office spaces and research facilities areas) and multi-oriented PV installation in order to produce enough electricity to achieve at least 50 % of electricity self-sufficiency ratio. Using the PV production, this study aims to optimise the sizing of a hydrogen storage system allowing to reach the required self-sufficiency ratio with the lowest environmental impact possible. Ultimately, the global energy and financial efficiency of the system will be analysed.
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Grecea, Danut, Marin Silviu Nan, Cristian Aron, Cosmin Vitan y Bogdan Tomus. "Study of the possibilities to achieve an energy mix in areas affected by restructuring of lignite exploitation". MATEC Web of Conferences 343 (2021): 09002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134309002.
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The general topic of this paper is to study the possibilities of using renewable energy sources to supply urban consumers electricity, consumers located in areas affected by industrial restructuring. This carries out a comprehensive study on the possibilities of using renewable energy sources in the Motru Basin area. Moreover, creation a mix capable of producing the electricity needed by the inhabitants, in household consumption and not only, is being studied. The entry of free energy market has brought about the alignment with competitive conditions and observance of pollution regulations in force, and energy production has determined retrofitting or restriction of the activity of some thermal power plants due to non-competitive costs for primary energy resources. Our country has a diversified and balanced energy mix (hydropower, nuclear energy, coal and natural gas) but it must be complemented by renewable sources (wind, solar, biomass) to provide stability and energy safety prospects.
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Bankole Adebanji, Emmanuel Taiwo Fasina y Josephine Adenike Akinyede. "Sustainable biomass electricity generation in Nigeria: Prospects, issues and ways forward". World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 22, n.º 2 (30 de mayo de 2024): 1480–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.22.2.1551.
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Energy is an essential ingredient for socio-economic and technological development of any nation. The electric power supply in the country, Nigeria is grossly inadequate, unreliable and inefficient. This has indeed retarded her socio-economic and industrial growths. The problems persist as a result of overdependence on fossil-fuels for power generation and the lack of diversity in the nation’s energy mix. Integrating the abundant biomass resources (that is available almost everywhere in the country) into the national energy mix will enhance the country to improve its electric power generation and reduce the GHG emission gradually. This work explored the different sources of biomass, identified the prospects, challenges of electricity production from biomass and made some recommendations towards improving electric power generation and GHG emission reduction. The available biomass resources in the country, if properly harnessed will reduce the persistent global energy pressure substantially. The work recommended policy implementation, marketing promotion, funding and supports as some of the ways of improving electricity generation through biomass.
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Zhao, Mingyue, Yuqing Niu, Lei Tian, Yizhi Liu y Qiang Zhai. "Impact Measurement of COVID-19 Lockdown on China’s Electricity-Carbon Nexus". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n.º 18 (15 de septiembre de 2021): 9736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189736.
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Lockdown measures to prevent the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) resulted in the plummeting of China’s overall electric-power demand and production. To date, power generation remains one of the largest carbon dioxide (CO2) emitting sectors of China on account of its high carbon intensity. Within this context, our study seeks to measure the impacts of COVID-19 lockdown on the electricity-power related carbon footprints on both generation and consumption sides. Built on statistical data of electricity generation and consumption released by the National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBSC), we calculate he nationwide electricity related CO2 emission changes in regional, economic-sectoral and technological dimensions during January–April 2020, when the strictest lock-down measures were taken in China and compare the results with the same months of the year prior. Our results show that both east and central China power grids witnessed drastic reduction (15.0% and 13.8%) in electricity-generation caused CO2 emissions; and the biggest falls of provincial-scale electricity-generation CO2 emission took place in Hubei (27.3%). Among China’s electricity production mix, coal remains the biggest CO2 emitter and contributed 95.7% of the overall nationwide reduction. The most significant decline of the nationwide consumptive-electricity carbon footprint was by 10.1% in February, with the secondary economic sector the biggest contributor.
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Stennes, Brad K., Kurt Niquidet y G. Cornelis van Kooten. "Implications of Expanding Bioenergy Production from Wood in British Columbia: An Application of a Regional Wood Fiber Allocation Model". Forest Science 56, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 2010): 366–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/56.4.366.
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Abstract Energy has been produced from woody biomass in British Columbia for many decades, primarily within the pulp and paper sector, using residual streams from timber processing to create heat and electricity for on-site use. More recently, there has been some stand-alone electricity production and an increase in the capacity to produce wood pellets, both using “waste” from the sawmill sector. Hence, most of the low-cost feedstock sources associated with traditional timber processing are now fully employed. Although previous studies modeled bioenergy production in isolation, we used a fiber allocation and transportation model of the British Columbia forest sector with 24 regions to demonstrate that it is necessary to consider the interaction between use of woody feedstock for pellet production and electricity generation and its traditional uses (e.g., production of pulp, oriented-strandboard, and others). We find that, despite the availability of large areas of standing mountain pine beetle-killed timber, this wood does not enter the energy mix in a dedicated salvage timber harvest to energy system. Further expansion of biofeedstock for energy is met by a combination of woody debris collected at harvesting sites and/or bidding away of fiber from existing users.
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Pushkar, Svetlana. "Life-Cycle Assessment of the Substitution of Sand with Coal Bottom Ash in Concrete: Two Concrete Design Methods". Applied Sciences 9, n.º 17 (3 de septiembre de 2019): 3620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9173620.
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Life-cycle assessments (LCAs) were conducted to evaluate the replacement of sand with coal bottom ash (CBA) in concrete. CBA is a byproduct of coal-fueled electricity production. Sand was replaced with CBA at proportions of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 wt.%, and the resultant concretes were denoted as CBA0, CBA25, CBA50, CBA75, and CBA100, respectively. Two concrete mixture design methods (that resulted in different component qualities of concrete mixtures) were used: (i) Mixture with a fixed slump (MIX-fixed-SLUMP) and (ii) mixture with a fixed water/cement ratio (MIX-fixed-W/C). The ReCiPe2016 midpoint and single score (six methodological options) methods were followed to compare the environmental damage caused by the CBA-based concretes. The ReCiPe2016 results showed that replacing sand with CBA was environmentally (i) beneficial with the MIX-fixed-SLUMP design and (ii) harmful with the MIX-fixed-W/C design. Therefore, using CBA as a partial sand replacement in concrete production is a controversial issue as it highly depends on the concrete mixture design method.
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Chen, Jianfeng, Junsong Jia, Lin Wang, Chenglin Zhong y Bo Wu. "Carbon Reduction Countermeasure from a System Perspective for the Electricity Sector of Yangtze River Delta (China) by an Extended Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI)". Systems 11, n.º 3 (23 de febrero de 2023): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems11030117.
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The electricity sector is a complex system, especially in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) of China. Thus, the carbon dioxide (CO2) emission of YRD’s electricity sector during 2000–2020 was first calculated and then evaluated from two systematical dimensions of cross-region and the whole process (production, trade, transmission, and consumption) by an extended logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI). (1) During 2000–2020, the CO2 emission of YRD’s electricity sector increased from 228.12 Mt to 807.55 Mt, with an average annual growth rate of 6.52%. Compared to other regions, the YRD’s electricity mix effect had the strongest mitigation impact on CO2 growth. Therefore, it is important for YRD to build a low-carbon electricity system itself, including the de-carbonization of electricity production and the carbon reduction of the electricity-use process. (2) Nationally, electricity trade had an overall mitigating impact on emission growth during 2000–2020. This result means that cross-regional cooperation or trade in the electricity sector is beneficial to emission reduction. So, it is important to improve the national power grids to promote trade. (3) Jiangsu had the largest CO2 emissions, while Anhui had the fastest average annual growth rate (9.71%). Moreover, the economic activity effect was the most significant driver in all provinces, especially in Jiangsu and Anhui. Thus, Jiangsu and Anhui should strive to improve the quality of economic growth while vigorously cutting carbon emissions. (4) Electricity transmission loss had an overall driving impact on emission growth in each YRD province, especially in Zhejiang and Anhui. Meanwhile, electricity structure, electricity trade, and electricity intensity were the inhibiting factors. Particularly, the inhibiting effect of Shanghai’s electricity structure was notably weak (−2.17 Mt). So, Shanghai should try hard to increase the proportion of renewable energy, while Zhejiang and Anhui should upgrade their electricity transmission equipment.
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Halkos, George E. y Apostolos S. Tsirivis. "Sustainable Development of the European Electricity Sector: Investigating the Impact of Electricity Price, Market Liberalization and Energy Taxation on RES Deployment". Energies 16, n.º 14 (23 de julio de 2023): 5567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16145567.
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Replacing conventional CO2 intensive generation with green electricity from RES constitutes an essential prerequisite of sustainable development. Renewables play a vital role in achieving the UN’s goals for clean low-cost energy production and the reverse of climate change process. Based on a comprehensive dataset including observations for 17 European countries between 2003 and 2020, the present research attempts to unveil the fundamental determinants of RES deployment. A panel FMOLS approach was utilized to provide a detailed analysis of the impact of electricity prices, energy taxes and competition level in both power generation and the retail electricity market on each country’s RES percentage participation in electricity production fuel mix. The final econometric outcomes verified the strong statistical significance of all examined variables for the vast majority of the countries, constituting them crucial aspects of national energy strategies. However, both the actual effects as well as the impact size were found to differ significantly across Europe, signifying the complexity of the EU’s task to develop a unified, autonomous and eco-friendly electricity market based on the principals of a fundamental energy strategy. Contributing to state authorities’ and EU’s colossal effort to deal with the crucial challenges of RES power generation, the paper proposes a series of targeted individual and groupwise policy implications.
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Lefeuvre, Elise. "The Wind That Shakes the Turbines: Analysis of Irish Energy Production and Sovereignty". Irish Studies in International Affairs 34, n.º 1 (2023): 125–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/isia.2023.a918359.
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ABSTRACT: Ireland's answer to transitioning, greening and securing energy production is essentially to develop offshore wind, thereby leveraging its large maritime territory. Ireland supplies and runs an all-island grid, and has export potential to other EU countries by means of interconnectors. This article argues that energy transition is an opportunity for Ireland to rank as a key energy supplier and technological leader for offshore wind. Reaching these positions requires a range of political and industrial measures to achieve strategic management of Irish waters. The Irish government, together with the national electricity company, the Electricity Supply Board, is now rolling out a roadmap of programmes and investments to dramatically increase offshore wind share in the national energy mix by 2030. A very clear governmental transition strategy, the recent launch of several infrastructure construction works and significant financial firepower, combined with strong EU support, give confidence that Ireland can deliver on its objectives.
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Slavu, Nela y Cristian Dinca. "Clean Energy from Poplar and Plastic Mix Valorisation in a Gas Turbine with CO2 Capture Process". Processes 11, n.º 10 (7 de octubre de 2023): 2922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11102922.
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The objective of this paper is to explore the utilisation of plastic waste via the gasification process to produce electricity with low carbon dioxide emissions. Worldwide, plastic production has increased, reaching 390 million tons in 2021, compared to 1.5 million tons in 1950. It is known that plastic incineration generates approximately 400 million tons of CO2 annually, and consequently, new solutions for more efficient plastic reuse in terms of emissions generated are still expected. One method is to use plastic waste in a gasifier unit and the syngas generated in a gas turbine for electricity production. The co-gasification process (plastic waste with biomass) was analysed in different ratios. Gasification was carried out with air for an equivalent ratio (ER) between 0.10 and 0.45. The volume concentration of CO2 in syngas ranged from 2 to 12%, with the highest value obtained when the poplar content in the mix was 95%. In this study, the option of pre- and post-combustion integration of the chemical absorption process (CAP) was investigated. As a result, CO2 emissions decreased by 90% compared to the case without CO2 capture. The integration of the capture process reduced global efficiency by 5.5–6.1 percentage points in a post-combustion case, depending on the plastic content in the mix.
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Bozic, Zorana y Dusan Dobromirov. "Sales of electricity from cogeneration plants on organized markets in Southeast Europe". Thermal Science 27, n.º 1 Part A (2023): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci2301011b.
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Volatile energy prices in the past period, force countries and their market participants to find alternative and cheaper sources of electricity production, while respecting defined environmental principles. Serbia is one of the rare European countries that uses its reserves of dissolved gas in the heat and electricity production. Combined heat and power plants, although in an almost negligible amount, contribute to the diversification of Serbia's production mix. With the presence of organized markets and local power exchanges, sale of electricity from combined heat and power plants is guaranteed for all producers who do not meet the conditions for acquiring the right to feed-in tariffs. The aim of this paper is to analyze the most profitable sale on the power exchanges of the domestic market and the region, specifically the markets of Serbia, Croatia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria. The calculation methodology itself implies the use of average monthly price value for the observed markets, in the period of the past three years and nine months. In addition to the aforementioned, the costs of cross-border capacities were considered. In order to have a clearer overview of the results and the possibility of applying the methodology, the amount for calculation is 1 MWh. Costs and revenues related to negative and positive balance energy deviations are excluded from the analysis. Results showed that sale of electricity is most profitable on Serbian power exchange.
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Nieto, Ignacio Martín, David Borge-Diez, Cristina Sáez Blázquez, Arturo Farfán Martín y Diego González-Aguilera. "Study on Geospatial Distribution of the Efficiency and Sustainability of Different Energy-Driven Heat Pumps Included in Low Enthalpy Geothermal Systems in Europe". Remote Sensing 12, n.º 7 (29 de marzo de 2020): 1093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12071093.
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This research work aims at a multinational study in Europe of the emissions and energy costs generated by the operation of low enthalpy geothermal systems, with heat pumps fed by different energy sources. From an economic point of view, natural gas and biogas prices are, usually, lower than electricity ones. So it may be advantageous to use these energy sources to feed the heat pumps instead of electricity. From the environmental point of view, it is intended to highlight the fact that under certain conditions of electricity production (electricity mix), more CO2 emissions are produced by electricity consumption than using other a priori less “clean” energy sources such as natural gas. To establish the countries where each of the different heat pumps may be more cost-efficient and environmentally friendly, data from multi-source geospatial databases have been collected and analyzed. The results show that in the majority of cases, the electric heat pump is the most recommendable solution. However, there are some geographic locations (such as Poland and Estonia), where the gas engine heat pump may be a better alternative.
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Bouznit, Mohammed, María del P. Pablo-Romero y Antonio Sánchez-Braza. "Measures to Promote Renewable Energy for Electricity Generation in Algeria". Sustainability 12, n.º 4 (16 de febrero de 2020): 1468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041468.
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Algeria has enormous renewable energy potential. However, fossil fuels remain the main electricity generation source, and the country is the third largest CO2 emitter in Africa. Algeria is also particularly vulnerable to climate change. Therefore, a set of actions related to energy, forests, industry and waste sectors have been programmed, over the period 2015–2030, and the government action program has given priority to promote renewable energy. In this sense, Algeria is committed to significantly promote investment in renewable energy, during the period 2020–2030. Thus by 2030, renewable electricity production capacity will achieve 22,000 MW, representing 27% of total electricity generation. This paper analyzes the electricity generation measures implemented in Algeria to reach the required energy mix, the legislative framework, financial aid, the feed-in tariff system, the tax incentives, and the tender and auctions undertaken. The analyses reveal that, although the electricity price premium policy has not been revoked, the newly enacted tender scheme is designed to become the standard procedure for launching renewable energy projects in Algeria in the coming years.
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Haidi, Touria, Bouchra Cheddadi, Faissal El Mariami, Zineb El Idrissi y Ali Tarrak. "Wind energy development in Morocco: Evolution and impacts". International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 2021): 2811. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i4.pp2811-2819.
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<p>Over the past ten years, Morocco has been focusing on developing renewable energy, especially wind power. This new energy policy has enabled it to become, in 2017, the leading country in the Middle East and North Africa region and the second one in Africa in terms of installed wind power capacity. In 2019, Morocco moved for the first time from the status of electricity importer to that of electricity exporter, better yet green electricity. This paper provides a quantitative study of the demand, production and installed power capacity of electrical energy in Morocco over the past two decades. It mainly focuses on the evolution of installed wind power capacity and its share in the global energy mix during this period, as well as its future prospects by year 2030. This article presents a synthesis work based on an updated assessment of the carried-out wind projects and aims to assess the realization of Morocco’s national energy strategy which sets out to achieve 42% of renewable energy by 2020, and more specifically 14% of the overall energy mix being wind energy. It also aims to show the impact of wind energy integration in terms of energy autonomy, industrial integration and CO2 emissions reduction.</p>
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Grimaldi, Francesca Maria y Pietro Capaldi. "The Effectiveness of HEVs Phase-Out by 2035 in Favor of BEVs with Respect to the Production of CO2 Emissions: The Italian Case". Energies 17, n.º 4 (19 de febrero de 2024): 961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17040961.
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The EU has planned the phase-out of new vehicles based on internal combustion engines in favor of high-efficiency battery electric vehicles (BEV) by 2035 (Fit for 55 package). However, many doubts remain about the effectiveness of this choice for each country of the Union in terms of CO2 emissions reduction, as each State is characterized by a different carbon intensity related to the production of electricity needed to manufacture and recharge vehicles. This study seeks to explore the Italian case. To this aim, carbon intensities related to electricity production were calculated considering both the Italian electricity mix production in 2022 and those envisaged in 2035, considering two energy scenarios based on different introductions of renewable energy sources (RES). Afterward, the values obtained were adopted for determining the CO2 emissions related to the whole production process of battery systems in Italy (emissions from mining and refining, scrap materials, and final assembly included) by comparing some of the most up-to-date Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) analyses related to the manufacturing cycle of the batteries. Finally, the results were adopted to calculate the starting carbon debit for A, B, C, and M car segments for Mild Hybrid, Full Hybrid, and Full Electric powertrains. At the same time, statistical road fuel/electricity consumption data were collected and overall CO2 emissions were calculated for the same vehicles adopting a dynamic approach and plotted for a defined distance, so as to determine break-even points with respect to the cumulative (i.e., from battery and road) carbon emissions. The results showed that advantages related to electric vehicles are significant only if a low carbon intensity related to electricity production is reached by means of a very high introduction of RES, thus keeping the door open for innovative hybrid powertrain technologies, if fed with low carbon fuels.