Literatura académica sobre el tema "Efficience alimentaire"

La poule est l'espèce animale d'élevage la plus exploitée dans le monde, et les oeufs, en plus d'avoir des qualités nutritives indéniables, représentent, pour l'homme, la ressource d'origine animale la moins coûteuse. Les industries avicoles s'efforcent d'optimiser leur production, notamment en améliorant l'efficience alimentaire, un caractère important pour assurer la rentabilité des élevages tout en réduisant leur impact environnemental. Ce caractère complexe est sous l'influence de la génétique et de l'environnement, mais de plus en plus d'études confirment également le rôle du microbiote intestinal. Celui-ci participe à la dégradation des aliments et produit de nombreux métabolites qui protègent l'hôte et influencent son métabolisme. Ainsi, plusieurs associations ont été établies entre le microbiote et des caractères de croissance, de santé, de performance et d'efficience alimentaire.Cette thèse propose une analyse du microbiote cæcal de poules pondeuses issues de deux lignées sélectionnées de façon divergente sur leur efficience alimentaire. Le régime alimentaire influençant à la fois l'efficience alimentaire et la composition du microbiote, ces deux lignées ont été nourries avec deux régimes alimentaires, l'un optimal et l'autre réduit en énergie et enrichi en fibres. Pour caractériser les écosystèmes microbiens, trois approches omiques ont été utilisées : le séquençage métabarcoding ciblant le gène de l'ARNr 16S, la métagénomique (séquençage complet des ADN) et la métatranscriptomique (séquençage complet des ARN). Alors que le métabarcoding permet une caractérisation des communautés microbiennes et des fonctions moins résolutive que les deux autres, ces dernières sont plus coûteuses et présentent des défis expérimentaux et méthodologiques importants.Cette thèse a donc eu comme objectifs de répondre à des questions biologiques et méthodologiques : i) identifier le rôle du microbiote cæcal dans l'efficience alimentaire des poules pondeuses, ii) évaluer l'impact du régime alimentaire sur le microbiote et sur son rôle dans l'efficience alimentaire, iii) comparer les différentes approches omiques pour répondre à ces questions.L'analyse de ces données a permis de mettre en évidence des différences de compositions taxonomiques mais également fonctionnelles, à la fois selon la lignée et selon le régime. En outre, les hypothèses du rôle du microbiote dans l'efficience alimentaire des animaux sont conditionnées au régime utilisé pour nourrir les animaux. Elles impliquent notamment des capacités de dégradation de carbohydrates variés (amidon ou fibres indigestes) et aboutissent à une production différenciée d'acides gras à chaîne courte connus pour influencer le métabolisme de l'hôte. Du point de vue de la méthodologie d'analyse, des outils et des stratégies ont été comparés pour mettre en place une chaîne de traitement de ces séquences, tout en mettant en évidence des verrous et des difficultés méthodologiques, nécessitant de futurs développements.Cette thèse apporte de nouveaux éléments sur le rôle du microbiote dans l'efficience alimentaire des poules pondeuses, avec un accent particulier sur ses fonctions métaboliques. Elle souligne également les avantages et les limites des trois techniques omiques utilisées. Des analyses complémentaires sont toutefois nécessaires pour intégrer de façon plus complète les résultats issus de ces différentes approches omiques et pour affiner l'identification des activités microbiennes impliquées<br>Chickens are the most widely exploited farmed animal species in the world, and eggs, in addition to their undeniable nutritional qualities, represent the least expensive animal-based resource for human consumption. The poultry industry strives to optimize production, in particular by improving feed efficiency, an important factor in ensuring farm profitability while reducing environmental impact. This complex trait is influenced by genetics and the environment, but more and more studies are also confirming the role of the intestinal microbiota. It is involved in the breakdown of food and produces numerous metabolites that protect the host and influence its metabolism. Several associations have been established between the microbiota and growth, health, performance and feed efficiency traits.This thesis presents an analysis of the caecal microbiota of laying hens from two lines divergently selected for feed efficiency. As diet influences both feed efficiency and microbiota composition, these two lines were fed two diets, one optimal and the other reduced in energy and enriched in fiber. To characterize the microbial ecosystems, three omics approaches were used: metabarcoding sequencing targeting the 16S rRNA gene, metagenomics (full DNA sequencing) and metatranscriptomics (full RNA sequencing). While metabarcoding enables less resolutive characterization of microbial communities and functions than the other two, the latter are more costly and present significant experimental and methodological challenges.This thesis therefore aims to answer biological and methodological questions: i) to identify the role of the caecal microbiota in the feed efficiency of laying hens, ii) to assess the impact of diet on the microbiota and its role in feed efficiency, iii) to compare different omics approaches to answer these questions.Analysis of these data revealed differences in taxonomic and functional compositions, both by line and by diet. Furthermore, hypotheses concerning the role of the microbiota in animal feed efficiency are conditioned by the diet used to feed the animals. In particular, they involve the capacity to degrade various carbohydrates (starch or indigestible fibers) and result in the differentiated production of short-chain fatty acids known to influence host metabolism. From a methodology analysis perspective, tools and strategies have been compared to establish a processing chain for these sequences, while highlighting obstacles and difficulties requiring future development.This thesis provides new insights into the role of the microbiota in the feed efficiency of laying hens, with particular emphasis on its metabolic functions. It also highlights the advantages and limitations of the three omics techniques used. Further analysis is needed, however, to integrate the results from these different omics approaches more completely, and to refine the identification of the microbial activities involved

Au cours des dernières années, l'impact environnemental de la consommation alimentaire des consommateurs est devenu un des principaux objectifs de l'attention publique et politique. Les déchets alimentaires constituent l'une des plus grandes fractions du total des déchets ménagers. La quantité de nourriture gaspillée dans l 'Union Européenne (EU - 27 pays) était estimée à environ 89 millions de tonnes par an, dont la plus forte proportion est produite par les ménages, qui produisent également la plus grande proportion de déchets évitables (BIO Intelligence Service, 2010).Il est surprenant que peu de recherches associent la consommation alimentaire à la recherche sur les déchets alimentaires. Notre intérêt pour les déchets alimentaires provient de deux sources. Tout d'abord, il est important du point de vue de la durabilité. Le gaspillage alimentaire est un problème de consommation avec des impacts négatifs sur les ressources naturelles. Deuxièmement, d'un point de vue académique, nous sommes intrigués par le peu d'intérêt des recherches menées par les consommateurs sur les comportements liés aux déchets et en particulier sur les déchets alimentaires. Les contributions susmentionnées introduisent le gaspillage alimentaire comme un sujet de recherche pour le comportement des consommateurs et évoquent les principales facettes du problème, identifient les principaux antécédents au gaspillage alimentaire et suggèrent des théories du comportement des consommateurs qui aident à mieux comprendre les questions pertinentes. En outre, deux mesures politiques possibles sont testées et d'autres recommandations sont données.Dans cette thèse, nous commençons par dessiner une image plus large du gaspillage alimentaire. Ce chapitre se concentre principalement sur les déchets alimentaires en identifiant les théories du comportement des consommateurs qui sous-tendent le comportement des consommateurs en matière de déchets et présente un ordre du jour détaillé pour les futures recherches et les répercussions sur les politiques publiques.À partir du premier chapitre, le chapitre deux explore une possible implication des théories comportementales dans la politique publique afin de prévenir les déchets alimentaires. À l'aide d'études expérimentales, ce document s'appuie sur la littérature des normes sociales et présente des preuves d'un processus qui explique les effets négatifs possibles des campagnes de sensibilisation qui utilisent des normes descriptives négatives. Lorsque les campagnes de sensibilisation utilisent ce type de normes, les consommateurs les perçoivent comme des messages de blâme et utilisent l'information comme une excuse pour se comporter pire que ce qu'ils auraient réellement en l'absence du message. Ce processus est expliqué par la perception de la difficulté de la tâche. Le chapitre présente également des solutions pour bloquer ces effets négatifs et aider à la prévention des déchets.La prochaine activité dans la lutte contre les déchets alimentaires est de réduire la quantité de déchets. Il existe différentes méthodes possibles pour résoudre ce problème: la bonne gestion des aliments au niveau de l'agriculture et du commerce de détail, le recyclage, l'utilisation de restes au niveau des consommateurs, etc. Le chapitre trois a porté sur les campagnes existantes visant à réduire les déchets alimentaires des agriculteurs, , Produits mal formés. En utilisant la conception expérimentale, ce chapitre explore les attitudes des consommateurs envers les produits mal conçus. L'objectif de ce chapitre est de présenter des preuves que les consommateurs ont des attitudes positives vis-à-vis des produits mal formés, que des campagnes de «production laide» peuvent être mises en œuvre avec succès sans nuire à l'image des détaillants et ainsi réduire les déchets alimentaires<br>In recent years the environmental impact of personal food consumption has become a main focus of public and political attention. Food waste is one of the largest fractions of the total household waste. The quantity of food wasted in the European Union (EU - 27 countries) was estimated to be around 89 million tons annually, out of which the highest proportion is produced by households, who also produce the highest proportion of avoidable waste (BIO Intelligence Service, 2010).Surprisingly there is little research associating research on food consumption with research on food waste. Our interest in food waste stems from two sources. First it is important from a sustainability perspective. Food waste is a consumption problem with clearly negative impacts on natural resources. Second, from an academic perspective, we are intrigued by the little focus of consumer research on waste behaviors and particularly on food waste. The above contributions introduce food waste as a research topic for consumer research and elicit the main facets of the problem, identify the main antecedents of food waste, and suggest consumer behavior theories that help better understand the relevant issues. Furthermore, two possible policy measures are tested and further recommendations are given.In this thesis we start by drawing a larger image of food waste. This chapter focuses mostly on food waste by identifying consumer behavior theories that underlie consumers’ waste behavior and presents a detailed agenda for future research and for public policy implications.Drawing from the first chapter, Chapter Two explores one possible public policy implication of behavioral theories in order to prevent food waste. Using experimental studies, this paper builds on social norms literature and presents evidence for a process that explains the possible negative effects of awareness campaigns that use negative descriptive norms. When awareness campaigns use these types of norms, consumers perceive them as blaming messages and use the information as an excuse to behave worse than they actually would have in the absence of the message. This process is explained through perceptions of task difficulty. The chapter also presents solutions for blocking these negative effects and helping the prevention of waste.The next activity in the endeavor of fighting against food waste is reducing the amount of waste. There are different possible methods that can address this issue: proper food management at agricultural and retailing level, recycling, using leftovers at consumers’ level etc. Chapter Three focused on existing campaigns designed to reduce farmers’ food waste, by inciting consumers to purchase imperfect, misshaped produce. Using experimental design, this chapter is exploring the attitudes consumers have towards misshaped produce. The aim of this chapter is to present evidence that consumers have positive attitudes towards misshaped produce, that “ugly produce” campaigns can be implemented successfully without damaging retailers’ image and thus that food waste can be reduced

Cette thèse par essais a pour objectif de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de la transmission au marché alimentaire des chocs provenant des marchés financier et énergétique. Le premier essai étudie l’efficience du marché alimentaire. Le deuxième essai examine les transmissions de rendements et de volatilités entre les trois marchés. Quant au troisième essai, il s’intéresse à l’analyse de la dépendance extrême entre ces marchés. Nos principaux résultats permettent de souligner l’impact de la crise financière de 2007-2008 et la financiarisation des marchés de commodités dans l’intensification aussi bien des transmissions de volatilités et de prix que des dépendances (notamment les dépendances de queue) entre ces marchés. Ils permettent également de souligner l’efficacité de la couverture du risque par la construction de portefeuilles diversifiés incluant les commodités alimentaires<br>The aim of this three essays thesis is to contribute to a better understanding of the transmission of shocks from energy and financial markets to food market commodities. The first essay investigates the efficiency of food market. The second essay studies returns and volatilities transmission between the three markets. Extreme dependence between these markets is analyzed in the third essay. Our main results underline the impact of the 2007-2008 financial crisis in the intensification of returns and volatilities spillovers between these markets as well as tail dependencies (namely tail dependencies). They allow also underlining hedge effectiveness by the construction of diversified portfolios including food commodities

Bien que des approches non génétiques et génétiques aient été mises en œuvre pour améliorer l’efficacité alimentaire des animaux au cours des dernières années, le coût des aliments constitue encore la plus grande partie des coûts de production de nombreux systèmes d’élevage. De plus,une efficacité alimentaire non optimale augmente l’impact environnemental de l’élevage par gaspillage d'aliments. Au cours des dernières décennies, les progrès dans les technologies à hautdébit pour la gestion des animaux, notamment le développement de distributeurs automatiques d’aliment, permettent d’obtenir de nombreuses mesures répétées au cours du temps (donnée longitudinales) de la consommation individuelle des animaux. L'objectif de cette thèse était de développer de nouveaux modèles génétiques pour mieux quantifier le potentiel génétique des animaux pour l'efficacité alimentaire en utilisant ce type de données. Les données de 2435 porcs Large White en croissance provenant d'une expérience de sélection divergente pour la consommation résiduelle ont été utilisées au cours de cette thèse. Dans cette population, les mâles étaient pesés chaque semaine alors que les femelles et les mâles castrés étaient pesés tous les mois entre 10 et 23 semaines d’âge. Dans une première étape, nous avons comparé différentes approches pour prédire les poids corporels hebdomadaires manquants de ces animaux afin d’améliorer l’évaluation de leur efficacité alimentaire. Pour la période testée, une interpolation quasi linéaire basée sur les semaines adjacentes est la meilleure approche pour traiter les poids corporels manquants dans notre ensemble de données. Dans un second temps, différents modèles longitudinaux tels que les modèles de régression aléatoire (RR), les modèles antédependants structuraux (SAD) et les modèles de type « character process » ont été comparés pour l’analyse de l’efficacité alimentaire. La comparaison a été réalisée en se basant sur des critères d’ajustement aux données (Log vraisemblance, Critère d'Information Bayésien), sur les estimations des composantes de variances (estimations de l'héritabilité, des variances génétiques et des corrélations génétiques entre semaines) et sur la capacité prédictive (coefficients de concordance de Vonesh) de chaque modèle. Les résultats ont montré que le modèle SAD est le plus parcimonieux pour l’indice de consommation (IC) et la consommation résiduelle, deux mesures d’efficacité alimentaire. Ce modèle fournit également des capacités prédictives similaires à celles des autres modèles. Un critère de sélection combinant les prédictions des valeurs génétiques hebdomadaires de chaque animal a été proposé pour des applications pratiques dec es modèles dans un objectif de sélection. En outre, nous avons évalué comment l'information génomique pouvait améliorer la précision des prédictions des valeurs génétiques des animaux pour le gain moyen quotidien et la consommation résiduelle, en appliquant des approches génomiques « single-step » aux modèles RR et SAD. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que les précisions étaient faibles et les biais de prédiction importants pour les deux caractères, et qu’ils n'étaient pas améliorés par l’apport de l’information génomique. Enfin, nous avons montré que la sélection divergente pour la consommation résiduelle avait un impact majeur sur les trajectoires de l’indice de consommation et de la consommation résiduelle pendant la croissance dans chaque lignée. En conclusion, cette thèse a montré que la sélection pour des trajectoires d'efficacité alimentaire est faisable avec les informations disponibles actuellement. Des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour mieux évaluer le potentiel de l'information génomique avec ces derniers modèles et pour valider les stratégies de sélection sur ces trajectoires d’efficacité alimentaire au cours du temps dans la pratique<br>Although non-genetic and genetic approaches heavily improved feed efficiency in the last decades, feed cost still contributes to a large proportion of pork production costs. In addition, thelimited effi-ciency of feed use not only increases the environmental impact due to the waste of feed. Over the last decades, advances in high-throughput technologies for animal management,including automat-ic self-feeders, created a proliferation of repeated data or longitudinal data. The objective of this thesis was to develop new genetic models to better quantify the genetic potentialof animals for feed efficiency using longitudinal data on body weight (BW), feed intake and body composition of the animals. Data from 2435 growing Large White pigs from a divergent selectionexperiment for resid-ual feed intake (RFI) were used. In this population, males were weighted every week whereas fe-males and castrated males were weighted every month at the beginning of the test (10 weeks of age) and more often towards the end of the test (23 weeks of age). In a first step, different approaches investigated how to predict missing weekly BW for intermediate stages. For the tested period, a quasi linear interpolation based on the adjacent weeks is the best approach to deal with missing BW in our dataset. In a second step, different longitudinal models, such as random regression (RR) mod-els, structured antedependence models (SAD) and character process models, in which the covari-ances between weeks are accounted for, were compared. The comparison focused on best-fit to the data criteria (Loglikelihood, Bayesian Information Criterion), on variance components estimations (heritability estimates, genetic variances and genetic correlations between weeks) and on predictive ability (Vonesh concordance coefficients). The results showed that SAD is the most parsimonious model for feed conversion ratio (FCR) and for RFI, two measures of feed efficiency. The SAD model also provided similarpredictive abilities as the other models. A selection criterion combining the weekly breeding values was proposed for practical applications to selection. In addition, we evaluated the potential of genomic information to improve the accuracy of breeding value predictions for aver-age daily gain and residual feed intake, applying single step genomic approaches to the RR and SAD models. In our dataset, prediction accuracies was low for both traits, and was not much improved by genomic information. Finally, we showed that divergent selection for RFI had a major impact on the FCR and RFI profile trajectories in each line. In conclusion, this thesis showed that selection for trajectories of feed efficiency is feasible with the current available information. Further work is needed to better evaluate the potential of genomic information with these models, and to validate strategies to select for these trajectories in practice

L'ampia letteratura sul periodo di transizione delle bovine richiama sempre più ai rapporti negativi fra problemi di salute e performance delle bovine. Dimostrazioni sempre più numerose confermano l'instaurarsi, soprattutto nel primo mese di lattazione, di una condizione di “stress da malattia”, non sempre associata a manifestazioni cliniche, ma con le stesse conseguenze: i fenomeni infiammatori. I principali obiettivi dei nostri studi, sono stati quelli di meglio caratterizzare gli stati infiammatori puntando l'attenzione su due aspetti: 1°) le cause di variazione della risposta infiammatoria alla infezione microbica e i suoi rapporti con la produzione di latte, 2°) le conseguenze che i fenomeni infiammatori hanno a livello di ingestione degli alimenti, delle riserve corporee, della produzione quanti-qualitativa e quindi dell'efficienza alimentare. relativamente al primo aspetto, nelle bovine sottoposte ad analoga infezione si è osservata una risposta infiammatoria di intensità diversa e che pare in buona relazione con precedenti fenomeni infiammatori in atto o pregressi; inoltre la risposta più intensa ha portato ad un maggior calo produttivo. Le conseguenze sulla efficienza energetica sono state studiate comparando due gruppi di bovine caratterizzate da minori (Lo-lfi) o maggiori (UP-lfi) valori di un indice di funzionalità epatica (lfi). Da ciò è emerso che, nel primo mese di lattazione, specie dopo avvenuta correzione per l'energia mobilizzata delle riserve corporee, l'efficienza è minore nei soggetti con basso lfi per il probabile aumento dei costi del sistema immunitario, aumento che pare prolungarsi ben oltre il fenomeno infiammatorio.<br>The extensive literature on transition period of the cows suggests the growing frequency of negative relationship between health problems and performance. Many evidences confirm during the first month of lactation, the presence of a particular condition named “stress disease”, which is not always associated to clinical symptoms but has the same consequences: the inflammatory processes. The principal objective of this study was to better characterize the inflammatory processes with particular attention to: 1) cause of the changes in inflammatory response to a bacterial infection and its relationship with the milk production, 2) consequences of the inflammatory processes on feed intake, body reserves, quantity and quality of milk production and then on feed efficiency. relatively to the first, we have observed a different intensity of the inflammatory response (in bovine submitted at the same infection), and this response seems correlated to previous inflammatory processes, probably not resolved; moreover, the higher intensity in the inflammations response can be responsible of the milk production decline. The consequences on feed efficiency have been studied through the comparison between two groups of cows characterized by higher (up-lfi) or low (lo-lfi) values of the liver functionality index; from that was demonstrated that during the first month of lactation, the cows with low lfi had lower efficiency values, probably caused increased charge of the immunitary system and prolonged beyond the inflammatory status itself.

L'ampia letteratura sul periodo di transizione delle bovine richiama sempre più ai rapporti negativi fra problemi di salute e performance delle bovine. Dimostrazioni sempre più numerose confermano l'instaurarsi, soprattutto nel primo mese di lattazione, di una condizione di “stress da malattia”, non sempre associata a manifestazioni cliniche, ma con le stesse conseguenze: i fenomeni infiammatori. I principali obiettivi dei nostri studi, sono stati quelli di meglio caratterizzare gli stati infiammatori puntando l'attenzione su due aspetti: 1°) le cause di variazione della risposta infiammatoria alla infezione microbica e i suoi rapporti con la produzione di latte, 2°) le conseguenze che i fenomeni infiammatori hanno a livello di ingestione degli alimenti, delle riserve corporee, della produzione quanti-qualitativa e quindi dell'efficienza alimentare. relativamente al primo aspetto, nelle bovine sottoposte ad analoga infezione si è osservata una risposta infiammatoria di intensità diversa e che pare in buona relazione con precedenti fenomeni infiammatori in atto o pregressi; inoltre la risposta più intensa ha portato ad un maggior calo produttivo. Le conseguenze sulla efficienza energetica sono state studiate comparando due gruppi di bovine caratterizzate da minori (Lo-lfi) o maggiori (UP-lfi) valori di un indice di funzionalità epatica (lfi). Da ciò è emerso che, nel primo mese di lattazione, specie dopo avvenuta correzione per l'energia mobilizzata delle riserve corporee, l'efficienza è minore nei soggetti con basso lfi per il probabile aumento dei costi del sistema immunitario, aumento che pare prolungarsi ben oltre il fenomeno infiammatorio.<br>The extensive literature on transition period of the cows suggests the growing frequency of negative relationship between health problems and performance. Many evidences confirm during the first month of lactation, the presence of a particular condition named “stress disease”, which is not always associated to clinical symptoms but has the same consequences: the inflammatory processes. The principal objective of this study was to better characterize the inflammatory processes with particular attention to: 1) cause of the changes in inflammatory response to a bacterial infection and its relationship with the milk production, 2) consequences of the inflammatory processes on feed intake, body reserves, quantity and quality of milk production and then on feed efficiency. relatively to the first, we have observed a different intensity of the inflammatory response (in bovine submitted at the same infection), and this response seems correlated to previous inflammatory processes, probably not resolved; moreover, the higher intensity in the inflammations response can be responsible of the milk production decline. The consequences on feed efficiency have been studied through the comparison between two groups of cows characterized by higher (up-lfi) or low (lo-lfi) values of the liver functionality index; from that was demonstrated that during the first month of lactation, the cows with low lfi had lower efficiency values, probably caused increased charge of the immunitary system and prolonged beyond the inflammatory status itself.

Submitted by Katiane Souza (katyane.souza@gmail.com) on 2016-03-24T01:28:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 737115 bytes, checksum: 1ed51c3495a83c46ee9b0f9844499f25 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-24T01:28:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 737115 bytes, checksum: 1ed51c3495a83c46ee9b0f9844499f25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-20<br>This study aimed to determine the different levels of feed restriction effect on performance, carcass, nitrogen balance and microbial protein synthesis in Red Sindhi cattle breed. The experiment was conducted at the Federal University of Viçosa, with 32 unneutered male bulls divided into four feed restriction levels (0, 15, 30 and 45%) in a completely randomized design. The dry matter intake reduction, promoted by increased restriction resulted in a decrease in the consumption of nutrients affecting the performance and some quantitative carcass traits except yield percentage (hot and cold) and loin eye area. Happened a linear decrease (P <0,05) in weight of retail cuts, however, was not observed (P> 0,05) change in the proportions of them in relation to the half carcass weight. Significant quadratic effect of restriction level on body weight end (WCF), empty body weight (EBW), total weight gain (TWG), average daily gain (ADG), gain of empty body weight (EBW) and efficiency feed (EA), from 0.5 to 7.0% restriction. Happened a linear increase (P <0,05) in the muscle proportion and linear decrease (P <0,05) in the proportion of carcass fat, with increasing level of restriction. The restriction promoted a reduction in nitrogen excretion to the environment, and increase efficiency in the use of recycled nitrogen by animals. Moderate restriction levels can be applied on the male Sindi termination without compromising performance, generating a 41% difference in the profit margin, compared to the level of 15% restriction to the group fed ad libitum.<br>Objetivou-se determinar o efeito de diferentes níveis de restrição alimentar sobre o desempenho, carcaça, balanço de nitrogênio e síntese microbiana. O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Federal de Viçosa – UFV, com 32 machos não castrados distribuídos em quatro níveis de restrição alimentar (0, 15, 30 e 45%), num delineamento inteiramente casualizado. A redução no consumo de matéria seca, promovida pelo aumento da restrição, resultou na diminuição no consumo de nutrientes afetando o desempenho e as algumas características quantitativas da carcaça, exceto o rendimento de carcaça (quente e fria) e a área de olho de lombo. Houve redução linear (P<0,05) no peso dos cortes comerciais, porém, não se observou (P>0,05) alteração nas proporções dos mesmos em relação ao peso da meia carcaça. Houve efeito quadrático do nível de restrição sobre o peso corporal final (PCF), peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ), ganho de peso total (GPT), ganho médio diário (GMD), ganho de peso de corpo vazio (GPCVZ) e eficiência alimentar (EA), entre 0,5 e 7,0% de restrição. Observou-se aumento linear (P<0,05) na proporção de músculo e redução linear (P<0,05) na proporção de gordura da carcaça, com o aumento do nível de restrição. A restrição promoveu redução na excreção de nitrogênio para o ambiente, além de aumentar a eficiência na utilização do nitrogênio reciclado pelos animais. Níveis moderados de restrição podem ser aplicados na terminação de machos Sindi, sem comprometer o desempenho, gerando diferença de 41% na margem de lucro, comparando-se o nível de 15% de restrição com o grupo alimentado à vontade.

Gli allevamenti di vacche da latte puntano alla massimizzazione della produzione di latte credendo di migliorare così il profitto attraverso l’effetto di diluizione dei costi di mantenimento. Diventa però importante avere sotto controllo i costi di produzione, ma soprattutto la reale efficienza aziendale. Il principale obiettivo di questo lavoro di ricerca è quello di trovare un sistema di monitoraggio dell’efficienza aziendale, sia economica che nutrizionale, utile per i tecnici che visitano le aziende zootecniche di vacche da latte per poter supportare le scelte imprenditoriali dell’allevatore. Sono stati misurati indici tecnici ed economici in 90 allevamenti di vacche da latte per valutare l'efficienza nutrizionale ed economica degli allevamenti. Un approccio multivariato è stato utilizzato per aggregare gli indicatori parziali in nuove strutture latenti. Un secondo obiettivo è stato quello di predire, attraverso le caratteristiche aziendali ed altre informazioni relative alla gestione dell’azienda, gli indici aggregati di efficienza aziendale ricavati, ovvero: efficienza economica, efficienza energetica e punto di pareggio. Ottantanove aziende di vacche da latte sono state visitate e intervistate per raccogliere informazioni sulla consistenza della mandria, la produzione e la qualità del latte, le prestazioni riproduttive, il benessere delle vacche allevate, la formulazione della dieta e i costi di alimentazione. Infine sono state caratterizzare le diverse strategie alimentari adottate nelle aziende visitate. Sono state raccolte informazioni sulle performances della mandria, sui costi di alimentazione e sulle differenti razioni formulate. Sono state caratterizzate la composizione chimica delle diete, il profilo fermentativo delle diete e la produzione di metano, l'efficienza alimentare della mandria, la produzione e la qualità del latte e il profilo fermentativo fecale.<br>Dairy cow farms aim to maximize milk production believing that this will improve profit through the dilution effect of maintenance costs. However, it becomes important to have under control the feed production costs, but above all the effective business efficiency of whole herd. The main objective of this research work is to find a monitoring system of farm efficiency, both economic and nutritional, useful for technicians who visit dairy farms in order to support the entrepreneurial choices of the farmer. Technical and economic indices were measured on 90 dairy cow farms to assess the nutritional and economic efficiency of the farms. A multivariate approach was used to aggregate partial indicators into new latent structures. A second objective was to predict, through farm characteristics and other farm management information, the aggregate farm efficiency indices derived: economic efficiency, energy efficiency, and break-even point. Eighty-nine dairy cow farms were visited and interviewed to collect information on herd size, milk production and quality, reproductive performance, cow welfare, diet formulation and feeding costs. Finally, the different feeding strategies adopted on visited farms were characterized. Information was collected on herd performance, feeding costs and different formulated rations. The chemical composition of the diets, the fermentative profile of the diets and methane production, feeding efficiency of the herd, milk production and quality and fecal fermentative profile were characterized.