Tesis: "Electric vehicle integration"

1

Xi, Xiaomin. "Challenges in Electric Vehicle Adoption and Vehicle-Grid Integration". The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366106454.

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2

Wagner, David. "Sustaining Uber: Opportunities for Electric Vehicle Integration". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/168.

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Uber and Lyft, the “unregulated taxis” that are putting traditional taxi companies out of business, are expanding quickly and changing the landscape of urban transportation as they go. This thesis analyzes the environmental impacts of Transportation Network Companies, particularly in California, with respect to travel behavior, congestion, and fuel efficiency. The analysis suggests that fuel efficient taxis are being replaced by less fuel efficient Uber and Lyft vehicles. Linear regressions were run on data from the Clean Vehicle Rebate Project’s Electric Vehicle Consumer Survey of electric vehicle owners in California. The findings indicate that Uber drivers are more reliant upon the state rebate than the general population of electric vehicle owners in California.

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3

Li, Mengyu. "GIS-BASED MODELING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES AND THE AUSTRALIAN ELECTRICTY GRID". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21880.

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The decarbonisation of transport and power supply sectors is key to achieving global and national emissions cut targets in line with Paris Agreement’s limiting global warming goals. Electric vehicles (EVs), coupled with large adoption of renewable energy (RE) resources in the power system, offer such carbon mitigation solutions. However, due to the unknown spatio-temporal variability of EV charging load, introducing large quantities of EVs and high shares of variable wind and solar energy poses challenges to the load balance management. Against this background, this thesis examines the potential role of flexible EV loads and diverse energy resources in decarbonisation of the transport and electricity supply sectors. The main content of this thesis includes: First, based on real-world vehicle driving survey data, I present a deterministic and a probabilistic model to quantitatively investigate the spatio-temporal distribution of EV charging load for Australia. Second, I present a cross-sectoral integrated EV-grid model for accessing various energy supply and demand scenarios with high spatio-temporal resolution. I quantify the impacts of EV charging demand on the current fossil-based power system in terms of its electricity generation, LOLP and levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) in Australia. Third, I further investigate spatio-temporal configurations of the least-cost 100% renewable power supply in Australia, at various levels of biomass resource use and concentrated solar power (CSP) penetration. Fourth, I utilize the EV-grid integrated model to examine the spatio-temporal interactions of widespread EV charging with a future, 100% renewable electricity system in Australia. I obtain least-cost grid configurations that include both RE generators and EVs, the latter under both uncontrolled and controlled charging, and under adoption rates between 0 and 100%.

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4

FLAMMINI, MARCO GIACOMO. "Reference electric distribution network modelling and integration of electric vehicle charging stations". Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2827703.

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Smartcities,withprosumersatthecentre,areatthefrontlineoftheenergytransition. The national and international policies should encourage then this transition by promoting, among many aspects, energy digitalization, massive penetration of renewable energies and electrification of the transport sector. To embrace all these changes, a holistic view, covering not only the distribution system, is necessary to plan, design and reorganize in particular urban areas. The radical distribution networks transformation is monitored and presented, both considering technical and non-technical aspects, which aims at encouraging potential directions that distribution system operators can pursue. The thesis work has three main objectives. From the distribution system operator (DSO) perspective, the main objective is to investigate how the technical and non-technical features vary among distribution system networks in Europe. From the modelling perspective, the second main objective is firstly to define a method which incorporates the previous findings to properly design a tool able to reproduce representative urban networks and secondly to validate the results through a statistical methodology. From the electric vehicle’s infrastructure perspective, the thirdmainobjectiveisfirstlytounderstandtheelectricvehiclesdemandbehaviour and develop models capable of reproducing them, and secondly to assess, through a dedicated methodology, the electric vehicles charging infrastructure features and performance. Theresultsfromthisthesisindicatesthattheincreasingattentiontowardthedistribution sector should not be underestimated by the main actor, distribution system operator, which appears to have different approaches in smartening and digitalizing their network especially concerning electric mobility, demand response and data management between distribution and transmission system operators (TSO). It is urgent for policy makers and stakeholders involved to align distribution system operators to a common strategy to tackle the introduction in the distribution network grids of new players. Tools like DiNeMo platform applied in this thesis may be used to perform preliminary research studies concerning the installation of newcharginginfrastructure, renewableenergygeneratorsornetworkreinforcement analysis. Indeed, it is crucial for regulators to take into account the physical layer of distribution grids when designing new policies and incentives in order to address challenges of tomorrow’s cities.

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5

Berthold, Florence. "Integration of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle using Vehicle-to-home and Home-to-Vehicle Capabilities". Thesis, Belfort-Montbéliard, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BELF0241/document.

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Le challenge de ces prochaines années est de réduire le plus possible les émissions de CO2 qui la première cause du réchauffement climatique. L’émission de CO2 est principalement due à l’utilisation du moteur thermique dans le milieu du transport. Pour diminuer cette émission, la solution réside à utiliser des véhicules électriques qui sont non polluants et rechargés par des sources émettant le moins possible de CO2. Mais cela impliquerait une production supplémentaire d’énergie. Aujourd’hui l’énergie électrique est produite principalement par des centrales thermiques au niveau mondial, des centrales nucléaires enFrance et des centrales hydrauliques au Québec. Les pics d’utilisations et de productions restant une problématique posant encore beaucoup de problèmes.Une utilisation croissante de véhicules électriques ou hybrides rechargeables permettrait de pouvoir disposer de systèmes de stockage d’énergie, permettant à la fois d’alimenter le moteur électrique du véhicule ou d’aider le réseau électriques. Ce flux est appelé Vehicle-to-Grid ou plus précisément dans le travail présenté ici, ce flux s’appelle Vehicle-to-Home. Alimenter la maison via la batterie du véhicule, permet de diminuer le pic de consommation du foyer. De plus, la batterie du véhicule peut être chargée durant la nuit lorsque la production d’énergie est au plus bas et la moins chère.Ce document présente une optimisation offline du système qui inclut les différents flux d’énergie. Cette optimisation a été réalisée à l’aide de la programmation dynamique. L’objectif de cette optimisation est de minimiser le coût de l’énergie que ce soit le coût de l’essence ou de l’électricité ou encore des énergies renouvelables installées localement.Ensuite deux contrôleurs flous localisés dans le véhicule et dans la maison ont été dimensionnés, testés par simulation (simulation online) et validés expérimentalement.Finalement cette recherche a mis en avant deux cas d’études: un en hivers et l’autre en été. Le cas d’hiver présente une réduction budgétaire de 40% dans la simulation offline, 27% dans la simulation online et 29% en expérimentation. D’autre part, le cas d’été montre une réduction budgétaire de 62% dans la simulation offline, 60% dans la simulation online et 64% en expérimentation
The challenge for the next few years is to reduce CO2 emissions, which are the cause of global climate warming. CO2 emissions are mainly due to thermal engines used in transportation. To decrease this emission, a viable solution lies in using non-polluting electric vehicles recharged by low CO2 emission energy sources. New transportation penetration has effected on energy production. Energy production has already reached peaks. At the same time, load demand has drastically increased. Hence, it has become imperative to increase daily energy production. It is well-known that world energy production is mainly produced thermal pollutant power plants, except in Québec, where energy is produced by hydro power plants.The more recent electricity utility trend is that electric, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (EV, PHEV) could allow storage and/or production of energy. EV/PHEV batteries can supply the electric motor of the vehicle, and act as an energy storage that assists the grid to supply household loads. This power flow is called vehicle-to-grid, V2G. In this dissertation, the V2G power flow is specifically called vehicle-to-home, V2H. That is battery is used during peak. Moreover, the EV battery is charged during the night, when energy production is low and cheap. This important aspect of V2H is that the vehicle battery is not connected to the grid, but is a part of a house micro-grid.This dissertation presents an offline optimization technique, which includes different energy flows, between the home, EV/PHEV, and a renewable energy source (such as photovoltaic - PV and/or wind) which forms the micro-grid. This optimization has been realized through the dynamic programming algorithm. The optimization objective is to minimize energy cost, including fuel cost, electricity cost, and renewable energy cost.Two fuzzy logic controllers, one located in the vehicle and the second one in the house, have been designed, tested by simulation (online simulation) and validated by experiments.The research analyses two seasonal case studies: one in winter and the other one in summer. In the winter case, a cost reduction of 40% for the offline simulation, 27% for the online simulation and 29% for the experiment is realized whereas in the summer case a cost reduction of 62% for the offline simulation, 60% for the online simulation and 64% for the experiment is presented

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6

GUERCIONI, GUIDO RICARDO. "Integration of dual-clutch transmissions in hybrid electric vehicle powertrains". Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2706035.

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This dissertation presents a study focused on exploring the integration of Dual-Clutch Transmissions (DCTs) in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs). Among the many aspects that could be investigated regarding the electrification of DCTs, research efforts are undertaken here to the development of control strategies for improving vehicle dynamic performance during gearshifts and the energy management of HEVs. In the first part of the dissertation, control algorithms for upshift and downshift maneuvers are developed for a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) architecture in which an electric machine is connected to the output of the transmission, thus obtaining torque filling capabilities during gearshifts. Promising results, in terms of the vehicle dynamic performance, are obtained for the two transmission systems analyzed: Hybrid Automated Manual Transmission (H-AMT) and Hybrid Dual-Clutch Transmission (H-DCT). On the other hand, the global optimal solution to the energy management problem for a PHEV equipped with a DCT is found by developing a detailed Dynamic Programing (DP) formulation. The main control objective is to reduce the fuel consumption during a driving mission. Based on the DP results, a novel real-time implementable Energy Management Strategy (EMS) is proposed. The performance of such controller, in terms of the overall fuel usage, is close to that of the optimal solution. Furthermore, the developed approach is shown to outperform a well-known causal strategy: Adaptive Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (A-ECMS). One of the main aspects that differentiates the EMSs proposed here to those presented in previous works is the introduction of a model to estimate the energy consumption during gearshifts in DCTs. Thus, this dissertation illustrates how through the electrification of powertrains equipped with DCTs both the vehicle dynamic performance and the energy consumption can be improved.

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7

Cooke, David William. "Powertrain Modeling, Design, and Integration for the World’s Fastest Electric Vehicle". The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1431081117.

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8

Mowry, Andrew Maxwell. "Integration challenges for fast-charging infrastructure to support electric vehicle adoption". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/129127.

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Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Technology and Policy Program, September, 2020
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 59-64).
Highway fast-charging stations located between major population centers are necessary to address consumer charging concerns and thus to support the continued adoption of electric vehicles to meet decarbonization policy targets. Yet such stations, if sized to support anticipated demand, may cause operational difficulties on the power grid. Using a spatially resolved model of the power transmission network and a detailed market simulator, we characterize the effects of large-scale EV fast-charging on the Texas ERCOT system. We further explore three strategies to mitigate these effects -- energy storage colocation, network reinforcement, and demand flexibility --
and quantify their costs. This analysis is unique in its focus on highway fast-charging, in its nodal representation of the power grid, and in its measurement of transmission-level impacts. We find that highway fast-charging stations do have the potential to cause transmissionlevel impacts, especially by exacerbating local transmission constraints. Inter-zonal transfer constraints and increased costs due to the dispatching of more expensive generation also contribute to system costs. We develop a general method to identify the most impactful charging stations, but we find that the determination of cost-effective mitigation strategies for each station requires a more tailored approach. Our analysis indicates that transmission reinforcement and battery co-location are relatively competitive mitigation strategies, but that demand flexibility is not.
When considering policies to promote fast-charger development, policymakers should focus on involving multiple stakeholders who can contribute different expertise to identify costefficient solutions. Specifically, we suggest a central role for power utilities due to their experience planning transmission reinforcement, but we also highlight an important role for private developers, especially in the United States, for political feasibility and overall cost controls.
by Andrew Maxwell Mowry.
S.M. in Technology and Policy
S.M.inTechnologyandPolicy Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Technology and Policy Program

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9

Kang, Xueying. "Vehicle-infrastructure integration (VII) enabled plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVS) for traffic and energy management". Connect to this title online, 2009.

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10

Mohamed, Ahmed A. S. Mr. "Bidirectional Electric Vehicles Service Integration in Smart Power Grid with Renewable Energy Resources". FIU Digital Commons, 2017. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3529.

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As electric vehicles (EVs) become more popular, the utility companies are forced to increase power generations in the grid. However, these EVs are capable of providing power to the grid to deliver different grid ancillary services in a concept known as vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and grid-to-vehicle (G2V), in which the EV can serve as a load or source at the same time. These services can provide more benefits when they are integrated with Photovoltaic (PV) generation. The proper modeling, design and control for the power conversion systems that provide the optimum integration among the EVs, PV generations and grid are investigated in this thesis. The coupling between the PV generation and integration bus is accomplished through a unidirectional converter. Precise dynamic and small-signal models for the grid-connected PV power system are developed and utilized to predict the system’s performance during the different operating conditions. An advanced intelligent maximum power point tracker based on fuzzy logic control is developed and designed using a mix between the analytical model and genetic algorithm optimization. The EV is connected to the integration bus through a bidirectional inductive wireless power transfer system (BIWPTS), which allows the EV to be charged and discharged wirelessly during the long-term parking, transient stops and movement. Accurate analytical and physics-based models for the BIWPTS are developed and utilized to forecast its performance, and novel practical limitations for the active and reactive power-flow during G2V and V2G operations are stated. A comparative and assessment analysis for the different compensation topologies in the symmetrical BIWPTS was performed based on analytical, simulation and experimental data. Also, a magnetic design optimization for the double-D power pad based on finite-element analysis is achieved. The nonlinearities in the BIWPTS due to the magnetic material and the high-frequency components are investigated rely on a physics-based co-simulation platform. Also, a novel two-layer predictive power-flow controller that manages the bidirectional power-flow between the EV and grid is developed, implemented and tested. In addition, the feasibility of deploying the quasi-dynamic wireless power transfer technology on the road to charge the EV during the transient stops at the traffic signals is proven.

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11

Ogburn, Michael James. "Systems Integration, Modeling, and Validation of a Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32124.

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The goals of the research documented in this thesis were the design, construction, modeling, and validation of a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle based a conversion of a five-passenger production sedan. Over 60 engineering students working together as the Hybrid Electric Vehicle Team of Virginia Tech (HEVT), integrated a proton exchange membrane fuel cell system into a series hybrid electric vehicle. This design produced an efficient and truly zero-emission vehicle. This 1997 Chevrolet Lumina sedan, renamed ANIMUL H2, carries this advanced powertrain, using an efficient AC induction drivetrain, regenerative braking, compressed hydrogen fuel storage, and an advanced lead-acid battery pack for peak power load leveling. The vehicle weighed 2000 kg (4400 lb) and achieved a combined city/highway fuel economy of 9L/100 km or 26 mpgge (miles per gallon gasoline equivalent, charge depleting, state of charge corrected). A model of the vehicle was developed using ADVISOR, an Advanced Vehicle Simulator that tracks energy flow and fuel usage within the vehicle drivetrain and energy conversion components. The vehicle was tested using the Environmental Protection Agency city and highway driving cycles to provide data for validation of the model. Vehicle data and model results show good correlation at all levels and show that ADVISOR has the capability to model fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles. To make techniques proven by this work more versatile for real world application, VT worked with engineers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory to develop a 'generic' version of this fuel cell system model that was released to the public in ADVISOR 2.2. This generic model correlates well to test data and incorporates both fuel cell stack and subsystem models. This feature allowed HEVT to predict the benefits of load following subsystem control, showing a 40% fuel economy improvement.
Master of Science

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12

de, Maio Pasquale. "Optimization analysis of secondlifebatteries integration in fastchargersfor electric vehicles inSpain". Thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-226328.

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This project investigates the viability of using reconditioned batteries, which have lost part of their original capacity while powering electric vehicles (EVs), to minimize the expenses of fast-charging infrastructures under the three charging scenarios where fast-charging mode is likely to be needed the most. The analysis is conducted for the Spanish scenario and considers the retail electricity tariff that best suits the requirements of a FCS. The economic analysis is performed on an annual basis and is tackled with an optimization algorithm, formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming problem and run on MATLAB. The expected lifetime of the ESS, being made of reused automotive cells, is estimated with a semi-empirical approach, using an iterative process and implemented in MATLAB. A sensitivity analysis is conducted on three input parameters that were identified to have a considerable impact on the system design and performance. Overall, results show that with current figures energy storage integration in FCSs is viable as it effectively reduces the infrastructure expenses in all scenarios. Peak-shaving is identified as the main source of cost savings while demand shifting is not effective at all. The latter is further discussed in the sensitivity analysis and some considerations are elaborated. The most profitable scenario for storage integration is the case of a fast-charger located in a urban environment while, surprisingly, the lowest cost savings are obtained in the highway case. The sensitivity analysis illustrates the impact and effects that electricity prices and specific cost of both the power converter and the second-life batteries produce on the optimal system design. Moreover, charging demand profiles are deeply analyzed and their main implications highlighted.

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13

Schuller, Alexander [Verfasser] y C. [Akademischer Betreuer] Weinhardt. "Electric Vehicle Charging Coordination - Economics of Renewable Energy Integration / Alexander Schuller. Betreuer: C. Weinhardt". Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1047383551/34.

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14

Wang, Yijia. "Optimization and Integration of Electric Vehicle Charging System in Coupled Transportation and Distribution Networks". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/20179.

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With the development of the EV market, the demand for charging facilities is growing rapidly. The rapid increase in Electric Vehicle and different market factors bring challenges to the prediction of the penetration rate of EV number. The estimates of the uptake rate of EVs for light passenger use vary widely with some scenarios gradual and others aggressive. And there have been many effects on EV penetration rate from incentives, tax breaks, and market price. Given this background, this research is devoted to addressing a stochastic joint planning framework for both EV charging system and distribution network where the EV behaviours in both transportation network and electrical system are considered. And the planning issue is formulated as a multi-objective model with both the capital investment cost and service convenience optimized. The optimal planning of EV charging system in the urban area is the target geographical planning area in this work where the service radius and driving distance is relatively limited. The mathematical modelling of EV driving and charging behaviour in the urban area is developed.

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15

Chhean, Rithy-Newton Mao. "VEHICLE-TO-GRID (V2G) BIDIRECTIONAL POWER CONVERTER DESIGN AND INTEGRATION FOR 2011 CHEVROLET VOLT - EXTENDED RANGE ELECTRIC VEHICLE (EREV) DRIVETRAIN". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2012. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/893.

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This thesis proposes of an integrated two-stage V2G bidirectional power converter for the 2011 Chevy Volt’s EREV drivetrain. The power converter consists of a four switch bidirectional buck-boost DC-DC converter, 2-legged HB bidirectional DC-AC converter, and LCL grid filter. Designs in literature have integrated DC-AC converter via traction inverter, but this design also integrates DC-DC converter via modified secondary traction inverter. The proposed structure allows battery charging and V2G functionality to be integrated into existing electronics of the 2011 Chevy Volt; only the following additional components are needed: GFI, a few passive components, diodes, and relays. The converter structure is advantageous as cost, volume, and weight are minimized. Those factors are automakers main concerns. The proposed structure shows the feasibility of bringing V2G functionality to the mass market. Matlab Simulink was used to verify the design. Simulations were performed for high and low battery SOC to show voltage versatility, stiff and weak grid conditions to show filter robustness, and generator powering V2G to show topology DG capabilities. Results of simulations prove the topology to be promising as grid current has low distortion, almost meeting all IEEE 1547 current harmonic limit requirements.

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16

Liu, Jingjing. "Analysis on the Integration of Electric Vehicles in the Electricity Grid with Photovoltaics Deployment in Sweden". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-206604.

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Increasing environmental pressure makes it significantly important to improve the share of renewable energy source in terms of sustainable development. Photovoltaic (PV) cells are one of the most promising technologies at present for utilizing solar radiation. However, the large scale of PV penetration with its character of intermittency may cause problems for the power system and requires a more complex power system control. Self-consumption is a feasible solution to reduce the negative impact of PV on the power system. On the other hand, Plugged-in electric vehicle which could get charged by the electricity from the grid is a potential load for the general household in the future since the introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) is critical for building a fossil-fuel independent transportation. The aim of the project is to investigate the effect on the power consumption profile when adding PV generation and electric vehicle load, as well as whether the introduction of electric vehicle will help improve the matching between electricity consumption and PV generation. This study is done on both an individual household scale and a national scale. Conclusion from the simulation is that home-charged EV accounts for a great deal of energy consumption for a single household and it could improve the national energy consumption to some extent if largely introduced into the power system. In addition, Home-charged EV without strategic control does not improve self-consumption of PV either for a single household or on a national scale.

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17

Hernandez, Jorge Eliezer. "Third harmonic management and flexible charging for the integration of electric vehicles into the grid". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53495.

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Electric vehicle (EV) development has gone into an accelerated pace in recent years to address pressing concerns on energy security, the environment, and the sustainability of transportation. The future market success of EVs is still uncertain, but the current shift in the automotive industry is indicating a possible bright future for EVs. Because of its unique load characteristics, an extensive deployment of EVs will not only bring challenges to power systems, but will enable new opportunities as well. The objective of this work is to address the increased third harmonic currents expected with the introduction of EVs and to explore the potential of leveraging flexible EV charging to increase wind power production. Since EV chargers rely on a nonlinear power conversion process to obtain a controllable DC source from the utility AC supply, it is expected that these devices will aggravate third harmonic current issues. In fact, utility harmonic field data show that, even without EVs, distribution feeders are already experimenting elevated levels of third harmonic currents. To address present and future utility harmonic filtering needs, a practical third harmonic hybrid active filter for medium voltage (MV) applications is proposed. Its design is based on strict utility requirements of cost, reliability, and ease of system implementation. The operation and performance of the proposed filter is verified through simulations and two experimental setups, one tested at 7.2 kV. Furthermore, a system impact study of the proposed filter is performed using actual data for a typical residential/small commercial distribution feeder. Because vehicles remain stationary most of the time, EVs have the potential of being flexibly charged, providing a spectrum of opportunities for system operators. The recent increase in wind power penetration in the U.S. is raising concerns on how to accommodate this stochastic renewable energy resource in day-ahead scheduling operations. In this work, a detailed integrated day-ahead scheduling framework is developed to explore the impact of leveraging flexible EV charging to balance out the variability and uncertainty of wind power generation. It is determined that the full benefits of balancing wind power generation with flexible EV charging may not be achieved in congested power systems. A potential solution based on deploying power routers (PRs) to augment the flexibility of the transmission system is proposed. Simulation results are presented for a test system based on the IEEE 39-bus system.

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18

Monahan, Joseph. "Life-cycle cost modeling to determine whether vehicle-to-grid (V2G) integration and ancillary service revenue can generate a viable case for plug-in electric drive vehicles". Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/37678.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
In an effort to increase U.S. energy security by reducing oil consumption, various federal mandates and executive orders require reduced petroleum use and greenhouse gas emissions by federal non-tactical vehicle fleets. Transitioning federal fleets to plug-in electric drive vehicles (PEDVs) is one option to meet these mandates. This research performs a life-cycle cost analysis using modeling and simulation to determine the parameters under which vehicle-to-grid (V2G) integration and associated revenue streams can create a viable economic case for the transition of federal fleets to PEDVs. Under current market conditions, bidirectional V2G frequency regulation (FR) is not currently viable. Unidirectional FR has potential, but it provides minimal reductions in PEDV life-cycle cost. The cost to meet petroleum reduction mandates by transitioning light-duty fleets to PEDVs is cost prohibitive and impractical, requiring almost a complete one-for-one replacement of the current fleet of traditional light-duty passenger vehicles. Realistically meeting the mandate without fleet downsizing will require implementing a transition toward alternatively fueled vehicles beyond the light-duty passenger vehicle class. However, economic justification will require a reduction in PEDV acquisition costs or improved market conditions for V2G FR (consisting of lower throughput and higher regulation market clearing prices) thereby resulting in considerably greater net revenue.

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19

Soltani, Amirmasoud. "Low cost integration of Electric Power-Assisted Steering (EPAS) with Enhanced Stability Program (ESP)". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2014. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8829.

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Vehicle Dynamics Control (VDC) systems (also known as Active Chassis systems) are mechatronic systems developed for improving vehicle comfort, handling and/or stability. Traditionally, most of these systems have been individually developed and manufactured by various suppliers and utilised by automotive manufacturers. These decentralised control systems usually improve one aspect of vehicle performance and in some cases even worsen some other features of the vehicle. Although the benefit of the stand-alone VDC systems has been proven, however, by increasing the number of the active systems in vehicles, the importance of controlling them in a coordinated and integrated manner to reduce the system complexity, eliminate the possible conflicts as well as expand the system operational envelope, has become predominant. The subject of Integrated Vehicle Dynamics Control (IVDC) for improving the overall vehicle performance in the existence of several VDC active systems has recently become the topic of many research and development activities in both academia and industries Several approaches have been proposed for integration of vehicle control systems, which range from the simple and obvious solution of networking the sensors, actuators and processors signals through different protocols like CAN or FlexRay, to some sort of complicated multi-layered, multi-variable control architectures. In fact, development of an integrated control system is a challenging multidisciplinary task and should be able to reduce the complexity, increase the flexibility and improve the overall performance of the vehicle. The aim of this thesis is to develop a low-cost control scheme for integration of Electric Power-Assisted Steering (EPAS) system with Enhanced Stability Program (ESP) system to improve driver comfort as well as vehicle safety. In this dissertation, a systematic approach toward a modular, flexible and reconfigurable control architecture for integrated vehicle dynamics control systems is proposed which can be implemented in real time environment with low computational cost. The proposed control architecture, so named “Integrated Vehicle Control System (IVCS)”, is customised for integration of EPAS and ESP control systems. IVCS architecture consists of three cascade control loops, including high-level vehicle control, low-level (steering torque and brake slip) control and smart actuator (EPAS and EHB) control systems. The controllers are designed based on Youla parameterisation (closed-loop shaping) method. A fast, adaptive and reconfigurable control allocation scheme is proposed to coordinate the control of EPAS and ESP systems. An integrated ESP & ESP HiL/RCP system including the real EPAS and Electro Hydraulic Brake (EHB) smart actuators integrated with a virtual vehicle model (using CarMaker/HiL®) with driver in the loop capability is designed and utilised as a rapid control development platform to verify and validate the developed control systems in real time environment. Integrated Vehicle Dynamic Control is one of the most promising and challenging research and development topics. A general architecture and control logic of the IVDC system based on a modular and reconfigurable control allocation scheme for redundant systems is presented in this research. The proposed fault tolerant configuration is applicable for not only integrated control of EPAS and ESP system but also for integration of other types of the vehicle active systems which could be the subject of future works.

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20

Knutsson, Erik. "Development of a Highly Flexible Geometry Station for Versatile Production Systems in Automotive Body Construction : A Station designed for Joining of Body-in-White Assemblies duringan Integration of Electric Vehicles". Thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-232578.

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The research in this report seeks to develop a highly flexible geometry station for joining futureBody-in-White (BiW) assemblies. The goal is to eliminate the need for a complete reconstructionof a production line during integration of new car bodies in a contemporary production.Today's BiW production is performed in sequential lines, where joining equipment is arranged ina specific order for each model geometry. An increasing model portfolio forces manufacturers todevelop production systems that allow an integration of new models. Electrified alternatives ofexisting models are now developed and put into production. These models have similarappearance as conventional models, but with a completely different principle of driveline due tothe propulsion. This means that new interfaces and platforms have to be developed and mustnow be integrated into a current production. Today's production lines are not prepared forcoming changes, and current stations can only handle a limited number of variants. Integration ofnew geometries into a contemporary production line is not sufficiently efficient from aproduction perspective. The goal of the future is to make such an integration possible.Initially, current and future production scenarios were studied. Based on this, four types ofproduction scenarios, which a highly flexible geometry station can be integrated into, were set up.An integration can take place in different ways depending on how a highly flexible geometrystation is compounded, therefore, different cases were created and compared in a case study.Internal and external benchmarking of production systems were made to compare the availablesolutions for increasing stations flexibility in a BiW production.As reference for the project, a concept for a highly flexible geometry station has been developedand is therefore described initially before an additional depth has been realized. The furtherconceptualization of a highly flexible geometry in this report is presented in the form of amorphological composition of technologies that can increase a station's flexibility, as well asvisualization of a station principles through layouts and cycle time charts. The result of theanalysis generated several concepts that hold different degrees of capacity, footprint andflexibility. The focus was to achieve a high level of flexibility for integration of new models, withnew geometries, in a current production. The conclusion was that the highly flexible geometrystation can, in a contemporary production, produce independently in low volumes. Alternatively,produce higher volumes when it is integrated as a complement in a novel, not yet implemented,production concept.
Forskningen i denna rapport syftar till att utveckla en högflexibel geometristation för fogning avkommande Body-in-White-karosser (BiW). Målet är att eliminera behovet av en fullständigrekonstruktion av en produktionslinje under integrering av nya bilar i en samtida produktion.Dagens BiW-produktion sker i sekventiella liner, där fogningsutrustning är arrangerad i enspecifik ordning för respektive modellgeometri. Ett ökande antal modellalternativ drivertillverkare till att utveckla produktionskoncept som möjliggör integration av nya modeller.Elektrificerande alternativ till befintliga modeller utvecklas kontinuerligt. Dessa modeller ärutseendemässigt lika de konventionella modellerna, men med en helt annan princip för drivlina.Det innebär att nya gränssnitt och plattformar har tagits fram och måste nu integreras i ennuvarande produktion. Dagens produktionslinjer är inte förberedda för kommande förändringaroch nuvarande geometristationer kan endast hantera ett begränsat antal karosstyper. Integrationav nya karosstyper i en befintlig produktionslinje är inte är tillräckligt effektivt ur ettproduktionsperspektiv. Framtidens mål är att göra en sådan integration möjlig.Inledningsvis studerades nuvarande- och kommande produktionsscenarion. Utifrån det beskrevsfyra produktionstyper, vilket en högflexibel geometristation kan komma att integreras i. Enintegration kan ske på olika vis beroende på hur en högflexibel geometristation tillämpas, därförjämfördes olika fall av det i en Case-studie. En intern och extern benchmarking avproduktionssystem gjordes för att jämföra de lösningar som finns för att öka flexibiliteten i enBiW-produktion.Som referensunderlag till projektet har ett koncept för en högflexibel geometristation tagits framoch är beskrivet inledningsvis innan en ytterligare fördjupning har realiserats.Konceptualiseringen av en högflexibel geometristation i denna rapport är presenterad i form aven morfologisk sammansättning av teknologier som kan öka en stations flexibilitet, samtvisualisering av en principiell station genom layouter och cykeltidsdiagram. Resultatet av analysengenererade flera koncept som innehar olika grad av kapacitet, fabriksyta och flexibilitet. Fokus varatt uppnå en hög flexibilitetsnivå för integration av nya modeller, med nya geometrier, i ennuvarande produktion. Slutsatsen var att den högflexibla geometristationen kan, i en nutidaproduktion, producera självständigt i låga volymer. Alternativt producera högre volymer då denintegreras som ett komplement till ett ännu inte implementerat nytt produktionskoncept.
Die Forschung in diesem Bericht zielt darauf ab, eine hochflexible Geometrie-Station für das Fügen zukünftiger Rohbau-Baugruppen zu entwickeln. Das Ziel ist es, die Notwendigkeit einer vollständigen Rekonstruktion einer Produktionslinie während der Integration neuer Karosserien in einer modernen Produktion zu beseitigen. Die heutige Rohbau Produktion wird in sequenziellen Linien durchgeführt, wobei die einzelnen Fügeverfahren in einer bestimmten Reihenfolge, angepasst an die jeweilige Modellgeometrie, angeordnet sind. Ein zunehmendes Modellportfolio zwingt die Automobilhersteller zur Entwicklung von Produktionssystemen, die eine Integration neuer Modelle ermöglichen. Elektrifizierte Varianten bestehender Fahrzeugmodelle werden nun entwickelt und in Produktion gebracht. Diese Modelle haben ein ähnliches Erscheinungsbild wie herkömmliche Modelle, jedoch mit einem stark veränderten Antriebskonzept. Dies bedeutet, dass neue Schnittstellen und Plattformen entwickelt wurden und nun in eine aktuelle Produktion integriert werden müssen. Heutige Produktionslinien sind nicht auf kommende Änderungen vorbereitet und können nur eine begrenzte Anzahl von Varianten handhaben. Die Integration neuer Geometrien in eine moderne Produktionslinie ist aus Produktionssicht nicht effizient, aber soll in Zukunft das Ziel sein. Zunächst wurden aktuelle und zukünftige Produktionsszenarien untersucht. Darauf aufbauend wurden vier Arten von Produktionsszenarien erarbeitet, in die eine hochflexible Geometriestation integriert werden kann. Je nach Aufbau der Geostation kann eine Integration auf unterschiedliche Art und Weise erfolgen. Daher wurden in einer Fallstudie unterschiedliche Fälle erstellt und verglichen. Ein Benchmarking mit internen und externen Produktionssystemen wurde durchgeführt, um eine größtmöglichste Flexibilität der Stationen in einer Rohbau Produktion zu erzielen. Als Referenz für das Projekt wurde ein Konzept für eine hochflexible Geometriestation entwickelt und im Rahmen der Thesis dokumentiert, bevor eine zusätzliche Tiefe realisiert wurde. Die weitere Konzeptionierung einer hochflexiblen Geometrie-Station wird in Form einer morphologischen Zusammensetzung von Technologien präsentiert. Dieser kann die Flexibilität einer Station erhöhen und zudem die Visualisierung von Stationsprinzipien, beispielsweise durch Layouts oder Zykluszeitdiagramme, fördern. Das Ergebnis der Analyse erzeugte mehrere vi Konzepte, die unterschiedliche Grade an Kapazität, Grundfläche und Flexibilität beinhalteten. Der Fokus lag auf einer hohen Flexibilität bei der Integration neuer Modelle mit neuen Geometrien in einer aktuellen Produktion. Die Schlussfolgerung war, dass die hochflexible Geometriestation in einer zeitgemäßen Produktion in kleinen Stückzahlen produzieren kann. Alternativ ist die Geo-Station auch als Bestandteil eines noch umzusetzenden Produktionskonzepts integrierbar.

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21

Papadopoulos, Panagiotis. "Integration of electric vehicles into distribution networks". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/19539/.

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The objectives of this research were to investigate the impact of electric vehicle battery charging on grid demand at a national level and on the steady state parameters of distribution networks. An agent-based control system that coordinates the battery charging of electric vehicles according to electric vehicle owner preferences, distribution network technical limits and electricity prices was designed and developed and its operation was tested experimentally. The impact on grid demand peak increases at the national systems of Great Britain and Spain was evaluated using low and high electric vehicle uptake levels of 7% and 48.5% of the car fleet for the year 2030 with a deterministic method. It was found that a low uptake will not raise significantly the grid demand peaks in both countries under investigation. However, a high uptake will raise significantly the grid demand peaks. The impact from residential electric vehicle battery charging on steady state voltages, power line losses, transformers’ and cables’ loadings of distribution networks was evaluated using a deterministic and a probabilistic method. It was found that low and medium uptake levels of electric vehicles equivalent to 12.5% and 33% per residential area of 384 customers in 2030, can be safely accommodated by reinforcing the distribution network. A combination of reinforcements, installation of microgenerators and control of electric vehicle battery charging will be required to accommodate safely a high uptake of 71% with regards to the constraints studied. An agent-based control system that coordinates the battery charging of electric vehicles was designed and developed. Search techniques and neural networks were used for the decision making processes. The ability of the agent-based control system to operate successfully in both normal and abnormal conditions for the electrical network was proved with experimental validation in the laboratory of Tecnalia research institute in Spain.

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22

Iacobucci, Riccardo. "Shared Autonomous Electric Vehicles: potential for Power Grid integration". Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/235105.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(エネルギー科学)
甲第21385号
エネ博第373号
新制||エネ||73(附属図書館)
京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー社会・環境科学専攻
(主査)教授手塚哲央, 教授下田宏, 准教授 MCLELLAN,Benjamin
学位規則第4条第1項該当

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23

Riccardo, Iacobucci. "Shared Autonomous Electric Vehicles: potential for Power Grid integration". Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/235105.

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京都大学
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(エネルギー科学)
甲第21385号
エネ博第373号
新制||エネ||73(附属図書館)
京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー社会・環境科学専攻
(主査)教授手塚哲央, 教授下田宏, 准教授 MCLELLAN,Benjamin
学位規則第4条第1項該当
Doctor of Energy Science
Kyoto University
DFAM

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24

Guo, Feng. "Integrating Retired Electric Vehicle Batteries with Photovoltaics in Microgrids". The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1408969201.

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25

Omareen, Mustafa. "Optimized Integration of Electric Vehicles into the Smart Grid : V2G and Smart Charging Adaptive Algorithm". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för fysik och elektroteknik (IFE), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-99009.

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Electric Vehicles (EVs) reduce dependency on oil and carbon emissions. An upsurge in demand for EVs could lead to negative impacts on the grid. However, charging strategies, such as supporting the grid using vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and smart charging technology, can go a long way to reducing the impacts on the electrical load curve. The thesis presents a number of aspects which relate to the interconnection between EVs and the electric grid for achieving an optimized integration. An adaptive algorithm has been developed to perform load peak shaving by V2G and smart charging, while a hypothetical case study containing several types of EVs in a local grid has been conducted. The aim is to examine the developed algorithm. In conclusion, by using the adaptive algorithm, written in C++, an optimum status has been achieved concerning the electric grid and EV batteries.

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26

Wu, Diyun y 伍迪芸. "Modeling, analysis and coordination of electric vehicles integrating into the electric power grid". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/197122.

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In recent years, since the concept of smart grid rises and the existing power grids are continuously modernized, more and more electric vehicles (EVs) are integrated into the power grid. In the power grid, EVs are expected to provide various energy services, such as spinning reserves, regulation services, optimization services, stability improvement, reactive compensation and grid security. This thesis is to model, analyze and implement these energy services of EVs. 　　Firstly, a multilayer framework of a power system with vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) operation is proposed. Its fundamental components including batteries, renewable energy sources are modeled for system analysis. Moreover, a general model for multiply purposes is presented. 　　Secondly, based on the modeling of EVs and the power systems, the analysis on frequency regulation and transient stability of the V2G system can be carried out effectively. The objectives of the frequency regulation are to keep the system frequency constant, and eliminate the deviations fast and effectively. While, the transient stability is to observe the performances of the power systems integrated with EVs and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) during emergency cases. The results illustrate that EVs are valuable for improve the frequency and transient stability of the power systems. 　　Finally, the coordination and optimization of the power systems with EVs are studied. Unit commitment involving EVs is analyzed, which uses EVs to replace some expensive generating units to achieve minimum operating cost and emissions. In addition, the optimal sizing of EV aggregations in the distribution power system is conducted to minimize the total power loss. And the individual EV in the aggregations is dispatched to achieve minimum charging cost by satisfying the optimal sized demand and the real-time pricing. The results verified that EVs can be used to achieve optimized goals, such as minimum costs, emissions and losses.
published_or_final_version
Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

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27

Gunter, Samantha Joellyn. "Methodology for combined Integration of electric vehicles and distributed resources into the electric grid". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68500.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 125-131).
Plug-in electric vehicles and distributed generation are expected to appear in growing numbers over the next few decades. Large scale unregulated penetration of plug-in electric vehicles and distributed generation can each have detrimental impact on the existing electric grid infrastructure. However, appropriate pairing of the two technologies along with some storage could mitigate their individual negative impacts. This thesis develops a methodology and an optimization tool for the design of grid connected electric vehicle chargers that integrate distributed generation and storage into a single system. The optimization tool is based on a linear programming approach that identifies designs with the minimum system lifecycle cost. The thesis also develops the component and system cost models needed for this optimization. The tool can handle single and multiple charger systems with centralized or distributed generation and storage. To verify the tool's accuracy, a search-based optimization technique that works for single chargers with centralized generation and storage is also developed and used to validate the tool. To demonstrate the usefulness of the optimization tool, it is used to design optimal architectures for a single-charger residential charging case and a multi-charger public charging case. It is shown that designs that draw the maximum available power from the grid have the lowest 20-year system lifecycle cost. When storage is needed because the grid cannot provide full charging power, optimal designs may or may not include solar PV based distributed generation depending on the location. For example, in locations with solar irradiation profiles like Los Angeles, CA, electric vehicle charger designs that include solar PV generation are optimal, while in locations like Eugene, OR, optimal designs do not include solar PV. It is also shown that with the available technology, wind turbines are not cost effective for use in residential chargers in locations with wind speeds similar to Los Angeles, CA and Boulder, CO. For the multicharger public charging case, designs with centralized storage and generation are optimal.
by Samantha Joellyn Gunter.
S.M.

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28

Dallinger, David [Verfasser]. "Plug-in electric vehicles integrating fluctuating renewable electricity / David Dallinger". Kassel : Kassel University Press, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1056946504/34.

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29

Denjean, Sebastien. "Sonification des véhicules électriques par illusions auditives : étude de l'intégration audiovisuelle de la perception du mouvement automobile en simulateur de conduite". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4710.

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Ces travaux de thèse portent sur la mise en place d’une stratégie de sonification qui vise à proposer un retour sonore pouvant se substituer au bruit moteur dans les véhicules électriques, rendant au conducteur les informations qu’il transmet habituellement sur la dynamique du véhicule.Pour cela, nous nous sommes basés sur une première phase d’analyse qui nous a permis d’étudier comment le bruit automobile influence notre perception du mouvement. A partir de deux expériences menées en simulateur de conduite, nous avons pu relier le retour sonore et la vitesse perçue par le conducteur, définissant ainsi la métaphore du bruit moteur sur laquelle s’appuie le contrôle des sons de synthèse.De façon similaire au bruit moteur, le retour sonore proposé informe le conducteur par l’intermédiaire de sa variation de hauteur tonale. Pour arriver à un son qui informe le conducteur efficacement et qui reste acceptable sur toute la gamme de vitesse du véhicule, nous nous sommes appuyés sur l’illusion de glissando infini de Shepard-Risset, qui nous permet de donner un retour d’information précis grâce à une hauteur tonale qui varie rapidement tout en restant contenue dans une plage de fréquence restreinte.L’apport de cette stratégie a enfin été testé lors de deux expériences, la première portant sur l’influence de ce retour sonore sur la perception de la vitesse des conducteurs, la seconde sur leur comportement dans une tâche de freinage. Ces deux études ont montré un effet significatif du retour sonore qui suggère que ces informations sont bien intégrées par les conducteurs, faisant de ces sons un candidat prometteur pour devenir le « bruit moteur » des véhicules de demain
This thesis aims to build an auditory display to sonify electric vehicles. Our goal consisted in bringing back to the driver the motion information, which is usually provided by the combustion engine noise.The first stage of this work consisted in analyzing how automotive noises can influence drivers’ perception of motion. We conducted two driving simulator experiments to study drivers’ speed perception in presence of different automotive noises. These results provided a link between the acoustic feedback and the speed perceived by the driver, on which we based our sonification strategy.Similarly to combustion engine noise, the acoustic feedback proposed in this work informs the driver via its pitch variation. We used the Shepard Risset glissando illusion to sonify the whole speed range of the vehicle. Pitch circularity in the construction of these sounds provides a precise information on small speed variation with fast pitch variations, and is in addition restrained within a narrow bandwith.We then tested the contribution of this strategy in two experiments. The first dealt with the influence of the proposed sounds on drivers’ speed perception ; the second with their behavior in a common braking task. These studies showed that the drivers easily integrate the information brought by this sound, and that it influences their perception of motion and modifies their driving behavior. These inputs make the proposed sound a good candidate to become the new « engine noise » of future electric cars

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30

Wu, Rentao. "Integration of electric vehicles in a flexible electricity demand side management framework". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33261.

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Recent years have seen a growing tendency that a large number of generators are connected to the electricity distribution networks, including renewables such as solar photovoltaics, wind turbines and biomass-fired power plants. Meanwhile, on the demand side, there are also some new types of electric loads being connected at increasing rates, with the most important of them being the electric vehicles (EVs). Uncertainties both from generation and consumption of electricity mentioned above are thereby being introduced, making the management of the system more challenging. With the proportion of electric vehicle ownership rapidly increasing, uncontrolled charging of large populations may bring about power system issues such as increased peak demand and voltage variations, while at the same time the cost of electricity generation, as well as the resulting Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions, will also rise. The work reported in this PhD Thesis aims to provide solutions to the three significant challenges related to EV integration, namely voltage regulation, generation cost minimisation and GHG emissions reduction. A novel, high-resolution, bottom-up probabilistic EV charging demand model was developed, that uses data from the UK Time Use Survey and the National Travel Survey to synthesise realistic EV charging time series based on user activity patterns. Coupled with manufacturers' data for representative EV models, the developed probabilistic model converts single user activity profiles into electrical demand, which can then be aggregated to simulate larger numbers at a neighbourhood, city or regional level. The EV charging demand model has been integrated into a domestic electrical demand model previously developed by researchers in our group at the University of Edinburgh. The integrated model is used to show how demand management can be used to assist voltage regulation in the distribution system. The node voltage sensitivity method is used to optimise the planning of EV charging based on the influence that every EV charger has on the network depending on their point of connection. The model and the charging strategy were tested on a realistic "highly urban" low voltage network and the results obtained show that voltage fluctuation due to the high percentage of EV ownership (and charging) can be significantly and maintained within the statutory range during a full 24-hour cycle of operation. The developed model is also used to assess the generation cost as well as the environmental impact, in terms of GHG emissions, as a result of EV charging, and an optimisation algorithm has been developed that in combination with domestic demand management, minimises the incurred costs and GHG emissions. The obtained results indicate that although the increased population of EVs in distribution networks will stress the system and have adverse economic and environmental effects, these may be minimised with careful off-line planning.

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31

Karnama, Ahmad. "Analysis of Integration of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles in the Distribution Grid". Thesis, KTH, Elektriska energisystem, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-119243.

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The new generation of cars are so-called Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) which has the grid connection capability. By the introduction of these vehicles, the grid issues will be connected to the private car transportation sector for the first time. The cars from the gird perspective can be considered as a regular load with certain power factor. The effects of this type of new load in distribution grid are studied in this thesis. By modelling the cars as regular load, the effects of the cars in three distinct areas in Stockholm are investigated. The car number in each area is estimated based on the population and commercial density of electricity consumption in the three areas. Afterward, the average electricity consumption by the cars in one day is distributed among 24 hours of the day with peak load in the studied year. This distribution is done by two regulated and unregulated methods. The regulated method is based on the desired pattern of electricity consumption of PHEVs by vehicle owners. On the other hand, the regulated pattern is designed based on encouragement of the car owners to consume electricity for charging their car batteries at low-power hours of day (usually midnight hours). The power system from high voltage lines in Sweden down to 11 kV substations in Stockholm simulated in PSS/E software has been used in this study. The automation program (written in Python) is run in order to get the output report (voltage variation and losses) of the load flow calculations for different hours of day by adding the required power for PHEVs both by regulated and unregulated patterns. The results show the possibility of introducing growing number of cars till year 2050 in each area with existing grid infrastructures. Moreover, the number of cars, yearly and daily electric consumption for PHEVs in pure electric mode are shown in this project and the effects of regulated electricity consumption are investigated. It is concluded that since the car number is estimated based on the population, the areas with higher residential characteristics are more problematic for integration of PHEVs from capacity point of view. Moreover, by regulating the charging pattern of PHEVs, the higher number of PHEVs can be integrated to the grid with the existing infrastructures. In addition, the losses have been decreased in regulated pattern in comparison with unregulated pattern with the same power consumption. The voltage in different substations is within the standard boundaries by adding 100 percent of PHEVs load for both regulated and unregulated patterns in all three areas.

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32

Mao, Daijiafan. "Integration of Plug-in Electric Vehicles into Power Grid: Impact Analysis and Infrastructure Planning". The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1574632021559188.

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33

Wang, Qi. "Renewable Energy and the Smart Grid: Architecture Modelling, Communication Technologies and Electric Vehicles Integration". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/369079.

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Renewable Energy is considered as an effective solution for relieving the energy crisis and reducing the greenhouse gas emissions. It is also be recognized as an important energy resource for power supplying in the next generation power grid{smart grid system. For a long time, the unsustainable and unstable of renewable energy generation is the main challenge to the combination of the renewable energy and the smart grid. The short board on the utilities' remote control caused low-efficiency of power scheduling in the distribution power area, also increased the difficulty of the local generated renewable energy grid-connected process. Furthermore, with the rapid growth of the number of electrical vehicles and the widely established of the fast power charging stations in urban and rural area, the unpredictable power charging demand will become another challenge to the power grid in a few years. In this thesis we propose the corresponding solutions for the challenges enumerated in the above. Based on the architecture of terminal power consumer's residence, we introduce the local renewable energy system into the residential environment. The local renewable energy system can typically support part of the consumer's power demand, even more. In this case, we establish the architecture of the local smart grid community based on the structure of distribution network of the smart grid, includes terminal power consumer, secondary power substation, communication links and sub data management center. Communication links are employed as the data transmission channels in our scheme. Also the local power scheduling algorithm and the optimal path selection algorithm are created for power scheduling requirements and stable expansion of the power supply area. Acknowledging the fact that the information flow of the smart grid needs appropriate communication technologies to be the communication standards, we explore the available communication technologies and the communication requirements and performance metrics in the smart grid networks. Also, the power saving mechanism of smart devices in the advanced metering infrastructure is proposed based on the two-state-switch scheduling algorithm and improved 802.11ah-based data transmission model. Renewable energy system can be employed in residential environment, but also can be deployed in public environment, like fast power charging station and public parking campus. Due to the current capacity of electrical vehicles (EV), the fast power charging station is required not just by the EV drivers, but also demanded by the related enterprises. We propose a upgraded fast power charging station with local deployed renewable energy system in public parking campus. Based on the queueing model, we explore and deliver a stochastic control model for the fast power charging station. A new status called Service Jumped" is created to express the service state of the fast power charging station with and without the support from the local renewable energy in real-time. "

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34

Wang, Qi. "Renewable Energy and the Smart Grid: Architecture Modelling, Communication Technologies and Electric Vehicles Integration". Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2015. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/1463/1/PhD-Thesis.pdf.

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Renewable Energy is considered as an effective solution for relieving the energy crisis and reducing the greenhouse gas emissions. It is also be recognized as an important energy resource for power supplying in the next generation power grid{smart grid system. For a long time, the unsustainable and unstable of renewable energy generation is the main challenge to the combination of the renewable energy and the smart grid. The short board on the utilities' remote control caused low-efficiency of power scheduling in the distribution power area, also increased the difficulty of the local generated renewable energy grid-connected process. Furthermore, with the rapid growth of the number of electrical vehicles and the widely established of the fast power charging stations in urban and rural area, the unpredictable power charging demand will become another challenge to the power grid in a few years. In this thesis we propose the corresponding solutions for the challenges enumerated in the above. Based on the architecture of terminal power consumer's residence, we introduce the local renewable energy system into the residential environment. The local renewable energy system can typically support part of the consumer's power demand, even more. In this case, we establish the architecture of the local smart grid community based on the structure of distribution network of the smart grid, includes terminal power consumer, secondary power substation, communication links and sub data management center. Communication links are employed as the data transmission channels in our scheme. Also the local power scheduling algorithm and the optimal path selection algorithm are created for power scheduling requirements and stable expansion of the power supply area. Acknowledging the fact that the information flow of the smart grid needs appropriate communication technologies to be the communication standards, we explore the available communication technologies and the communication requirements and performance metrics in the smart grid networks. Also, the power saving mechanism of smart devices in the advanced metering infrastructure is proposed based on the two-state-switch scheduling algorithm and improved 802.11ah-based data transmission model. Renewable energy system can be employed in residential environment, but also can be deployed in public environment, like fast power charging station and public parking campus. Due to the current capacity of electrical vehicles (EV), the fast power charging station is required not just by the EV drivers, but also demanded by the related enterprises. We propose a upgraded fast power charging station with local deployed renewable energy system in public parking campus. Based on the queueing model, we explore and deliver a stochastic control model for the fast power charging station. A new status called "Service Jumped" is created to express the service state of the fast power charging station with and without the support from the local renewable energy in real-time.

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35

Codani, Paul. "Integration des véhicules électriques dans les réseaux électriques : Modèles d’affaire et contraintes techniques pour constructeurs automobiles". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLC073/document.

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Les ventes de Véhicules Électriques (VE) ont fortement augmenté ces dernières années. Si les processus de charge de ces VE ne sont pas gérés de manière intelligente, ils risquent de surcharger les réseaux électriques. Inversement, les VE pourraient représenter une opportunité pour ces réseaux en tant qu'unités de stockage distribuées.Cette thèse se propose d’étudier l’intégration intelligente des véhicules rechargeables dans les réseaux électriques d’un point de vue technique, réglementaire et économique. Dans un premier temps, le cadre général nécessaire au développement de ces solutions est passé en revue : les domaines d’application et scenarios de référence sont décrits, les acteurs principaux listés, et les défis principaux analysés.Ensuite, l’accent est mis sur les services système, et plus particulièrement sur le réglage de fréquence. Les conditions règlementaires permettant la participation d’une flotte de véhicules électriques à ce service sont étudiées à partir d’une revue des règles de gestionnaires de réseau de transport existants. De nombreuses simulations techniques et économiques sont réalisées, pour différentes règles de marché.Les services réseau locaux sont ensuite considères. Un éco-quartier est modélisé : il comprend différentes unités de consommation et des sources de production distribuées. Un gestionnaire énergétique local est proposé : son rôle est de contrôler les taux de charge / décharge des véhicules électriques de l’éco-quartier dans l’objectif de limiter les surcharges subies par le transformateur électrique de l’éco-quartier. Des conséquences économiques sont tirées des résultats techniques.Enfin, des résultats expérimentaux sont présentés. Le comportement de deux VE est analysé, dont un dispose de capacités bidirectionnelles. Les preuves de concept expérimentales confirment les capacités théoriques des véhicules électriques : il s’agit d’unités à temps de réponse très court (même en considérant l’architecture TIC complète) et ils sont capables de réagir à des signaux réseau très précisément
Electric vehicles (EVs) penetration has been rapidly increasing during the last few years. If not managed properly, the charging process of EVs could jeopardize electric grid operations. On the other hand, Grid Integrated Vehicles (GIVs), i.e. vehicles whose charging and discharging patterns are smartly controlled, could turn into valuable assets for the electrical grids as distributed storage units.In this thesis, GIVs are studied from a technical, regulatory, and economics perspectives. First, the general framework for a smart grid integration of EVs is reviewed: application areas and benchmark scenarios are described, the main actors are listed, and the most important challenges are analyzed.Then, the emphasis is put on system wide services, and more particularly on frequency control mechanisms. The regulatory conditions enabling the participation of GIV fleets to this service are studied based on an intensive survey of existing transmission system operator rules. Several economics and technical simulations are performed for various market designs.Then, local grid services are investigated. A representative eco-district is modeled, considering various consumption units and distributed generation. A local energy management system is proposed; it is responsible for controlling the charging / discharging patterns of the GIVs which are located in the district in order to mitigate the overloading conditions of the eco-district transformer. Economic consequences are derived from this technical analysis.At last, some experimental results are presented. They show the behavior of two GIVs, including one with bidirectional capabilities. The experimental proof of concepts confirm the theoretical abilities of GIVs: they are very fast responding units (even considering the complete required IT architecture) and are able to follow grid signals very accurately

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36

Loffredo, Damien. "Electric Vehicles Integration in Island Systems – Challenges and Innovative Solutions : Case study of Reunion Island". Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-173836.

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Nowadays, the matters of global warming along with fossil fuels depletion are more and more on our agenda. The energetic worldwide issue is an even more important stake than ever before. A change from thermal to electrical mobility could be an option to reduce both the use of fossil fuels and CO2 emissions. There are currently large public debates around the world on this sensitive topic. In France, political signals are being set to promote the deployment of electric vehicles, considered as a key solution for sustainable transport development given that the French electricity generation is characterized by a particularly low carbon emission. Nevertheless, the context of isolated systems and notably French islands is definitely specific. Compared to continental areas, the grids are fragile, the electricity generation costs are high and the part of fossil fueled power plants is significant. Consequently, the e-mobility development in these particular territories has to face unique challenges from technical, economic and environmental points of view. The goal of this master thesis is to develop and integrate innovative charging solutions based on both renewable energies with storage and smart grid technologies aiming at making possible the electric vehicles integration in island electric systems and reducing their economic and ecologic impact. Reunion Island, one of the French overseas departments, will be used as a case study and an illustration of the benefits of these different innovations.

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37

Yang, Zhile. "Advanced optimal scheduling methods for integrating plug-in electric vehicles into power systems". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2017. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.728835.

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This thesis focuses on developing new scheduling strategies for the integration of plug-in electric vehicles from power system scheduling perspectives. Economic and environmental load dispatch and unit commitment problems are combined with fixed load profiles as well as intelligent scheduling of plug-in electric vehicles charging and discharging scenarios. In this thesis categories of electric vehicles and the potential scheduling capacity of plug-in electric vehicles are first addressed. Then the state-of-the-art scheduling methods to integrate plug-in electric vehicles are surveyed, examined and categorised based on their computational techniques. The preliminaries of mete-heuristic algorithms preliminary including continuous and discrete methods which would be adopted in the scheduling strategies development. Economic and environmental load dispatch aims to determine the amount of electricity generated from power plants to meet load demand while minimising fossil fuel costs and air pollution emissions subject to operational and licensing requirements. It is of significant importance to achieve the optimal result for the economic and environmental load dispatch considering the impact of plug-in electric vehicles. Therefore, multiple electric vehicle charging profiles are comparatively integrated into a 24-hour load demand in an economic and environmental dispatch model. A novel self-learning teaching-learning based optimisation is proposed to solve the non-convex non-linear dispatch problems. To simultaneously solve the unit commitment and hour based scheduling problem of the plug-in electric vehicles aggregators, a novel hybrid mixed coding meta-heuristic algorithm is proposed, combining five variants of binary symmetric particle swarm optimisation with various transfer functions, a real valued self-adaptive differential evolution and a lambda iteration method. The impact of the transfer function utilised in binary optimisation to solve the unit commitment and plug-in electric vehicle integration is investigated in a 10 unit power system with 50,000 plug-in electric vehicles.

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38

Pehrson, Ida. "Integrating planetary boundaries into the life cycle assessment of electric vehicles : A case study on prioritising impact categories through environmental benchmarking in normalisation and weighting methods when assessing electric heavy-duty vehicles". Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-281862.

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The transport sector is facing great challenges for achieving development within the Earth’s boundaries. Currently, LCA studies on heavy- and medium-duty vehicles have mainly assessed the ‘well-to-wheel’ stage and the impact category climate change. To understand the full range of environmental impacts from a truck, a holistic view needs to be adopted, to acknowledge several sustainability dimensions. The development of new vehicle technologies, such as battery electrical vehicles (BEV), the impact will mainly occur in the production and end-of-life stage, thereby it is crucial to adapt a cradle-to-grave approach in LCA. This thesis have interpret Scania’s current LCA results through normalization and weighting. The normalization and weighting methods used have been based on the planetary boundaries (PBs) and other scientific thresholds of earth’s carrying capacity. The normalised results display that considering a heavy-duty truck with diesel (B5) climate change is the major impact, but for BEV with EU electricity mix it is freshwater ecotoxicity, stratospheric ozone formation and climate change that are the main impacts to consider. For the BEV with wind electricity, it is freshwater ecotoxicity and climate change which are the major impacts. According to the weighed results, the impact on ́climate change ́ and ́fossil resource scarcity ́ are most important for diesel (B5) and considering BEV with EU mix it is the impact categories of ́climate change ́ and ́fossil resource depletion ́ followed by ́mineral resource scarcity ́. Considering BEV with wind electricity it is ́mineral resource scarcity ́ followed by ́climate change ́ and ́fossil resource scarcity ́. The weighted results also display that the impact categories, ‘human toxicity cancer’, ‘freshwater ecotoxicity’, ‘particulate matter’ and ‘water resource scarcity’ are important to consider in an LCA of a BEV. Concludingly, it is a need for future research in the area of connecting the PBs with the LCA framework. Moreover, it is a need to develop normalisation reference (NR) and weighting factors (WF) based on a company and sectorial allowances of the carrying capacity to understand a product or company’s environmental impact in absolute terms.
Transportsektorn står inför stora utmaningar för att nå en utveckling inom planetens gränser. I nuläget har LCA studier för tunga och medeltunga transporter fokuserat på ‘well-to-wheel’ vilket är stegen bränsleproduktionen (från källan till tanken) och konsekvenserna av fordonets användning (från tank till hjul) och påverkanskategorin klimat. För att förstå fordonets totala miljöpåverkan, behövs ett holistiskt synsätt för att förstå flera hållbarhetsdimensioner av fordonets miljöpåverkan. Utvecklingen av nya fordonstekniker, så som batterifordon, kommer leda till att miljöpåverkan möjligen främst uppstår i produktions och avfallsfasen av livscykeln, det är därav viktigt att analysera ett fordon från ́vaggan till graven ́. Denna uppsats har analyserat Scanias LCA resultat genom normalisering och viktning. Normaliserings- och viktningsmetoderna som används är baserade på dom planetära gränserna och andra tröskelvärden för planetens bärkapacitet. Det normaliserade resultatet visar att för en diesel lastbil är klimat en betydande påverkanskategori, dock för en BEV (”Battery Electric Vehicle”) med EU elektricitet är det sötvattentoxicitet, stratosfärisk ozonbildning och klimat som är dom mest betydande påverkanskategorierna. Det normaliserade resultatet för BEV med vindenergi visar att det är sötvattentoxicitet och klimat som dom mest betydande påverkanskategorierna. Enligt den valda viktningsmetoden framgår det att klimat och fossil resursutarmning är dom viktigaste påverkanskategorierna för en diesel lastbil. För en BEV med EU mix är den viktigaste klimat och fossil resursutarmning följt av mineralresursbrist. För BEV laddad med energi från vindkraft, är dom viktigaste påverkanskategorierna mineralresursbrist, klimat och fossil resursutarmning. Det viktade resultatet visade även att påverkanskategorierna, humantoxicitet cancer, sötvatten ekotoxicitet, partiklar och vattenresursbrist bör tas i beaktning i en LCA av en BEV. Slutligen behövs det mer forskning kring sammankoppling av planetära gränser och LCA ramverket, även utveckling av normaliseringsreferenser och viktningsfaktorer som är baserat på företags- och sektorsnivåer för utsläppsrätter behövs för att ett företag ska förstå produkters absoluta miljöpåverkan.

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39

RICCI, ANDREA. "Optimization of the structure-borne noise analysis methods with the help of virtual sensing with numerical and experimental results integration". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11368/3010835.

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Vibro-acoustic comfort has become an increasingly integral part of vehicle development over the past 20 years. The perception inside the cabin has a high impact on customer satisfaction and expresses the quality of premium vehicles. The phenomenon of interior noise has always been very complex to study. The problem is complicated by the fact that there is a well-known variability in products. This is due both to variability in the assembly line and in the properties of individual components. The goal is for as many vehicles as possible to meet the design requirements. Among the various categories of noise, low-frequency noise has deserved special attention from development engineers over the years. It is, in fact, particularly annoying, and can also cause loss of attention and drowsiness while driving. In the category of low-frequency noise, booming is one of those phenomena that one surely wants to avoid while developing a vehicle. This phenomenon is used in this work as a target for the analysis. Almost all components, which directly, or via isolating elements, are mounted to the vehicle chassis, can generate booming under certain circumstances. This is the case, for example, of the powertrain. In conventional vehicles powered by an internal combustion engine, the powertrain is bound to the chassis with a system of elastomeric mounts. The forces generated by the engine, during operation, are transferred through the mounts to the body, and here generate structural noise, which is perceived with discomfort by passengers. Using isolating elements to decouple components is a very common practice. Yet the dynamic properties of the mounts are hardly known with sufficient accuracy. Therefore there is always the need to make measurements and to check if the used mounts meet the requirements. It is also well known that the characteristics of these components depend on various parameters. The most important of these are static preload, frequency and amplitude of excitation. Hardly all three dependencies are measured and simulated simultaneously. Mounts present, moreover, a marked variability of their characteristics, from which it follows a variability of vehicle's acoustic quality. In the first part of this thesis, a methodology is presented for the characterization of powertrain mounts, under real operating conditions, which allows to experimentally measure and model the three dependencies described above. Starting from measurements on a dedicated test bench, using response surfaces, and a virtual point transformation methodology, parametric models of the dynamic stiffnesses of the mounts are generated. With these, considering a representative pool of vehicles, a robust optimization of the powertrain mounts is proposed, aiming at reducing the booming noise in a population of vehicles. However, not only conventional vehicles are affected by this phenomenon. In electric vehicles, the endothermic engine is replaced by a quieter electric motor. In doing so, other components, whose noise was previously masked by the powertrain, become paramount. One such component is the air-conditioning compressor, which has acquired a new function in electric vehicles, that of cooling the battery module during charging. When in full load operation, it can generate low frequency booming noise. In the second part of this thesis, this effect is analyzed, using inverse methodologies, coupled with virtual point transformation techniques. The analysis includes, in this case, the identification of the characteristics of the component, identifying its internal forces and moments acting during operation. An analytical modeling of the component mounted in the vehicle is proposed and validated through experimental measurements. The dynamic stiffnesses of the mounts are modeled through parametric functions, whose parameters are optimized through "in-situ" experimental measurements.
Vibro-acoustic comfort has become an increasingly integral part of vehicle development over the past 20 years. The perception inside the cabin has a high impact on customer satisfaction and expresses the quality of premium vehicles. The phenomenon of interior noise has always been very complex to study. The problem is complicated by the fact that there is a well-known variability in products. This is due both to variability in the assembly line and in the properties of individual components. The goal is for as many vehicles as possible to meet the design requirements. Among the various categories of noise, low-frequency noise has deserved special attention from development engineers over the years. It is, in fact, particularly annoying, and can also cause loss of attention and drowsiness while driving. In the category of low-frequency noise, booming is one of those phenomena that one surely wants to avoid while developing a vehicle. This phenomenon is used in this work as a target for the analysis. Almost all components, which directly, or via isolating elements, are mounted to the vehicle chassis, can generate booming under certain circumstances. This is the case, for example, of the powertrain. In conventional vehicles powered by an internal combustion engine, the powertrain is bound to the chassis with a system of elastomeric mounts. The forces generated by the engine, during operation, are transferred through the mounts to the body, and here generate structural noise, which is perceived with discomfort by passengers. Using isolating elements to decouple components is a very common practice. Yet the dynamic properties of the mounts are hardly known with sufficient accuracy. Therefore there is always the need to make measurements and to check if the used mounts meet the requirements. It is also well known that the characteristics of these components depend on various parameters. The most important of these are static preload, frequency and amplitude of excitation. Hardly all three dependencies are measured and simulated simultaneously. Mounts present, moreover, a marked variability of their characteristics, from which it follows a variability of vehicle's acoustic quality. In the first part of this thesis, a methodology is presented for the characterization of powertrain mounts, under real operating conditions, which allows to experimentally measure and model the three dependencies described above. Starting from measurements on a dedicated test bench, using response surfaces, and a virtual point transformation methodology, parametric models of the dynamic stiffnesses of the mounts are generated. With these, considering a representative pool of vehicles, a robust optimization of the powertrain mounts is proposed, aiming at reducing the booming noise in a population of vehicles. However, not only conventional vehicles are affected by this phenomenon. In electric vehicles, the endothermic engine is replaced by a quieter electric motor. In doing so, other components, whose noise was previously masked by the powertrain, become paramount. One such component is the air-conditioning compressor, which has acquired a new function in electric vehicles, that of cooling the battery module during charging. When in full load operation, it can generate low frequency booming noise. In the second part of this thesis, this effect is analyzed, using inverse methodologies, coupled with virtual point transformation techniques. The analysis includes, in this case, the identification of the characteristics of the component, identifying its internal forces and moments acting during operation. An analytical modeling of the component mounted in the vehicle is proposed and validated through experimental measurements. The dynamic stiffnesses of the mounts are modeled through parametric functions, whose parameters are optimized through "in-situ" experimental measurements.

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40

Shokrzadeh, Shahab. "Battery repurposing of plug-in electric vehicles: a framework for the integration of renewable energy and electrified transportation". IEEE, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/30626.

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A comprehensive framework is presented for the integration of electrified transportation and renewable energy through repurposing batteries of plug-in electric vehicles towards a sustainable energy future. The framework considers future market penetration scenarios of plug-in electric vehicles, availability of batteries at their vehicular end of life, and the storage capacity required to generate base-load wind power in the region of study. The objective is to develop a model that can be used as a policy tool to investigate how different scenarios and pertinent parameters can effectively meet the challenges of sustainability in the energy and transportation sectors when the ultimate goal is to simultaneously displace fossil fuels with new generation of low-cost intermittent renewable energy. A sample case study is performed for Canada to investigate and verify the performance of the model. The analysis shows that the proposed approach can further improve the energy sustainability performance of Canada in 2050 by 1.65–4.11%, depending on the confidence level and in addition to electrification of transportation. In the framework, a statistical algorithm is developed to calculate the capacity of an energy storage system required for delivering base-load electricity for a wind farm in the future electric grids. The algorithm contributes towards the goal of utilizing low- cost intermittent wind energy to base-load power generation in the future electric grids. The introduced algorithm presents three methods to perform the sizing calculations each representing a scenario associated with the stages of the wind energy industry. The results of the studied case are applied to estimate the cost of wind energy to produce rated power at different confidence levels, which show cost-effectiveness and less intermittency on the power systems allowing for larger penetrations of renewables. Advanced statistical methods are used to more accurately characterize the operational wind power output versus manufacturer’s power curve. This is essential for effective integration of wind power into the power systems. Four parametric and nonparametric models are applied to estimate the power curve of wind turbines based on the available operational wind power data. The results of this study suggest that the penalized spline regression method presents a better performance over the other analyzed methods. Finally, an experimental testing is performed in laboratory to show the proof of concept of the capacity degradation of used batteries of plug-in electric vehicles in stationary applications using a 25 kWh repurposed energy storage system obtained from a taxi fleet in their “as-is” condition. The proposed comprehensive framework herein presents an approach leading to a sustainable transportation system by providing low-cost renewable energy, and can be used as a gold standard to compare other policies like hydrogen energy technologies.
October 2015

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41

Vatne, Åshild. "Analysis of Large Scale Adoption of Electrical Vehicles and Wind Integration in Nord-Trøndelag". Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for elkraftteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18989.

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With the ‘Agreement on Climate Policy’ (Klimaforliket) signed by the Norwegian government on January 17th 2008, Norway has set a goal to reduce emission caused by transportation with 2.5 – 4 million tons CO2 equivalents compared with the reference for 2020. To reach this goal, high penetration of electrical vehicles is essential, and new technologies and solutions for the infrastructure must be cleared early in the process. With the aim of triggering a discussion on the topic, this thesis presents a methodology for analysing the impact of large-scale adoption of EVs on the electrical grid. A specific portion of a real network was selected and two charging modalities for the electrical vehicles were investigated. The analysis will focus mainly on chargers located at residences, to then explore how the utility can put forward a system for smart charging strategies ("dumb" vs. "smart" charging). Data from a low voltage network was provided by NTE, located in Steinkjer in Nord-Trøndelag. Three different scenarios were analysed. Scenario 1 was given as the base scenario, were the share of EVs where 0%. This was simulated to get a proper comparison. In scenario 2, a share of 10% EVs was implemented in the grid. The share of EVs in scenario 3 was decided to be 60%. The result obtained in the analysis, verified that the smart charging approach causes less strain on the gird. The low voltage network was not capable to handle a large share of EVs (>60%) without any charging scheduling. The smart charge strategy did not cause any extra strain at the grid during peak hours. In addition, the smart charging can introduce the Vehicle-to-Home solution. The EVs can provide ancillary service and support the network with matching supply/demand and reactive power support. A simplified analysis of V2H and reactive compensation was carried out to demonstrate how the grid could benefit from an implementation of EVs.The second part of the analysis, a series of wind measurement was included into the simulation in order to see if wind power can supply the load of the entire residential area. A design for suitable energy storage was also proposed in order for the system to operate as a stand-alone system. Grid stability and power quality was not included in the analysis. The result from the wind integration shows that in order for the network to operate as a stand-alone system in the worst-case scenario, there is a need of an enormous storage. It is assumed based on the results, that the system is self-supplied most part of the year. This thesis proposes a storage consisting of 7 battery-packs from old vehicles, with the capacity of 50 kWh each. This will result in a 30% reduction of the peak demand from the grid, when wind power is integrated.The case study addressed in the thesis, present a methodology for analysis the impact of a large adoption of EVs on the distribution network. The results obtained from this analysis, is considered transferable to similar networks. In order to achieve smart charging, there is need for further research on scheduling algorithms.

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42

Zhang, Zhenhe. "Improved railway vehicle inspection and monitoring through the integration of multiple monitoring technologies". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7677/.

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The effectiveness and efficiency of railway vehicle condition monitoring is increasingly critical to railway operations as it directly affects safety, reliability, maintenance efficiency, and overall system performance. Although there are a vast number of railway vehicle condition monitoring technologies, wayside systems are becoming increasingly popular because of the reduced cost of a single monitoring point, and because they do not interfere with the existing railway line. Acoustic sensing and visual imaging are two wayside monitoring technologies that can be applied to monitor the condition of vehicle components such as roller bearing, gearboxes, couplers, and pantographs, etc. The central hypothesis of this thesis is that it is possible to integrate acoustic sensing and visual imaging technologies to achieve enhancement in condition monitoring of railway vehicles. So this thesis presents improvements in railway vehicle condition monitoring through the integration of acoustic sensing and visual imaging technologies.

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43

Alshogeathri, Ali Mofleh Ali. "Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) integration with the power grid using a fuzzy logic controller". Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20606.

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Master of Science
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Shelli K. Starrett
This thesis introduces a Vehicle to Grid (V2G) system which coordinates the charging, and discharging among the Electric Vehicles (EVs) and two-test systems, to help with peak power shaving and voltage stability of the system. Allowing EVs to charge and discharge without any control may lead to voltage variations and disturbance to the grid, but if the charging and discharging of the EVs is done in a smart manner, they can help the power network. In this thesis, fuzzy logic controllers (FLC) are used to control the flow of power between the grid and the electric vehicles. The presented work in this thesis mainly focuses on the control architecture for a V2G station that allows for using EVs batteries to help the grid’s voltage stability. The designed controllers sustain the node voltage, and thus also achieve peak shaving. The proposed architectures are tested on 16 -generator and 6-generator test systems to examine the effectiveness of the proposed designs. Five fuzzy logic schemes are tested to illustrate the V2G system’s ability to influence system voltage stability. The major contributions of this thesis are as follows:   • FLC based control tool for V2G station present at a weak bus in the system. • Investigate the effect of the station location and voltage sensitivity. • Comparison of chargers providing real power versus reactive power. • Simulation of controller and system interactions in a daily load curve cycle. Keywords: State of Charge (SOC), Electric Vehicle (EV), Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC), Vehicle to grid (V2G), and Power System Voltage Stability.

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44

Frendo, Oliver [Verfasser] y Heiner [Akademischer Betreuer] Stuckenschmidt. "Improving smart charging for electric vehicle fleets by integrating battery and prediction models / Oliver Frendo ; Betreuer: Heiner Stuckenschmidt". Mannheim : Universitätsbibliothek Mannheim, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1228271585/34.

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CIRIMELE, VINCENZO. "Design and integration of a dynamic IPT system for automotive applications". Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2666564.

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Inductive power transmission (IPT) for electric vehicles (EVs) is a promising emergent technology that seems able to improve the electric mobility acceptance. In the last two decades many researchers have proved its feasibility and the possibility to use it to replace the common conductive systems for the charge of the on-board battery. Many efforts are currently aimed to extend the IPT technology towards its use for the charge during the vehicle motion. This application, commonly indicated as dynamic IPT, is aimed to overcome the limit represented by the long stops needed for the recharge introducing also the possibility of reducing the battery capacity installed on vehicle. An IPT system is essentially based on the resonance of two magnetically coupled inductors, the transmitter, placed on or under the ground, and the receiver, placed under the vehicle floor. The typical operating frequency range for the EVs application goes from 20 kHz to approximately 100 kHz. The coupling between the two inductors takes place through a large air-gap, usually about 10-30 cm. This thesis presents the results of the research activities aimed to the creation of a prototype for the dynamic IPT oriented to the private transport. Starting from an analysis of the state of the art and the current research projects on this domain, this work presents the development of a circuit model able to describe the electromagnetic phenomena at the base of the power transfer and the interface with the power electronics. This model provides the information at the base of the design and the implementation of a dedicated low cost-high effciency H-bridge converter for the supply of the transmitter side. A general architecture of the power electronics that manages the receiver side is proposed together with the additional protection circuits. A methodology for the integrated design of the magnetic structure is illustrated covering the aspects of the matching with the power electronics, the integration on an existing vehicle and the installation on the road infrastructure. A series of activities aimed to the implementation of a dedicated test site are presented and discussed. In particular, the activities related to the creation of the electrical infrastructure and the issues and methods for the embedding of the transmitters in the road pavement are presented. The final goal is the creation of a dedicated IPT charging line one hundred meters long. Finally, a methodology for the assessment of the human exposure is presented and applied to the developed solution.

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Cirimele, Vincenzo. "Design and Integration of a Dynamic IPT System for Automotive Applications". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS032/document.

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La transmission inductive de puissance (IPT) pour les véhicules électriques est une technologie émergente prometteuse qui semble capable d'améliorer l'acceptation de la mobilité électrique. Au cours des deux dernières décennies, de nombreux chercheurs ont démontré la faisabilité et la possibilité de l'utiliser pour remplacer les systèmes conducteurs classiques pour la charge de la batterie à bord du véhicule. Actuellement de nombreux efforts visent à étendre la technologie IPT vers son utilisation pour la charge pendant le mouvement du véhicule. Cette application, généralement appelée IPT dynamique, vise à surmonter la limite représentée par les arrêts prolongés nécessaires pour la recharge introduisant également la possibilité de réduction de la capacité de la batterie installée à bord du véhicule. Un système IPT est essentiellement basé sur la résonance de deux inducteurs magnétiquement couplés, l'émetteur, placé sur ou sous le sol, et le récepteur, placé sous le plancher du véhicule. La gamme de fréquence de fonctionnement typique pour les applications automobiles va de 20 kHz à environ 100 kHz. Le couplage entre les deux inductances s'effectue à travers un entrefer important, généralement d'environ 10-30 cm. Cette thèse présente les résultats des activités de recherche visant à la création d'un prototype pour l'IPT dynamique orienté vers le transport privé. A partir d'une analyse de l'état de l'art et des projets de recherche en cours dans ce domaine, ce travail présente le développement d'un modèle de circuit capable de décrire les phénomènes électromagnétiques à la base du transfert de puissance et l'interface avec l'électronique de puissance. Les analyses effectuées à travers le modèle développé fournissent la base pour la conception et la mise en œuvre d'un convertisseur dédié à faible coût et efficacité élevée pour l'alimentation du côté transmetteur. Une architecture générale de l'électronique de puissance qui gère le côté récepteur est proposée avec les circuits de protection supplémentaires. Une méthodologie pour la conception intégrée de la structure magnétique est illustrée. Cette méthodologie couvre les aspects de l'interface avec l'électronique de puissance, l'intégration sur un véhicule existant et l'installation sur l'infrastructure routière. Une série d'activités visant à la réalisation d'un site d'essai dédié sont présentées et discutées. En particulier, les activités liées à la création de l'infrastructure électrique ainsi que les questions et les méthodes d'implantation des émetteurs dans le revêtement routier sont présentées. L'objectif final est la création d'une ligne de recharge IPT dédiée de 100 mètres de long. Enfin, une méthodologie d'évaluation de l'exposition humaine est présentée et appliquée à la solution développée
Inductive power transmission (IPT) for electric vehicles (EVs) is a promising emergent technology that seems able to improve the electric mobility acceptance. In the last two decades many researchers have proved its feasibility and the possibility to use it to replace the common conductive systems for the charge of the on-board battery. Many efforts are currently aimed to extend the IPT technology towards its use for the charge during the vehicle motion. This application, commonly indicated as dynamic IPT, is aimed to overcome the limit represented by the long stops needed for the recharge introducing also the possibility of reducing the battery capacity installed on vehicle. An IPT system is essentially based on the resonance of two magnetically coupled inductors, the transmitter, placed on or under the ground, and the receiver, placed under the vehicle floor. The typical operating frequency range for the EVs application goes from 20 kHz to approximately 100 kHz. The coupling between the two inductors takes place through a large air-gap, usually about 10-30 cm. This thesis presents the results of the research activities aimed to the creation of a prototype for the dynamic IPT oriented to the private transport. Starting from an analysis of the state of the art and the current research projects on this domain, this work presents the development of a circuit model able to describe the electro- magnetic phenomena at the base of the power transfer and the interface with the power electronics. This model provides the information at the base of the design and the implementation of a dedicated low cost-high efficiency H-bridge converter for the supply of the transmitter side. A general architecture of the power electronics that manages the receiver side is proposed together with the additional protection circuits. A methodology for the integrated design of the magnetic structure is illustrated covering the aspects of the matching with the power electronics, the integration on an existing vehicle and the installation on the road infrastructure. A series of activities aimed to the implementation of a dedicated test site are presented and discussed. In particular, the activities related to the creation of the electrical infrastructure and the issues and methods for the embedding of the transmitters in the road pavement are presented. The final goal is the creation of a dedicated IPT charging line one hundred meters long. Finally, a methodology for the assessment of the human exposure is presented and applied to the developed solution

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Luca, de Tena Diego [Verfasser] y Hans [Akademischer Betreuer] Müller-Steinhagen. "Large scale renewable power integration with electric vehicles : long term analysis for Germany with a renewable based power supply / Diego Luca de Tena Costales. Betreuer: Hans Müller-Steinhagen". Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1060048051/34.

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48

Agha, Kassab Fadi. "Co-optimisation of the sizing and control of an urban microgrid". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Compiègne, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COMP2822.

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La modernisation du réseau électrique (RE) par la mise en œuvre de micro-réseaux offre un potentiel significatif pour améliorer la résilience énergétique, la durabilité et l'efficacité. Cependant, cette transition implique de naviguer dans un ensemble complexe de défis techniques, économiques et environnementaux. Les micro-réseaux nécessitent une planification et une optimisation méticuleuses pour équilibrer la génération, le stockage et la consommation d'énergie tout en minimisant les coûts et les émissions de carbone. Atteindre cet équilibre nécessite des stratégies d'optimisation avancées capables de traiter les subtilités des composants du système et des dynamiques opérationnelles. L'objectif de cette recherche est d'améliorer les capacités de prise de décision des concepteurs de micro-réseaux en fournissant une approche globale pour la planification des micro-réseaux. L'étude offre une analyse approfondie du projet sur toute sa durée de vie, du point de vue technique, économique et environnemental. Implémenté en Python et résolu à l'aide de CPLEX, le processus d'optimisation vise à minimiser à la fois le « Levelized Cost of Energy » (LCOE) et le « Life Cycle Emission » (LCE). L'étude utilise des données économiques et environnementales réelles, en tenant compte de la croissance de la charge ainsi que des données réelles d'irradiation solaire, de température ambiante et de vitesse du vent. La charge pour le bâtiment universitaire est basée sur des données de l'Université de Technologie de Compiègne, France, avec la charge des véhicules électriques (VE) modélisée à l'aide d'une modélisation probabiliste. L'étude introduit une stratégie d'optimisation multi-objectifs conjointe utilisant le « Mixed Integer Linear Programming » (MILP) pour garantir des solutions globalement optimales, facilitant ainsi des choix de conception plus informés et efficaces. Ces choix impliquent l'évaluation de diverses solutions proposées pour équilibrer les coûts et les émissions de carbone tout en abordant les complexités et les contraintes techniques du problème de gestion de l'énergie. Un aspect novateur de ce travail est l'intégration de la gestion d'énergie (GE) et du dimensionnement des composants dans un problème d'optimisation unifié, visant un écart d'optimalité de 0 % avec un temps de calcul réduit par rapport à la littérature existante. La méthode proposée évalue les compromis inhérents entre diverses solutions, identifiant le front de Pareto et permettant un équilibre optimal entre les objectifs économiques et environnementaux. Les résultats indiquent une réduction significative du LCOE et du LCE dans le GCMG par rapport à l'IMG. L'étude révèle que la capacité du système de stockage d'énergie par batterie (BESS) augmente à mesure que le LCE diminue, et que le nombre de systèmes photovoltaïques est plus élevé lorsque le LCOE est plus bas pour les deux modes de fonctionnement. Cela se produit parce que le BESS a un LCE légèrement inférieur à celui du PV, et que le LCOE du PV est également inférieur à celui du BESS. De plus, à mesure que la limite du RE augmente, les fronts de Pareto deviennent plus bas et plus raides. En outre, le même algorithme MILP est appliqué pour optimiser les micro-réseaux d'un campus universitaire tertiaire dans diverses villes. L'étude intègre également des éoliennes (WT) et des charges de VE dans le micro-réseau. L'étude fournit une analyse comparative de trois scénarios (PV/BESS, WT/BESS et PV/WT/BESS) dans différentes villes, évalue les impacts des fluctuations saisonnières sur le LCOE et le LCE, et évalue comment les technologies des composants des micro-réseaux influencent les résultats du LCOE et du LCE. Les résultats indiquent que les scénarios incluant PV/WT/BESS produisent les valeurs de LCOE et de LCE les plus basses, tandis que le scénario WT/BESS aboutit aux valeurs de LCOE et de LCE les plus élevées
The modernization of the electricity grid (EG) through the implementation of microgrids offers significant potential for enhancing energy resilience, sustainability, and efficiency. However, this transition involves navigating a complex web of technical, economic, and environmental challenges. Microgrids require meticulous planning and optimization to balance energygeneration, storage, and consumption while minimizing costs and carbon emissions. Achievingthis balance calls for advanced optimization strategies, which are capable of addressing theintricacies of system components and operational dynamics. The objective of this research is to enhance the decision-making capabilities of microgrid designers by providing a comprehensive approach for microgrid planning. The study offers an in-depth analysis of the project’s lifetime from technical, economic, and environmental perspectives. Implemented in Python and solved using CPLEX, the optimization process aims to minimize both the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and the levelized cost of emissions (LCE). The study utilizes real economic and environmental data considering load growth as well as actual solar irradiation, ambient temperature, and wind speed data. The load for the university building is based on data from the Université de Technologie de Compiègne, France with the electric vehicle (EV) load modeled using probabilistic modeling. The study introduces a joint multi-objective optimization strategy usingMixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) to ensure globally optimal solutions, thereby that facilitates obtaining more informed and effective design choices. These choices involve evaluating various proposed solutions to balance cost and carbon emissions while addressing the complexities and technical constraints of the energy management (EM) problem. A novel aspect of this work is the integration of EM and component sizing into a unified optimization problem, aiming for an optimality gap of 0% with reduced computation time compared to existing literature. The proposed method evaluates the inherent trade-offs among various solutions by identifying the Pareto front and allowing for an optimal balance between economic and environmental objectives. The results indicate a significant reduction in LCOE and LCE in the GCMG compared to the IMG. The study reveals that Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) capacity increases as the LCE decreases, and the number of Photovoltaic (PV) systems is higher when the LCOE is lower for both operation modes. This occurs because the BESS has a slightly lower LCE compared to PV, and the LCOE of PV is also lower than that of BESS. Furthermore, as the limit of the EG increases, the Pareto fronts become lower and steeper. Additionally, the same MILP algorithm is applied to optimize microgrids from a tertiary university campus across various cities. The study further integrates wind turbines (WT) and EV loads into the microgrid. The study provides a comparative analysis of three scenarios (PV/BESS, WT/BESS, and PV/WT/BESS) across different cities for evaluating the impacts of seasonal fluctuations on LCOE and LCE, and for assessing how microgrid component technologies influence LCOE and LCE outcomes. The results indicate that scenarios including PV/WT/BESS yield the lowest LCOE and LCE values, while the WT/BESS scenario results in the highest LCOE and LCE. It is also observed that the order of cities based on average solar irradiation or wind speed does not necessarily correspond to the order of LCOE and LCE. Monthly and daily fluctuations in solar irradiation and wind speed significantly impact these results. Regarding the technologies, locally produced PV panels contribute positively to the overall LCE of the microgrid, with PV panels incorporating phase changing material showing higher LCE. The research also compares two distinct algorithms

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49

Mattlet, Benoit. "Potential benefits of load flexibility: A focus on the future Belgian distribution system". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/271127/5/contratBM.pdf.

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Since the last United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2015 in Paris (the COP 21), world leaders acknowledged climate change. There is no need any more to justify the switch from fossil fuel-based to renewable energy sources. Nevertheless, this transition is far from being straightforward. Besides technologies that are not yet mature -- or at least not always financially viable in today's economy -- the power grid is currently not ready for a rapid and massive integration of renewable energy sources. A main challenge for the power grid is the inadequacy between electric production and consumption that will rise along with the integration of such sources. Indeed, due to their dependence on weather, renewable energy sources are intermittent and difficult to forecast with today's tools. As a commodity, electricity is a quite distinct good for which there must be perfect adequacy of production and consumption at all time and characterized by a very inelastic demand. High shares of renewable energy sources lead to high price volatility and a higher risk to jeopardize the security of supply. Additionally, the switch to renewable energy sources will lead to an electrification of loads and transportation, and thus the emergence of new higher-consumption loads such as electric vehicles and heat pumps. These new and higher-consumption loads, combined with the population growth, will cause over-rated power load increases with less predictable load patterns in the future.This work focuses on issues specific to the distribution power grid in the context of the current energy transition. Traditional low-voltage grids are perhaps the most passive circuits in power grids. Indeed, they are designed primarily using a fit and forget approach where power flows go from the distribution transformer to the consumers and no element has to be operated or regularly managed. In fact, low-voltage networks completely lack observability due to very low monitoring. The distribution grid will especially undergo drastic changes from this energy transition. Distributed sources and new high-consumption -- and uncoordinated -- loads result in new power flow patterns, as well as exacerbated evening peaks for which it is not designed. The consequences are power overloads and voltage imbalances that deteriorate grid components, such as a main asset like the medium-to-low voltage transformer. Additionally, the distribution grid is characterized by end-users that pay a price for electricity that does not reflect the grid situation -- that is, mostly constant over a year -- and allow little to no actions on their consumption.These issues have motivated authorities to propose a global approach to ensure security of electricity supply at short and medium-term. The latter requires, among others, the development of demand response programs that encourage users to take advantage of load flexibility. First, we propose adequate electricity pricing structures that will allow users to unlock the potential of such demand response programs; namely, dynamic pricings combined with a prosumer structure. Second, we propose a fast and robust two-level optimization, formulated as a mixed-integer linear program, that coordinates flexible loads. We focus on two types of loads; electric vehicles and heat pumps, in an environment with solar PV panels. The lower level aims at minimizing individual electricity bills while, at the second level, we optimize the power load curve, either to maximize self-consumption, or to smoothen the total power load of the transformer. We propose a parametric study on the trade-off between only minimizing the individual bills versus only optimizing power load curves, which have proven to be antagonist objectives. Additionally, we assess the impact of the rising share of flexible loads and renewable energy sources for scenarios from today until 2050. A macro-analysis of the results allows us to assess the benefits of load flexibility for every actor of the distribution grid, and depending on the choice of a pricing structure. Our optimization has proved to prevent evening peaks, which increases the lifetime of the distribution transformer by up to 200%, while individual earnings up to 25% can be made using adequate pricings. Consequently, the optimization significantly increases the power demand elasticity and increases the overall welfare by 10%, allowing the high shares of renewable energy sources that are foreseen.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Gomes, Isaías da Luz Ramos. "Microrrede no âmbito da energia 4.0 face a incerteza e risco e ao mercado de eletricidade". Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/29789.

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Esta tese incide sobre o tema da gestão e planeamento de operação de uma microrrede no âmbito da Energia 4.0 por parte do novo agente de mercado, dito de agregador da microrrede. O agregador da microrrede tem como objetivo a maximização do lucro esperado, resultante da participação em mercado de eletricidade. A microrrede inclui fontes de produção distribuída, nomeadamente, microturbinas, eólica, fotovoltaica, armazenamento de energia, veículos elétricos, ditas de microfontes, e o uso de energia, dito de carga. O planeamento é fundamental não só para a microrrede ser um sistema sustentável de energia, mas também para a participação de fontes de energia renováveis integradas em microrrede numa matriz energética mais ampla. É necessário face à incerteza e risco e ao mercado de eletricidade a tomada de decisões apoiadas por um sistema de suporte e informação, que constitui o sistema de suporte de gestão da microrrede, que é vital para a sustentabilidade deste agente de mercado. O sistema de suporte de gestão da microrrede em estudo é baseado na formulação de um problema de programação estocástica linear inteira mista que depende do conhecimento dos processos estocásticos que descrevem os parâmetros incertos. Os parâmetros incertos são descritos por um conjunto de cenários plausíveis apropriados à representação dos eventos que ocorrem na microrrede. Atendendo ao elevado grau de incerteza e às limitações computacionais os cenários são reduzidos a um número razoável de cenários representativos. Ainda, o sistema de suporte de gestão da microrrede permite ao agregador da microrrede apresentar propostas de licitação confiáveis ao considerar o risco na tomada de decisão. Por fim, casos de estudo são simulados com intuito de avaliar o desempenho da microrrede e validar a metodologia em que é baseado o sistema de suporte de gestão da microrrede nesta tese; Abstract: Microgrid under the scope of Energy 4.0 facing uncertainty and risk and electricity markets This thesis focuses on the management and operation planning of a microgrid within the scope of Energy 4.0 by the new market agent, said to be the microgrid aggregator. The microgrid aggregator's goal is to maximize the expected profit, resulting from the participation in the electricity market. The microgrid includes sources of distributed production, namely, microturbines, wind, photovoltaic, energy storage, electric vehicles, called micro-sources, and the use of energy, said to be the load. Planning is fundamental not only for the microgrid to be a sustainable energy system but also for the participation of renewable energy sources integrated into the microgrid in a broader energy matrix. It is necessary for the facing of uncertainty and risk and the electricity market to make decisions supported by a support and information system, which constitutes the microgrid support management system, which is vital for the sustainability of this market agent. The microgrid support management system under study is based on the formulation of a mixed-integer linear stochastic programming problem that depends on knowledge of the stochastic processes that describe the uncertain parameters. The uncertain parameters are described by a set of plausible scenarios suitable to represent the events that occur in the microgrid. Given the high degree of uncertainty and the computational limitations, the scenarios are reduced to a reasonable number of representative scenarios. Also, the microgrid support management system allows the microgrid aggregator to present reliable bidding proposals taking into account risk in decision making. Finally, case studies are simulated to assess the performance of the microgrid and validate the methodology on which the microgrid support management system in this thesis is based.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Electric vehicle integration"

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