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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Effect of Hurricane Mitch"

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Publicado: 25 de julio de 2024

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1

Guill, C. K. y W. X. Shandera. "The Effects of Hurricane Mitch on a Community in Northern Honduras". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 16, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2001): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00025929.

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AbstractIntroduction:Hurricane Mitch was an event described as one of the most damaging recent natural disasters in our hemisphere. This study examined its effects on a community of 5,000 residents in northern Honduras.Methods:Survey responses of 110 attendants at an ambulatory clinic 4 months after the event were analyzed. Correlates were established between demographic and housing characteristics and morbidity and mortality.Results:The availability of food, water, and medical care decreased significantly immediately after the hurricane, but by four months afterward returned to baseline values. Residents reported emotional distress correlated with the loss of a house or intrafamilial illness or mortality. Diarrheal illnesses more commonly were found in households with poor, chronic access to medical care. The use of cement block housing correlated with availability of food or running water, with access to medical care and vaccinations, and with a reduced frequency of diarrhea or headaches in the immediate post-hurricane phase.Conclusions:Improvements in housing construction appear to be the most effective preventive measure for withstanding the effects of future hurricanes in tropical regions similar to northern Honduras.

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2

Fernández-Lavado, C., G. Furdada y M. A. Marqués. "Geomorphological method in the elaboration of hazard maps for flash-floods in the municipality of Jucuarán (El Salvador)". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 7, n.º 4 (18 de julio de 2007): 455–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-7-455-2007.

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Abstract. This work deals with the elaboration of flood hazard maps. These maps reflect the areas prone to floods based on the effects of Hurricane Mitch in the Municipality of Jucuarán of El Salvador. Stream channels located in the coastal range in the SE of El Salvador flow into the Pacific Ocean and generate alluvial fans. Communities often inhabit these fans can be affected by floods. The geomorphology of these stream basins is associated with small areas, steep slopes, well developed regolite and extensive deforestation. These features play a key role in the generation of flash-floods. This zone lacks comprehensive rainfall data and gauging stations. The most detailed topographic maps are on a scale of 1:25 000. Given that the scale was not sufficiently detailed, we used aerial photographs enlarged to the scale of 1:8000. The effects of Hurricane Mitch mapped on these photographs were regarded as the reference event. Flood maps have a dual purpose (1) community emergency plans, (2) regional land use planning carried out by local authorities. The geomorphological method is based on mapping the geomorphological evidence (alluvial fans, preferential stream channels, erosion and sedimentation, man-made terraces). Following the interpretation of the photographs this information was validated on the field and complemented by eyewitness reports such as the height of water and flow typology. In addition, community workshops were organized to obtain information about the evolution and the impact of the phenomena. The superimposition of this information enables us to obtain a comprehensive geomorphological map. Another aim of the study was the calculation of the peak discharge using the Manning and the paleohydraulic methods and estimates based on geomorphologic criterion. The results were compared with those obtained using the rational method. Significant differences in the order of magnitude of the calculated discharges were noted. The rational method underestimated the results owing to short and discontinuous periods of rainfall data with the result that probabilistic equations cannot be applied. The Manning method yields a wide range of results because of its dependence on the roughness coefficient. The paleohydraulic method yielded higher values than the rational and Manning methods. However, it should be pointed out that it is possible that bigger boulders could have been moved had they existed. These discharge values are lower than those obtained by the geomorphological estimates, i.e. much closer to reality. The flood hazard maps were derived from the comprehensive geomorphological map. Three categories of hazard were established (very high, high and moderate) using flood energy, water height and velocity flow deduced from geomorphological and eyewitness reports.

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3

Gunby, P. "Hurricane Mitch Aftermath". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 281, n.º 13 (7 de abril de 1999): 1162—b—1162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.281.13.1162-b.

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4

Gunby, Phil. "Hurricane Mitch Aftermath". JAMA 281, n.º 13 (7 de abril de 1999): 1162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.281.13.1162-jmu91000-3-1.

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5

Evans, S. G., R. H. Guthrie, N. J. Roberts y N. F. Bishop. "The disastrous 17 February 2006 rockslide-debris avalanche on Leyte Island, Philippines: a catastrophic landslide in tropical mountain terrain". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 7, n.º 1 (24 de enero de 2007): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-7-89-2007.

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Abstract. In February 2006, a disastrous rockslide-debris avalanche occurred in tropical mountain terrain, on Leyte Island, Central Philippines. Over 1100 people perished when the village of Guinsaugon was overwhelmed directly in the path of the landslide. The landslide was initiated by the failure of a 450 m high rock slope within the damage zone of the Philippine Fault where the rock mass consisted of sheared and brecciated volcanic, sedimentary and volcaniclastic rocks. Tectonic weakening of the failed rock mass had resulted from active strike-slip movements along the Philippine Fault which have been estimated by other workers at 2.5 cm/year. The landslide involved a total volume of 15 Mm3, including significant entrainment from its path, and ran out a horizontal distance of 3800 m over a vertical distance of 810 m, equivalent to a fahrböschung of 12°. Run-out distance was enhanced by friction reduction due to undrained loading when the debris encountered flooded paddy fields in the valley bottom at a path distance of 2600 m. A simulation of the event using the dynamic analysis model DAN indicated a mean velocity of 35 m/s and demonstrated the contribution of the paddy field effect to total run-out distance. There was no direct trigger for the landslide but the landslide did follow a period of very heavy rainfall with a lag time of four days. The rockslide-debris avalanche is one of several disastrous landslides to have occurred in the Philippines in the last twenty years. In terms of loss of life, the Guinsaugon event is the most devastating single-event landslide to have occurred worldwide since the Casita Volcano rock avalanche-debris flow which was triggered by Hurricane Mitch in Nicaragua in 1998.

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6

Hellin, Jon, Martin Haigh y Frank Marks. "Rainfall characteristics of hurricane Mitch". Nature 399, n.º 6734 (mayo de 1999): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/20577.

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7

Russell, Grahame. "Hurricane Mitch and human rights". Development in Practice 9, n.º 3 (mayo de 1999): 322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614529953061.

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8

Weiss, Josie A., Lygia Holcomb y Nancy J. Crigger. "Lessons Learned From Hurricane Mitch". Holistic Nursing Practice 20, n.º 6 (noviembre de 2006): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004650-200611000-00005.

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9

Christoplos, Ian, Tomás Rodríguez, E. Lisa F. Schipper, Eddy Alberto Narvaez, Karla Maria Bayres Mejia, Rolando Buitrago, Ligia Gómez y Francisco J. Pérez. "Learning from recovery after Hurricane Mitch". Disasters 34 (11 de marzo de 2010): S202—S219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2010.01154.x.

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10

Hellin, J. y M. J. Haigh. "Rainfall in Honduras during Hurricane Mitch". Weather 54, n.º 11 (noviembre de 1999): 350–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.1999.tb05534.x.

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11

Morris, Kelly. "Illness from Hurricane Mitch starts to rise". Lancet 352, n.º 9142 (noviembre de 1998): 1766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)79850-0.

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12

Kepert, Jeffrey D. "Observed Boundary Layer Wind Structure and Balance in the Hurricane Core. Part II: Hurricane Mitch". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 63, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 2006): 2194–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3746.1.

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Abstract Part I of this paper presented a detailed analysis of the boundary layer of Hurricane Georges (1998), based mainly on the newly available high-resolution GPS dropsonde data. Here, similar techniques and data are used to study Hurricane Mitch (1998). In contrast to Hurricane Georges, the flow in the middle to upper boundary layer near the eyewall is found to be strongly supergradient, with the imbalance being statistically significant. The reason for the difference is shown to be the different radial structure of the storms, in that outside of the radius of maximum winds, the wind decreases much more quickly in Mitch than in Georges. Hurricane Mitch was close to inertially neutral at large radius, with a strong angular momentum gradient near the radius of maximum winds. Kepert and Wang predict strongly supergradient flow in the upper boundary layer near the radius of maximum winds in this situation; the observational analysis is thus in good agreement with their theory. The wind reduction factor (i.e., ratio of a near-surface wind speed to that at some level further aloft) is found to increase inward toward the radius of maximum winds, in accordance with theoretical predictions and the analysis by Franklin et al. Marked asymmetries in the boundary layer wind field and in the eyewall convection are shown to be consistent with asymmetric surface friction due to the storm’s proximity to land, rather than to motion. The boundary layer flow was simulated using Kepert and Wang’s model, forced by the observed storm motion, radial profile of gradient wind, and coastline position; and good agreement with the observations was obtained.

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13

Rodriguez, Daniel K. y Mario Saenz. "Facing Disasters: Hurricane Mitch: The Costa Rican Experience". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 14, S1 (marzo de 1999): S40—S41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00033690.

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14

Cupples, Julie. "Gender and Hurricane Mitch: reconstructing subjectivities after disaster". Disasters 31, n.º 2 (25 de abril de 2007): 155–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2007.01002.x.

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15

Davis, Jason. "Fertility after natural disaster: Hurricane Mitch in Nicaragua". Population and Environment 38, n.º 4 (13 de febrero de 2017): 448–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11111-017-0271-5.

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16

Cockburn, Alexander, Jeffrey St. Clair y Ken Silverstein. "The Politics of “Natural” Disaster: Who Made Mitch So Bad?" International Journal of Health Services 29, n.º 2 (abril de 1999): 459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/bc4c-y1t9-23p8-u991.

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The devastation in Central America following the 1998 hurricane (Hurricane Mitch) resulted more from economic and political policies than from “natural” disaster. Over the last 30 or 40 years, huge numbers of poor people in these countries have been forced off good, stable agricultural land onto degraded hillsides and into shanty towns constructed on floodplains—areas known to pose serious hazards of flooding and mudslides. This, together with the failure of impoverished countries to anticipate disaster through mass evacuations or to respond effectively to the hurricane's widespread damage—ensured the loss of thousands of lives.

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17

Loebach, Peter. "Livelihoods, precarity, and disaster vulnerability: Nicaragua and Hurricane Mitch". Disasters 43, n.º 4 (20 de agosto de 2019): 727–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/disa.12402.

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18

Smith, WilliamC. "Hurricane Mitch and Honduras: An illustration of population vulnerability". International Journal of Health System and Disaster Management 1, n.º 1 (2013): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2347-9019.122460.

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19

Lister, Sarah. "‘Scaling-up’ in Emergencies: British NGOs after Hurricane Mitch". Disasters 25, n.º 1 (marzo de 2001): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-7717.00160.

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20

Jakobsen, Kristian Thor. "Views on rural vulnerability following hurricane Mitch in Nicaragua". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 6, n.º 41 (1 de febrero de 2009): 412002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1307/6/41/412002.

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21

Rhyner, Kurt. "Cries in the Dark: Reconstruction after Hurricane Mitch in Honduras". Open House International 31, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2006): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2006-b0004.

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Disasters are always caused by a combination of factors, and the natural phenomenon that brings them on is usually just a catalyst. The underlying cause of most disasters is poverty as mostly the poor segments of the population usually live in high risk areas where their shelter all too often cannot withstand even light winds, small inundations or medium earthquakes. When Hurricane Mitch hit Central America in October 1998, all countries were ill prepared. A few weeks earlier, the authorities of the Honduran capital, Tegucigalpa, had attempted to simulate an evacuation, but it had met with a great degree of resistance from the public. When Mitch hit, unprecedented masses of water raced down the mountainous river beds. People were taken by surprise, as no efficient organisation existed. Everybody ran for their lives. Houses slid down hillsides, rivers swept bridges, houses and people with them. Six years later, Tegucigalpa looks very similar to the days before Mitch. The steep hillsides are covered with a potpourri of dwellings, from miserable huts to solid upmarket houses. Regulations were passed in the year 2002 to prohibit construction in high risk areas; however, enforcement is difficult, especially when existing buildings are renovated and even enlarged. Theoretically it is possible to evacuate high risk areas. Nonetheless, such drastic measures are virtually impossible to implement, as no mayor or police chief would survive such an action in office. The paper presents a case study which shows that the underlying problems of poverty and the non-availability of suitable land for people to relocate from high risk areas can usually not be overcome by post-disaster reconstruction programmes. A mitigation strategy is thus to empower inhabitants of high risk areas to improve their own situation by affordable access to information, advice and suitable low cost construction materials through “Building Advisory Services” and Ecomaterials producers within the neighbourhoods.

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22

Moll, Deborah M., Rebecca H. McElroy, Raquel Sabogal, Lana F. Corrales y Richard J. Gelting. "Health impact of water and sanitation infrastructure reconstruction programmes in eight Central American communities affected by Hurricane Mitch". Journal of Water and Health 5, n.º 1 (1 de septiembre de 2006): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.047.

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In response to Hurricane Mitch, which struck Central America in October–November 1998, the American Red Cross (ARC) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated on a 3-year evaluation of the public health impact of ARC's water, sanitation and hygiene education activities in eight study areas in Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador and Guatemala. The evaluation compared: 1) access to and use of water and sanitation facilities, 2) the use of hygienic behaviours, and 3) diarrhoeal prevalence in children younger than 3 years of age before (February 2000) and after (February 2002) the interventions had been implemented. The evaluation included household and key informant interviews designed to measure these three components. Water quality of community water sources and household water was evaluated by measuring levels of indicator bacteria. During the final survey, an infrastructure evaluation provided a review of the design, construction, and current operation and maintenance of the water systems and latrines. The integrated water and sanitation infrastructure interventions and hygiene education programmes implemented following Hurricane Mitch effectively decreased diarrhoea prevalence in the target communities.

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23

Kohn, Robert. "Demoralization and the longitudinal course of PTSD following Hurricane Mitch". European Journal of Psychiatry 27, n.º 1 (marzo de 2013): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4321/s0213-61632013000100003.

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24

Kirk, John M. y Marguerite R. Jiménez. "Cuban Medical Internationalism: Central America, A Decade after Hurricane Mitch". Journal of Iberian and Latin American Research 15, n.º 2 (diciembre de 2009): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13260219.2009.11090851.

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25

Ferraro, R., G. Vicente, M. Ba, A. Gruber, R. Scofield, Q. Li y R. Weldon. "Satellite techniques yield insight into devastating rainfall from Hurricane Mitch". Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 80, n.º 43 (1999): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/eo080i043p00505-01.

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26

Metoyer, Cynthia Chavez. "Hurricane Mitch, Aleman, and Other Disasters for Women in Nicaragua". International Studies Perspectives 2, n.º 4 (noviembre de 2001): 401–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1528-3577.00068.

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27

Loebach, Peter y Kim Korinek. "Disaster vulnerability, displacement, and infectious disease: Nicaragua and Hurricane Mitch". Population and Environment 40, n.º 4 (25 de abril de 2019): 434–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11111-019-00319-4.

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28

Bradshaw, Sarah. "Exploring the gender dimensions of reconstruction processes post-hurricane Mitch". Journal of International Development 14, n.º 6 (2002): 871–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.932.

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29

Morris, Saul S., Oscar Neidecker-Gonzales, Calogero Carletto, Marcial Munguı́a, Juan Manuel Medina y Quentin Wodon. "Hurricane Mitch and the Livelihoods of the Rural Poor in Honduras". World Development 30, n.º 1 (enero de 2002): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(01)00091-2.

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30

Morris, Saul S. y Quentin Wodon. "The Allocation of Natural Disaster Relief Funds: Hurricane Mitch in Honduras". World Development 31, n.º 7 (julio de 2003): 1279–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(03)00072-x.

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31

Amador, Juan José. "Nicaraguan Experiences in Vector Control and Interinstitutional Cooperation after Hurricane Mitch". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 15, S2 (septiembre de 2000): S66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00031630.

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32

Ramsay, Sarah. "Local and international aid mobilised in the wake of Hurricane Mitch". Lancet 352, n.º 9140 (noviembre de 1998): 1608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)61062-8.

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33

Goenjian, Armen K., Luis Molina, Alan M. Steinberg, Lynn A. Fairbanks, Maria Luisa Alvarez, Haig A. Goenjian y Robert S. Pynoos,. "Posttraumatic Stress and Depressive Reactions Among Nicaraguan Adolescents After Hurricane Mitch". American Journal of Psychiatry 158, n.º 5 (mayo de 2001): 788–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.5.788.

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34

Fickert, Thomas. "To Plant or Not to Plant, That Is the Question: Reforestation vs. Natural Regeneration of Hurricane-Disturbed Mangrove Forests in Guanaja (Honduras)". Forests 11, n.º 10 (6 de octubre de 2020): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11101068.

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Background and Objectives: Mangrove forests offer many essential ecosystem services, including the protection of (sub)tropical coastlines, their inhabitants, and the infrastructure from severe storms and tsunamis. However, mangroves themselves suffer severely from such phenomena. After such events, reforestation efforts are widely undertaken to facilitate the recovery of the mangroves. Many of these laborious activities, however, fail for a number of reasons. Material and Methods: In October 1998, the Honduran Island of Guanaja was severely hit by Hurricane Mitch, and, after the storm, almost all of the mangrove forests (97%) were rated as dead. Seven years after Mitch, a longterm survey on the regeneration of the mangroves started. Field samplings in six variably disturbed mangrove zones was conducted in 2005, 2009, and 2016. Along permanent line-transects, all living plant species were recorded for statistical analyses and for quantifying progress. In this paper, the focus is on the three most severely hit areas. In two of them, planting efforts were carried out while the third one was left to regenerate naturally. This setting allowed a direct comparison between natural and human-assisted regeneration processes under otherwise similar conditions and equally severe previous disturbance. Results: Reforestation measures were characterized by high mortality rates of Rhizophora mangle L. propagules planted predominantly. Some, however, surely survived and might have contributed to regeneration after the disturbance. In 2016, roughly two decades after Hurricane Mitch, low-growing Rhizophora mangle forests, with high ground cover, were found. Surprisingly, the area without any planting also witnessed similar mangrove rejuvenation in the same period. Conclusion: Findings on the recovering mangroves in Guanaja confirm the lessons learned from other mangrove rehabilitation measures: planting mostly fails and commonly does not accelerate the revegetation of disturbed forests. In naturally regenerating forests, recolonization may occur after a certain time-lag only if few diaspore sources survived in the surrounding; as soon as established mangrove plants bear propagules, a quick return to viable forests takes place, proving the high resilience of these coastal ecosystems.

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35

Guinau, M., I. Vilajosana y J. M. Vilaplana. "GIS-based debris flow source and runout susceptibility assessment from DEM data – a case study in NW Nicaragua". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 7, n.º 6 (26 de noviembre de 2007): 703–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-7-703-2007.

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Abstract. In October 1998, Hurricane Mitch triggered numerous landslides (mainly debris flows) in Honduras and Nicaragua, resulting in a high death toll and in considerable damage to property. The potential application of relatively simple and affordable spatial prediction models for landslide hazard mapping in developing countries was studied. Our attention was focused on a region in NW Nicaragua, one of the most severely hit places during the Mitch event. A landslide map was obtained at 1:10 000 scale in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment from the interpretation of aerial photographs and detailed field work. In this map the terrain failure zones were distinguished from the areas within the reach of the mobilized materials. A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with 20 m×20 m of pixel size was also employed in the study area. A comparative analysis of the terrain failures caused by Hurricane Mitch and a selection of 4 terrain factors extracted from the DEM which, contributed to the terrain instability, was carried out. Land propensity to failure was determined with the aid of a bivariate analysis and GIS tools in a terrain failure susceptibility map. In order to estimate the areas that could be affected by the path or deposition of the mobilized materials, we considered the fact that under intense rainfall events debris flows tend to travel long distances following the maximum slope and merging with the drainage network. Using the TauDEM extension for ArcGIS software we generated automatically flow lines following the maximum slope in the DEM starting from the areas prone to failure in the terrain failure susceptibility map. The areas crossed by the flow lines from each terrain failure susceptibility class correspond to the runout susceptibility classes represented in a runout susceptibility map. The study of terrain failure and runout susceptibility enabled us to obtain a spatial prediction for landslides, which could contribute to landslide risk mitigation.

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36

Kohn, Robert, Itzhak Levav, Irma Donaire, Miguel Machuca y Rita Tamashiro. "Psychological and psychopathological reactions in Honduras following Hurricane Mitch: implications for service planning". Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 18, n.º 4-5 (noviembre de 2005): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1020-49892005000900009.

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37

Stansbury, James P. "Recovering from Hurricane Mitch: Household and Place in Predicting Honduran Child Nutritional Status". Ecology of Food and Nutrition 46, n.º 5-6 (18 de septiembre de 2007): 401–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03670240701486685.

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38

Kondo, Hisayoshi, Fumie Takagi, Katuhiko Sugimoto, Yuishi Koido, Norifumi Ninomiya y Yasuhiro Yamamoto. "The Action of the Japan Disaster Relief Team for Nicaragua in Hurricane Mitch". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 14, S1 (marzo de 1999): S76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x0003449x.

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39

Devoli, Graziella, Rosana Men�ndez-Duarte y Jorge Marqu�nez. "Slope instability in Nicaragua triggered by Hurricane Mitch: distribution of shallow mass movements". Environmental Geology 44, n.º 3 (1 de junio de 2003): 290–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-003-0771-8.

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40

Caldera, T., L. Palma, U. Penayo y G. Kullgren. "Psychological impact of the hurricane Mitch in Nicaragua in a one-year perspective". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 36, n.º 3 (16 de mayo de 2001): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001270050298.

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41

Prater, Carla S. "Book Review: The Legacy of Hurricane Mitch: Lessons from Post-Disaster Reconstruction in Honduras". International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 28, n.º 3 (noviembre de 2010): 395–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072701002800305.

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42

Barnes, Gary M. "Atypical Thermodynamic Profiles in Hurricanes". Monthly Weather Review 136, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2008): 631–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007mwr2033.1.

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Abstract The global positioning system dropwindsondes deployed in Hurricane Bonnie on 26 August 1998 with supporting deployments in Hurricanes Mitch (1998) and Humberto (2001) are used to identify three unusual thermodynamic structures in the lower-cloud and subcloud layers. Two of these structures impact the energy content of the inflow and therefore the intensity of the hurricane. First, positive lapse rates of equivalent potential temperature are found near the top of the inflow. These layers insulate the inflow from the negative impacts of entrainment mixing and promote rapid energy increases, especially near the eyewall. The second structure is a rapid decrease of equivalent potential temperature adjacent to the sea surface. This is essentially a prominent surface layer that owes its existence to both higher moisture content and a superadiabatic lapse rate. The steep lapse rate most often occurs under and near the eyewall where wind speeds at the surface exceed hurricane force. The author speculates that water loading from spray increases the residence time of air parcels in the surface layer, contributing to the creation of this structure. The third feature is a moist absolutely unstable layer previously identified by Bryan and Fritsch for the midlatitudes. These layers are found adjacent to the eyewall, in rainbands, and in the hub cloud within the eye and are evidence of mesoscale or vortex-scale convergence and the very modest instabilities often found in the core of a hurricane.

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43

Cahoon, Donald R., Philippe Hensel, John Rybczyk, Karen L. McKee, C. Edward Proffitt y Brian C. Perez. "Mass tree mortality leads to mangrove peat collapse at Bay Islands, Honduras after Hurricane Mitch". Journal of Ecology 91, n.º 6 (21 de noviembre de 2003): 1093–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2003.00841.x.

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44

Glantz, Michael y Dale Jamieson. "Societal Response to Hurricane Mitch and Intra- versus Intergenerational Equity Issues: Whose Norms Should Apply?" Risk Analysis 20, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2000): 869–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0272-4332.206080.

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45

Liao, Zonghu, Yang Hong, Dalia Kirschbaum y Chun Liu. "Assessment of shallow landslides from Hurricane Mitch in central America using a physically based model". Environmental Earth Sciences 66, n.º 6 (9 de marzo de 2011): 1697–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-011-0997-9.

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46

Mainville, Denise Y. "Disasters and Development in Agricultural Input Markets: Bean Seed Markets in Honduras After Hurricane Mitch". Disasters 27, n.º 2 (29 de mayo de 2003): 154–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-7717.00226.

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47

Powell, Mark D., Eric W. Uhlhorn y Jeffrey D. Kepert. "Estimating Maximum Surface Winds from Hurricane Reconnaissance Measurements". Weather and Forecasting 24, n.º 3 (1 de junio de 2009): 868–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008waf2007087.1.

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Abstract Radial profiles of surface winds measured by the Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR) are compared to radial profiles of flight-level winds to determine the slant ratio of the maximum surface wind speed to the maximum flight-level wind speed, for flight altitude ranges of 2–4 km. The radius of maximum surface wind is found on average to be 0.875 of the radius of the maximum flight-level wind, and very few cases have a surface wind maximum at greater radius than the flight-level maximum. The mean slant reduction factor is 0.84 with a standard deviation of 0.09 and varies with storm-relative azimuth from a maximum of 0.89 on the left side of the storm to a minimum of 0.79 on the right side. Larger slant reduction factors are found in small storms with large values of inertial stability and small values of relative angular momentum at the flight-level radius of maximum wind, which is consistent with Kepert’s recent boundary layer theories. The global positioning system (GPS) dropwindsonde-based reduction factors that are assessed using this new dataset have a high bias and substantially larger RMS errors than the new technique. A new regression model for the slant reduction factor based upon SFMR data is presented, and used to make retrospective estimates of maximum surface wind speeds for significant Atlantic basin storms, including Hurricanes Allen (1980), Gilbert (1988), Hugo (1989), Andrew (1992), and Mitch (1998).

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48

Ensor, Marisa Olivo. "Disaster Evangelism: Religion as a Catalyst for Change in Post-Mitch Honduras". International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 21, n.º 2 (agosto de 2003): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072700302100202.

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Although religion clearly plays an important role in framing the way people interpret and cope with disasters, religion is virtually absent in policy debates and disaster reconstruction planning. Researchers have also tended to neglect the role of religion as a source of emotional and social support, and a vehicle of community building and group and individual identity for affected populations. This paper examines the connection between post-disaster resettlement and reconstruction, and the changing religious beliefs and practices of the women and men of Morolica, a town in southern Honduras swept away by the floods caused by Hurricane Mitch in October 1998. In Morolica, rates of conversion to Evangelism increased after the disaster, as several Evangelical missions collaborated with the local population on the reconstruction of their community. My data indicate that women and men had different reasons for being attracted to Evangelism, and that conversion entailed a transformation of the social norms and proper behavior that was different for each gender. Furthermore, these conversions can be understood as gendered survival tactics in a context of dislocation and catastrophic loss. Given the multiple and complex processes taking place in Post-Mitch Honduras in general, and Morolica in particular, I suggest that survival strategies and religious conversions are gender-differentiated, and need to be explored within a framework of shifting political ecological conditions, religious pluralism, and displacement.

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49

Kok, Kasper y Manuel Winograd. "Modelling land-use change for Central America, with special reference to the impact of hurricane Mitch". Ecological Modelling 149, n.º 1-2 (marzo de 2002): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(01)00514-2.

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50

Loebach, Peter. "Household migration as a livelihood adaptation in response to a natural disaster: Nicaragua and Hurricane Mitch". Population and Environment 38, n.º 2 (2 de abril de 2016): 185–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11111-016-0256-9.

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