Tesis sobre el tema "Écologie pélagique – Indien, Océan (sud)"
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Kojadinovic, Jessica. "Écologie trophique de grands prédateurs marins de l'océan Indien occidental tropical par l'étude conjointe de la bioaccumulation d'éléments traces et de rapports isotopiques". La Réunion, 2006. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/06_17_Kojadinovic.pdf.
Texto completoThis study focuses on thé acquisition of knowledge of various aspects of thé trophic ecology of marine top predators from thé South-Western Indian Océan through thé analysis of trace élément levels and isotopic signatures. Three toxic éléments (cadmium, mercury and lead) and five essential éléments (copper, iron, manganèse, sélénium and zinc) were analyzed in six seabirds (Barau's Pétrel, Audubon's Shearwa'ter, White-tailed Tropicbird, Brown Noddy, Lesser Noddy and Sooty Tern) and five pelagic fishes (Swordfish, Yellowfin Tuna, Skipjack Tuna, Wahoo, Common Dolphinfish). A large range of trace élément levels were observed. Copper levels were high in thé liver of Yellowfin Tunas collected around Reunion Island, rénal iron and zinc levels were high, respectively, in Dolphinfish and Yellowfins sampled in thé Mozambique Channel, and mercury levels were highest in Barau's Pétrels liver and kidney. The large variations of trace élément levels were attributable to a combination of several factors influencing their bioaccumulation: thé organ or tissue considered, thé animais nutritional condition (for essential éléments), thé âge (determined through thé length for fish), thé geographical area, detoxification processes, thé species and thé diet
Izard, Lloyd. "Structuration spatiale et variabilité des écosystèmes mésopélagiques dans l'Océan Indien Sud". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS621.
Texto completoThe Southern Indian Ocean hosts diverse oceanic environments, pelagic communities, and predator populations that have recently led to the establishment of conservation areas and UNESCO World Heritage recognition. However, predator populations in this region have displayed signs of decline, likely attributed to the impacts of climate change and prey dynamics. These prey populations consist predominantly of zooplankton and micronekton, playing a crucial role in marine ecosystems by influencing biogeochemical cycles and the transfer of energy and biomass along the trophic web. Nevertheless, the study of their structuring is intricate due to their deep distribution in the mesopelagic zone (200-1000 m) and their daily vertical migrations, making it one of the least explored areas on a global scale. In this thesis, we employ active acoustics, which provides high spatial and vertical resolution for tracking these organisms, to investigate the structuring of mesopelagic ecosystems in two contrasting oceanic systems. We initially examined their responses in a transition zone between these oceans, within the Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Islands region. Our findings indicate that nycthemeral migrations are the primary factor vertically structuring pelagic organisms, even within a pronounced transition zone. Three spatially coherent regions were identified, sharing common environmental and acoustic features. Observations at 38 kHz (commonly used in hydroacoustics) confirmed increased biological activity in the subtropical zone and a minimum in the subantarctic zone. However, our analyses also reveal a distinct acoustic response based on the acoustic frequency considered, in terms of vertical structuring and integrated biomass. Additionally, the low levels measured in the Southern Ocean appear inconsistent with the high biomasses consumed by the large marine predator populations in this region. These observations highlight an acoustic resonance issue in the study of these organisms. To investigate this phenomenon, our second study focused on the structuring of communities at a regional scale, proposing a two-frequency acoustic landscape classification, both probing depths of up to 1000 m. Four spatially coherent regions were identified based on the combination of vertical structuring at the two considered frequencies. The results of this study reveal a shift in the dominance of acoustic responses between 38 and 18 kHz at the subantarctic front, supporting the hypothesis of a community change at these latitudes and raising questions regarding the use of 38 kHz as a descriptor for mesopelagic communities. Given the complexity of acoustic data (potentially multivariate, with distinct vertical ranges, and four-dimensional), the work presented in this thesis also contributed to the development of functional analysis methods to reconcile the horizontal, vertical, and temporal variability of these ecosystems. As marine ecosystem management requires an understanding of the dynamics of these systems and the structuring of the communities within them, our work has also had implications in marine conservation. At the national level, it contributed to the extension of the Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Islands Nature Reserve, and at the international level, it contributed to the ecoregionalization of the pelagic zone in the subtropical and subantarctic region of the South Indian Ocean
Behagle, Nolwenn. "Structuration acoustique du micronecton de l'écosystème océanique du sud-ouest de l'océan Indien". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LAROS039/document.
Texto completoTo understand the functioning of an ecosystem, it is essential to understand the organization of its associated food web. While the distribution of primary production and top predators in the Southwest Indian Ocean's oceanic waters (10-60 ° S, 35-90 ° E) are well known, a lack of knowledge remains regarding the distribution of mid-trophic level organisms, despite their ecological (biological pump and key trophic role) and potentially economic (commercial fisheries in the near future) importance. To fill this gap, this work focused on the horizontal and vertical distribution and composition of micronektonic communities in this region. Micronekton comprises relatively small organisms (1 to 20 cm long) able to swim freely without being unduly affected by currents. Micronekton distributions have been studied at meso- and large-scale using acoustic recordings (38 kHz). A vertical structure in three layers has been identified ; the intensity and thickness of these layers vary depending on the considered time period (diel migration) and ocean conditions (meso-scale oceanic eddies and large-scale oceanic fronts). Horizontaly, the Southwestern Indian Ocean harbours the richest waters (10-800 m) in subtropical latitudes in summer and winter times. Since every organism has its own ecological characteristics, it was important to separatly describe the distribution of biological groups composing micronekton. A bi-frequency acoustic approach (38 and 120 kHz) allowed the distinction of micronektonic crustaceans from small mesopelagic gas-filled swimbladder fish in waters east of Kerguelen where micronektonic crustaceans where dominant in terms of overall acoustic density. Two distinct types of vertical structure were highlighted : an aggregative and a layer structure. Micronektonic crustaceans were characterized by layering, day and night, while other organisms (gas-filled swimbladder fish in particular) exhibited structure mixing aggregates and layers during the day, but only composed of layers during the night. In summary, the acoustic approach used in this work helped to describe the distribution and composition of micronektonic organisms and provides an essential knowledge base on the micronekton of the southwest Indian Ocean
Jaquemet, Sébastien. "Rôle des oiseaux marins tropicaux dans les réseaux trophiques hauturiers du Sud-Ouest de l'océan Indien". La Réunion, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00464182/fr/.
Texto completoTropical seabirds show a hierarchical distribution depending on the position of their colonies and their dispersion capability. At macro-scale it reflects the boundaries of their habitats, at meso-scale the presence of structures aggregating prey, and at micro-scale the presence at the surface of prey driven by predatory schools. In the South-West Indian Ocean, more than 6 millions of birds are present, of which 99% are sooty terns. They breed seasonally in austral winter in the Seychelles and at Europa, in austral summer at Juan de Nova. The high chlorophyll concentration around colonies favours the development of food web leading to the terns. The location of Glorieuses favours a sub-annual breeding regime, led by the presence of prey around the colony all year round. Biomass removed by terns in the Mozambique Channel is estimated to 55,000 tons, by breeding season
Annasawmy, Pavanee. "Patterns among micronekton communities in relation to the environmental conditions at two shalow seamounts in the south-western Indian Ocean". Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG087.
Texto completoSeamounts are ubiquitous topographic features across all ocean basins. They rise steeply through the water column from abyssal depths. Depending on their size, shape and summit depths, seamounts reportedly have an impact on the physical flow regimes which may promote the aggregation of zooplankton, micronekton, and top predators above or in the immediate vicinity of their summits. Micronekton form a key trophic link between zooplankton and top marine predators and are divided into four broad categories: gelatinous plankton, crustaceans, cephalopods and mesopelagic fishes. The vertical and horizontal distributions, assemblages and trophic relationships of micronekton were investigated at two shallow seamounts of the south-western Indian Ocean. La Pérouse seamount is a steep bathymetric feature rising from a deep seabed located at 5000 m and with a summit depth at ~ 60 m below the sea surface. The seamount is located at the north-western periphery of the oligotrophic Indian South Subtropical Gyre province. MAD-Ridge seamount (“thus called in this study”), is ~ 240 m below the sea surface rising from a base located at ~2400 m. The seamount is located within an “eddy corridor” to the south of Madagascar within the productive East African Coastal Province. Chapter 4 investigates the influence of mesoscale eddies, Madagascar shelf and shallow seamounts on the distribution of micronekton using an acoustic approach. It is demonstrated that mesoscale eddies and the continental shelf may show enhanced acoustic densities of micronekton compared to MAD-Ridge seamount. The micronekton acoustic densities were also greater at MAD-Ridge compared to La Pérouse, in accordance with the difference in productivity between the two sites. Chapter 5 is dedicated to the micronekton assemblages and diel migration patterns of micronekton communities. It is shown that, while the shallow scattering layer (0-200 m) consisted of oceanic micronekton species; the summits and flanks of La Pérouse and MAD-Ridge showed presence of resident or seamount-associated species both during the day and night. I also discussed the different migration strategies of micronekton. Chapter 6 investigates the stable isotope patterns of mesopelagic communities at La Pérouse and MAD-Ridge. Despite the differing productivity at La Pérouse and MAD-Ridge, gelatinous organisms, crustaceans, smaller-sized squids and mesopelagic fishes exhibited trophic levels ranging from 2 to 4 at both seamounts. This thesis highlights important knowledge gaps on seamount ecosystems and ecological patterns associated to shallow seamounts. It also underlines the importance of studying seamount ecosystems of the south-western Indian Ocean in order to promote management and conservation measures for a sustainable use of such specific environments
Receveur, Aurore. "Ecologie spatiale du micronecton : distribution, diversité et importance dans la structuration de l'écosystème pélagique du Pacifique sud-ouest". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0401.
Texto completoThe New Caledonian pelagic ecosystem in the southwest Pacific contains a high diversity of predators, such as seabirds and cetaceans. The recent creation of the Natural Park of the Coral Sea created a need for solid information on the functioning of this remarkable ecosystem, particularly on the dynamics of the micronecton (organisms between 1 and 20 cm constituting food of top predators) and its central role in food webs, especially since is the most poorly understood. In this context, this PhD showed a strong influence of environment on its spatial and seasonal distribution with on average more micronekton in the south than in the north, and more in winter than in summer. The species composing the micronecton are riche in crustaceans in the north and in cephalopods and fish in the south. The micronecton abundance would tend to decrease under the influence of climate change. Finally, we showed that the spatial distribution of this group influenced the presence of six groups of predators: yellowfin tuna, albacore tuna, dolphin, dolphin, shearwater and red-footed body
Jouval, Florian. "Successions écologiques et potentiel de récupération des communautés coralliennes : structure, démographie et recrutement dans le sud-ouest de l'océan Indien". Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0019.
Texto completoCoral reefs support millions of people’s livelihood around the world. However, the effects of climate change and the increase in frequency and intensity of disturbances are leading to their accelerated degradation and to the decline of scleractinian coral communities. Current concerns relate to the resilience of these vulnerable ecosystems. In this context, it is essential to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying maintenance of coral communities, which may also improve conservation and management efforts that are urgently needed for these ecosystems. This PhD work aims to analyze demographic processes, including recruitment, and the structure of coral assemblages at several scales in different island environments of the southwestern Indian Ocean region. These descriptors were addressed through ecological succession on reefs and underwater lava flows of Reunion Island, and through the assessment of the reef recovery potential of five island systems in the area. Results show that coral recruitment in the Mascarene Islands (Reunion and Rodrigues) is low and highly variable at all spatial scales, from a few centimeters to several hundreds of kilometers. This spatial variability is also observed between sites in terms of benthic cover, density, size structure, mortality and recovery potential of coral communities. However, this spatial variability is not clearly linked to the protection levels of the sites, nor to the theoretical patterns of ecological succession (studied in Reunion Island). A succession pattern is yet highlighted through the increase in coral size and species richness over time until interspecific interactions (e.g. competition for space) lead to their decline. In addition, a strong dominance of the Pocillopora genus is recorded at all lava flow sites, confirming its pioneering and competitive nature. The recovery index (RI) that we developed suggests that the recovery potential of the reefs of the Mozambique Channel is higher (especially for Europa) than that of the reefs of the Mascarene Islands, which are more subject to direct anthropogenic pressures. These results are consistent with past observations of recovery trajectories of the studied reefs following various disturbances. The addition of recruitment rates to the calculation of RI for Reunion and Rodrigues islands clearly modifies the recovery potential of these islands sites: the sites with the highest recruitment rates are also those with the highest RI. This project thus provides essential information on Indian Ocean reef communities that may improve management strategies for coral reef conservation
Ballorain, Katia. "Écologie trophique de la tortue verte Chelonia mydas dans les herbiers marins et algueraies du sud-ouest de l'océan Indien". Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00576264.
Texto completoDalleau, Mayeul. "Écologie spatiale des tortues marines dans le Sud-ouest de l’océan Indien : apport de la géomatique et de la modélisation pour la conservation". Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0037/document.
Texto completoAnimal movement is crucial to the ecology of spatially structured population, particularly for highly mobile species. Marine turtles’ life cycle is indeed closely related to spatial and environmental factors. This work analyses the spatial ecology of marine turtles, from early juvenile to adult stages, in the Southwest Indian Ocean, primarily through the use of two methods: satellite tracking and individual-based modeling. Firstly, this analysis argues that green turtle’s reproductive phenology across the region is mainly related to the sea surface temperature in the vicinity of the nesting site. Then, it shows how drifting trajectories of hatchlings in oceanic currents unevenly influence their life history traits depending on the position of the natal site. By tracking late juvenile stage, this work also suggests a trans-equatorial developmental cycle for loggerhead turtle in the Indian Ocean. At adult stage, it describes migratory corridors and connectivity for green turtle across the region. Finally, an integrative approach considering all these results allows for an understanding of the regional migratory patterns and their influence on population dynamics. The results of this work provide a practical policy decision tool for management and conservation of marine turtles in the Southwest Indian Ocean and highlight the need for a large-scale approach in the protection of biological resources and heritage shared by multiple nations
Postaire, Bautisse. "Connectivité et endémisme d'espèces marines dans le sud-ouest de l'océan Indien : le cas des Aglaopheniidae". Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0006/document.
Texto completoDesigning biodiversity conservation plans requires knowledge on the biogeographic distribution of taxa but also accurate estimates of species richness and diversification processes. However, measuring the phyletic richness can be biased by the use of inappropriate taxonomical characters, leading to erroneous species delimitation and diversity estimates. This work explores the phyletic richness at several taxonomic levels (generic, specific and intraspecific) of the hydrozoan family Aglaopheniidae (Agassisz, 1862), with a particular focus on the South-Western Indian Ocean. Firstly, using several newly constructed phylogenies based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers, this study reveals that the phyletic diversity of this family is at underestimated by at least 50%: all studied genera are polyphyletic or with doubtful monophyletic status. Then, using several species delimitation methods based on molecular markers, it sheds light on the richness of cryptic diversity of this family, enlightening the potential of using an integrative taxonomic approach on these morphologically simple organisms. Finally, the population genetics of an Aglaopheniidae brooding species shows a high populations structuring with pervasive pattern of isolation by distance at several geographic scales (several to thousands of kilometres), implying a potentially high cryptic diversity existing in this family. The results of this work provide new insights on Aglaopheniidae diversity, underlining the potential influence of reproductive mode on the phyletic diversity and diversification processes of brooding hydrozoan brooders. This thesis further highlights the relevance of using several complementary species delimitation procedures to study the diversity of morphologically simple organisms
Meilland, Julie. "Rôle des foraminifères planctoniques dans le cycle du carbone marin des hautes latitudes (Océan Indien Austral)". Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0059/document.
Texto completoPlanktonic foraminifera contribute to the marine biological carbon pump by generating organic (cytoplasm) and inorganic (shell) carbon fluxes. In this study, we characterized LPF total abundances, assemblages and test morphometry (minimum diameter) along 19 stations sampled by stratified plankton net (Multinet), during three consecutive austral summers (2012-2014) in the Southern Indian Ocean (30°S-60°S, 50°E-80°E). By demonstrating the efficiency of CPR for LPF sampling, we analysed population dynamic between 19 multinet sampling stations, showing the effect of frontal position on LPF production. To better constrain the impact of those organisms in the biological carbon pump at high latitudes, we have quantified the individual protein-biomass and test calcite mass of more than 2000 LPF. Differences in size-normalized protein-biomass and in size-normalized weight between years, species, and water bodies suggest that environmental parameters affect the production of planktonic foraminifera organic and inorganic carbon to varying degrees. Consequently, planktonic foraminifera are assumed to affect the biological carbon pump, depending on ecological conditions and biological prerequisites. The applicability of planktonic foraminifera tests as proxy of the past biological carbon pump in high latitudes would hence critically depend on the effect exerted by changing in ecological conditions, and the presence of different species. This study proposes a first estimation of planktonic foraminifera Corg and Cinorg standing stock and fluxes in the Southern Indian Ocean
Derville, Solène. "Écologie spatiale des baleines à bosse en zone de reproduction : habitats, distribution et mouvements dans le Pacifique Sud". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS374.
Texto completoUnderstanding the social and environmental drivers of the distribution and movements of marine megafauna is essential to their conservation. Cetaceans are elusive and mobile species, whose management requires an improved understanding of habitat use patterns. This thesis is aimed at investigating the spatial ecology of an endangered population of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the South Pacific Ocean. Using a multidisciplinary dataset collected between 1995 and 2018 in New Caledonia and Oceania, this thesis addressed three objectives, 1) investigate best practices to cetacean species distribution modeling, 2) acquire fundamental knowledge on the distribution, habitats and movements of humpback whales in Oceania breeding grounds, and 3) predict priority conservation areas and potential threats to humpback whales. Modeling the distribution of a migratory large whale from non-systematic visual survey and citizen science data provided valuable space-use predictions when uneven survey effort and statistical overfitting were specifically addressed. Generalized Additive Models were favored for their complexity trade-off, ecological interpretability and transferability. Models of habitat use revealed a preference for a diversity of shallow habitats (low island and atoll lagoons, barrier reef and high island slopes, banks and seamounts) spread over a relatively large thermal range over Oceania. Shallow seamounts and banks were identified as major breeding and nursing habitats and play a key role in the connectivity within and between populations. This unique and unexpected use of pelagic waters has important consequences for the spatial management of humpback whales. The predictions of present and future suitable humpback whale breeding habitats at multiples scales provide science-based evidence for priority conservation areas, and enable mitigation of threats from anthropogenic activities and climate change in the South Pacific
Mathelin, Eric. "Les lacs insulaires du sud-ouest de l'océan indien, un enjeu pour la gestion durable de la ressource en eau". Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01015792.
Texto completoMaufroy, Alexandra. "Drifting Fish Aggregating Devices of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans : modalities of use, fishing efficiency and potential management". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT150/document.
Texto completoSince the mid 1990s, the use of drifting Fish Aggregating Devices (dFADs) by purse seiners, artificial objects specifically designed to aggregate fish, has become an important mean of catching tropical tunas. In recent years, the massive deployments of dFADs, as well as the massive use of tracking devices on dFADs and natural floating objects, such as GPS buoys, have raised serious concerns for tropical tuna stocks, bycatch species and pelagic ecosystem functioning. Despite these concerns, relatively little is known about the modalities of GPS buoy tracked objects use, making it difficult to assess and manage of the impacts of this fishing practice. To fill these knowledge gaps, we have analyzed GPS buoy tracks provided by the three French fishing companies operating in the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans, representing a large proportion of the floating objects monitored by the French fleet. These data were combined with multiple sources of information: logbook data, Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) tracks of French purse seiners, information on support vessels and Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) of purse seine skippers to describe GPS buoy deployment strategies, estimate the total number of GPS buoy equipped dFADs used in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, measure the contribution of strategies with FOBs and support vessels to the fishing efficiency of tropical tuna purse seiners, identify potential damages caused by lost dFADs and finally to propose management options for tropical tuna purse seine FOB fisheries. Results indicate clear seasonal patterns of GPS buoy deployment in the two oceans, a rapid expansion in the use of dFADs over the last 7 years with an increase of 4.2 times in the Indian Ocean and 7.0 times in the Atlantic Ocean, possible damages to fragile coastal ecosystems with 10% of GPS buoy tracks ending with a beaching event and an increased efficiency of tropical tuna purse seine fleets from 3.9% to 18.8% in the Atlantic Ocean over 2003-2014 and from 10.7% to 26.3% in the Indian Ocean. Interviews with purse seine skippers underlined the need for a more efficient management of the fishery, including the implementation of catch quotas, a limitation of the capacity of purse seine fleets and a regulation of the use of support vessels. These results represent a first step towards better assessment and management of purse seine FOB fisheries
Atiama, Morguen. "Bioécologie et diversité génétique d'Orthops palus (Heteroptera, Miridae), ravageur du manguier à La Réunion". Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0007/document.
Texto completoMango crops in Reunion Island are threatened by a series of pests, including the bug Orthops palus (Heteroptera, Miridae). This species has only been reported in Uganda and Reunion Island but is considered pest of mango only in Reunion Island. Few studies have therefore been devoted to this bug, which explains the lack of knowledge concerning this pest. The overall aim of my thesis was to acquire knowledge about O. palus, and several specific objectives were pursued. The first was to characterize mirid diversity in the mango orchards of Reunion Island. The second was to characterize the life cycle of O. palus and insect-plant interactions. The third objective was to study the distribution and genetic diversity of the species in Reunion Island and on other islands in the south-west Indian Ocean (SWIO).The main results of these studies are: among the 13 species identified in the community of mirids in mango orchards, O. palus was the most abundant on the mango inflorescences when in flower. Three original tools were built to identify O. palus in the laboratory and to recognize the species in the field: an identification key, COI sequences, and a field recognition card). A method was developed to rear O. palus, which enabled the characterization of its life cycle and the length of the development stages. Meanwhile, the inventory of in situ host plants (15 species in Reunion Island) showed that O. palus is polyphagous. Studies of the diversity and genetic structure of O. palus in SWIO islands also provided significant results. In Reunion Island, the population is structured in two clusters, although the structural factors could not be fully identified. In Mauritius, one cluster was identified and was shown to be different from the clusters in Reunion Island. No host race was found either in Reunion Island or in Mauritius. Population movements in both directions between the two islands were highlighted. Finally, the analysis of the mitochondrial DNA diversity of individuals sampled on four SWIO islands (Reunion, Mauritius, Mayotte, Grande Comore) revealed the presence of at least seven haplotypes whose distribution confirmed exchanges between islands.The dynamics of O. palus in space and over time are discussed in connection with its survival strategy over the course of the year and with population flows across SWIO. The results showed that beyond being a bug that attacks only the mango tree, as the name strongly suggests, O. palus is rather a "flower bug" likely to maintain populations throughout the year by moving from one flowering plant to another according to food availability. Among the plants involved in the annual dynamics of the insect, several species beside mango are of economic interest (lychee, jujube, avocado). Several research topics are proposed to complete the knowledge already acquired on O. palus, including understanding of population dispersion processes at the scale of the agro-ecosystem, and evaluating the presence and the genetic diversity of O. palus in other SWOI territories. Finally, agroecological practices for the local management of O. palus populations are proposed based on the results of the studies that comprise the present dissertation. Recommendations are made for precautionary measures to prevent the flow of O. palus populations between countries located in the Indian Ocean