Tesis sobre el tema "Editeur structuré"

Le temps est un aspect fondamental de tout spectacle vivant, et de bon nombre d’installations artistiques. Les dispositifs techniques participent à un riche réseau d'interactions temporelles avec les interprètes humains et le public. Dans ce contexte, les techniciens et les artistes ont besoin d’outils pour planifier et contrôler les scénarios temporels de leurs œuvres. Dans ce travail, nous présentons un environnement appelé Quadrant, destiné à concevoir et mettre en œuvre des scénarios temporels. Ces scénarios peuvent être utilisés pour piloter divers aspects techniques de spectacles, comme lancer des sons ou des vidéos, contrôler des lumières, etc. Nous explorons une approche hybride entre un langage de programmation et un logiciel de conduite de spectacle. Cet environnement comporte un éditeur structuré opérant sur un arbre de syntaxe combinant des éléments textuels et graphiques. Ceci permet de spécifier algorithmiquement des scénarios, tout en exprimant des transformations temporelles continues grâce à des courbes de tempo. Les scénarios sont compilés à la volée vers un bytecode exécuté par une machine virtuelle. Un ordonnanceur coopératif organise l’exécution de flux concurrents le long d'axes temporels multiples, utilisant des dates et des délais symboliques. Le temps symbolique est traduit en temps réel par le biais de courbes de tempo, pour lesquelles nous fournissons un formalisme en termes d'équations différentielles. La machine virtuelle fournit un flux d'informations à l'éditeur, qui peut ainsi afficher ces informations directement dans le code du programme. Ceci permet à l'utilisateur de visualiser la progression du scénario pendant la performance
Temporality is a critical aspect of live shows and art installations. Technical artifacts and processes participate in a rich network of temporal interactions with the human performers and/or the audience. In this context, technicians and artists need tools to plan and control the temporal scenarios of their show or installation. In this work we present Quadrant, a programming environment for designing and performing temporal scenarios. Such scenarios can be used to drive various technical aspects of live shows and art installations, such as audio and video playback, lights, or mechatronics. We explore a hybrid approach aimed at bridging the gap between a programming language and a show controller. Our environment features a structure editor operating on a syntax tree that combines textual tokens and user interface widgets. This allows specifying scenarios algorithmically, while expressing continuous time transformations using graphical curves. Scenarios are compiled on-the-fly into a bytecode run by a virtual machine. A cooperative scheduler organizes the execution of concurrent flows along multiple time axes, using abstract dates and delays. Abstract time is mapped onto wall-clock time through the use of time transformations, specified as tempo curves, for which we provide a formalism in terms of differential equations. Tempo curves can be built from cubic Bézier curves. The virtual machine feeds back execution informations to the structure editor, which uses it to highlight executed statements and display progress wheels and status icons directly in the code. This allows an operator to easily monitor the progression and the temporality of the scenarios

Although several systems with structure editors have been built, no model exist to formally describe the edit operations used in such editors. This thesis introduces such a model --- a formalism to describe general structure edit operations for text oriented documents. The model allows free bottom-up editing for any tree-based structural document with a textual content. It can also handle attribute and erroneous structures. Some classes of common structures have been identified and structure editor specifications constructed for them, which can be used and combined in the creation of other structure editors.

This thesis describes the design and implementation of the IPE, an interactive proof editor for first-order intuitionistic predicate calculus, developed at the University of Edinburgh during 1983-1986, by the author together with John Cartmell and Tatsuya Hagino. The IPE uses an attribute grammar to maintain the state of its proof tree as a context-sensitive structure. The interface allows free movement through the proof structure, and encourages a "proof-byexperimentation" approach, since no proof step is irrevocable. We describe how the IPE's proof rules can be derived from natural deduction rules for first-order intuitionistic logic, how these proof rules are encoded as an attribute grammar, and how the interface is constructed on top of the grammar. Further facilities for the manipulation of the IPE's proof structures are presented, including a notion of IPE-tactic for their automatic construction. We also describe an extension of the IPE to enable the construction and use of simply-structured collections of axioms and results, the main provision here being an interactive "theory browser" which looks for facts which match a selected problem.

Nei sistemi di editing collaborativo Real-Time più utenti si trovano ad apportare modifiche ad uno stesso documento contemporaneamente. Queste modifiche, a volte, possono riguardare la stessa porzione di testo ed entrare in conflitto tra di loro. La gestione di questi conflitti tra operazioni concorrenti rappresenta un problema di cruciale importanza in quanto, se affrontato inadeguatamente, può portare a stati incoerenti del modello di dati condiviso tra gli utenti connessi al sistema. Operational Transformation è una tecnologia che permette la risoluzione di conflitti in ambienti di collaborazione real-time per l’editing di documenti testuali, proponendo una serie di metodologie e proprietà che permettono di risolvere queste problematiche in maniera efficiente senza appesantire troppo il sistema. Un ulteriore grado di complessità si aggiunge quando si parla di editor strutturati. In questi sistemi, infatti, le operazioni non riguardano solo il contenuto testuale, ma anche elementi di layout, dimensioni dei caratteri e metadati. Più modifiche possono essere apportate contemporaneamente dallo stesso sistema, assumendo un significato semanticamente più complesso di una semplice operazione di cancellazione o di inserimento di testo. Per questo motivo, dopo l'approfondimento degli aspetti teorici di OT, mi sono cimentato nella realizzazione di un algoritmo di Operational Transformation in un editor strutturato.

Lo scopo di questa dissertazione è di identificare le tecnologie più appropriate per la creazione di editor parametrici per documenti strutturati e di descrivere LIME, un editor di markup parametrico e indipendente dal linguaggio. La recente evoluzione delle tecnologie XML ha portato ad un utilizzo sempre più consistente di documenti strutturati. Oggigiorno, questi vengono utilizzati sia per scopi tipografici sia per l’interscambio di dati nella rete internet. Per questa ragione, sempre più persone hanno a che fare con documenti XML nel lavoro quotidiano. Alcuni dialetti XML, tuttavia, non sono semplici da comprendere e da utilizzare e, per questo motivo, si rendono necessari editor XML che possano guidare gli autori di documenti XML durante tutto il processo di markup. In alcuni contesti, specialmente in quello dell’informatica giuridica, sono stati introdotti i markup editor, software WYSIWYG che assistono l’utente nella creazione di documenti corretti. Questi editor possono essere utilizzati anche da persone che non conoscono a fondo XML ma, d’altra parte, sono solitamente basati su uno specifico linguaggio XML. Questo significa che sono necessarie molte risorse, in termini di programmazione, per poterli adattare ad altri linguaggi XML o ad altri contesti. Basando l’architettura degli editor di markup su parametri, è possibile progettare e sviluppare software che non dipendono da uno specifico linguaggio XML e che possono essere personalizzati al fine di utilizzarli in svariati contesti.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação.
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An interactive color graphics layout editor for VLSI has been implemented on the IBM PC. The software, PC-ICICLE, is written in Microsoft PASCAL and the 8086/88 Assembly Language under the DOS 2.0 environment. The basic hardware requirement is the standard configuration of the IBM PC with 256K bytes, and color graphics monitor and adapter. Without the need for any special hardware, PC-ICICLE makes layout editors more readily available to VLSI chip designers. PC-ICICLE has also been executed on the IBM PC-XT, IBM PC-AT, and Zenith's IBM compatible PC without any modifications.

Master of Science

Cholera toxin (CT) moves from the cell surface to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where the catalytic CTA1 subunit separates from the holotoxin and unfolds due to its intrinsic thermal instability. Unfolded CTA1 then moves through an ER translocon pore to reach its cytosolic target. Due to the instability of CTA1, it must be actively refolded in the cytosol to achieve the proper conformation for modification of its G protein target. The cytosolic heat shock protein Hsp90 is involved with the ER-to-cytosol translocation of CTA1, yet the mechanistic role of Hsp90 in CTA1 translocation remains unknown. Potential post-translocation roles for Hsp90 in modulating the activity of cytosolic CTA1 are also unknown. Here, we show by isotope-edited Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy that Hsp90 induces a gain-of-structure in disordered CTA1 at physiological temperature. Only the ATP-bound form of Hsp90 interacts with disordered CTA1, and its refolding of CTA1 is dependent upon ATP hydrolysis. In vitro reconstitution of the CTA1 translocation event likewise required ATP hydrolysis by Hsp90. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments found that Hsp90 does not release CTA1, even after ATP hydrolysis and the return of CTA1 to a folded conformation. The interaction with Hsp90 allowed disordered CTA1 to attain an active state and did not prevent further stimulation of toxin activity by ADP-ribosylation factor 6, a host cofactor for CTA1. This activity is consistent with its role as a chaperone that refolds endogenous cytosolic proteins as part of a foldosome complex consisting of Hsp90, Hop, Hsp40, p23, and Hsc70. A role for Hsc70 in CT intoxication has not yet been established. Here, biophysical, biochemical, and cell-based assays demonstrate Hsp90 and Hsc70 play overlapping roles in the processing of CTA1. Using SPR we determined that Hsp90 and Hsc70 could bind independently to CTA1 at distinct locations with high affinity, even in the absence of the Hop linker. Studies using isotope-edited FTIR spectroscopy found that, like Hsp90, Hsc70 induces a gain-of-structure in unfolded CTA1. The interaction between CTA1 and Hsc70 is essential for intoxication, as an RNAi-induced loss of the Hsc70 protein generates a toxin-resistant phenotype. Further analysis using isotope-edited FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated that the addition of both Hsc70 and Hsp90 to unfolded CTA1 produced a gain-of-structure above that of the individual chaperones. Our data suggest that CTA1 translocation involves a ratchet mechanism which couples the Hsp90-mediated refolding of CTA1 with extraction from the ER. The subsequent binding of Hsc70 further refolds CTA1 in a manner not previously observed in foldosome complex formation. The interaction of CTA1 with these chaperones is essential to intoxication and this work elucidates details of the intoxication process not previously known.
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Molecular Biology and Microbiology
Medicine
Biomedical Sciences

Dagens elektroniska patientjournalsystem har begränsade möjligheter att på likartat sätt strukturera och lagra patientinformation. Det är en anledning till att det är problem med att utbyta patientjournaldata mellan olika system. Detta försvårar bland annat forskning och tillgänglighet till patientinformation. Brist på tillgänglighet minskar i sin tur möjligheten att ge en god vård oberoende av var patienten befinner sig.

Inom projektet openEHR har en idé med så kallade arketyper tagits fram som ett enhetligt sätt att strukturera utbytbar patientjournaldata för att möta framtida krav på patientjournaler och patientjournalsystem. Arketyper är formella modeller av kliniska informationsentiteter, exempelvis blodtryck. De byggs upp av restriktioner, struktur och termer med eventuella bindningar till medicinska terminologisystem. Dessutom kopplas medicinsk kunskap i arketyperna fri från journalsystemen.

Syftet med examensarbetet har varit att utveckla ett verktyg, en så kallad arketypeditor, som kan användas för att skapa och redigera arketyper. Utöver detta skulle möjligheterna undersökas att i verktyget implementera en koppling till medicinska terminologisystem. Utvecklingen har skett i en iterativ process med fokus på användbarhet och stabilitet. Det har även ingått att ta reda på syftet med en arketypeditor.

Resultatet är ett plattformsoberoende och stabilt verktyg som är utvecklat enligt användbarhetsprinciper med koppling till terminologisystemet Unified Medical Language System (UMLS). En arketypeditors syfte i ett bredare perspektiv är att lösa brister i dagens medicinska informationssystem som tas upp i denna rapport. Trots att openEHR-projektet är nytt finns det många tekniskt gångbara idéer, men det finns även problem som beror på för lite praktisk testning och tillämpning.

Present-day electronic health record systems have limited possibilities to structure and store patient information in a similarly manner. This causes problems with exchanging patient record data between different systems and it gives rise to problems with, among other things, research and patient information availability. Lack of availability will in turn decrease the possibility of giving good care irrespective of where the patient is located.

Within the openEHR project an idea with so called archetypes has been introduced as a uniform way to structure exchangeable patient record data in order to meet future requirements on electronic health records and systems. Archetypes are formal models of clinical information entities, for example blood pressure. They are constructed from constraints, structure and terms which may have bindings to medical terminology systems. Furthermore, medical knowledge in the archetypes is separated from the patient record systems.

The purpose of the thesis has been to develop a tool, a so called archetype editor, that can be used to create and edit archetypes. In addition, the possibilities of implementing a connection to medical terminology systems should be explored. The development has followed an iterative process with focus on stability and usability. Another task has also been to find out the purpose with an archetype editor.

The result is a platform-independent and stable tool, developed according to usability principles with a connection to the terminology system Unified Medical Language System (UMLS). An archetype editor’s purpose in a wider perspective is to solve shortcomings in medical information systems of today, which are brought up in this thesis. Although the openEHR project is new, there are many technically applicable ideas but also problems because of insufficient practical testing and application.

This is an exegesis, investigating the concept of trend of thought, as a motivation influencing the structure of non-linear storytelling in film. It journeys through the production of a 32min short drama entitled, Queue, following its evolution from the early stages of the script to the completed film. Through a self-analysis of my role as a writer, director and editor, I identified the priorities and emphasis placed on the various aspects of the story and film production at each stage. The thesis shows the growth the film has taken simply by allowing itself to follow the trends of thoughts of the characters within the script. While focusing its investigation on other known films that have been successful with non-linear structure, this study also examines the very nature of what non-linear is, and the various methods of non-linear plot and story structures, as a medium of storytelling in cinema. Finally this thesis concludes that the theory of the trend of thought can be a good concept to use as an influence in finding a motivation for a non-linear story structure, as I have found it useful, in the making of Queue.

TEMPEST is a full-screen text editor that incorporates a structural paradigm in addition to the more traditional textual paradigm provided by most editors. While the textual paradigm treats the text as a sequence of characters, the structural paradigm treats it as a collection of named blocks which the user can define, group, and manipulate. Blocks can be defined to correspond to the structural features of he text, thereby providing more meaningful objects to operate on than characters of lines. The structural representation of the text is kept in the background, giving TEMPEST the appearance of a typical text editor. The structural and textual interfaces coexist equally, however, so one can always operate on the text from wither point of view. TEMPEST's representation scheme provides no semantic understanding of structure. This approach sacrifices depth, but affords a broad range of applicability and requires very little computational overhead. A prototype has been implemented to illustrate the feasibility and potential areas of application of the central ideas. It was developed and runs on an IBM Personal Computer.

Chapter I: Mitochondrial transcript maturation in African trypanosomes requires an RNA editing reaction that is characterized by the insertion and deletion of U-nucleotides into otherwise non-functional mRNAs. The reaction is catalyzed by editosomes and requires guide (g)RNAs as templates. Recent data demonstrate that the binding of pre-edited mRNAs to editosomes is followed by a chaperone-type RNA remodeling reaction. Here we map the changes in RNA folding using selective 2’-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE). We demonstrate that pre-mRNAs in their free state adopt intricately folded, highly stable 2D-structures. Editosome binding renders the pre-mRNAs to adopt 2D-conformations of reduced stabilities. On average about 30% of the nucleotides in every pre-mRNA are affected with a prevalence for U-nucleotides. The data demonstrate that the chaperone activity acts by increasing the flexibility of U-residues to lower their base-pairing probability. This results in a simplified RNA folding landscape with a reduced energy barrier to facilitate the binding of gRNAs. The data provide a first rational for the enigmatic U−specificity of the editing reaction. Chapter II: Mitochondrial transcript maturation in African trypanosomes requires a U-nucleotide specific RNA editing reaction. In its most extreme form hundreds of U’s are inserted into and deleted from primary transcripts to generate functional mRNAs. Unfortunately, the evolutionary origin and the biological necessity of the process have remained enigmatic. Here we report a so far unrecognized structural feature of pre-edited mRNAs, which suggests a defined evolutionary origin. We demonstrate that the cryptic pre-mRNAs contain numerous clustered G-nt, which fold into G-quadruplex (GQ) structures. We identified 27 GQ’s in the different pre-mRNAs and demonstrate a positive correlation between the steady state abundance of guide (g)RNAs and the sequence position of GQ elements. We postulate that the driving force for selecting G-rich sequences lies in the formation of DNA/RNA hybrid G-quadruplex (HQ) structures between the pre-edited transcripts and the non-template strands of mitochondrial DNA. HQ’s are transcription termination and replication initiation sites and thus guarantee an unperturbed replication of the mt-genome. This is essential for maintaining the life cycle of the parasite. In the transcription-on state, the identified GQ’s require editing as a GQ-resolving activity suggesting that the two processes coevolved and identifying the cell- and life-cycle of the parasite as evolutionary forces. Chapter III: Mitochondrial transcript maturation in African trypanosomes requires an RNA editing reaction in which non-functional pre-mRNAs are converted into translatable mRNAs. While the reaction is characterized by the site-specific insertion and deletion of exclusively U-nucleotides, some transcripts are edited through the insertion of hundreds of U’s, showcasing the cryptic nature of the various pre-mRNAs. In addition to the lack of nucleotide information, the different RNAs are further characterized by an unusual high G-content and as a consequence the formation of thermodynamically highly stable 2D-structures in the majority of cases even involving multiple G-quadruplex (GQ)-folds. Unfortunately, it is not clear whether these structures resemble the in vivo folds of the different RNAs given the extreme volume exclusion i.e. “crowding” conditions within the trypanosome mitochondrion. Here we analyze the effect(s) of volume exclusion on the structure of the mitochondrial RPS12 pre-mRNA. We use polyethylene glycol (PEG)4000 as a neutral macromolecular cosolute to mimick intra-mitochondrial solvent conditions and we monitor the structure of the RNA on a global scale and with nucleotide resolution. We demonstrate that macromolecular crowding has no impact on the 2D-fold of the RPS12 pre-mRNA and we conclude that the determined minimal free energy (MFE)-structure in dilute solvent conditions represent a good proxy for the folding of the RPS12 pre-mRNA within its mitochondrial solvent context. Chapter IV: African trypanosomes cause a parasitic disease known as sleeping sickness. Mitochondrial transcript maturation in these organisms requires a RNA editing reaction that is characterized by the insertion and deletion of U-nucleotides into otherwise non-functional mRNAs. Editing represents an ideal target for a parasite-specific therapeutic intervention since the reaction cycle is absent in the infected host. In addition, editing relies on a macromolecular protein complex, the editosome, that only exists in the parasite. Therefore, all attempts to search for editing interfering compounds have been focused on molecules that bind to proteins of the editing machinery. However, in analogy to other RNA-driven biochemical pathways it should be possible to stall the reaction by targeting its substrate RNAs. Here we demonstrate inhibition of editing by specific aminoglycosides. The molecules bind into the major groove of the gRNA/pre-mRNA editing substrates thereby causing a stabilization of the RNA molecules through charge compensation and an increase in stacking. The data shed light on mechanistic details of the editing process and identify critical parameters for the development of new trypanocidal compounds.

Магистерская диссертация посвящена проблеме подготовки учебного издания по компьютерной верстке, отвечающего требованиям специалистов и удовлетворяющего потребности читателей. Цель исследования – на основе редакторского анализа разработать рекомендации для учебного пособия по верстке. Объектом исследования стали пособия по компьютерной верстке. Предметом – структурно-содержательные особенности пособий по компьютерной верстке. Магистерская диссертация «Редакторский анализ пособий по компьютерной верстке» состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения и библиографического списка, включающего 71 наименование. В первой главе диссертации учебное пособие охарактеризовано как вид издания, определен ряд критериев, отличающих учебное пособие от учебника. В ходе работы с научными источниками были выделены и проанализированы требования специалистов к структуре, содержанию, языку и стилю учебных изданий, а также выявлены важные характеристики учебной книги с точки зрения читательской аудитории. На основе сравнительного анализа этих точек зрения сделаны выводы о роли, которой наделяют учебные издания специалисты и читатели. Вторая глава содержит характеристику структурно-содержательные особенности шестнадцати пособий по компьютерной верстке, представленных на рынке и доступных для обучающихся. Выявленные особенности соотнесены с требованиями к учебным изданиям, сформулированными в первой главе. На основе собранного материала представлен список рекомендаций по подготовке учебного пособия по компьютерной верстке. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы как при создании учебного пособия по компьютерной верстке по заказу кафедры Издательского дела, так и для подготовки современных и качественных изданий по другим дисциплинам.
Master’s thesis is devoted to the matter of preparation of desktop publishing study aid which meets specialists’ requirements and satisfies readers’ needs. The purpose of the research is to develop recommendations for desktop publishing study aid basing on editorial analysis. Research object is desktop publishing study aids. Subject matter is structural and content features of the desktop publishing study aids. Master’s thesis “Editorial analysis of desktop publishing study aids” consists of introduction, two chapters, conclusion and bibliography containing 71 source materials. First chapter characterizes study aid as a types of publication, defines a set of criteria differentiating study aid from textbook. During the process of working with scientific sources, specialists’ requirements for structure, content, language and style of study publications were identified and analyzed; in addition significant features of study aid from reader’s perspective were identified as well. Basing on the comparative analysis of these points of view conclusions on the role assigned to the study aids by both specialists and readers were drawn. Second chapter comprises characteristic of structural and content features of sixteen desktop publishing study aids found on the market and available for students. Detected features are compared to the requirements for study aids formulated in the first chapter. The list of recommendations for preparation of desktop publishing study aid is formulated in accordance with the gathered material. The research results may be used for both creating desktop publishing study aid on request by Faculty of Publishing and preparation contemporary high-quality publications dedicated to other disciplines.