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Kim, Dong-Hyeon, Yi-Chen Wu y Shu-Chin Lin. "EDUCATION, HEALTH, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT". Macroeconomic Dynamics 23, n.º 2 (20 de diciembre de 2017): 837–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100517000050.
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This paper examines the relationships of income with education and health using heterogeneous panel cointegration techniques to account for the potential cross-country heterogeneity in the effects of education and health. Our main results are: (i) education and health are, on average, income-enhancing; (ii) for different schooling levels, although primary education lowers income, both secondary and tertiary education raise income with larger impacts for the former than the latter, on average; (iii) there is considerable heterogeneity in the effects of education and health on income across countries; and (iv) the effect of education (health) on income tends to be greater (smaller) in countries with higher levels of development, greater (less) trade openness, less abundant natural resources, less corruption, higher levels of democracy, and a more homogeneous society.
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Daryono, Sugeng Wahyudi, Suharnomo, Indi Djastuti, Mahfudz, Amie Kusumawardhani y Sri Supriyati. "Creative Economic Development in Economic Education Perspective". SHS Web of Conferences 86 (2020): 01016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20208601016.
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This study aims to determine the effect of entrepreneurial knowledge on creative attitudes of creative economy sub-sector Small Medium Enterprises in Kendal sub-district in the context of creative economic development. The population in this study were 129 Micro Small Medium Enterprises in the creative industry subsector. The total sample in this study was as many as 33 Micro Small Medium Enterprises in the creative industry sub-sector. The results of this study indicate that entrepreneurial knowledge has a positive and significant influence on the creative attitude of creative economy sub-sector Micro Small Medium Enterprises in Kendal sub-district, Central Java City, Indonesia.
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Liu, Jia y Lun Li. "Efficiency Driven Effect of Education in China: The Perspective of Global Competitiveness and Graduate Education". International Journal of Education and Humanities 1, n.º 1 (15 de diciembre de 2021): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ijeh.v1i1.199.
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Capital, natural resources, technology and education are often considered to be the most important factors in improving the level of economic development. China is in the "efficiency-driven" stage of economic development. There are objective laws in the development of education level and economic growth, but they interact with each other. Economic growth provides the foundation and necessary conditions for the development of education. At the same time, the role of education in promoting economic growth is also very obvious. Based on the perspective of postgraduate training, this paper studies the role of education in economic efficiency-driven, through the study of theory, data collection and empirical analysis, combined with the development characteristics of China's higher education, and compares China's and US higher education policies to guide China's higher education. The development of education, and then promote the transformation of China into the "innovation-driven" stage, has certain theoretical and practical significance.
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Nuss, Shirley y Lorraine Majka. "Economic Development and Education of the Female Population". Sociological Perspectives 28, n.º 3 (julio de 1985): 361–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389152.
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This article examines the empirical relationship of GNP/capita as an indicator of economic development and the education of women. Several indicators of female participation in first-, second-, and third-level education are used for 162 countries and territories of the world. The findings suggest that economic development has a positive effect on female education for many countries. Quadratic relationships explain significantly more of the variance than linear relationships for median educational attainment, student enrollment ratios at the second level, and the proportional participation of females in third-level education. Cubic relationships explain significantly more of the variance than either quadratic or linear relationships for economic development and first-level education and the proportional participation of females as graduates from third-level education in the field of education. Economic development is a weak predictor of the integration of females as third-level graduates in the important fields of engineering and agriculture.
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Qi, Jiangyi. "Government Education Expenditure, Third-party Spillover Effect and Economic Growth in China". Journal of Sustainable Development 9, n.º 2 (30 de marzo de 2016): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n2p145.
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This paper investigates the impacts of government education expenditure on economic growth in China taking into account the spatial third-party spillover effects. After the theretical analyse, a spatial panel estimation model based on the augmented Solow model is applied by using province data in China during 2007 and 2013. The results reveal that (1) In a whole, Government education expenditure in China has significantly positive impact on economic growth, but expenditure in different educational level shows different results. Government education expenditure in below high-education is positive related to local economic growth, whereas the effect of education expenditure in high-education is insignificant. (2) Neighboring government education expenditure shows spatial spillover effects on local economic growth, and spatial spillover effects in two education level is different. (3) Other input factors of third-governmet also have spatial effects. Some policies about education and economic development are proposed. Meanwhile this study recommends that corporation relationship among regions is very important.
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Nuralam, Nuralam. "Human Development Index (HDI) in Papua Province". Journal of Social and Development Sciences 6, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2015): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v6i3.848.
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This study aims to determine the effect of the health index, education index and the index of the economic growth of Papua Province simultaneously and partially. The analytical method used was a panel data regression analysis with Pooled Least Square method. The results showed that the index of health, education index and the index of purchasing power simultaneously and significant affect on economic growth in Papua province, while the partial test results showed that the index of education and purchasing power index affect economic growth positively and significantly, while the health index has no significant effect on the economic growth of Papua Province.
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Eze, Felix John y Ben E. Odigbo. "Entrepreneurial Education in Higher Institutions and Economic Development". International Journal of Marketing Studies 10, n.º 4 (24 de noviembre de 2018): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v10n4p150.
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This study undertook an appraisal of entrepreneurial education in higher institutions and the correlation to youths’ economic empowerment national economic development. It was prompted by the problem of growing rate of unemployment amongst the country’s youth population especially the young graduates. The objectives sought were to examine the current rate of youths’ unemployment and the implications on entrepreneurship adoption and Nigeria economic development; determine the key drivers of Asian Tigers economic growth from the 1960 to 2000 and the role of education; and ascertain the extent entrepreneurial education in higher institutions could boost Nigeria’s economic development. The study adopted a combination of survey and desk research. Data analysis was qualitatively and quantitatively done. The quantitative was through Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Results obtained reveal that the high rate of youths’ unemployment and low rate of entrepreneurship adoption by the youths have significant negative effect on the nation’s economic development. The key drivers of economic growth of the Four Asian Tigers between 1960 and 2000 were sound government policies on entrepreneurial, technical & vocational education. That entrepreneurial education in higher institutions can significantly boost Nigeria’s economic development. It was then recommended among other things that: The Nigerian youths must as matter of urgency take entrepreneurship much more serious, as a veritable complement to their educational attainment and as a surety for future greatness in the corporate world, and consequent boosting of the nation’s economy.
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Lam, Newman M. K. "Business-government relationship in economic development". Asian Education and Development Studies 5, n.º 4 (3 de octubre de 2016): 362–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-08-2016-0067.
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Purpose In the process of fostering economic development, many governments, especially those of a small economy, such as Singapore, Taiwan, and Hong Kong, had taken a leading role in managing their economies, in spite of the free-market rhetoric that some of them have made. The purpose of this paper is to examine the reasons and the effects of government involvement in the economy. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the causes and effects of cooperation and conflict between government and business in economic development are examined from a theoretical perspective, particularly with references made to East Asian economies. Findings Government interventions lead inevitably to both cooperation and conflict with the private sector. Practical implications The strategies for dealing with problems arisen from such relationship are also examined. Originality/value This paper links the theories and concepts from a variety of sources to offer a coherent picture of business-government relationship that is helpful for examining other studies on this topic from a broad perspective.
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ABEDIN, Md Thasinul, Kanon Kumar SEN, Mohammad Rifat RAHMAN y Sharmin AKTER. "SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS OF STOCK MARKET DEVELOPMENT: ROLE OF TERTIARY EDUCATION". JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN ECONOMY 19, Vol 19, No 2 (2020) (junio de 2020): 224–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/jee2020.02.224.
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Considering economic growth and banking sector development as economic factors and tertiary level of education as a social factor, this paper explores their effect on stock market development in Bangladesh during the period 1976 to 2015. This paper reveals a significant positive impact of banking sector development and economic growth and an insignificant positive impact of tertiary level of education on stock market development both in the short-run and in the long-run. The positive long-run effect of socioeconomic factors on stock market development suggests that over time the rise in tertiary education, economic growth, and banking sector development contributes into the stock market development. Hence, government should give special attention into the development of tertiary education in addition to accelerating economic growth and banking sector development to ensure broad base stock market.
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Karim, Nayab. "THE EFFECT OF INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF PAKISTAN". Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research 1, n.º 2 (30 de diciembre de 2018): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37605/pjhssr.1.2.6.
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It is widely accepted that the education sector plays a vital role in the development of the economy and has a positive impact on the economic growth, this study is an attempt to explore the relationships among the investment in the human capital, physical capital and the school enrollment and its impact on the growth of Pakistan’s economy. This study focus on time series analysis, the data has traced from World Development Indicators from 1980 to 2018. The empirical results showed that the investment in physical capital and school enrollment has a positive significant impact on the growth of Pakistan’s economy. Therefore, the government of Pakistan should focus more on investment in education sector and thereby improve social prosperity.
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Tansel, Aysit y Nil Gungor. "Gender effects of education on economic development in Turkey". Journal of Economic Studies 40, n.º 6 (28 de octubre de 2013): 794–821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-10-2012-0140.
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Lucas, Elumah y Peter Shobayo. "Effect of Expenditures on Education, Human Capital Development and Economic Growth in Nigeria". Nile Journal of Business and Economics 3, n.º 5 (21 de abril de 2017): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20321/nilejbe.v3i5.89.
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<p>Earlier studies on economic growth asserts that economic prosperity and functioning of a nation depends on its physical and human capital stock in form of knowledge acquired and an agent of national development in all countries of the world. Therefore, the need to examine the effect of expenditures on education, human capital development on economic growth in Nigeria. This study focuses on public expenditures on the education with a view to ascertain the relative commitments of the governments to this sector.</p><p> </p><p>This study covers the period of 1970-2015, employing an ex-post facto research design using time series data. The data used for this study are obtained mainly from secondary data which is quantitative in nature. The study employs descriptive statistics to assess the contributions of government expenditure on education, government expenditure on health, tertiary school enrolment, secondary school enrollment, primary school enrolment on gross domestic product. Also, Unit Root Test is conducted on the series to ascertain if they are stationary while co-integration test follows suit, to also ascertain the long run relationship between expenditure on education and human capital development on economic growth. The Johansen Cointegration test and Error Correction Mechanism estimated model found that that there is no significant effect of expenditure on education and human capital development on economic growth in Nigeria.</p><p> </p>
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Choi, Eunjung. "Economic Voting in Taiwan: The Significance of Education and Lifetime Economic Experiences". Asian Survey 50, n.º 5 (septiembre de 2010): 990–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2010.50.5.990.
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An analysis of the 1996 and 2004 Taiwan presidential elections demonstrates that the voters' overall economic experiences under the dominant Kuomintang and level of education mediated the effect of short-term economic conditions on individual vote choice before and after the first power transition.
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Glewwe, Paul y Hanan G. Jacoby. "Economic growth and the demand for education: is there a wealth effect?" Journal of Development Economics 74, n.º 1 (junio de 2004): 33–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2003.12.003.
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Hamzah, Muhammad Zilal y Zainuddin Siregar. "The Analysis of Determinant Factors of Poverty And Its Effect Toward Economic Development of Islamic Society : Case Study at Serdang Bedagai Regency At North Sumatera Province". Indonesian Management and Accounting Research 11, n.º 1 (4 de enero de 2012): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/imar.v11i1.1179.
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in the last two decades. Indonesia has experienced contrasting episodes in terms of economic growth and changes in the pm erty rate. Prior middle 1980s until middle 19903. Indonesia experienced a high economic growth and a rapid reduction in poverty. During the economic crisis period of 1997-1999, however. the economy contracted substantially and poverty increased signit‘lcantly. wiping out many years of progress. Post-crisis. economic growth slowly recovered. but the poverty rate declined much faster falling to below the pre-crisis level. These contrasting episodes of growth and poverty trends provide the opportunity to empirically assess the relationship between economic development and poverty. Study of this relationships. usually divide the economy into three sectors: agriculture. industry. and services. The mechanism ofthe relationships between economic development and change in poverty must be better understood in order to formulate the most effective strategy for poverty reduction through macroeconomic policy. Therefore. this research tries to examine more specific than previous studies. that is the effect ofdetemiinant factors (such as: level of fonnal education. level ofsocial economic. agriculture land ownership. lslamicjob tradition) ofpm erty toward economic development. This research is done at Serdang Bedagai Regency at North Suimatera Province. The research hypothesis states that [m el of formal education and agriculture land ownership effect economic development significantly. Otherwise. level of social economic and Islamic job tradition insignificantly effect economic developmentKeywords: level of formal education. level of social economic. agriculture land ownership. Islamic job tradition, poverty. economiy development.
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Iderawumi, Abdulraheem Mukhtar y Iderawumi Mubarakat Abiodun. "Effect of Rural-Urban Migration on Education and Economics Development". American Journal of Trade and Policy 6, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2019): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v6i1.342.
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Over the years, demands for education have become progressively more insistent, more persuasive and complex. The kind of education given impinges on society in a variety of ways to meet an ever-widening range of needs. This research is to examine the effect of rural-urban migration on education and economic development with reference to Ibarapa East Local Government Area of Oyo State. The man and specific motives are to find out the causes of rural-urban migration how it affects the students’ performance and aimed at examining its effect on productivity level of Ibarapa East Local Government Area. The instrument used for collecting the data is the questionnaire. Hypotheses were formulated, whereas simple percentage methods were used to analyze the data. The finding shows that there are the different impacts of rural-urban migration on education and development of Ibarapa East Local Government causes short fall of the labour force, short of qualified and low productivity especially in the agricultural sector. Rural-urban migration contributes to the high rate of unemployment. It increases the number of juvenile delinquencies crimes and other social vices in the society, and it has effect on the educational development of the study area. Based on all the findings, recommendation was made that the government should provide social and infrastructural facilities such as good road network, regular supply of electricity and so on for rural dwellers. And also with the various youth programs, it could be possible to reduce rural-urban migration, most especially when the young ones are exposed to sustainable livelihood activities that they could embark upon.
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Kiselakova, Dana, Beata Sofrankova, Erika Onuferova y Veronika Cabinova. "Assessing the effect of innovation determinants on macroeconomic development within the EU (28) countries". Problems and Perspectives in Management 18, n.º 2 (19 de junio de 2020): 277–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.18(2).2020.23.
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Innovations play an inevitable role in achieving macroeconomic growth of countries, and innovative activity is perceived as a source of sustainable development. This paper’s main objective is to explore the impact of innovation determinants on the macroeconomic development of the EU (28) member countries and identify key problem areas distorting sustainable development and growth of these countries. The research analysis is performed using panel data regression models estimated from 2010 to 2018. Innovation potential was quantified using selected indicators, such as patent granted, high-tech exports, gross domestic expenditures on R&amp;D, government expenditure on education, direct investment, gross fixed capital, and tertiary educational attainment. Such indicators as real GDP per capita and GNI per capita were applied to measure economic growth. The results provide evidence of a statistically significant relationship between innovation and economic growth (p &lt; 0.01). Therefore, both research hypotheses were accepted. Based on innovation potential assessment, the statistically significant impact of five indicators were confirmed (high-tech exports, gross domestic expenditure on R&amp;D, government expenditure on education, direct investment, and tertiary educational attainment). In this backdrop, the most significant effect was revealed for variable gross domestic expenditure on R&amp;D (0.5343). The findings lead to the conclusion that the EU’s and national innovation policies and initiatives should aim to create framework conditions that favor the innovation environment and increase R&amp;D expenditure to endorse real economic growth. AcknowledgmentThis article has been prepared within the research project VEGA No. 1/0279/19 “Model approaches to increase performance and competitiveness in the European area in the context of sustainable development”.
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Mbulawa, Strike y Piyush Mehta. "The Effect of Access and Quality of Education on Economic Development in Botswana". International Journal of Business, Economics and Management 3, n.º 11 (2016): 144–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.62/2016.3.11/62.11.144.159.
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Baporikar, Neeta. "Tax Education to Enhance Tax Compliance for Socio-Economic Development". International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management 11, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2022): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsem.313045.
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Tax collection by governments globally is to generate revenue so that they can deliver basic services to citizens like health, education, roads, infrastructural development, and meet expenditure. Hence, revenue from taxation is important for all countries and more so for developing ones. However, to ensure that this collection is optimum, the citizens must be tax compliant. Yet, many countries and more so emerging ones are poor at tax collection due to the low tax compliance. Among other mechanisms to increase tax compliance like a penalty, confiscation of property that is more detrimental in nature, the progressive mechanism to increase tax compliance is taxpayer education. Hence, adopting a descriptive qualitative approach, this study investigates individual citizens' taxpayer education approach to enhance tax compliance for socio-economic development. Findings reveal that educating citizens on taxation not only aids in tax compliance but has a multiplier effect on fiscal knowledge and nation development.
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LV, Kangjuan, Anyu YU, Siyi GONG, Maoguo WU y Xiaohong XU. "IMPACTS OF EDUCATIONAL FACTORS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN REGIONS OF CHINA: A SPATIAL ECONOMETRIC APPROACH". Technological and Economic Development of Economy 23, n.º 6 (21 de septiembre de 2015): 827–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2015.1071296.
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This paper investigates the impacts of educational factors on economic growth across 31 provinces during 1996 and 2010 in China. A spatial panel estimation model is applied to study the impacts of education on economic growth taking into account the spatial spillover effects in Feder model and the cumulative effect. The results reveal that (1) educational factors are significantly spatially autocorrelated. Educational factors have spatial spillover effects. Regional differences of education impacts still exist. (2) Average schooling year has a more positive effect on economic output than capital investment and labor force. Basic education might play a more important role in economic growth. (3) Education sector also benefits non-education sectors on economic growth if “spatial effects of economic shocks” are considered. Some policies that may enhance education development and their impacts on economic growth are proposed.
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Lee, Eun Mi. "Exploratory Test of the Effectiveness of Educational Aid in Official Development Assistance". Crisis and Emergency Management: Theory and Praxis 12, n.º 9 (30 de septiembre de 2022): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14251/jscm.2022.9.19.
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Conventional studies are limited in identifying the effectiveness of each country in seeking educational support. This study hypothesizes that educational aid through Official Development Assistance (ODA) is positively effected by ODA subprograms. It aims to identify the determinants of economic growth and the living standard levels in 15 Asian countries, focusing particularly on the education aid effects of Official Development Assistance (ODA). Two indexes were used: (1) the annual ODA grants to Korea, with aid type as the key independent variable; and (2) the human development index (HDI). The pooled OLS model, the fixed effects (FE) model, and a random effects (RE) model were analyzed. The results show that the economic and social impacts of ODA based on panel data were significant and that specific subprograms were more likely to directly affect HDI. In particular, the effect of aid on education was statistically significant. However, the findings show a negative impact which means it is difficult to estimate the short-term effectiveness of educational aid and it is nonlinear relation.
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Wibawa, Ginan, Rizzal Muttaqin y Fitriana Dewi Sumaryana. "The Effect of Human Capital on Economic Growth in Islamic Economic Perspective: Evidence from Bandung Regency". Eco-Iqtishodi : Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi dan Keuangan Syariah 2, n.º 2 (11 de octubre de 2021): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32670/ecoiqtishodi.v2i2.687.
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The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of human capital on economic growth in Bandung Regency. This research uses a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression analysis. The data used are secondary data from BPS for the period 2010-2019. Human capital is represented by education by measuring the average length of schooling and health by measuring life expectancy, while economic growth uses per capita GRDP. The results of the analysis with a significance level of 5% indicate that education and health have a positive and significant influence on economic growth in Bandung Regency. It shows the valuable role of human capital as one of the central sources to encourage regional economic development. Economic growth, that main focus is on human development, is following Islamic economic growth principles. So that economic development must be oriented to improving human dignity as a whole.
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Awolusi, Olawumi Dele. "Education and Economic Growth in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)". Journal of Education and Vocational Research 13, n.º 1(V) (6 de noviembre de 2022): 6–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jevr.v13i1(v).3247.
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The declining level of economic growth in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has been attributed to the poor level of educational development in the bloc. Consequently, this study aims to assess the effect of primary, secondary and tertiary educational development on economic growth in the ECOWAS bloc. The study adopted an extended literature review/ desktop research methodology to address three research questions. Findings based on the extended literature review indicated negative and insignificant relationships between primary educational development and economic growth in the ECOWAS bloc. Secondly, findings also established largely positive relationships between secondary educational development and economic growth in the bloc. Lastly, the relationship between tertiary educational development and economic growth was largely mixed in the ECOWAS bloc. The three specific conclusions were, therefore, validated by both the institutional fitness theory and the new theory of growth. Consequently, to improve the contributions of primary, secondary and tertiary educational development to economic growth in the ECOWAS bloc, the present study recommends the promotion of enhanced social programs, integration of existing policies and creation of societal culture executed within a sound institutional framework, reduction in unemployment, regional disparities, defining the active role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other independent institutions, as well as even distribution of political and financial power, especially in Nigeria, the largest country in the bloc.
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Badri, A. K. y P. K. Badri. "INVESTIGATING THE IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND EDUCATION ON ECONOMIC GROWTH". Open Journal of Management Science (ISSN: 2734-2107) 1, n.º 1 (10 de marzo de 2020): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.52417/ojms.v1i1.77.
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Developments and rapid changes in the international community, moving from traditional society to the information society, as well as changing the national economy to the global economy, require different solutions to enable economic growth and development in society. In fact, entrepreneurship, which is the concept of the discovery and exploitation of opportunities for value creation in the various sectors, is the basis for an all-round development. For this reason, to develop the countries pay special attention to the entrepreneurship is very important. So, this study is trying to investigate the effects of entrepreneurship and education on economic growth in 25 selected countries using the panel-data method in the period of 2001 to 2015. The results show that entrepreneurship and education have positive effects on economic growth, so that by increasing one percent of each variable, respectively, economic growth will increase by 0.41 and 0.21 percent.
Badri, A. K. | Department of Economics, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran
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Vu, Tam Bang, Amber Osman ., Bilal Hussain . y Ahmed Ali, Faizan Farid, Osama Faheem . "Vocational Schools and Regional Development in China". Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 3, n.º 6 (15 de diciembre de 2011): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v3i6.292.
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This paper investigates the different impacts of vocational schools and universities on regional development in China. To account for a possible two-way causality between education and economic development, a system of supply and demand equations is introduced. The results show that vocational education has higher impact on regional development than university education in China. Concerning the reverse causality, the paper finds that effect of regional development on university education is higher than its effect on vocational school education.
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BENYISHAY, ARIEL y ROGER R. BETANCOURT. "Civil liberties and economic development". Journal of Institutional Economics 6, n.º 3 (20 de mayo de 2010): 281–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137410000081.
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Abstract:Skepticism prevails among a substantial number of economists over a possible connection between civil liberties and the level of economic activity. Until now, empirical research on economic growth has found mixed evidence on the influence of civil liberties. Disaggregation of the Freedom House Civil Liberties Index allows a fresh empirical look at the effect of human rights on long-term growth or economic development. Our results show that one of the four subcategories of the index outperforms all available indicators of property rights institutions in explaining long-term economic growth. This subcategory, Personal Autonomy and Individual Rights, captures the level of second generation human rights that affect the mobility of individuals with respect to housing, employment and university education, as well as the level of protection of property rights. This result is robust with respect to reverse causation, important omitted variables such as geography and human capital, as well as to a variety of sensitivity tests. We also discuss in our conceptual framework how civil liberties work as an indicator of the prevalence of the rule of law and how the latter affects growth or development as an essential public input.
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Suparno, Heri. "PENGARUH PENGELUARAN PEMERINTAH SEKTOR PENDIDIKAN, KESEHATAN DAN INFRASTUKTUR TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DAN PENINGKATAN PEMBANGUNAN MANUSIA DI PROVINSI KALIMANTAN TIMUR". Journal of Innovation in Business and Economics 5, n.º 1 (27 de febrero de 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jibe.vol5.no1.1-22.
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The purpose of this research were: 1) determining the direct effect of government spending on education, health and infrastructure to economic growth and human development index, 2) investigating the direct impact of economic growth on the human development index, 3) describing the indirect consequence of government spending on the sector education, health and infrastructure to the human development index through economic growth. In order to examine the hypothesis testing, the researcher employed path analysis and used the data derived from government spending files which comprised the expenditures on education, health and infrastructure, human development index and economic growth from 1997 up to 2011. The analysis showed that there is a direct effect of government spending on education, health and infrastructure to the human development index and economic growth and indirect influences of the government expenditure on education, health and infrastructure to the human development index through economic growth
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Zhao, Ran y Yuhong Du. "The Impact of Higher Education and Human Capital Quality on “Local-Neighborhood” Economic Growth". Best Evidence in Chinese Education 8, n.º 1 (28 de mayo de 2021): 1041–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15354/bece.21.ar22.
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Based on China’s provincial panel data from 1990 to 2017 and the improved Lucas, Nelson & Phelps model, the Spatial Dubin Model is used to test the spatial effects of higher education and human capital quality. The results showed that high-level human capital, characterized by higher education and urban labor income index, indirectly promoted local economic growth through technological innovation. There was also a “local-neighborhood” synergy effect. The neighborhood effect was manifested in that it affected the economic development of neighbors by promoting technological catch-up. After considering the quality factor, both the local and neighborhood effects were enhanced. From a regional perspective, higher education in the Yangtze River Delta, where the level of economic development is relatively high, was manifested as a spatial spillover effect of technological innovation and the neighborhood effect in the northeastern Bohai Rim and the Pearl River Delta was manifested as a technological catch-up.
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Enikolopov, R. S. "Evidence based development economics: Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2019". Voprosy Ekonomiki, n.º 1 (8 de enero de 2020): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2020-1-5-17.
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The 2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded to Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, and Michael Kremer for developing experimental approach to studying the problem of reducing world inequality. The works of laureates combine detailed microeconomic analysis of practical problems related to development economics with careful empirical estimation of the effects of particular development programs through the use of field experiments. The paper discusses methodological contribution of the laureates, their influence on changing economists’ approach to working on practical issues related to development economics. The paper also provides a short survey of the results of their research in areas of economics of education, health and behavioral economics, microcredit, and gender inequality.
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Asongu, Simplice, Joseph Nnanna y Paul Acha-Anyi. "Inclusive education for inclusive economic participation: the financial access channel". Gender in Management: An International Journal 35, n.º 5 (6 de mayo de 2020): 481–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-08-2019-0146.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to assess how inclusive education affects inclusive economic participation through the financial access channel. Design/methodology/approach The focus is on 42 sub-Saharan African countries with data for the period 2004-2014. The empirical evidence is based on the generalised method of moments. Findings The following findings are established. First, inclusive secondary education moderates financial access to exert a positive net effect on female labour force participation. Second, inclusive “primary and secondary school education” and inclusive tertiary education modulate financial access for a negative net effect on female unemployment. Third, inclusive secondary education and inclusive tertiary education both moderate financial access for an overall positive net effect on female employment. To provide more gender macroeconomic management policy options, inclusive education thresholds for complementary policies are provided and discussed. Originality/value Policy implications are discussed in the light of challenges of economic development in the sub-region and sustainable development goals.
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Pasara, Michael Takudzwa, Tapiwa Kelvin Mutambirwa y Nolutho Diko. "The Trivariate Causality among Education, Health, and Economic Growth in Zimbabwe". Sustainability 12, n.º 4 (12 de febrero de 2020): 1357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041357.
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This study investigated the causality among education, health, and economic growth in Zimbabwe. Causality effects are a thinly explored area in literature, with most studies focusing on bidirectional relationships. Granger causality tests were employed in a Vector autoregressive (VAR) model. Results showed that education Granger causes health improvements, with health improvements in turn fairly associating to Granger cause economic growth in Zimbabwe. Thus, the effect of education on economic growth is not direct, but works through improved health, pointing to the conclusion that health is a transmission mechanism through which education drives economic growth. No feedback effect was established from health to education and from economic growth to education and health. Thus, results suggest the need for a holistic policy approach which integrates education and health policies in a bid to drive economic growth, since education has no effect on economic growth in its own domain, but through health.
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Sasongko, Handaru Edit y Puji Wibowo. "GOVERNMENT SPENDING AND REGIONAL ECONOMIC GROWTH: THE MEDIATING EFFECT OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX". Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Kewirausahaan 11, n.º 2 (31 de agosto de 2022): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/jebik.v11i2.52229.
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The dynamic of local government spending on education, health care, and infrastructure in the region shows an interesting phenomenon in the last decade. Despite the fact that budget expenditures of sub national governments have grown substantially, the pace of the human development index and the rate of economic growth have provided us different pictures. This study aims to analyze the impact of the three spending groups on the quality of human development and economic growth in Indonesia. This research used purposive sampling method to obtain data from as many as 464 districts/cities that were observed during the 2016-2018 period. Based on panel analysis, there was evidence that health spending had a positive effect on the human development index and community welfare. By contrast, spending on education and infrastructure did not have a good effect on these two development indicators. Based on the Sobel test, only health spending had a positive indirect effect on economic growth through the quality of human development. Meanwhile, education spending did not have a significant effect on economic growth, either directly or indirectly. Future research may develop another measurement for insfrastructure spending to provide better proxy.
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Minařík, Bohumil y Jana Borůvková. "Chosen aspects of human capital development in regions of the CR". Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, n.º 4 (2011): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159040159.
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The essential measurable part of human capital is education. Educational, research and development capacities, economic development of regions, labour market, education of the population, and educational effects in regions of the CR in 2008 are the theme of this paper. The authors have analysed the total of 15 indices, which were shown in logical and conclusive mutual relations. The authors tried to quantify and from this point of view to compare the regions of the CR in light of the economic effect of education, which is based on the status of people with university education in the labour market – this is a combination of higher remuneration, higher economic activity and better employability of people with university education. The effect of education was assessed in the relation to the values of corresponding indices for the whole CR. In this case, a special status of the capital city of Prague and Central-Bohemian Region were manifested, while the opposite end of the ladder was occupied by Karlovy Vary Region and Ústí Region. In most cases, the status of university educated population of the regions corresponds with the values determined for all the CR. An interesting view can be presented by a comparison inside regions, in the relation to the values of indices for the given region. Here the largest effects from education were manifested mainly in some less developed regions, while e.g. Prague, a traditional leader in all similar analyses, is from this point of view found almost at the back.
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Festus, Mbalisi Onyeka y Oyebamiji Morufu Adekola. "Adult Education for Meaningful Socio-Economic Development in Nigeria". Journal of Social Science Studies 2, n.º 2 (11 de junio de 2015): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsss.v2i2.7799.
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<p>This paper establishes adult education as an indispensable tool for the achievement of meaningful socio-economic development of any nation. The paper identified different dimensions of development as well as various phenomena and their resultant effects which constitute a bane to successful socio-economic development in Nigeria. It proposes adult education programmes relevant for the development of a literate, informed, skilled and healthy adult population that drives successful socio-economic development activities. It concludes that adult education programmes are veritable tools designed to equip adults who are the economically productive and active citizens with required knowledge, attitudes, skills and commitment needed for meaningful socio-economic development.</p>
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Sulaiman, Saliza, Zahariah Sahudin, Zuraidah Ismail y Hazirah Azhar. "The Impact of Economic Indicators, Industrialization and Pollutant Emissions (CO2) on Economic Development in Malaysia". Journal of International Business, Economics and Entrepreneurship 3, SI (15 de diciembre de 2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jibe.v3isi.14420.
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The main purpose of this research is to identify whether there is any relationship between economic indicators, industrialization and pollutant emissions (CO2) on economic development in Malaysia. Economic indicators consist of government debt, health and education expenditure. This paper used Ordinary Least Square (OLS) Method to test the factors affecting the economic development. The data collection for each variable are collected from year 1980 until 2014 for 35 years in Malaysia. The result of the study shows that industrialization and pollutant emission (CO2) have a significant relationship on economic development. Meanwhile, government debt, health and education expenditure do not have a significant relationship on economic development. These finding will help to understand the effect of independent variables towards the dependent variable (economic development)
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Macheret, D. A. "On influence of Education on Economic Growth". World of Transport and Transportation 14, n.º 4 (28 de agosto de 2016): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2016-14-4-24.
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The article considers the influence of education on human capital development, as well as the effects of creative capacity for development of entrepreneurship and economic activity. Some modern trends in education are also considered in relationship with their impact on development of creativeness of future employees. Thus, while showing a tendency to replace the text presentation of training course and of research results with slide presentation of teaching materials, the author notes a risk that such a disaccustoming from the perception of textual information can have negative consequences for intellectual development of individuals as well as for economic growth. At the same time the high value of contests of creative works of students and Ph.D. students, held in the field of railway transport, is underlined.
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Nurlaili, Rizqi Ulfa y Malik Malik Cahyadin. "Economic and Non-Economic Factors Effect Per Capita Income in Indonesia". Economics Development Analysis Journal 8, n.º 4 (11 de febrero de 2020): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v8i4.31105.
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Indonesia per capita income tends to increase during 2013 – 2016. It indicates that Indonesian people are able to achieve welfare improvement. This research aims to analyze the effects of inflation, Human Development Index (HDI), population, Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) growth, Minimum Wage, and technology utilization on per capita income in Indonesia. It becomes a reference for local economic policies at local governments in Indonesia. The estimation model uses panel data under the Fixed Effects Model (FEM). FEM is chosen based on the Chow and Hausman test. This research uses time series from 2013 – 2016 and cross-section of 34 provinces in Indonesia. The findings show that inflation and GRDP have a significant effect on per capita income with negative direction, while HDI and minimum wage have a significant effect with positive direction, whereas population and technology utilization for workers do not have a significant effect. The coefficient of determination (Adjusted R2) is about 0.999754. It means that 99.975% of the dependent variable is explained by the variation of the independent variables. The implication of policies, namely: a) the local governments should control the inflation rate; b) the local governments should increase the domestic investment in health, education, and accessibility; and c) the local governments should promote technology utilization to the workers.
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Rokov, A. I. y K. A. Ledovskaya. "Socio-economic effect of development of education system and labor market of professional personnel". Business Strategies 8, n.º 2 (5 de marzo de 2020): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2311-7184-2020-2-39-44.
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This article analyzes the education system and the labor market of professional personnel, as well as the socio-economic effects that can be obtained from their sustainable development. The scheme of interaction between the education system and the labor market was investigated, the importance of labor for the modern economy was determined. Based on studies of the principles and mechanisms of the interaction of the labor market with the educational environment, the problems of network interaction of labor entities with authorities were considered and the use of a project to increase their effectiveness at the regional level was proposed.
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Mergos, George J. "The Economic Contribution of Children in Peasant Agriculture and the Effect of Education: Evidence from the Philippines". Pakistan Development Review 31, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 1992): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v31i2pp.189-201.
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Issues of consumption-leisure choice and of the effect of education are at the centte of the debate on labour supply and on the economic value of children in peasant agriculture. This paper provides empirical evidence on how education affects child labour supply in an extended commodity demand-labour supply framework, using farmhousehold survey data from the Philippines. The empirical results of this paper point out that adult and child labour respond normally to changes in wages, that a complementarity exists between adult and child labour in farm operations, that children have a positive economic conttibution to farm households in peasant agriculture, and that education may have a limited impact in reducing fertility in rural households.
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Ganyaupfu, Elvis Munyaradzi. "Estimating the Relative Impacts of Health and Education on Economic Development in Southern Africa". Asian Journal of Economic Modelling 2, n.º 2 (16 de junio de 2014): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.8.2014.22.85.92.
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This paper analysed the relative impacts of health and education on economic development in Southern Africa. A set of cross country panel data from 11 countries over the period 2005 - 2011 was used in the study. The econometric procedure adopted in the analysis followed the Breusch and Pagan Lagrangian Multiplier test and Hausman test techniques. Based on the Fixed Effects (FE) model, results show that health and education have significant positive effects on economic development; with health having a more remarkable effect on development in the region. The R-squared statistic indicates that nearly 21.79 percent total variation in economic development was accounted for by health and education during the period under review. The F(2,64) statistic (=15.45; p < 0.05) reveals significance of the model; while the interclass correlation value shows that nearly 99.53 percent of the variance was due to differences across panels.
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Cerina, Fabio y Fabio Manca. "CATCH ME IF YOU LEARN: DEVELOPMENT-SPECIFIC EDUCATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH". Macroeconomic Dynamics 22, n.º 6 (14 de septiembre de 2016): 1652–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100516000857.
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This paper presents a theoretical and empirical investigation of the relationship between human capital composition and economic growth. In the theoretical analysis, we allow for nonconstant returns to scale in technological activities. Differently from previous literature, our results show that, under broad and plausible model parameterizations, the marginal growth effect of skilled workers is increasing with the distance to the frontier for sufficiently poor countries while it is decreasing (in agreement with the existing literature) only for countries close to the technological frontier. Our empirical analysis provides robust evidence for this theoretical prediction by using a 10-year panel of 85 countries for the years in between 1960 and 2000, as well as by using the System Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) technique to address the problem of endogeneity. Results are robust to different proxies of human capital and different specifications.
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Djanggo, Romualdus Turu Putra Maro. "SOCIAL OVERHEAD CAPITAL DAN KESEJAHTERAAN MASYARAKAT DI WILAYAH PENGEMBANGAN PROVINSI PAPUA BAGIAN SELATAN". Musamus Journal of Economics Development 1, n.º 1 (11 de marzo de 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35724/feb.v1i1.1226.
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Social Overhead Capital and Society Prosperity in Development Region of South Part of Papua Province.
This Research aim to explain the development of road infrastructure, air and sea transportation infrastructure, economic infrastructure, agriculture infrastructure, education infrastructure, and health infrastructure which have shown the vary pictures to improve society prosperity and economic growth.
This research use quantitative approach within descriptive analysis method. The analysed data is the secondary of time series data by the year 2005-2014. The source of seconcary data is the infrastructure development data within their indicators in BPS of four regency of Papua Province.
Result of research indicate that road infrastructure, air and sea transportation infrastructure, agriculture infrastructure with irrigation channel indicator, economic infrastructure within traditional market indicator, and education infrastructure have shown positive effect to society prosperity, but do not show the positive effect to economics growth. Health infrastructure have shown the positive effect to society prosperity. Economic growth do not show the positive effect to society prosperity.
Keywords: social overhead capital, infrastructure, society prosperity
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Cosrojas, Karen Debbie J. "Public Spending, Outcomes and Governance in ASEAN Economic Community". IAR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 3, n.º 02 (20 de abril de 2022): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.47310/iarjhss.2022.v03i02.010.
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The study explored the link of sectoral public spending to development outcomes with the interaction of governance using panel data from nine countries of the ASEAN economic community from 1995 to 2013. Using path analysis, result shows that the total effect of sectoral public spending such as health, and investment spending to human development index is significant but negative and the direct effect of education spending to HDI is having a positive but non-significant path. These imply that sectoral spending does not directly effect to development outcome. Meanwhile, the direct effect paths from the education and investment spending to governance are positive and significant. These show that the interaction of governance result to positive and significant outcome such that increase in unit of governance result to increase in sectoral spending. Therefore, better governance performance is essential to translate spending to positive development outcome.
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Kawuryan, Anna Maria Siti. "Education in Indonesia's Regional Economic Development Before Fiscal Decentralization". Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia 2, n.º 2 (1 de enero de 2002): 40–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21002/jepi.v2i2.625.
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Indonesia is a diverse country with uneven resource endowment across its provinces. This study examines the effects of human capital investment policies on the promotion of more equitable income growth across provinces. First, the rate of return to education is estimated for each province using the 1976 and 1989 Indonesian National Labor Force Surveys (SAKERNAS). Then, regional economic indicators are used to explain differences in the rates of return to education among provinces and to develop and test hypotheses regarding the contribution of investment in education to personal income growth in different regions in Indonesia.The study finds large differences in the rates of return to education among provinces with the highest rates of return in the poorest provinces. A model of segmented regional labor markets is advanced to explain why wage differences across provinces may exist. The estimates suggest that labor market segmentation was more pronounced for un- or low-educated workers because inter-provincial differences in wages were greater among this group than among more educated workers. Education may reduce regional labor market segmentation. More educated workers may be better able to compete for jobs in other provinces, and therefore more mobile, because they possess the needed language and market skills.Thus, it appears that education not only enhances personal (and national) income, but also promotes greater equity across provinces. Equitable investment in education across provinces is compatible with both equity and efficiency goals in regional economic development.
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Easwaran, Sunanda. "Technology and Socio-Economic Development in India". Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies 8, n.º 1 (enero de 2022): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23939575211044800.
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The role of technology in business and society has grown at an accelerated pace in both developed and developing markets in the recent past. This has led to the study and use of digital technologies in a variety of fields, ranging from industry, finance and government policies to education, healthcare and social communication. Many authors have examined the link between new technologies and society in the context of what is referred to as the ‘digital divide’ between rich and poor countries. It has been postulated frequently that productivity effects of technology are moderated by country factors, and increased affordability and accessibility of technology has been instrumental in socio-economic growth across social classes, regions and economies. Education and healthcare play a critical role in socio-economic development. With special emphasis on India, this article examines how innovative technology at various levels of complexity influences societal growth, through its contribution to education and healthcare, in emerging economies. The need for and contribution of different players such as the private sector, NGOs and the government in the past few decades in India has also been discussed with emphasis on these two major contributors to development. With support of some examples of innovative entrepreneurial effort, the article discusses the efforts such as extension of use of digital technology to lower socio-economic strata and its impact on education and healthcare.
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GIRI, Ni Komang Octavia, Putu Ngurah Suyatna YASA y A. A. Ketut JAYAWARSA. "Influence Of Development Index Components Humans On Economic Growth In Bali 2012-2019". Journal of Tourism Economics and Policy 2, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2022): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.38142/jtep.v2i1.207.
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Human development is one indicator of achieving economic development. Granting human development increases every year, inequality in human development is motionless discernable between districts/cities in the province of Bali. Furthermore, this study aims to determine the effect of life expectancy, literacy rate, average school length and real expenditure per capita on economic growth. The data used was secondary data downloaded from the Central Agency in Statistics of Bali Province and was a 2012 - 2019 time series. The descriptive qualitative method applied to analyze the data in this study. The results of data processing were composed of life expectancy has a positive effect on economic growth, literacy rates have a negative effect on economic growth, the average school length has a positive and insignificant effect on economic growth, and real expenditure per capita has a significant negative effect on economic growth of Districts / City in Bali. Formerly, The Government is expected to increase further performance that is capable of improving the quality of education in the Districts / City in Bali. Education level must be considered thoughtfully to promote better economic growth and per capita expenditure needs to be stabilized every year.
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Suharti, Sri, Yoyok Prasetyo, Muhammad Dzaki Naufal y Ali Aminullah. "The Investment Effect on Prosperity in Indonesia with Economic Development as an Intervening Variable". Indonesian Journal of Interdisciplinary Islamic Studies 5, n.º 2 (12 de mayo de 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/ijiis.vol.5.iss2.art1.
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Indonesia is rich with natural resources, which attract investors. However, it has not impacted an insufficient level of prosperity, as shown by a low level of education and income per capita. The study aims to determine the effect of investment as measured by Global Competitive Index (GCI) as the independent variable, Human Development Index (HDI) as the dependent variable on prosperity, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as an intervening variable to measure economic development. The research used a descriptive quantitative framework, supported by data from books, journals, and other online sources. The data were analyzed with a linear regression statistical model using SPSS.25. The results indicate that investment has no significant direct effect on prosperity, yet, it has a significant indirect effect on prosperity through economic development. The current imbalance in economic and education progress illustrates that today's development is against Islamic principles, e.g., divinity, justice, and sustainability. These principles are the keys to solving the problem of prosperity in Indonesia. Thus, to increase prosperity, the government needs to increase public access to economic development by improving education and health facilities, especially in rural areas, and the independence of the people to manage the country's wealth.
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Putri, Reni Mustika y Karjadi Mintaroem. "DETERMINAN ISLAMIC HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (IHDI) PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR TAHUN 2001-2016". Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori dan Terapan 6, n.º 7 (17 de enero de 2020): 1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/vol6iss20197pp1410-1420.
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This study aimed to determine the effect of economic growth, government expenditure, and ZIS distribution on IHDI in East Java in 2001-2016. The research method using quantitative approach by usingOrdinary Least Square (OLS) to see the elasticity of independent variables to dependent variables. The result of statistical test analysis showed that three of four independent variables had a positive and significant value on IHDI, which were: economic growth, goverment expenditure on education, and government expenditure on health. Zakat, infaq, sadaqah variables have nosignificant effect on IHDI.Keywords: Economic Growth, Education Expenditure, Health Expenditure, ZIS Distribution, Islamic Human Development Index
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Budiman, Muhammad Akbar. "Human Capital, Labour Force, And Economic Growth: Case Study of Across Regions in Indonesia". Modern Economics 28, n.º 1 (20 de agosto de 2021): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v28(2021)-03.
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Abstract. Introduction. Human development in education, health, and decent living increases, the accumulated human capital increases. The increase in production factors in the form of human development as a whole will increase output. In aggregate, an increase in the accumulation of human capital will impact the use of production factors as a source that replaces accumulated physical capital with human capital. Based on endogenous growth theory, human capital accumulation will create knowledge that will produce higher knowledge output. This research focuses on analyzing economic growth in Indonesia regarding endogenous factors, including the Government Expenditure Ratio for Education and Health, Human Development Index, and Labor Force Participation Rate by all provinces in Indonesia. The data used in this study are secondary for the period 2011-2020 and cross-sectional from 34 provinces in Indonesia. The analysis technique uses quantitative with Panel Data regression analysis tool. Purpose. This study analyzes the effect of the Government Expenditure Ratio on Education and Health, Human Development Index, and Labor Force Participation Rate on Economic Growth in Indonesia. Results. Education and Health Expenditure Ratio, HDI, and TPAK have a positive effect on Economic Growth. This condition means that every increase in Education and Health Expenditures, the human development index, and the Labor Force Participation Rate (TPAK) will increase economic growth. Overall economic growth is mostly determined by the Labor Force Participation Rate (TPAK). Conclusions. . Increasing the Proportion of Education and Health Expenditure Ratio, improving the quality of HDI, and increasing LFPR will impact increasing Economic Growth in Indonesia. Thus, to further increase spending on education and health, the availability of employment opportunities will result in the accumulation of human capital, which will increase economic growth in the long term.
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Zhao, Shunting. "MBA Graduate Education in the People's Republic of China". Journal of Management & Organization 3, n.º 1 (enero de 1997): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1833367200006003.
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AbstractChina has adopted economic reform and an open door policy and decided to establish a socialist market economy, which has not only strengthened her economic power and accelerated her modernization process, but also promoted her educational development and reform. The development of MBA graduate education in China is a very good example of this. However, it has taken quite a long time for the MBA program to receive attention from government, industry, business circles, colleges and universities and people from all walks of life. On the one hand, the development of the MBA program in China shows that the economic reform and modernization process have had a great effect on the demand for qualified personnel; on the other hand, the MBA program suits the design of China's market economic system and promotes China's social and economic development.