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1
Sagara, Naohiko. "Association of ectomycorrhizal fungi with decomposed animal wastes in forest habitats: a cleaning symbiosis?" Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (31 de diciembre de 1995): 1423–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-406.
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A new tripartite relationship among animals, fungi, and plants, based on formation of ectomycorrhiza and on removal of animal wastes, is described. In forest habitats where animal wastes such as urine or faeces or dead bodies, mainly of mammals, have been deposited, a particular group of fungi form reproductive structures successionally after the apparent decomposition of the wastes. This natural event can be simulated by application to the soil of urea, aqueous ammonia, or nitrogen compounds that release ammonia on decomposition. Both field observations and simulation experiments show that, when these events take place in forests of ectomycorrhizal trees, ectomycorrhizal fungi fruit during the late phase in the succession. Ectomycorrhizas are in fact observed in the soils colonized by these fungi. Among these fungi, Hebeloma spp., Laccaria spp., and a few others colonize commonly in various waste sites, while Hebeloma radicosum colonizes specifically in moles’ deserted middens (latrines) near their nests. The animals involved here as waste depositors or cadavers seem not to feed on the fungi and the plants but may depend on them for cleaning their own habitats, since mycorrhizas should readily remove products derived from wastes. The tripartite relationship described may be viewed as a cleaning symbiosis. Key words: animal waste, ammonia, postputrefaction fungi, Hebeloma, ectomycorrhiza, cleaning symbiosis.
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Wulandari, Arum Sekar y Siti Jaenab. "Combination Between Root Pruning and Inoculation Time of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi on Improving Growth of Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L) Seedling PENGARUH KOMBINASI PEMANGKASAN AKAR DAN WAKTU INOKULASI FUNGI EKTOMIKORIZA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT MELINJO". Journal of Tropical Silviculture 7, n.º 3 (11 de enero de 2017): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/j-siltrop.7.3.217-222.
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The inoculation of ectomycorrhizal fungi that conducted after root pruning could increase the colonization of ectomycorrhizal fungi and growth of melinjo seedling. This research aimed to study the effect of root pruning and inoculation time of ectomycorrhizal fungi on the growth of melinjo seedlings (Gnetum gnemon L). The research were tested in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design with 2 factors for 33 weeks. The first factor is the root pruning (no root pruning as a control, and root pruning 30%). The second factor is the time fungi inoculation (inoculation in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th week after root pruning). The combination of root pruning and inoculation time of ectomycorrhizal fungi effected to the growth of melinjo seedlings. The best growth obtained from combination (1) no root pruning and inoculated by ectomycorrhizal fungi in the 1st week, and (2) root pruning 30% and inoculated by ectomycorrhizal fungi in the 3rd week.Key words: ectomycorrhiza, Gnetum gnemon, inoculation time, root pruning, Scleroderma
3
Reddell, Paul, Victoria Gordon y Michael S. Hopkins. "Ectomycorrhizas in Eucalyptus tetrodonta and E. miniata Forest Communities in Tropical Northern Australia and their Role in the Rehabilitation of these Forests Following Mining". Australian Journal of Botany 47, n.º 6 (1999): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97126.
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The importance of ectomycorrhizas in Eucalyptus tetrodonta F.Muell. and E. miniata Cunn. ex Schauer dominated forests and woodland communities in the monsoonal tropics of northern Australia was assessed. Ectomycorrhizas colonised between 24 and 54% of final order lateral roots in soil cores collected at 16 native forest sites. Only a minority of the plant species present formed ectomycorrhizas (mainly eucalypts and acacias) but these species contributed more than 75% of the basal area. More than 70 species of putative ectomycorrhizal fungi were collected, with three hypogeous taxa (Nothocastoreum, Hysterangium and an undescribed Boletaceae) most frequently encountered. Glasshouse inoculation experiments confirmed that a diverse range of fungi was capable of forming ectomycorrhizas with E. tetrodonta and E. miniata seedlings, and that the growth of both species could be substantially increased by inoculation with specific fungi. The fungi most effective in increasing seedling growth were generally those which most extensively colonised the seedling roots. A second component of this study investigated the requirements for ectomycorrhizal fungi in native forest rehabilitation following mining. Ectomycorrhizal infectivity was low in disturbed soils and mine spoil materials, with the intensity of disturbance and the presence of regrowth vegetation key determinants of the level of infectivity. Inoculation of seedlings of E. miniata with spores of ectomycorrhizal fungi increased both growth and leaf phosphorus concentrations by between two- and three-fold at 7 months after planting out on a waste rock dump devoid of native ectomycorrhizal propagules. The application of these findings to minesite rehabilitation in the region, and the feasibility of using spores for broad-scale inoculation, are discussed.
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Wilson, Andrew W., Erik A. Hobbie y David S. Hibbett. "The ectomycorrhizal status of Calostoma cinnabarinum determined using isotopic, molecular, and morphological methods". Canadian Journal of Botany 85, n.º 4 (abril de 2007): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b07-026.
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Calostoma cinnabarinum Corda belongs to the suborder Sclerodermatineae (Boletales), which includes many well-known ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes, but the genus Calostoma has been described as saprotrophic. This study combines isotopic, molecular, and morphological techniques to determine the mode of nutrition of C. cinnabarinum. δ13C and δ15N measurements were compared among co-occurring C. cinnabarinum, ectomycorrhizal fungi, saprotrophic fungi, and ectomycorrhizal plants. Isotopic profiles of C. cinnabarinum resembled those of ectomycorrhizal fungi but not those of saprotrophic fungi. For molecular analyses, ectomycorrhizal root tips were extracted from soil cores collected beneath C. cinnabarinum fruit bodies. Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) sequences were obtained from ectomycorrhizal root tips using fungal-specific primers and screened against C. cinnabarinum nrITS sequences. Ectomycorrhizal root tips had nrITS sequences that matched C. cinnabarinum fruiting bodies. Root tips colonized by C. cinnabarinum were also described morphologically. Several morphological characters were shared between fruiting bodies and ectomycorrhizal root tips of C. cinnabarinum. Results of isotopic, molecular, and morphological analyses indicate that C. cinnabarinum is ectomycorrhizal. Molecular analysis and observations of plant associations suggest that C. cinnabarinum forms ectomycorrhizae with Quercus .
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Kropp, Bradley R. y Charles-Gilles Langlois. "Ectomycorrhizae in reforestation". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 1990): 438–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-061.
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In view of the possible applications of ectomycorrhizae to forestry, this paper discusses the important functions of ectomycorrhizae, the conditions affecting their formation, and methods for the production and application of inoculum. A rationale for selecting appropriate ectomycorrhizal fungi and considerations in selecting sites where ectomycorrhizal seedlings should be planted are presented. Suggestions are also made on encouraging the use of ectomycorrhizal technology. A cost–benefit analysis of inoculation is done.
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Samson, Julie y J. A. Fortin. "Ectomycorrhizal fungi of Larix laricina and the interspecific and intraspecific variation in response to temperature". Canadian Journal of Botany 64, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 1986): 3020–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-399.
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The ability of tamarack to form ectomycorrhizae with different fungi was investigated by using a pouch technique. Ninety-one out of 109 fungal isolates from 25 different species formed ectomycorrhizae on larch seedlings. Tamarack displays strong specificity for ectomycorrhizal fungi identified as sporocarp-specific to larch under field conditions: Suillus grevillei, S. cavipes. Fuscoboletinus aeruginascens, F. spectabilis, F. paluster, and F. grisellus. These fungal species induced more rapid and extensive ectomycorrhizal development in growth pouches than the other less specialized fungi. Radial growth rates on Petri dishes of isolates of these six bolete species were observed at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C, to study interspecific and intraspecific variation. The results demonstrated strong intraspecific variations and suggest a great genetic variability of the physiological activity within ectomycorrhizal species. Interspecific comparisons, however, revealed that some species possessed characteristic behaviours in response to temperature. As compared with a "high-temperature fungus," Pisolithus tinctorius, the bolete species showed distinct adaptations and tolerances to low and high temperatures. No consistent relationship was established between geographical origin of the fungal isolates and their growth rates. The results are discussed in relation to the selection of ectomycorrhizal fungi potentially used inoculum in forestry practice.
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Ronikier, Michał y Piotr Mleczko. "Observations on the mycorrhizal status of Polygonum viviparum in the Polish Tatra Mts. (Western Carpathians)". Acta Mycologica 41, n.º 2 (23 de diciembre de 2013): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2006.023.
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<em>Polygonum viviparum</em> is one of very few herbaceous plants known to form ectomycorrhiza; in the Tatra Mts. it is one of dominants in the alpine zone, but also descends down to the feet of the massif. Specimens of this plant were collected from 5 sites at the altitude range 900– 2150 m, from granite and limestone. It allowed an estimation of the ectomycorrhizal diversity as well as preliminary ecological observations. Roots were also stained in order to check potential presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization. Ectomycorrhizae were present in all specimens (with 2–5 morphotypes observed on single plants). In total, 17 morphotypes were observed and briefly described. The most widespread were the mycorrhiza of <em>Cenococcum geophilum<em> and a brightly coloured morphotype resembling the ectomycorrhizae of <em>Russula</em> sp. No important differences in ectomycorrhizal colonization between low and high localities were found. Observed general differences in abundance and diversity of mycorrhiza in <em>P. viviparum</em> between sites could most probably be connected with plant community composition (presence/absence of ectomycorrhizal shrubs maintaining ectomycorrhizal fungi), although mycorrhizae were present also in sites devoid of other ectomycorrhizal plants. Structures associated to arbuscular colonization (vesicles, hyphal coils) were occassionally observed, but without formation of arbuscules.
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Cullings, Kenneth W., Detlev R. Vogler, Virgil T. Parker y Sara Katherine Finley. "Ectomycorrhizal Specificity Patterns in a MixedPinus contorta and Picea engelmannii Forest in Yellowstone National Park". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 2000): 4988–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.11.4988-4991.2000.
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ABSTRACT We used molecular genetic methods to test two hypotheses, (i) that host plant specificity among ectomycorrhizal fungi would be common in a closed-canopy, mixed Pinus contorta-Picea engelmanniiforest in Yellowstone National Park and (ii) that specificity would be more common in the early successional tree species, P. contorta, than in the invader, P. engelmannii. We identified 28 ectomycorrhizal fungal species collected from 27 soil cores. The proportion of P. engelmannii to P. contorta ectomycorrhizae was nearly equal (52 and 48%, respectively). Of the 28 fungal species, 18 composed greater than 95% of the fungal community. No species was associated exclusively withP. contorta, but four species, each found in only one core, and one species found in two cores were associated exclusively withP. engelmannii. These fungi composed less than 5% of the total ectomycorrhizae. Thus, neither hypothesis was supported, and hypothesized benefits of ectomycorrhizal specificity to both trees and fungi probably do not exist in this system.
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Hutchison, Leonard J. y Yves Piché. "Effects of exogenous glucose on mycorrhizal colonization in vitro by early-stage and late-stage ectomycorrhizal fungi". Canadian Journal of Botany 73, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 1995): 898–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-098.
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Under aseptic conditions, seedlings of 12 common tree species found in eastern Canada (Alnus rugosa, Betula papyrifera, Betula alleghaniensis, Abies balsamea, Tsuga Canadensis, Pinus strobes, Pinus resinosa, Pinus banksiana, Larix laricina, Picea glauca, Picea mariana, and Picea rubens) were inoculated with 10 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi (Piloderma bicolour, Lactarius thyinos, Lactarius subpurpureus, Lactarius torminosus, Hebeloma longicaudum, Cenococcum geophilum, Suillus sinuspaulianus, Suillus tomentosus, Leccinum holopus, and Boletinus paluster) in the absence or presence of exogenous glucose (2 g/L). Early-stage ectomycorrhizal colonizers with a broad host range (e.g., H. longicaudum) appeared to be less dependent upon the exogenous carbohydrate supply for successful formation of ectomycorrhizae than were host-specific late-stage ectomycorrhizal colonizers (e.g., Lactarius subpurpureus). Further investigations revealed, however, that while levels of exogenous glucose (1.0 and 10.0 g/L) increased mycelial growth of late-stage ectomycorrhizal colonizers, a detrimental effect on the growth of the seedlings took place in the presence of these fungi, rather than a concurrent increase in colonization and infection of the host roots. It is suggested that secondary fungal metabolites toxic to the plants are released as a consequence of increased mycelial growth in response to an increase in glucose concentrations. Thus, when dealing with late-stage ectomycorrhizal colonizers and host plants in mycorrhizal synthesis experiments, the exogenous glucose concentration is critical. Key words: early-stage fungi, late-stage fungi, ectomycorrhizae, glucose, root colonization, fungal metabolites.
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Horton, Thomas R., Thomas D. Bruns y V. Thomas Parker. "Ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Arctostaphylos contribute to Pseudotsuga menziesii establishment". Canadian Journal of Botany 77, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 1999): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-208.
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Chaparral on the central coast of California can occur as relatively stable patches of ectomycorrhizal Arctostaphylos directly adjacent to arbuscular mycorrhizal Adenostoma. Vegetation surveys and seedling survival assays show that Pseudotsuga establishes only in Arctostaphylos. We found no significant differences between Arctostaphylos and Adenostoma in allelopathy; light; temperature; or soil NH4+, NO3-, or K. Arctostaphylos soils tended to be higher in phosphate and were lower in pH, Ca, Mg, Ni, and Cr than those from Adenostoma. After 1 year of growth of Pseudotsuga seedlings in an Arctostaphylos patch, 17 species of fungi colonized both Pseudotsuga and Arctostaphylos. Fifty-six of 66 seedlings were colonized by fungi that also colonized Arctostaphylos within the same soil core. Forty-nine percent of the Pseudotsuga ectomycorrhizal biomass was colonized by fungi that were also associated with Arctostaphylos within the same core. Another 12% was colonized by fungi known to associate with Arctostaphylos from different cores. After 4 months of growth, Pseudotsuga seedlings in four of five Arctostaphylos plots were ectomycorrhizal and colonized by fungi in Russulaceae, Thelephoraceae, and Amanitaceae. Pseudotsuga seedlings in two of five Adenostoma plots were ectomycorrhizal but colonized by only two species of fungi in Thelephoraceae. These results provide compelling evidence that ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Arctostaphylos contribute to Pseudotsuga seedling establishment.Key words: arbutoid, Douglas-fir, ectomycorrhizae, manzanita, RFLP, PCR.
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Brunner, I. L., F. Brunner y O. K. Miller Jr. "Ectomycorrhizal synthesis with Alaskan Alnus tenuifolia". Canadian Journal of Botany 68, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 1990): 761–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-101.
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The ability of Alnus tenuifolia to form ectomycorrhizae with potential ectomycorrhizal fungi was investigated. Alnus tenuifolia seedlings raised in growth pouches were inoculated with Frankia to induce nodulation and then with a putative ectomycorrhizal fungus. The fungi used were collected in nearly pure A. tenuifolia stands in Alaska or were found in Alnus nepalensis stands in Nepal. Five species of putative ectomycorrhizal symbionts of alders were tested. Alpova diplophloeus and Paxillus filamentosus formed both mantle and Hartig net. Cortinarius cf. saturninus developed a mantle but no Hartig net. Hebeloma cf. crustuliniforme and Gyrodon lividus developed neither mantle nor Hartig net. This is the first report of synthesis of P. filamentosus and C. cf. saturninus with Alnus. The ectomycorrhizal status of the genus Gyrodon is discussed, since in vitro synthesis has not yet been demonstrated. Synthesis with A. diplophloeus and H. crustuliniforme did not result in ectomycorrhizal formations with nonnodulated alder seedlings.
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FURTADO, Ariadne N. M., Marco LEONARDI, Ornella COMANDINI, Andrea C. RINALDI y Maria Alice NEVES. "Guapirioid ectomycorrhiza: a novel fungus-plant subtype is described associated to Guapira opposita (Nyctaginaceae) in the Brazilian restinga". Forest Systems 32, n.º 2 (12 de junio de 2023): e009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2023322-19998.
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Aim of study: Despite its recognized ecosystemic importance, knowledge about mycorrhizal associations in Brazil is still dearth, and the diversity of the native mycorrhizal fungi remains unknown. In this study, we characterized morpho-anatomically and molecularly the ectomycorrhizae found associated with Guapira opposita in the restinga, vegetation established on sandy soil.
Area of study: Coastal of the Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil, Florianópolis: Parque Natural Municipal das Dunas da Lagoa da Conceição, Monumento Natural Municipal da Lagoa do Peri and Parque Natural Municipal da Lagoa do Jacaré das Dunas do Santinho.
Material and methods: The ectomycorrhizae found were morphotyped and described according to standard criteria. Plant and fungi were molecularly identified using sequences of the ITS region of rDNA.
Main results: Ten morphotypes were identified associated with G. opposita, including the native threatened species Austroboletus festivus. Members of the clade /tomentella-thelephora were the most representative in our study, with six taxa. Based on particular characteristics, such as short, and simple or long and thin branched ectomycorrhizal systems, close connections between the layered ectomycorrhizal mantle and the cortical root cells, absence of a Hartig net and other fungal elements in the cortex, we propose the name ‘Guapirioid ectomycorrhiza’ for this new morphology.
Research highlights: The results presented in this work confirm the presence of ectomycorrhizae in the restinga and suggest the existence of a diversity, above and below-ground, much greater than previously known. Furthermore, our data confirm the morphological and possibly ecological differences of tropical ectomycorrhizae from those known from temperate forests.
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Ducousso, Marc, Robin Duponnois, Daniel Thoen y Yves Prin. "Diversity of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Associated withEucalyptusin Africa and Madagascar". International Journal of Forestry Research 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/450715.
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Use of the Australian genusEucalyptusin short rotation plantations in Africa and Madagascar has developed over the last century to such an extent that it is becoming the most frequently planted genus in Africa. In order to find ecologically well-adapted eucalypts, foresters have tested different species of various origins and the number of testedEucalyptusspecies now exceeds 150 in Africa. Due to the ability of eucalypts to naturally form ectomycorrhizae, even in the absence of any controlled introduction of compatible ectomycorrhizal fungal partners, their introduction in new ecosystems has direct consequences for ectomycorrhizal fungus communities. A bibliographical compilation, together with original field observations on putative ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with eucalypts in Africa and in Madagascar, has been drawn up in two lists: one for Africa and one for Madagascar where surprisingly high fungal diversity was observed. The level of diversity, the putative origin of the fungi, and their potential impact on native ectomycorrhizal fungi are discussed. The development of eucalypts plantations will inexorably lead to the increase of exotic fungal species being potentially invasive in the considered region.
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Wurzburger, Nina, Martin I. Bidartondo y Caroline S. Bledsoe. "Characterization of Pinus ectomycorrhizas from mixed conifer and pygmy forests using morphotyping and molecular methods". Canadian Journal of Botany 79, n.º 10 (1 de octubre de 2001): 1211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b01-079.
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We used morphotyping and molecular methods to characterize ectomycorrhizas of bishop pine (Pinus muricata D. Don) and Bolander pine (Pinus contorta ssp. bolanderi (Parl.) Critchf.) from mixed conifer and hydric pygmy forests on the northern California coast. Sixteen ectomycorrhizal morphotypes were described, producing 15 internal transcribed spacer restriction fragment length polymorphism (ITS-RFLP) types, and 12 were identified via ITS sequencing. From a given site, all root tips of a specific morphotype produced identical ITS-RFLP patterns. However, sometimes two morphotypes produced the same ITS-RFLP type, and sometimes samples of the same morphotype from two different sites produced two different ITS-RFLP types. These results indicate that surveys of ectomycorrhizal fungi based on morphology alone are not sufficient, and that grouping morphotypes prior to molecular analysis can expedite the process. Ectomycorrhizas from mixed conifer included Russuloid sp., Tomentella sublilacina (Ellis & Holw.) Wakef., Tuber sp., and two Thelephoroid species. Ectomycorrhizas from hydric pygmy included two Dermocybe spp., a Cortinarius sp., two Thelephoroid spp., and Suillus tomentosus (Kauffman) Singer. Both plant communities contained Cenococcum geophilum Fr.:Fr. The hydric pygmy sites were more similar to each other than to the mixed conifer site (Jaccard similarity). The presence of ectomycorrhizal taxa in one plant community type may reflect biotic (host specificity) or abiotic (soil fertility or hydrology) adaptation.Key words: ectomycorrhiza, bishop pine, Pinus muricata, Bolander pine, Pinus contorta ssp. bolanderi, morphotyping, ITS-RFLP.
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Godbout, C. y J. A. Fortin. "Synthesized ectomycorrhizae of aspen: fungal genus level of structural characterization". Canadian Journal of Botany 63, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 1985): 252–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-029.
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The ability of Populus tremuloides Michx. to form ectomycorrhizae with identified species of fungi was investigated using a pouch technique. Twenty-nine out of 54 fungus species formed ectomycorrhizae on aspen seedlings. Aspen seems to display little specificity for ectomycorrhizal fungi. Only epidermal Hartig nets were observed in the synthesized ectomycorrhizae and periepidermal ones were frequently encountered. Structural and morphological characteristics of ectomycorrhizae are presented by genus of mycorrhizal fungi. This grouping of characters by genus seems possible independently of the host plant. The classification of ectomycorrhizae is viewed in a new way in which structural types would be taxonomically related to the genus of the fungal symbiont.
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Grebenc, Tine, Morten Christensen, Urša Vilhar, Matjaž Čater, María P. Martín, Primož Simončič y Hojka Kraigher. "Response of ectomycorrhizal community structure to gap opening in natural and managed temperate beech-dominated forests". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, n.º 7 (julio de 2009): 1375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x09-072.
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Data on the impact of forest management practices on ectomycorrhizal community structure remains fragmentary and mainly originates from studies in northern coniferous forests. This study focuses on a comparison of ectomycorrhizal communities between canopy gaps and closed canopy areas within natural and managed beech-dominated forests at four locations in Europe. We used high resolution rDNA techniques to identify ectomycorrhiza-forming fungi and attempted to extract potential stand-, gap-, soil-, and selected environmentally derived variables by applying multivariate analysis and ordination for pooling of ecological groups of ectomycorrhiza. A significant reduction of diversity indices, ectomycorrhizal and fine root dynamics, in gaps in comparison with closed canopy stands indicates an effect of forest management practice and the high importance of maintaining and protecting natural forest areas for conservation of soil biodiversity and forest genetic resources. The ordination analysis revealed three groups of ectomycorrhiza correlated with changing environmental conditions. The litter and soil pH, number of beech seedlings, and presence of a gap had a pronounced effect on the ectomycorrhizal community. Combined analysis of ectomycorrhiza and environmental factors using correspondence analysis provided an insight into the ecological preferences of the analysed species and confirmed that environmental factors drive ectomycorrhizal community changes.
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Hawkins, B. J. y J. M. Kranabetter. "Quantifying inorganic nitrogen uptake capacity among ectomycorrhizal fungal species using MIFE microelectrode ion flux measurements: theory and applications". Botany 95, n.º 10 (octubre de 2017): 963–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2017-0028.
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A growing appreciation of the intimate association between trees and a wide diversity of mycorrhizal fungi in forest ecosystems is leading to the view that trees and their associated mycorrhizal symbionts should be considered meta-organisms or holobionts. For ectomycorrhizal associations, nitrogen (N) mobilization and uptake is a major contribution from the fungal partners. This paper reviews the traditional methods of measuring N uptake by ectomycorrhizae, and describes the application of microelectrode ion flux measurement of nitrogen uptake using the MIFETM technique to ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with forest trees. From results obtained with microelectrode ion flux measurement thus far, we argue that plant N uptake capacity should be considered an exogenous trait, related to the functional diversity among ectomycorrhizal species and communities, rather than a function of host plant root physiology, alone.
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Roth, A. L. y S. M. Berch. "Ectomycorrhizae of Douglas-fir and western hemlock seedlings outplanted on eastern Vancouver Island". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 1992): 1646–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x92-218.
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Ectomycorrhizal colonization of container-grown Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) seedlings was determined in a container nursery near Nanaimo, British Columbia, and after one growing season under a range of field conditions on eastern Vancouver Island. The percentage of Douglas-fir and western hemlock short roots colonized by ectomycorrhizal fungi in the nursery was highly variable, but over 99% of the ectomycorrhizae were formed by Thelephoraterrestris Ehrh.:Fr. Between 72 and 93% of the new roots were ectomycorrhizal after one field season, and Thelephoraterrestris remained the dominant fungus in most cases. Rhizopogonvinicolor like ectomycorrhizae were also common on new roots of Douglas-fir. Cenococcumgeophilum Fr. was less common. Douglas-fir seedlings formed 33 morphologically distinct ectomycorrhizae on eight sites within one growing season in the field. Western hemlock formed nine types on a single site.
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Bradbury, S. M. "Ectomycorrhizas of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) seedlings originating from seed in southwestern Alberta cut blocks". Canadian Journal of Botany 76, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 1998): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-171.
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Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) seedlings, originating from seed in three southwestern Alberta cut blocks, were sampled to identify their ectomycorrhizal associates. Fourteen ectomycorrhizal taxa were identified, 10 were common to all three cut blocks, and 12 to two cut blocks. Individual seedlings were colonized by two fungal associates on average and never had more than six fungal associates at one sampling time. Total percent colonization of seedling roots was greater than 50% one year after seed germination and greater than 90% two years after seed germination. Species richness increased throughout the course of the study; however, all but two ectomycorrhizal taxa were found in mature forests nearby. Typical late-stage ectomycorrhizal fungi colonized regenerating lodgepole pine seedlings in the absence of refuge host plants; therefore, either these fungi remained viable in situ between harvesting and regeneration or they migrated back into the cut block once revegetation was initiated.Key words: lodgepole pine seedlings, ectomycorrhiza, percent relative abundance, Alberta cut blocks.
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Bai, Xiao-Ning, Han Hao, Zeng-Hui Hu y Ping-Sheng Leng. "Ectomycorrhizal Inoculation Enhances the Salt Tolerance of Quercus mongolica Seedlings". Plants 10, n.º 9 (27 de agosto de 2021): 1790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10091790.
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Salt stress harms the growth and development of plants, and the degree of soil salinization in North China is becoming increasingly severe. Ectomycorrhiza (ECM) is a symbiotic system formed by fungi and plants that can improve the growth and salt tolerance of plants. No studies to date have examined the salt tolerance of Quercus mongolica, a typical ectomycorrhizal tree species of temperate forests in the northern hemisphere. Here, we inoculated Q. mongolica with two ectomycorrhizal fungi (Gomphidius viscidus; Suillus luteus) under NaCl stress to characterize the effects of ECM. The results showed that the symbiotic relationship of Q. mongolica with G. viscidus was more stable than that with S. luteus. The cross-sectional area of roots increased after inoculation with the two types of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Compared with the control group, plant height, soluble sugar content, and soluble protein content of leaves were 1.62, 2.41, and 2.04 times higher in the G. viscidus group, respectively. Chlorophyll (Chl) content, stomatal conductance (Gs), and intracellular CO2 concentration (Ci) were significantly higher in Q. mongolica inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi than in the control, but differences in the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), and photosystem II maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) were lower. The relative conductivity of Q. mongolica inoculated with the two ectomycorrhizal fungi was consistently lower than that of non-mycorrhizal seedlings, with the effect of G. viscidus more pronounced than that of S. luteus. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content showed a similar pattern. Peroxidase (POD) and catylase (CAT) levels in mycorrhizal seedlings were generally higher than those of non-mycorrhizal seedlings under normal conditions, and were significantly higher than those of non-mycorrhizal seedlings on the 36th and 48th day after salt treatment, respectively. Overall, the results indicated that the salt tolerance of Q. mongolica seedlings was improved by ectomycorrhizal inoculation.
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Hagerman, Shannon M., Stacey M. Sakakibara y Daniel M. Durall. "The potential for woody understory plants to provide refuge for ectomycorrhizal inoculum at an interior Douglas-fir forest after clear-cut logging". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 2001): 711–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-199.
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Clear-cut logging can decrease the amount of inoculum for some ectomycorrhizal fungi. Ectomycorrhizal plants that are not selected for harvest (refuge plants) may, therefore, be important for the maintenance of ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculum in clearcuts following logging. The purpose of this study was to identify refuge plants that could provide ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculum for outplanted seedlings. The ectomycorrhizal status of selected plants was assessed in 1.6-ha clearcuts and in adjacent forest. Over 3 years, 17 and 14 morphotypes were described for Pseudostuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas-fir) and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng, respectively. Ten morphotypes (six of these confirmed with restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns) were shared by both species. Anatomical and molecular analyses revealed that, for the morphotypes observed, ectomycorrhizal fungi formed ectomycorrhizal anatomy when associated with Douglas-fir and arbutoid anatomy with A. uva-ursi. Because advanced regeneration seedlings of Douglas-fir and A. uva-ursi are well distributed throughout this site, these two species have a high potential to provide ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculum for outplanted seedlings. There was no difference in mycorrhizal richness between A. uva-ursi plants sampled from the clearcut and forest in the latter 2 years of the study. Conversely, the richness of ectomycorrhizae associated with Douglas-fir sampled from the forest was significantly greater than for seedlings sampled from the clearcuts.
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Janowski, Daniel, Robin Wilgan, Tomasz Leski, Leszek Karliński y Maria Rudawska. "Effective Molecular Identification of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi: Revisiting DNA Isolation Methods". Forests 10, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 2019): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10030218.
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A better understanding of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis leads to numerous advancements in forest management and environmental protection. The morphological identification of the ectomycorrhizae often proves to be misleading. For this reason, in order to study the ectomycorrhizal fungi communities, a number of molecular methods that require the isolation of nucleic acids are being used. However, ectomycorrhizal root tips, low mass heterogenic material rich in inhibitors, are a recalcitrant substrate in DNA isolation. It is common for published studies to include some number of unidentified root tips in their results, in spite of diverse isolation protocols being available to researchers. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the collected fungal material and later isolation results, and to propose a DNA isolation protocol specifically optimized for ectomycorrhizal root tips. It was found that the taxonomic position can be used to predict the potential isolation efficiency, with Ascomycota being generally more difficult from which to isolate DNA. After a number of cell lysis and lysate purification methods were evaluated, the joined approach of mechanical and chemical lysis, followed by silica column purification, was found to provide the best results, even with recalcitrant material.
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Rao, C. S., G. D. Sharma y A. K. Shukla. "Distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungi in pure stands of different age groups of Pinus kesiya". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1997): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m97-012.
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A study on ectomycorrhizae and mycorrhizal fungi of Pinus kesiya (Royle ex Gordon) in 2-, 4-, 11-, and 17-year-old pine plantations was carried out. Thirteen mycorrhizal fungi forming ectomycorrhiza with khasi pine were observed. Diversity index of mycorrhizal fungi was directly proportional to the age of the pine stand. The maximum number of fungal species was observed in the oldest stand. Evenness of the sheathing mycorrhizal fungi was also increased with the increase in age of pine. The sporocarps of Boletus luteus, Scleroderma aurantium, Tricholoma saponaceum, and Hygrophorus limacinus were observed as an early colonizing fungi with Pinus kesiya. However, in older plantations Russula lepida and Amanita phalloides were observed as late stage fungi. Boletus luteus and Scleroderma aurantium were dominant species in all the pine stands. Sporocarps of mycorrhizal fungi were maximum during the rainy season and minimum during the winter months. A positive correlation was observed between the number of ectomycorrhizae and mycorrhizal infection with soil moisture, soil pH, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, and organic matter of the soil. The number of sporocarps exhibited a positive significant correlation with soil moisture content in all the plantations.Key words: ectomycorrhiza, fungi, physicochemical characters, Pinus kesiya.
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N. M. Furtado, Ariadne, Marco Leonardi, Ornella Comandini, Maria Alice Neves y Andrea C. Rinaldi. "Restinga ectomycorrhizae: a work in progress". F1000Research 12 (22 de marzo de 2023): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.131558.1.
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Background: The Brazilian Atlantic Forest is one of the most biodiverse terrestrial ecoregions of the world. Among its constituents, restinga vegetation makes a particular case, acting as a buffer zone between the oceans and the forest. Covering some 80% of Brazilian coastline (over 7,300 km in length), restinga is a harsh environment where plants and fungi interact in complex ways that just now are beginning to be unveiled. Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, in particular, plays a so far ungauged and likely underestimated role. We recently described the morpho-anatomical and molecular features of the ectomycorrhizae formed by several basidiomycetous mycobionts on the host plant Guapira opposita, but the mycorrhizal biology of restinga is still largely unexplored. Here, we report new data on the ectomycorrhizal fungal symbionts of G. opposita, based on the collection of sporomata and ectomycorrhizal root tips in restinga stands occurring in southern Brazil. Methods: To obtain a broader view of restinga mycorrhizal and ecological potential, we compiled a comprehensive and up-to-date checklist of fungal species reported or supposed to establish ectomycorrhizae on restinga-inhabiting host plants, mainly on the basis of field observations. Results: Our list comprises some 726 records, 74 of which correspond to putative ectomycorrhizal taxa specifically associated with restinga. These include several members of Boletaceae, Amanita, Tomentella/Thelephora, Russula/Lactifluus, and Clavulina, as well as hypogeous fungi, like the recently described Longistriata flava. Conclusions: Our survey reveals a significant diversity of the restinga ectomycorrhizal mycobiota, indicating the importance of this symbiosis for the ecological functioning of a unique yet poorly known and threatened ecosystem.
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Fellner, Rostislav y Vitězslava Pešková. "Effects of industrial pollutants on ectomycorrhizal relationships in temperate forests". Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (31 de diciembre de 1995): 1310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-392.
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A conspicuous decline of macromycetes, especially in ectomycorrhizal species, has been described in the last decade in various parts of temperate Europe. It has been argued that changes in population of these fungi can be attributed to direct or indirect effects of air pollution. In view of the fact that in central Europe these changes preceded a visual damaging of forest or even its decline, it seems that many ectomycorrhizal fungi are very suitable bioindicators of the disturbance of forest ectotrophic stability. Defined stages of this disturbance can be linked directly to particular phases of impoverishment of ectomycorrhizal mycocoenoses and of enrichment of lignicolous mycocoenoses. These conclusions have been obtained from long-term research in permanent plots (1000–2500 m2) in spruce and recently also in oak and beech forests in the Czech Republic, but it seems that they are valid generally, at least in temperate forests. The analyses of proper mycorrhizae from the same plots confirmed data obtained from fruiting bodies. Both the percentage of ectomycorrhizal species and the ratio of active mycorrhizae are highly sensitive to some outer impact to forest ecosystems (air pollution, acidification, fertilization); their decrease is in negative correlation to the strong defoliation of trees and can be used for the prediction of next development in locality, at least in comparable stands, i.e., in the case of similar density of active mycorrhizae and analogous water stress. Key words: air pollution, ectomycorrhizae, ectomycorrhizal fungi, temperate forests, forest stability.
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Hauer, Richard y Jeffrey Dawson. "Growth and Iron Sequestering of Pin Oak (Quercus Palustris) Seedlings Inoculated with Soil Containing Ectomycorrhizal Fungi". Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 22, n.º 3 (1 de mayo de 1996): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1996.019.
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Ectomycorrhiza formation, biomass production, and iron accumulation were determined for pin oak (Quercus palustris) seedlings grown for 2 years in acidic (5.5 pH) or alkaline (7.5 pH) media and inoculated with soil from 1 of 3 sites: 1) a native pin oak forest, 2) an urban site with chlorotic pin oak trees, or 3) an urban site with non-chlorotic pin oak trees. Ectomycorrhiza formation on pin oak roots was similar for soil inocula from all 3 sites, similar for both pH treatments, and lacking on non-ectomycorrhizal seedlings that had been inoculated with autoclaved soil. Seedling biomass was greater in the acidic medium than the alkaline medium. Inoculated seedlings in the alkaline treatment had greater biomass than uninfected control seedlings inoculated with autoclaved soil in the alkaline treatment. The mean iron concentration of seedlings grown in the acidic medium (54.3 ppm) was significantly greater than that of seedlings grown in the alkaline medium (48.7 ppm). Inoculated seedlings had similar mean leaf iron concentrations despite pH differences (49.3 ppm under acidic conditions and 52.7 ppm under alkaline conditions). Mean leaf iron concentration was lowest for the uninoculated seedlings in alkaline medium (44.8 ppm), suggesting that ectomycorrhizae contribute to iron accumulation in pin oak under alkaline soil conditions. Results indicate that ectomycorrhizae influence both growth and iron sequestering under iron-limiting conditions and that some urban soils harbor infective pin oak eetomycorrhizal fungi.
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Kranabetter, J. M. y T. Wylie. "Ectomycorrhizal community structure across forest openings on naturally regenerated western hemlock seedlings". Canadian Journal of Botany 76, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 1998): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-180.
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We examined the diversity and distribution of ectomycorrhizal morphotypes on naturally regenerated western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) seedlings across small forest openings (50-75 m in diameter) in northwest British Columbia. The total and average morphotype richness decreased across the 4-year-old forest openings despite the rapid establishment of western hemlock and lack of soil disturbance. Average fungal richness decreased from 13.1 morphotypes under the forest canopy to 9.6 at the forest edge (27% reduction) and to 7.8 in the forest opening (40% reduction). Cenococcum geophilum, Mycelium radicis atrovirens, and Lactarius I were the most abundant ectomycorrhizae at each gap position, and none of the ectomycorrhizal fungi found in openings were eliminated by "late-stage" fungi in mature stands. This fungal distribution supports the "multistage" concept of ectomycorrhizal succession. Seedlings under the forest canopy had a total of 38 fungal morphotypes in a relatively even distribution pattern that corresponded well to the "random niche boundary" hypothesis. Fungal distributions were progressively less even for seedlings at the forest edge and opening than for seedlings beneath the canopy, perhaps because reduced fungal diversity and hyphal inoculum had affected the competitive balance of the ectomycorrhizal community.Key words: ectomycorrhizal community, diversity, succession, forest gaps.
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Martin, Francis, Mauritz Ramstedt y Kenneth Söderhäll. "Carbon and nitrogen metabolism in ectomycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizas". Biochimie 69, n.º 6-7 (junio de 1987): 569–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9084(87)90176-3.
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Valentine, L. L., T. L. Fiedler, A. N. Hart, C. A. Petersen, H. K. Berninghausen y D. Southworth. "Diversity of ectomycorrhizas associated with Quercus garryana in southern Oregon". Canadian Journal of Botany 82, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2004): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-117.
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We investigated diversity of ectomycorrhizas associated with Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook. (Oregon white oak, or Garry oak) at Whetstone Savanna Preserve in southern Oregon. Based on morphotyping and DNA restriction fragments, we described 39 ectomycorrhizas. The most common five morphotypes were found in 5% or more of 160 soil cores. Cenococcum geophilum, the most abundant morphotype, occurred in 75% of soil cores. Another common morphotype yielded a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern similar to that of Tuber species. Uncommon morphotypes were responsible for the majority of ectomycorrhizal diversity on Q. garryana. Morphotype diversity of seedlings was more similar to that of their parent tree than to seedlings under other trees. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) RFLP patterns of ectomycorrhizas found beneath sporocarps did not match those of the sporocarps fruiting above ground. An understanding of the diversity of the ectomycorrhizal community on Q. garryana will enable us to compare ectomycorrhizas on other oak species and habitats; determine seasonality of ectomycorrhizal growth; evaluate treatments such as fire, grazing, invasion by exotic plants, and other anthropogenic disturbances; and aid restoration protocols.Key words: biocomplexity, biodiversity, ectomycorrhizas, hypogeous fungi, morphotypes, Peziza infossa, Tuber.
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Hachani, Chadlia, Mohammed S. Lamhamedi, Claudio Cameselle, Susana Gouveia, Abdenbi Zine El Abidine, Damase P. Khasa y Zoubeir Béjaoui. "Effects of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi and Heavy Metals (Pb, Zn, and Cd) on Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Pinus halepensis Seedlings in North Africa". Microorganisms 8, n.º 12 (19 de diciembre de 2020): 2033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8122033.
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The pollution of soils by heavy metals resulting from mining activities is one of the major environmental problems in North Africa. Mycorrhizoremediation using mycorrhizal fungi and adapted plant species is emerging as one of the most innovative methods to remediate heavy metal pollution. This study aims to assess the growth and the nutritional status of ectomycorrhizal Pinus halepensis seedlings subjected to high concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd for possible integration in the restoration of heavy metals contaminated sites. Ectomycorrhizal and non-ectomycorrhizal P. halepensis seedlings were grown in uncontaminated (control) and contaminated soils for 12 months. Growth, mineral nutrition, and heavy metal content were assessed. Results showed that ectomycorrhizae significantly improved shoot and roots dry masses of P. halepensis seedlings, as well as nitrogen shoot content. The absorption of Pb, Zn, and Cd was much higher in the roots than in the shoots, and significantly more pronounced in ectomycorrhizal seedlings—especially for Zn and Cd. The presence of ectomycorrhizae significantly reduced the translocation factor of Zn and Cd and bioaccumulation factor of Pb and Cd, which enhanced the phytostabilizing potential of P. halepensis seedlings. These results support the use of ectomycorrhizal P. halepensis in the remediation of heavy metal contaminated sites.
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Drvodelić, Damir, Milan Oršanić y Vinko Paulić. "Utjecaj ektomikorize i huminskih kiselina na morfološke značajke jednogodišnjih sadnica hibrida Paulownia tomentosa x Paulownia fortunei". Šumarski list 140, n.º 7-8 (31 de agosto de 2016): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.31298/sl.140.7-8.1.
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The paper presents the results of the impact of ectomycorrhiza and humic acids on major morphological features of 1 year old seedlings of Paulownia tomentosa × Paulownia fortunei (9501) hybrids grown from root cuttings. Paulownia has many desirable properties as well as negative traits such as invasiveness. Experimental plantations were established in the spring of 2015 on a field in Zagreb. We used two different spacings (2x2 m and 4x4 m), each with two treatments and control. In the first treatment we planted seedlings grown from root cuttings inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi at the time of planting. For the second treatment we used the inoculated plants with the addition of soil humic acids. Seedlings were planted in flower beds with black plastic foil and a trickle irrigation system. Major morphological features of seedlings were measured at the end of the first growing season. A positive impact of the ectomycorrhizal fungi and humic acids on morphological characteristics of 1 year old seedlings was established. For the planting distance 2x2 m we established significant differences between the seedlings treated with ectomycorrhizal fungi and seedlings treated with ectomycorrhizal fungi and humic acids compared to the control seedlings in the following variables: total seedling height, stem diameter at 10 cm from ground level, number of branches, seedling height to the first live branches and length of the longest branches. For the planting distance 4x4 m we obtained statistically significant differences between the seedlings treated with ectomycorrhizal fungi compared to the control seedlings in the following variables: stem diameter at 10 cm from ground level, the number of branches and the length of the longest branches. The application of ectomycorrhizal fungi and humic acids can increase the quality of forest plantation of paulownia. Before growing and putting paulownia seedlings on the market we should consider the fact that in Croatia there are no scientific or impact studies on the nature of several species from the genus Paulownia, and the risks should be assessed for each taxonomy category, even lower than the species. Such studies would give specific guidelines and plans for future plantations of paulownia.
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Cairney, John WG y Andrew A. Meharg. "Interactions between ectomycorrhizal fungi and soil saprotrophs: implications for decomposition of organic matter in soils and degradation of organic pollutants in the rhizosphere". Canadian Journal of Botany 80, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2002): 803–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b02-072.
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Ectomycorrhizal fungi and saprotrophic microorganisms coexist and interact in the mycorrhizosphere. We review what is known regarding these interactions and how they may influence processes such as ectomycorrhiza formation, mycelial growth, and the dynamics of carbon movement to and within the rhizosphere. Particular emphasis is placed on the potential importance of interactions in decomposition of soil organic matter and degradation of persistant organic pollutants in soil. While our knowledge is currently fairly limited, it seems likely that interactions have profound effects on mycorrhizosphere processes. More extensive research is warranted to provide novel insights into mycorrhizosphere ecology and to explore the potential for manipulating the ectomycorrhizosphere environment for biotechnological purposes.Key words: ectomycorrhizal fungi, ectomycorrhizosphere, rhizosphere, rhizosphere carbon flow, decomposition, rhizosphere remediation.
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Gladish, Sandra, Jonathan Frank y Darlene Southworth. "The serpentine syndrome below ground: ectomycorrhizas and hypogeous fungi associated with conifers". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, n.º 8 (agosto de 2010): 1671–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-092.
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Serpentine soils select for unique plant communities, often with sparse vegetation. Mycorrhizal fungi mediate the interaction between plants and soils, yet little is known about the mycorrhizal fungi of serpentine-tolerant plants. Ectomycorrhizas and hypogeous fungal sporocarps were sampled on paired serpentine and nonserpentine soils in southwestern Oregon. We hypothesized that conifers on serpentine soils would have fewer species of mycorrhizal fungi, a distinct assemblage of ectomycorrhizal fungi, and fewer hypogeous sporocarps with less species richness. Sporocarps were sampled and soil cores collected around pines on serpentine and nonserpentine soils. Conifers on serpentine and nonserpentine soils hosted overlapping communities of ectomycorrhizal fungi, as characterized by nonmetric multidimensional scaling. From soil cores, we categorized 27 species by morphotype, of which 18 were identified by DNA. Fewer hypogeous sporocarps with less taxonomic richness were collected on serpentine soils. The lack of indicator species of mycorrhizal fungi and the greater variability among samples on serpentine soils suggest that soil composition does not determine the mycorrhizal community. The sparseness of host vegetation may limit the ability of fungi to grow from tree to tree and may increase the reliance on spore dispersal, thus creating a more varied pattern of mycorrhizal communities.
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Smith, J. E., D. McKay, C. G. Niwa, W. G. Thies, G. Brenner y J. W. Spatafora. "Short-term effects of seasonal prescribed burning on the ectomycorrhizal fungal community and fine root biomass in ponderosa pine stands in the Blue Mountains of Oregon". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 2004): 2477–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-124.
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The effects of seasonal prescribed fire on the belowground ectomycorrhizal community and live fine root biomass were investigated before, 1 year after, and 2 years after prescribed underburning. Ectomycorrhizas were sampled from four replications of three treatments (fall underburning, spring underburning, and a nonburned control) in a randomized complete block design. Samples were separated in two subsamples representing the upper 5 cm and lower 5 cm of a soil core. Molecular tools were used to distinguish 140 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) species of fungi directly from the ectomycorrhizas. Prior to underburning, the number of RFLP species and amount of live root biomass were similar among treatment units and between upper and lower core samples. Fall underburning largely removed live root biomass to a depth of 10 cm and significantly reduced ectomycorrhizal species richness compared with spring underburning and the nonburned control for at least 2 years. RFLP species richness and live root biomass following spring underburning were generally similar to the nonburned treatment. The successful reintroduction of fire to the ecosystem to retain high species diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi and achieve the desired future condition of large-tree ponderosa pine retention with low fuel loads may require more than underburning in a single season.
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Hutchison, Leonard J. "Studies on the systematics of ectomycorrhizal fungi in axenic culture. V. Linear growth response to standard extreme temperatures used as a taxonomic character". Canadian Journal of Botany 68, n.º 10 (1 de octubre de 1990): 2179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-284.
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Ectomycorrhizal fungi showed characteristic differences in linear growth rate reduction when grown on modified Melin–Norkrans agar at 7 and 30 °C. The two standard temperature extremes differentiated ectomycorrhizal fungi into three growth response categories which reflected taxonomic affinity: sensitive, semitolerant, and tolerant. At 7 °C, species of Laccaria and Hebeloma generally exhibited tolerant or semitolerant growth, whereas at 30 °C growth tended to be restricted to species of Amanita, Laccaria, Suillus, and a few gasteromycetous fungi (e.g., Rhizopogon, Scleroderma, and Pisolithus). The results reveal the potential value of standard extreme temperatures as a taxonomic character for differentiating species or genera of ectomycorrhizal fungi in vitro. Tolerance or sensitivity to 30 °C by ectomycorrhizal fungi may reflect their association with specific host trees. Key words: ectomycorrhizal fungi, temperature, sensitivity, tolerance, cultures, identification.
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Doudrick, Robert L., Elwin L. Stewart y Alvin A. Alm. "Survey and ecological aspects of presumed ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with black spruce in northern Minnesota". Canadian Journal of Botany 68, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 1990): 825–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-109.
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Twenty-two stands of black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P., in northern Minnesota were surveyed for ectomycorrhizal fungi. Site selection criteria in black spruce stands included geologic history, soil type, stand origin, age, and productivity. Site preference relationships were noted for several of the 46 species of fungi collected during the 2-year study. Twenty-five isolates were tested in aseptic culture for their ability to form ectomycorrhizae with black spruce seedlings. Ectomycorrhizae were produced by Cenococcum sp., Laccaria bicolor (Maire) Orton, Laccaria laccata var. moelleri Singer, Rhizopogon sp., and Suillus cavipes (Opat.) Smith & Thiers.
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Willenborg, Antonius, Doris Schmitz y Jan Lelley. "Effects of environmental stress factors on ectomycorrhizal fungi in vitro". Canadian Journal of Botany 68, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 1990): 1741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-224.
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The reaction of various ectomycorrhizal fungi to environmental stress factors was examinated in a screening program. Tolerance to acid and heavy metals, resistance to antagonists, and reactions to automobile exhaust fumes were tested. Differences in reaction between the several ectomycorrhizal species and strains were observed. These results confirm that the susceptibility of ectomycorrhizal fungi to environmental stress factors varies from species to species, but also from strain to strain within a species. Pure culture synthesis with Picea abies showed the symbiotic potential of the selected fungi. Key words: ectomycorrhizal fungi, Picea abies.
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Rahmadani, Ayu, Saida Rasnovi y Yulia Sari Ismail. "ECTOMYCORRHIZAL MUSHROOMS DIVERSITY IN SORAYA RESEARCH STATION LEUSER ECOSYSTEM". BIOTIK: Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi Teknologi dan Kependidikan 11, n.º 2 (4 de octubre de 2023): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/biotik.v11i2.19268.
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Ectomycorrhizal macro fungi have a mutualistic symbiosis with several plants, including those from the Dipterocarpaceae, Myrtaceae, and Fagaceae families. The existence of ectomycorrhizal macro fungi in nature is very important to preserve, therefore this study was conducted to determine the diversity of ectomycorrhizal macro fungi at Soraya Research Station. This study aims to determine the diversity of ectomycorrhizal macro fungi at the Soraya Research Stasiun Subulussalam, Leuser Ecosystem Area. The study was conducted from August 2021 to January 2022. The research method used is an exploratory survey, sampling using the squared method, using a permanent phenological plot of 20 plots measuring 20 m x 20 m, which are randomly placed in the secondary forest of the Soraya Research Station. The results obtained consisted of 5 orders, 14 families, 31 species, and 1440 individual numbers of ectomycorrhizal macro fungi. The most numerous species are obtained from the Boletaceae family, which is 5 species, and the Russulaceae family is 4 species. The ectomycorrhizal macro fungi species diversity index is relatively moderate at 2,997.
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Olchowik, Jacek, Dorota Hilszczańska, Roman Mariusz Bzdyk, Marcin Studnicki, Tadeusz Malewski y Zbigniew Borowski. "Effect of Deadwood on Ectomycorrhizal Colonisation of Old-Growth Oak Forests". Forests 10, n.º 6 (31 de mayo de 2019): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10060480.
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Although the importance of coarse woody debris (CWD) for species diversity is recognized, the effects of coarse woody debris decay class on species composition have received little attention. We examined how the species composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) changes with CWD decay. We describe ectomycorrhizal root tips and the diversity of mycorrhizal fungal species at three English oak (Quercus robur L.) sites. DNA barcoding revealed a total of 17 ECM fungal species. The highest degree of mycorrhizal colonization was found in CWDadvanced (27.2%) and CWDearly (27.1%). Based on exploration types, ectomycorrhizae were classified with respect to ecologically relevant soil features. The short distance type was significantly correlated with soil P2O5, while the contact type was correlated with soil C/N. The lowest mean content of soil Corg was found in the CWDabsent site. The difference in total soil N between sites decreased with increasing CWD decomposition, whereas total C/N increased correspondingly. In this study we confirmed that soil CWD stimulates ectomycorrhizal fungi, representing contact or short-distance exploration types of mycelium.
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da Costa, Lidiomar Soares, Paulo Henrique Grazziotti, Arley José Fonseca, Débora Cíntia dos Santos Avelar, Márcio José Rossi, Enilson de Barros Silva, Eliane Cristine Soares da Costa, Danielle Cristina Fonseca Santos Grazziotti y Carla Ragonezi. "Eucalyptus Field Growth and Colonization of Clones Pre-Inoculated with Ectomycorrhizal Fungi". Agronomy 12, n.º 5 (17 de mayo de 2022): 1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051204.
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Ectomycorrhizae are classified as biotechnology to increase the sustainability of planted forests, and fieldwork is needed to confirm its effectiveness. The growth of rooted cuttings of Eucalyptus clones GG100 and GG680, which had been previously inoculated in the nursery with ectomycorrhizal fungi, was evaluated after planting them in the field. The ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) inoculated were: Pisolithus microcarpus, Hysterangium gardneri, or Scleroderma areolatum. Uninoculated rooted cuttings were used as controls. The inoculated treatments and the uninoculated controls (low P control) were grown in a nursery with reduced phosphate fertilization. Additionally, uninoculated controls were grown on a substrate with complete phosphate nursery fertilization (high P control). After two months, the plant height of clone GG100 inoculated with P. microcarpus was 16% taller and of clone GG680 13% higher than the low P control treatment. At the same time, the collar diameter of the plants inoculated with H. gardneri and P. microcarpus was the same as in the high P control. At 12 months, the growth of the inoculated and low P control plants was the same as in the high P control. For ectomycorrhizal colonization, after six months, the mean percentage of colonized root tips was highest in plants inoculated with S. areolatum, followed by those inoculated with P. microcarpus and of the low P control. After one year, ECM colonization was equal in all treatments and 4.3 times greater than it was at 6 months. Inoculation with ECM fungi in the nursery boosts early plant growth after transfer to the field, although the effect depends on the specific ectomycorrhizal fungus and the clone. Further ectomycorrhizal colonization of Eucalyptus occurs naturally and increases with tree development in the field.
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Duponnois, R., S. Diédhiou, J. L. Chotte y M. Ourey Sy. "Relative importance of the endomycorrhizal and (or) ectomycorrhizal associations in Allocasuarina and Casuarina genera". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 49, n.º 4 (1 de marzo de 2003): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w03-038.
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This work was carried out to determine the relative importance of the endomycorrhizal and (or) ectomycorrhizal association in species of Casuarina and Allocasuarina. Under axenic conditions, Pisolithus and Scleroderma isolates formed ectomycorrhizas with a mantle and a Hartig net on Allocasuarina verticillata but failed to form a Hartig net on Casuarina glauca. In a controlled soil system, C. glauca was inoculated with the endomycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith, and A. verticillata was inoculated with Pisolithus albus IR100 Bougher & Smith and (or) G. intraradices. Both symbionts significantly stimulated growth in both plant species. For A. verticillata, its growth response to ectomycorrhizal inoculation was higher than to endomycorrhizal inoculation. When both symbionts were inoculated, antagonism among the fungal isolates was observed with a higher ectomycorrhizal colonization. These results showed that A. verticillata was ectomycorrhizal dependent, whereas C. glauca was endomycorrhizal dependent. From a practical point of view, this study shows the importance of selecting compatible mycorrhizal fungi for developing successful inoculation programmes. In addition, it would help to further research and determine the effect of ecto- and endo-mycorrhizal symbiosis on the formation and function of N2-fixing actinorhizal nodules.Key words: Casuarinaceae, ectomycorrhizas, arbuscular mycorrhizas, plant growth.
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Jones, Melanie D., Shannon M. Hagerman y M. Gillespie. "Ectomycorrhizal colonization and richness of previously colonized, containerized Picea engelmannii does not vary across clearcuts when planted in mechanically site-prepared mounds". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2002): 1425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-069.
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The Sicamous Creek silviculture systems trial, which is located at a subalpine forest, comprises five replicated treatments. One-third of the timber volume was removed from 30-ha treatment units using cutblocks of 0.1, 1.0, or 10 ha or single-tree selection. Openings were mechanically site prepared by mounding and planted with nursery-grown containerized Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. seedlings. Seedlings were planted in mineral soil exposed by mounding in all four of the harvested treatments as well as in undisturbed soil in the uncut control treatment. Neither the overall ectomycorrhiza colonization nor the number of ectomycorrhizal morphotypes per seedling varied across the cutblocks or among cutblocks of different sizes. This is in contrast to earlier studies at this site that showed inoculum levels to be significantly higher at 2 m from the forest edge, within the rooting zone of forest trees. We hypothesize that the difference here is due either to (i) competition between native ectomycorrhizal fungi and the ectomycorrhizal fungi present on the spruce at planting or (ii) more homogeneous levels of inoculum in the mineral soil exposed by mounding. Fewer native fungi colonized these seedlings than the nonmycorrhizal seedlings from earlier studies, which had been planted between the mounds.
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Peter, Martina, François Ayer, Simon Egli y Rosmarie Honegger. "Above- and below-ground community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi in three Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands in Switzerland". Canadian Journal of Botany 79, n.º 10 (1 de octubre de 2001): 1134–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b01-092.
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The structure of ectomycorrhizal communities was assessed above- and below-ground at three different sites in Switzerland that are dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). We applied three different approaches to record the ectomycorrhizal species compositions and their spatial structures and compared them among each other. Sporocarp inventories were carried out weekly for 3 years. Belowground, molecular, and morphological analyses of ectomycorrhizal roots were performed. In the 3 years of sporocarp survey, a total of 128 ectomycorrhizal species was observed. Most abundant in number of species were the genera Cortinarius and Russula in all three sites. Using polymerase chain reaction, only 22% of the ectomycorrhizal species observed in sporocarp surveys were detected in mycorrhizas. Species that produce no or inconspicuous sporocarps were most abundant on the root system in all three study sites. The resolution was clearly inferior in morphotype compared with molecular analyses. Spatial analyses of the ectomycorrhizal species composition among subplots revealed high variability within sites. Within sites, spatial structure with positive autocorrelation was observed based on sporocarp data as well as molecular analyses of root tips at the site where the number of analysed mycorrhizas was sufficiently high. No spatial structure could be detected on this scale by morphotype analyses because of the high variability among soil cores. All three methods showed the same site to be separated from the other two based on ectomycorrhizal species compositions. Stand ages and their histories are discussed as possible explanations for these findings.Key words: community structure, ectomycorrhiza, macrofungi, morphotype, ITS RFLP, Picea abies.
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Moeller, Holly V. y Kabir G. Peay. "Competition-function tradeoffs in ectomycorrhizal fungi". PeerJ 4 (27 de julio de 2016): e2270. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2270.
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Background.The extent to which ectomycorrhizal fungi mediate primary production, carbon storage, and nutrient remineralization in terrestrial ecosystems depends upon fungal community composition. However, the factors that govern community composition at the root system scale are not well understood. Here, we explore a potential tradeoff between ectomycorrhizal fungal competitive ability and enzymatic function.Methods.We grewPinus muricata(Bishop Pine) seedlings in association with ectomycorrhizal fungi from three different genera in a fully factorial experimental design. We measured seedling growth responses, ectomycorrhizal abundance, and the root tip activity of five different extracellular enzymes involved in the mobilization of carbon and phosphorus.Results.We found an inverse relationship between competitiveness, quantified based on relative colonization levels, and enzymatic activity. Specifically,Thelephora terrestris, the dominant fungus, had the lowest enzyme activity levels, whileSuillus pungens, the least dominant fungus, had the highest.Discussion.Our results identify a tradeoff between competition and function in ectomycorrhizal fungi, perhaps mediated by the competing energetic demands associated with competitive interactions and enzymatic production. These data suggest that mechanisms such as active partner maintenance by host trees may be important to maintaining “high-quality” ectomycorrhizal fungal partners in natural systems.
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Lee, Lee Su, I. J. Alexander y R. Watling. "Ectomycorrhizas and putative ectomycorrhizal fungi of Shorea leprosula Miq. (Dipterocarpaceae)". Mycorrhiza 7, n.º 2 (24 de julio de 1997): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050165.
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Chalot, Michel y Annick Brun. "Physiology of organic nitrogen acquisition by ectomycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizas". FEMS Microbiology Reviews 22, n.º 1 (abril de 1998): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.1998.tb00359.x.
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Buyck, Bart, Daniel Thoen y Roy Watling. "Ectomycorrhizal fungi of the Guinea–Congo Region". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 104 (1996): 313–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000006175.
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SynopsisThe occurrence of ectomycorrhizal fungi in West African rain forest systems is demonstrated and linked to the presence of a range of caesalpinoid legumes and to members of the genus Uapaca. The vast array of boletes, members of the Russulaceae and Amanitaceae, and chanterelles is described. The virtual absence of ectomycorrhizal Cortinariaceae is emphasised. After an overview three separate yet interlinked studies are described: a survey of ectomycorrhizal fungi throughout the region (Thoen): ectomycorrhizal fungi of a single rain forest community (Watling) and the significance and relationships of the genus Russula in the Guinea–Congo Region (Buyck). Some comparisons are made with other rain forest areas of the world.
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Hutchison, Leonard J. "Studies on the systematics of ectomycorrhizal fungi in axenic culture. II. The enzymatic degradation of selected carbon and nitrogen compounds". Canadian Journal of Botany 68, n.º 7 (1 de julio de 1990): 1522–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-194.
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Ninety-six species of ectomycorrhizal fungi from 30 genera were grown on modified Melin–Norkrans agar where the carbon (glucose) or nitrogen (ammonium phosphate dibasic) supply was replaced by cellulose, lignin, pectin, lipid, amylose, gelatin, casamino acids, or urea. Ectomycorrhizal fungi did not appreciably degrade cellulose, lignin, or pectin. The remaining compounds were broken down by representatives of certain taxonomic groups. Lipase was produced by Amanita species, amylase by species of Amanita and Cortinarius, gelatinase by Piloderma, Thelephora, species of Lactarius section Dapetes, and some species of both Amanita and Cortinarius. Casamino acids were degraded by Laccaria, Hebeloma, and some Tricholoma species. Urease was detected in species of Hebeloma and Laccaria. The ability to enzymatically degrade selected carbon and nitrogen compounds have potential as taxonomic characters for the identification of isolates of ectomycorrhizal fungi. The significance of these results are also discussed in relation to the ecology of these fungi. Key words: ectomycorrhizal fungi, enzyme activity, cultures, identification, systematics.
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Cripps, Cathy y O. K. Miller Jr. "Ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with aspen on three sites in the north-central Rocky Mountains". Canadian Journal of Botany 71, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 1993): 1414–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-170.
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Sporocarps of ectomycorrhizal fungi were collected over three field seasons in aspen (Populus tremuloides) stands in the Rocky Mountains, 1800–2000 m above sea level. The two sites in southwestern Montana and one site in southeastern Idaho vary in size, age of trees, type of soil, drainage patterns, and to a certain extent, climatic conditions. In all, 43 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi were found associated with aspen. The Cortinariaceae were a dominant component of the mycoflora, including at least seven species of Inocybe. Fourteen species of ectomycorrhizal fungi, including Leccinum aurantiacum, occurred on all three sites in association with aspen, and the dominant or characteristic mycorrhizal species varied among sites. The early colonizers Inocybe lacera and Laccaria laccata, which were previously reported on acidic soil, were characteristic of the smelter-acidified, nutrient-poor soil of the site near Butte, Montana. Late stage fungi such as Amanita muscaria and Lactarius controversus were more prevalent in the older, undisturbed aspen stands. Key words: aspen, ectomycorrhizal fungi, mycorrhizal fungi, Populus tremuloides.
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Frank, J. L., S. Anglin, E. M. Carrington, D. S. Taylor, B. Viratos y D. Southworth. "Rodent dispersal of fungal spores promotes seedling establishment away from mycorrhizal networks on Quercus garryana". Botany 87, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2009): 821–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b09-044.
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With global warming and the possible decline of conifers, more habitat may be available to oaks, particularly at higher elevations and more northerly latitudes. Whether oaks expand into new habitats will depend on their ability to disperse and establish at the margins of existing woodlands. Because oaks have a symbiotic relationship with ectomycorrhizal fungi, range expansion requires dispersal of both symbionts: the acorns and the mycorrhizal inoculum. Little is known of this dual dispersal. Here we assess the availability of ectomycorrhizal inoculum as a function of the distance from mature oaks. We examined soil cores for ectomycorrhizal roots and rodent fecal pellets for fungal spores along transects away from mature trees of Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook., and planted acorns as bioprobes. We identified spores by microscopy, and mycorrhizas by DNA sequences of the ITS region. Mycorrhizas were present in soil cores 5 m from parent trees, but not beyond. Spores of hypogeous fungi were found in rodent fecal pellets at distances up to 35 m from mature trees. Hypogeous fungi formed ectomycorrhizas with first-year seedlings within the root zone of mature trees and with second-year seedlings beyond the root zone. These data indicate that for seedlings near mature trees, the source of fungal inoculum was the mycorrhizal network of mature trees, and for seedlings beyond that, rodents dispersed the inoculum. We conclude that rodent dispersal of fungal spores promotes seedling establishment away from mycorrhizal networks in Q. garryana.