Tesis sobre el tema "Économie régionale – Environnement"
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Marques, Nicolas. "Sécurité sociale ou protections sociales : une analyse économique institutionnelle". Aix-Marseille 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX32011.
Texto completoBenini, Roberta. "Le modèle de développement et la structuration des espaces régionaux en Union soviétique". Paris 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA010031.
Texto completoGalle, Marion. "Le Processus de décision en matière de pollution : une étude du jeu conflictuel comme mode de régulation". Paris 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA010029.
Texto completoTazdaït, Tarik. "Coopération en présence de risques globaux : une approche par la théorie des jeux". Paris 10, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA100072.
Texto completoIt is generally accepted that the type of situation facing states confronted with global risks (such as the greenhouse effect or the hole in the ozone layer) is represented by the prisoners' dilemma which has two properties inasmuch as the individual interest dictates no cooperation whereas the common interest dictates cooperation. However, the observation of the facts teaches us that cooperation is never total. In order to understand the reasons of this phenomenon we have described an international bargaining process. It aimed to determine the different forms that may be taken by cooperation agreements between the countries involved. We demonstrate, in particular, that agreements arising from the bargaining can at best concern a limited number of countries. These countries can use transfers to induce other countries to join them, but they are insufficiently attractive to convince all the countries to cooperate. There is equally one attitude which exists verifiably in the real world and which fits the context. We are talking here of unilateral reductions. To explain this attitude, we have choose to adopt an evolutionist reflection is so far it takes into account certain important aspects of reality such as behavioral evolution, particular trough the strategically role that may be played by emotions. Thus, within the framework that we fixed for our interaction, we remark that a country's choice of a unilateral in its pollution emissions depends
Godard, Olivier. "Environnement et régulation du développement en économie mixte de marché : de l'externalisation à l'intégration institutionnelle en univers controversé". Paris 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA010020.
Texto completoEnvironmental problems are making economic development patterns questionable. Analyses of public policies reveal the strength of other concepts than the classical scheme of bad static allocation of resources. On the basis of works in the field of self-organisation, the thesis shows than the very concept of the environment has the structure of an "entangled hierarchy" between the meaning coming from the socio-economic system and the meaning coming from the global environment. Self-reference and hetero-reference re combined in the way of shaping issues, particularly in contexts of "controversial universes", that should be clearly distinguished from "stabilized universes" to which neo-classical concepts are more appropriate. A typology of internalisation mechanisms shows their diversity and stresses the value of one particular type, i. E. "contestable legitimacy". The fact that several conflicting systems of justification compete for guiding public action gives way to approach of the choice between policy instruments. Taking account of this legitimacy constraint, a comparison between tax regimes and tradeable permits is undertaken for an international coordination of global warming risks
Rouillon, Sébastien. "Analyse économique de l'effet de serre". Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010085.
Texto completoThis work has two aims. First, as announced in the title, it surveys the main reflections about the climate change in the economic literature. Secondly, it proposes two personal contributions. The first one considers the issue of a catastrophic environmental collapse and the way the social planner should deal with it. So, it develops a decision-rule that is applied when the social planner faces the choice to cross or not a critical threshold of pollution (and so generating the catastrophe). The latter compares the economic cost of the emission constraint, designed to avoid the catastrophe, to the damage of the catastrophic event. When this damage is first known with uncertainty, but grows wellknown thanks to scientific progress, the method used proves the existence of a positive quasioption value in the context of a climate change policy. The second personal contribution to the literature expands the coalition theory to the case of many different players and applies it to the description of the international negotiations about the climate change. When studying free access coalitions without transfers, it demonstrates that countries forming stable agreements show high marginal benefits of pollution abatement and rapidly growing marginal costs of pollution abatement. Turning to agreements allowing transfers, the results are modified. Then, the coalitions bring together one country with the characteristics just described, and two others, less concerned with a clean environment (they suffer less from pollution), but having a flat marginal cost of pollution abatement. This coalition remains stable thanks to the compensations offered by the first country to the others, which, that way, implicitly subsidises their action
Lesgards, Valérie. "L'analyse coût-bénéfice, outil économique d'aide à la décision en matière d'environnement : application à la gestion des barrages-réservoirs du bassin de la Seine". Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010036.
Texto completoSince the first article on the cost-benefit analysis (Prest and Turvey, 1965) and its first applications to hydro-projects (Eckstein, 1958 ; Krutilla and Eckstein, 1964), this method has been widely developped in many fields such as the evaluation of the advantages of environmental policy (Johansson, 1987 ; Pearce and Markandya, 1989), or the prevention of technological risk (Hirschleiffer and al. , 1974 ; Moatti, 1989). The study of the possibilities and the limits of this method has been done throught an example : the managment of the dams Seine and Aube. Two alternative managment modes during spring time have been valued. The main purpose of the actual managment during this period is to reduce the flood damage to the crops. The decision wich can improve the ecology is characterized by the alternative mode wich consist in maintaining the natural state of the rivers and the water's level nearly constant in the lakes during spring. The contingent valuation method has been applied to the reservoir Seine (the lake of the foret d'Orient), to determine the social cost due to the current managment and the benefits from alternative mode
Comolet, Arnaud. "La comptabilisation de la nature : éléments pour une analyse dritique du système français de comptes du patrimoine naturel". Paris 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA010022.
Texto completoIf there is now widespread agreement on the need to promote sustainable evelopment, based on more national management of our natural patrimony, we also need instruments desined to introduce this kind of management. The french government set up an interministerial commission on naturalpatrimony accounts ten years ago, with the aim of improving the integration of environmental concerns into political decision-making. The general framework proposed by the commission includes interconnected "natural components", "ecozones" and "agents" accounts. The value of the natural patrimony is calculated with physical and monetary indicators. The general framework has been established for three categories : wild fauna and flora, forest and water
Brunat, Éric. "Émergence régionale et dynamique territoriale : essai sur la transformation des économies de type soviétique à partir des exemples russe et polonais". Grenoble 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE21013.
Texto completoThe research is devoted to the economic, political and social transformation of soviet type system. The study is illustrated by the economy of ussr, model of the economic system of priorities -esp-, russia and poland in the recent period of transformation. The regional roots of the final crisis of esp is the main hypothesis. The centralisation, the sectoral and functionnal approach of the territory have generated a regional backwardness in the capacity of producing specific and diversified norms for the dynamics of the economic development. The analysis closely links the notion of economic complexity, the economic development, the territory as an entity producing norms and vector of the economic transformation of the post-soviet economies. The new theories of the local and regional development, the theory of transactiion costs and organization, the meso and micro economic approach, the definition of the local russian economic and social community, the local dynamics for new activities in poland, found a new socio-economic vision of the transitionnal period
Gaussier, Nathalie. "Environnement et organisation spatiale : un modèle statique et dynamique d'étude de la localisation des décharges". Aix-Marseille 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX32045.
Texto completoSINCE 1990'S, OBNOXIOUS GOODS LOCATION IS UNDERGOING PROFOUND CHANGES. AN ORGANIZATIONAL LOGIC BASED ON THE COMBINATION OF RECYCLING FACILITIES AND INCINERATORS MARKS THE END THE STORAGE LOGIC. THESE OBJECTIVES MIGHT RADICALLY TRANSFORM THE SPATIAL ORGANIZATION. THE STORAGE LOGIC THAT PREVAILED, LOCALIZED THE GARBAGE DUMPS AS FAR AS POSSIBLE FROM THE INHABITANTS IN THE AREAS OF THE JURISDICTION OF THE TOWNS. THIS LOGIC SHOULD BE REPLACED BY AN ORGANIZATIONAL ONE THAT IS LOOKING FOR SCALES ECONOMIES IN THE VICINITY OF THE TOWNS IN ORDER TO MANAGE NETWORK AREA AND TO HAVE THE ADVANTAGE OF AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES. NEVERTHELESS, THE LOCAL AUTHORITIES FACE THE VIRULENCE OF THE NIMBY SYNDROME (NEVER IN MY BACK YARD) AND THE UNCERTAINTY ABOUT THE DURATION OF THE TREATMENT MEANS. THEY BEHAVE IN AMBIVALENT WAYS. THE INERTIA OF THE PREVIOUS LOGIC IS AN EXAMPLE. PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE IN LANDFILLS SITE LOCATION IS INSTRUCTIVE. OUR THESIS IS BASED ON 1980S DATA IN PROVENCE-ALPES-COTE D'AZUR AREA. TWO LEVELS OF OUR WORK HANG TOGETHER. WE HAVE BUILT A PROBABILISTIC MODEL BASED ON THE COMPLEXE BEHAVIOUR OF A TOWN IN ITS GARBAGE DUMP LOCATION. THIS APPROACH HAS BEEN ENLARGED TO THE CASE OF SEVERAL TOWNS. OUR STATIC MODEL HAS AN INTERESTING FORECASTING ASPECT. OUR DYNAMIC MODEL EXPLAINS, without BEING A DEMONSTRATION, SOME PROCESS THAT COULD SUPPORT THE COMPLEX CONFIGURATIONS WE OBSERVED IN THE PROBABILISTIC APPROACH. THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE STATIC AND DYNAMIC APPROACHES IS FRUITFUL. IT IS A WAY TO PROGRESS WITH THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE SPATIAL MICROECONOMIC BEHAVIOURS
Beaumais, Olivier. "Une réinterprétation des politiques de l'environnement par les modèles". Paris 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA010010.
Texto completoIn this thesis we analyse the impact of carious environmental policies using macroeconometric and general equilibrium models. First we use a system of neo-keynesian models to assess the economic and environmental effects of the european project of carbon and energy tax. Then we construct an applied general equilibrium model, calibrated on french data, in which households and firm behaviours are directly influenced by the evolution of pollution. This model is simulated to evaluate the effects of fiscal scenarios, which are based on a principle of revenue neutrality. In the last chapters, systems of tradable emissions permits are examined both at theoritical and empirical points of view. Simulation provide us information about welfare variations that could be induced by the implementation of such an instrument in France
Hinti, Saïd. "Les dynamiques économiques mobilisables par les collectivités locales en faveur de l'emploi". Paris 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA010063.
Texto completoThe sustained creation of jobs is at the center of political, economic and social concerns. This issue of the greatest concern to governments at all levels, national or infra-national. Beginning at the local level, our objective in this research is to show how and to what extent the economic dynamics which are available to local government to create economic activity and jobs can be effective. Our theoretical analysis, backed up by field studies based on a varied cross-section of large cities surrounding paris, have come to the following conclusion : job creation cannot result solely from predetermined market mechanisms, but is organized and based on a collective approach. Job creation assumes that local governments have the capacity to implement -with a view to regional development- an innovative approach which ensures the diversification of local systems of production. This occurs in a sphere of structural economic change. This spatial perception of economic development and the finality of employment that it target assumes that all local economic actors be taken into account. This model regional organization, which leads to economic and social regulation is somewhere between a pure market model and the public sector model, takes its inspiration from the properties of meso-territoriality, a form of partnership organization which goes beyond a relationship which is purely based on the market and economic planning
Beaumert, François. "Les disparités locales de chômage". Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010004.
Texto completoHerbelin, Alice. "Ecologie territoriale et trajectoires de transitions : le cas du Rhône-Médian". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAH026.
Texto completoTerritorial ecology is a research field which proposes to analyse the functioning of a territory under the perspective of the flows of matter and energy which passes by and characterize it. This analysis is particularly led through the concept of territorial metabolism. Through this lens, flows are considered in their material dimension but also under the light of the actor systems and of the political and socio-economic issues which influence them. Thus, territorial ecology tends to underline socio-ecological transition levers on the scale of territories.This thesis proposes to test these concepts through a field study in the mid Rhône valley. Looking back to the end of the 18th century, the research firstly underlines how a socio-ecological regime is progressively set around the industry sector and the heavy infrastructures at the scale of the territory. Then, the thesis describes how this regime gets materialized into today’s metabolism through the analysis of four different kinds of flows (energy, water, toxic elements, food). This metabolism is described as intensive and toxic – according to the level of intensity and toxicity of the flows at stake – as well as absorbing – in the way it deals with other territories’ metabolic functions (waste management, food production). These properties of the Rhône-Médian’s metabolism implicate limited capacity for local actors (inhabitants, public actors, farmers) to act towards the reduction or the transformation of these flows. However, within a context of change in production systems and of residentialisation, several local initiatives emerge. Through this process, local actors gain a better understanding and better capabilities to act on the flows of energy and matter in order to engage with sustainable territorial development. These local initiatives lead to several forms of reassessment of existing power relationships but the industrial socio-ecological regime remains, partly because some lock-ins which structure and self-sustain this regime are not questioned
Demuer, Alexia. "Les parcs naturels régionaux de moyenne montagne en France métropolitaine : des territoires touristiques ?" Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CLF20021.
Texto completoIs there any NRP tourism in the uplands ? The NRP created in 1967 to satisfy the double aim of the nature protection and of local development. The tourism and leisure activities are following this logic : they're even more and more important in the policies that are being put in place in the NRP, but the humans and financial means devoted to it are a lot different from a Park another. Contributors are yet very present in the touristic area and the role of the parc is, in the case, delicate to define. Many elements could allow the existence of a specific tourism ("parc" products and label NRP). However, to admit the existence of a NRP tourism, the Parc would have to be known and recognized by the general public but NRP is not a decisive element in the choice of the vacation's destination. The problem of the NRP structure itself is also being put up, general-interest and non-specialist of one or another activity. The missing reglementary power for the technical staff also contributes to weaken the efficiency of the existing policy
Mirabel, François. "Energie, transports et externalités : comportements et politiques optimales de localisation et de déplacement dans l'espace urbain". Montpellier 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON10040.
Texto completoThe main object of this thesis is to bring to light the fondamental features of individual's rational behaviours in order to specify the equilibrium configuration of locations and movements in urban area. In such a case, the object is to compare this equilibrium configurations with socially optimal structures and to identify the externalities which explain the differences between the two types of configurations. In a normative approach, the final object is to precise the public policies that the government has to set in order to modify (or to influence) the location's and movement's homogeneous behaviours of individuals and finally, to restore the urban social optimum. From this point of view, the theoretical analysis of this thesis (which are conducted in spatial and temporal dynamic frameworks) are lead in the neoclassical paradigm of the "welfare economics". . . Our work is divided into two parts based on the distinction between location's questions and movement's questions
Corolleur, Frédéric. "Innovation, institution et évolution des territoires". Grenoble 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE21006.
Texto completoThe thesis is about the evolution of SME's agglomeration. We focus on the innovation process of the firm. The theoretical tools are : the works of A. Marshall on evolution and industrial district, G. B. Richardson on co-operation and B. J. Loasby on economics knowledge. Our analysis is also based on the new spatial approaches of territory and proximity. We demonstrate that different combinations of organisational and institutional proximity imply first the differentiation of innovation process and secondly the ability of local actors to manage collectively the present and future issues. In this perspective, we have compared the evolution of an industrial district, the vallee de l'Arve in France, and a cluster of SME, the jura bernois in Switzerland
Pirrone, Claudio. "Théorie du développement territorial dans une économie de satiété". Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00787507.
Texto completoThomas, Bernadette. "Le contrôle territorial, une nécessite? : la VPC dans le nord-est de la métropole lilloise". Grenoble 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE21023.
Texto completoThe north-est area of lille metropolis is a pre-eminent place for mail order firms. Through a pluri-disciplinary approach with economic, spatial, social, historic, institutionnal dimensions, the thesis tends to explain why and wherefore this service activity is embedded in this area. The problematic lays on two hypothesis: the presence of a localized productive system and the transformation of a local regulatory process. Through the analysis, territory has appeared as a coordinating and learning place but also as a regulation place, a power space and an historical product. A large introducing part, including a very detailled spatial analysis of the branch, clarifies the inductive approach selected by the author. Then, the thesis is developped in two parts. One part concerns the coordinating modes and is supported by the empirical study of the trois suisses firm. The argument is that industrial coordination is a social construction, because of the competition forms, but also because territory is in close terms with social reproduction processes. An other part questions the role of the milieu and the institutionnalization in the rupture/recombining process of industrial organization. The familial group mulliez and the metropolitan employers' association are taken as examples of territorial control. Thus, this one cannot be reduced to a simple search of efficiency but it is in keeping with family history of textile employers. Methodology summons up tools from various theories (evolutionism, industrial district, milieu, conventions, regulation). It consists in permanent backward and foreward motion between theory and actors practices
Kasmi, Fédoua. "Écologie industrielle, milieu éco-innovateur et diversification de l'économie territoriale : le cas du complexe industrialo-portuaire de Dunkerque". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Littoral, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018DUNK0488.
Texto completoIndustrial ecology includes a set of practices aimed at reducing polluting industrial discharges and stands today as a possible way for the transition of industrial system towards a more sustainable operating mode, inspired by natural ecosystems. Its implementation can also be at the origin of innovation dynamics favorable to the development and diversification of territories, especially industrial ones. Industrial ecology is generally studied from the view of its industrial organization (organization of input and output flows, institutional framework and organization of cooperation between companies) and the environmental impacts it entails (economy of materials, recycling, etc.). In this thesis, we study its potential in terms of territorial economic development. For this purpose, we build a theoretical and conceptual framework to highlight the role of industrial ecology as a driver for development and diversification of territories. We propose a new analytical model based on the concept of eco-innovative milieu. This concept, built by crossing the literature on industrial ecology and theories of territorial economy and innovation, explains the mechanisms by which industrial ecology can promote territorial attractiveness and eco-innovation dynamics. It is the foundation on which our hypotheses are based. This model of analysis is applied to the industrialo-port complex of Dunkirk, a territory with strong industrial specialization in search of new ways of diversification of economic activities. We seek to understand the advantages of industrial ecology for the construction of an "eco-innovative" milieu, in which the effects of agglomeration favor the generation and the attractiveness of new activities thus contributing to a diversification of territorial economy. We adopt a mixed methodology based on the descriptive analysis of two databases of companies and a set of semi-structured interviews with 30 companies and institutions. The empirical study shows that industrial ecology contributes to the development of the characteristics of an eco-innovative milieu in Dunkirk. however, the dynamics of collective learning and eco-innovation specific to eco-innovative milieus remain modest. In addition, a nex dynamic of business creation has developed in Dunkirk since 2014. These new companies are linked to companies in the industrial symbiosis, either by the sector of activity, or by eco-industrial synergies. However, this dynamic only concerns a few units, but tends to validate our analysis. The diversification dynamic based on a related variety highlighted here faces, however, many difficulties. These are related to the operational and organizational aspects of the synergies nut they are also specific to the territory (economic fragility and path dependence). The contribution of industrial ecology to the diversification of industrial territories depends, in our opinion, on the resolution of these difficulties. The development of service activities and adapted territorial governance can contribute to the reduction of these limits. We study the characteristics of the service sector and the governance of the industrial symbiosis in Dunkirk. We end up with a set of recommendations that can be useful for public policies as well as for companies and institutions, in order to strengthen the eco-innovative milieu and foster the innovation dynamics that it promises
Jouvaud, Magali. "Localisation des services aux entreprises et croissance des agglomérations". Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX32037.
Texto completoThis thesis attempt to understand the location and distribution of producer services between agglomerations and their role in the economic growth of cities. Firstly, we analyse locational factors (market proximity, needs in human ressources, services and informations). We point out, with a typology of producer services according to their locational factors, that modalities of service delivery (servuction), type of firms and activities are determinant for explaining the different combinations of locational factors existing in this industry. Secondly, we examine the impact of location decisions in the urban system. Producer services are still very concentrated in the biggest metropolitan areas. Our analysis confirms that agglomerations which high concentration of producer services, grew faster. The relation between producer services and urban growth is explained by their role in the two major mechanisms of urban economic growth. We found that producer services are part of the economic base of agglomerations and generate multiplier effects as well as manufacturing mutipliers. A study of french metropolitan departments underline the favorable effect of producer services and their executive workers on employment productivity and productivity gains. Therefore, producer services importance differs according to cities but their effect is essential for explainning disparities in economic growth of agglomerations: they play a prime role for the structuration of the french urban system
Asghari, Poudeh Maryam. "Analyse des effets de la libéralisation des échanges économiques internationaux sur l'environnement : le cas des relations entre les blocs régionaux de l'UE, des pays Mediterranées (sic) en développement et du golfe persique". Nice, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NICE0008.
Texto completoThe linkage between international trade and the environment has become an important policy issue in the last few years. The objective of this thesis is the examination of liberalization trade effect on the environment, pollution haven hypothesis, Porter hypothesis and the factor endowments hypothesis. Our results show that: The commercial liberalization leads to the decrease in CO2 pollution in Persian Golf-EU region, Mediterranean and EU regions, as well as BOD pollution in Persian golf, Mediterranean and Persian Golf-EU regions. Also it decreases FC pollution in Persian Golf region, Mediterranean, Persian Golf-EU and EU-Mediterranean regions. Commercial liberalization increase the CO2 pollution in Persian Golf region and EU-Mediterranean regions, it leads also the increase in BOD pollution in EU and Persian Golf-EU regions, and FC pollution in EU region. Our results confirm the “Haven pollution hypothesis” for the CO2 pollution in the foreign exchanges of Persian Golf-EU and EU-Mediterranean regions, and for FC pollution in in the foreign exchanges of Persian Golf-EU region but our results reject the “Haven pollution hypothesis” for BOD pollution in the foreign exchanges of Persian Golf-EU region. We have not any robust empirical evidences to refuse or confirm this hypothesis for BOD and FC pollution in the foreign exchanges of EU-Mediterranean region. We empirically reject the « Porter hypothesis » for CO2 pollution in the foreign exchanges of Mediterranean-EU, Persian Golf-EU, Mediterranean and EU regions, as well as BOD pollution in the foreign exchanges of Persian Golf region. This study confirms the « Porter hypothesis » for FC pollution in the foreign exchanges of Mediterranean-EU, Persian Golf-EU, EU and Mediterranean regions. In addition, it confirms this hypothesis for BOD pollution in the foreign exchanges of Mediterranean-EU, EU and Mediterranean regions. We couldn’t obtain significant results to confirm or reject Porter Hypothesis for BOD pollution in the foreign exchanges of Persian Golf-EU region and for FC pollution in the foreign exchanges of Persian Golf region. Our results show the confirmation of « factor endowments hypothesis» for CO2 pollution in EU region and for FC pollution in Mediterranean region. Moreover we confirm this hypothesis for BOD pollution in Mediterranean and Persian Golf regions. The empirical results refuse «factor endowments hypothesis» for CO2 pollution in Mediterranean and Persian Golf regions, for BOD pollution in EU region and for FC pollution in Persian Golf and EU regions
Blanquart, François. "Adaptation des populations en environnement variable". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20104.
Texto completoPopulations often experience environmental conditions that are variable both in space and in time. Understanding the demographic and evolutionary dynamics of populations in such variable environments has very practical implications for conservation biology, pest and pathogen control, management of antibiotic resistance. This thesis is an attempt to study the ecological and evolutionary implications of spatial and temporal variations of the environment.First, I study how spatially heterogeneous and temporally changing conditions influence the demographic dynamics of a genetically uniform population. The growth of the population is enhanced when individuals preferentially accumulate in high quality habitats. Migration between locations facilitates a good arrangement of individuals such that in general, an intermediate rate of migration maximizes the growth rate.Second, I develop a model where the growth rate of individuals depends on the environment but also on their genetic quality, and possibly on the interaction between the environment and the genotype. If the performance of different genotypes tradeoffs across the environments, several genotypes may be maintained locally in the environment that suit them and a pattern of local adaptation emerges. Moreover, I show that adaptation of populations to environmental fluctuations in the environment generates very dynamic changes in the genetic composition that lag behind the environmental change. Adaptation may be facilitated by the influx of migrants coming from other demes.How can we detect such patterns of adaptation in wild or experimental populations? I develop a formal analysis of several experimental and statistical techniques that are used to detect patterns of local and temporal adaptation. I provide recommendations regarding efficient experimental designs and statistical techniques to detect local adaptation. I also develop a new framework for the analysis of patterns of adaptation in time. I illustrate the potential use of this approach using a data set measuring the adaptation of HIV to the immune response of several recently infected patients
Rallet, Alain. "La theorie economique contemporaine et les disparites regionales". Reims, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988REIME002.
Texto completoThe treatment of regional disparities by economic analysis depends on the manner by which regional disparities become a national problem. This problem changes along the different periods. Economic policy about this problem defines object and orientations of economic analysis
Beaussier, Thomas. "Évaluation économique et environnementale du développement régional d’une filière en interaction multi-secteur et multi-échelle : le cas de la filière forêt-bois du Grand Est". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0138.
Texto completoThe objective of this thesis is to develop a method for quantitative assessments of the economic and environmental performance of regional development strategies, applied to the forestry sector in the region Grand Est. To this end, we adopt an approach based on the coupling of modelling tools from economics and environmental sciences. In chapter 1, we analyse couplings between 5 economic models and 3 environmental assessment tools from the existing literature. A dedicated criteria grid allows to compare their relevance to provide integrative assessments at the meso scale. Couplings between equilibrium models on the one hand, and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) on the other hand, best meet the defined objectives. Chapter 2 details the methodological framework of the coupling between a partial equilibrium model of the French forest sector and LCA. The homogenisation of material flows between the two models makes it possible to produce economic and environmental indicators with a coherent perimeter, the ratio of which provides two eco-efficiency indicators. The first combines the economic surplus of the forest-based sector with its potential environmental impacts (Partial Eco-Efficiency, PEE); the second adds the environmental impacts avoided by substitution between wood-energy and fossil fuels, compared to a reference scenario (Full Eco-Efficiency, FEE). In Chapter 3, we use this framework to analyse different wood energy oriented bio-economy development strategies at the national level and at the regional level in the region Grand Est. For this purpose, we compare the FEE of scenarios constructed by combinations of different policies: subsidising wood energy demand, local supply, forest protection, energy crisis. Strategies integrating a stimulation of wood energy demand are the most eco-efficient, at regional and national level. This is based in particular on the benefits of avoided impacts through the substitution of wood energy for fossil fuels. The combination of the subsidy with protection measures and/or local procurement slightly increases or decreases its eco-efficiency depending on the scale of implementation. In addition, we have identified other factors determining most the eco-efficiency of a policy, such as the characteristics of the forest resource, the importance of the local wood sector, and the characteristics of neighbouring regions
Florent, Luc. "Quelle gouvernance pour les activités pédestres ? : un enjeu pour le développement des territoires". Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50377-2007-Florent.pdf.
Texto completoRutaremara, Titus. "Le rôle des parcs naturels régionaux dans l'aménagement du territoire en France". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF20004.
Texto completoThe "d. A. T. A. R. " is the initiator and very often the creator of most of the french regional natural parks. These ones gother together mostly depreciated country (rural) areas, in which however, are found picturesque landscape and countryside. The use of the natural park institution is to plan and carry out a suitable development in these country (rural) territories, which, indeed, have got an ecological
Ahamada, Mmadi. "La Commission de l'océan indien, une organisation de développement et de coopération". Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05D012.
Texto completoSince its creation in 1984, the environment of the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC) knew profound turnovers. The internal and international evolutions appreciably transformed the stakes in the sub-regional cooperation. The members of the IOC suffer in common from the environmental fragility, the Small Island and vulnerable savings in front of natural disasters. The IOC is thus confronted with the challenge to find answers to questions and complex phenomena; in particular, the development of its island spaces. The complexity of these last ones requires another thought of development and the IOC is called to reorganize its axes of cooperation and modify its strategies to reach economic, social and sustainable development of it members. In spite of the progress achieved thanks to the cooperation of the IOC, its members collided with profound systematic disparities in the field of business, finance, foreign debt, rights and technology transfers, which limited their capacity to cooperate in a significant way. A whole series of structural factors also hindered the cooperation between members of the IOC. The incapability of the systems of communication and the lack of connectivity between countries as well as on national scale, constituted a major problem. Given the past and present sub-regional and regional experiences, can we talk in terms of the success of this approach for economies such as those of the islands of the southwest of the Indian Ocean? Can the sub-regional cooperation as it was and continues to be directed, allow its members to reach to the fixed objectives? How and in which measure can the IOC play a supranational role? Has IOC really an authority to oblige its members to respect their commitments? In short, we can wonder as to what extent the IOC can make the cooperation between it members a real control lever of development
Jarrier, Anne-Lucie. "Construire les routes du développement en Amazonie : étude des conflits sur l'aménagement du territoire régional au prisme des instruments". Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020076.
Texto completoLaunched as part of the Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastructure in SouthAmerica (IIRSA), the construction of a “bi-oceanic” corridor intends to link the Atlantic withthe Pacific through the Amazon river. This project finds its roots in the economic assessment that explains “under-development” by the existence of a gap in terms of infrastructure. A unified program of land planning proposed by IIRSA was conceived in order to bridge this gap. The full implementation of this program would reduce trade barriers and integrate marginalized territories to the productive economy. However, the implementation of the“Amazonian axis” raises many environmental and social issues that have sparked a critical discourse regarding the legitimacy of the project as well as opposition movements whose mobilization led, in some cases, to the formation of local conflicts.This study considers the Amazon as a laboratory for the study of a confrontation between two competing paradigms: the conquest of the frontier as a driver of economic growth and the preservation of the “lung of the Earth”. Based on data collected on three of the IIRSA's Amazonian projects (in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru), this study uses a comparative approach on different levels (international, national and local) in order to conduct a cross-reflection on multi-level governance (regional integration, local governance) and to examine power relations between two antagonist development models
Lüer, Stefanie Christina. "Der Ausgleich der Interessen der Wirtschaft und des Umweltschutzes in Frankreich : eine rechtsvergleichende Studie zu Ermessensentscheidungen im Umweltrecht im Lichte der Internationalisierung des Rechts am Beispiel der National- und Regionalparks in Frankreich". Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D084.
Texto completoAn optimal balance between economic and environmental issues is guided by the concept of sustainable development. From a legal perspective, the main parties making arbitrary decisions in this matter are the administrations and the administrative courts. They apply and interpret the respective rules by using their specific national power of discretion, arbitrary arbitrating between the public interest to protect the environment and the issues of the key players of the "green" tourism industry. The National parks and the Regional parks have been chosen to refine the study because these two constitute an example painting out the methods of arbitrary decision making between economic exploitation and the protection of the environment. With regard to the National park, the law assigns priority to the protection of the environment whereas the Regional park is dedicated to sustainable development as the method to accomplish the arbitration between economic and environmental issues. The tourism industry is playing a central role in the functional organisation of the Regional parks and is characterized by being an economic activity dependent on an environment at least in part untouched and still pristine
Herbelin, Alice. "Ecologie territoriale et trajectoires de transitions : le cas du Rhône-Médian". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAH026/document.
Texto completoTerritorial ecology is a research field which proposes to analyse the functioning of a territory under the perspective of the flows of matter and energy which passes by and characterize it. This analysis is particularly led through the concept of territorial metabolism. Through this lens, flows are considered in their material dimension but also under the light of the actor systems and of the political and socio-economic issues which influence them. Thus, territorial ecology tends to underline socio-ecological transition levers on the scale of territories.This thesis proposes to test these concepts through a field study in the mid Rhône valley. Looking back to the end of the 18th century, the research firstly underlines how a socio-ecological regime is progressively set around the industry sector and the heavy infrastructures at the scale of the territory. Then, the thesis describes how this regime gets materialized into today’s metabolism through the analysis of four different kinds of flows (energy, water, toxic elements, food). This metabolism is described as intensive and toxic – according to the level of intensity and toxicity of the flows at stake – as well as absorbing – in the way it deals with other territories’ metabolic functions (waste management, food production). These properties of the Rhône-Médian’s metabolism implicate limited capacity for local actors (inhabitants, public actors, farmers) to act towards the reduction or the transformation of these flows. However, within a context of change in production systems and of residentialisation, several local initiatives emerge. Through this process, local actors gain a better understanding and better capabilities to act on the flows of energy and matter in order to engage with sustainable territorial development. These local initiatives lead to several forms of reassessment of existing power relationships but the industrial socio-ecological regime remains, partly because some lock-ins which structure and self-sustain this regime are not questioned
Joly, Nicolas. "Les territoires renouvelés de l'après-charbon : loisirs et cadre de vie dans le Nord - Pas-de-Calais". Lille 1, 2001. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2001/50377-2001-15-1.pdf.
Texto completoKasmi, Fédoua. "Écologie industrielle, milieu éco-innovateur et diversification de l'économie territoriale : le cas du complexe industrialo-portuaire de Dunkerque". Thesis, Littoral, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018DUNK0488/document.
Texto completoIndustrial ecology includes a set of practices aimed at reducing polluting industrial discharges and stands today as a possible way for the transition of industrial system towards a more sustainable operating mode, inspired by natural ecosystems. Its implementation can also be at the origin of innovation dynamics favorable to the development and diversification of territories, especially industrial ones. Industrial ecology is generally studied from the view of its industrial organization (organization of input and output flows, institutional framework and organization of cooperation between companies) and the environmental impacts it entails (economy of materials, recycling, etc.). In this thesis, we study its potential in terms of territorial economic development. For this purpose, we build a theoretical and conceptual framework to highlight the role of industrial ecology as a driver for development and diversification of territories. We propose a new analytical model based on the concept of eco-innovative milieu. This concept, built by crossing the literature on industrial ecology and theories of territorial economy and innovation, explains the mechanisms by which industrial ecology can promote territorial attractiveness and eco-innovation dynamics. It is the foundation on which our hypotheses are based. This model of analysis is applied to the industrialo-port complex of Dunkirk, a territory with strong industrial specialization in search of new ways of diversification of economic activities. We seek to understand the advantages of industrial ecology for the construction of an "eco-innovative" milieu, in which the effects of agglomeration favor the generation and the attractiveness of new activities thus contributing to a diversification of territorial economy. We adopt a mixed methodology based on the descriptive analysis of two databases of companies and a set of semi-structured interviews with 30 companies and institutions. The empirical study shows that industrial ecology contributes to the development of the characteristics of an eco-innovative milieu in Dunkirk. however, the dynamics of collective learning and eco-innovation specific to eco-innovative milieus remain modest. In addition, a nex dynamic of business creation has developed in Dunkirk since 2014. These new companies are linked to companies in the industrial symbiosis, either by the sector of activity, or by eco-industrial synergies. However, this dynamic only concerns a few units, but tends to validate our analysis. The diversification dynamic based on a related variety highlighted here faces, however, many difficulties. These are related to the operational and organizational aspects of the synergies nut they are also specific to the territory (economic fragility and path dependence). The contribution of industrial ecology to the diversification of industrial territories depends, in our opinion, on the resolution of these difficulties. The development of service activities and adapted territorial governance can contribute to the reduction of these limits. We study the characteristics of the service sector and the governance of the industrial symbiosis in Dunkirk. We end up with a set of recommendations that can be useful for public policies as well as for companies and institutions, in order to strengthen the eco-innovative milieu and foster the innovation dynamics that it promises
Dam, Duy Long. "Développement touristique et développement local : la communauté lagunaire à Tam Giang-Cau Hai, province de Thùa Thiên Hué, Vietnam". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCC022/document.
Texto completoThừa Thiên Huế inherites a strategic geographic position with many majestic landscapes, traditional villages and a diverse culture with two world cultural heritages. Among various potential natural resources of the place, Tam Giang – Cầu Hai Lagoon (TG-CH), with its precious resources, is an emerging tourist destination of the province. Althought tourism has established at TG-CH since 2010, it, in fact, has not shown as an effective tool for poverty alleviation. This research is aiming to a sustainable development of the area through analysing various factors. Analysises on the impacts of tourism and the involvement of local community in tourism have a very strong connection with the community perceived value in tourism. Specifically, a proposal for a model “tourism in the ghost town” at TG-CH would bring a unique aspect of a lost world which could not even be in the mind Thừa Thiên Huế authorities. For the first time, local culture becomes a significant key to understand and elaborate social changes. This research will continuously develop toward the sustainable development of TG-CH
Ramdé, Mamadou. "Les limites de l'intégration régionale internationale : le cas de la Communauté économique des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (CEDEAO)". Thèse, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15090.
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