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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Écologie pélagique – Austral, Océan"
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Tesis sobre el tema "Écologie pélagique – Austral, Océan"
Connan, Maëlle. "Biomarqueurs lipidiques, réseau trophique pélagique et écologie alimentaire des oiseaux de mer Procellariiformes". Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066622.
Texto completoGiraldo, Carolina. "Ecologie trophique du poisson Pleuragramma antarcticum dans l'Est Antarctique". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00829475.
Texto completoSergi, Sara. "Nutrient input from seamounts and hydrothermal vents in the Southern Ocean : impacts on the pelagic ecosystems and implications for conservation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS508.
Texto completoBottom-up forces control a large fraction of marine ecosystem variability. In the Southern Ocean, intense contrasts in the distribution of pelagic ecosystems are driven by the iron limitation of biological productivity and the vigorous Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Massive phytoplankton blooms stemming from islands support large trophic chains. By comparison, the impact of deep nutrient sources on the pelagic production appears negligible. Conservation efforts in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current are in line with this description, with Marine Protected Areas only occurring around islands. By combining multi-satellite data, in-situ observations, animal telemetry data and model outputs, this thesis revaluates the ecological role of deep nutrient sources. Lagrangian analyses of altimetry-derived velocity fields link vast phytoplankton blooms to hydrothermal vents or seamounts. The studies contained in this thesis demonstrate that bottom-up forcings driven by deep nutrient sources shape the pelagic seascape at basin scale (O(103 km)) from primary producers up to megafauna species. These findings underline the ecological importance of the open Southern Ocean waters and advocate for a connected vision of future conservation actions along the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The analyses of bottom-up forcings are consequentially considered within the CCAMLR’s effort for developing a representative system of Marine Protected Areas and within the ongoing extension project of the French Saint Paul and Amsterdam islands’ Marine Protected Areas
Alonzo, Frédéric. "Stratégies reproductives des copépodes subantarctiques dominant l'écosystème pélagique côtier des Iles Kerguelen : Implications écologiques". Aix-Marseille 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX22056.
Texto completoHemery, Lenaïg. "Diversité moléculaire, phylogéographie et phylogénie des Crinoïdes (Échinodermes) dans un environnement extrême, l'océan Austral". Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MNHN0026.
Texto completoThe crinoid classification is in constant change. It was however largely based on the analysis of the external characters of the skeleton. The recent contribution of the analysis of the ontogeny of morphological characters and a better understanding of the morphofunctional constraints helped to better understand the affinities within the class Crinoidea. The molecular approach developed in this work allows testing these affinities. In the new phylogeny of the class shown here, a clade A is only composed by stalked forms and a clade B comprises all the comatulids and some stalked crinoids. A quarter of the extant crinoid families are represented in the Southern Ocean. A new inventory of Antarctic crinoids accounts for 40 ESUs. Some are geographically well structured whereas some are circumpolar in distribution. Most are eurybathic. The description of ecological niches of the most abundant Antarctic species, found in sympatry and sometimes syntopy, allows showing that they share the same optimal regions but each of them has its own niche and its own specializations. The combination of different approaches such as molecular phylogeny, integrative taxonomy, phylogeography, population genetics, ecological niche description allowed characterizing the specific and ecological diversities of Antarctic crinoids and replacing them into a phylogeny of the class, while shedding light on the phyletic relationships between taxa
Tessier, Eugénie. "Stratégies de recherche alimentaire et distribution des proies : le cas des oiseaux plongeurs à respiration aérienne en milieu océanique". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LAROS036.
Texto completoIn the pelagic environment, the resource is heterogeneously distributed. Therefore, prey are aggregated in patch. In 2014, the program MyctO-3D-Map collected information on both prey distribution and foraging behaviour of diving predators (penguins). The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the foraging strategies of diving predators breeding at Kerguelen Island according to prey distribution. At the dive scale, king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) and macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus) adjusted their foraging behaviour depending on the foraging behaviour of the preceding dive. Our results suggested that when penguins encountered a favourable area, they decreased surface time and dived to the same depth as the previous dive. Penguins performed dives in discrete series called bouts, similarly to several other diving predators. In prey capture attempt bouts (PCA bouts), king and macaroni penguins modified their diving behaviour with the length of PCA bouts: longer PCA bouts were associated with higher foraging activity and shorter transit phases. Moreover, the density of PCA bouts was similarly to the density of fish patches. These results suggested that the functional foraging unit for king penguins was the PCA bout. At the scale of the entire prospected area, king penguins moved towards area less rich in biomass, but where prey patches are more accessible. This survey is one of the few that compares simultaneously acoustic data and foraging behaviour of penguins. The distribution of fish patch and their accessibility is one of the most important parameter influencing the foraging behaviour of diving predators
Meilland, Julie. "Rôle des foraminifères planctoniques dans le cycle du carbone marin des hautes latitudes (Océan Indien Austral)". Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0059/document.
Texto completoPlanktonic foraminifera contribute to the marine biological carbon pump by generating organic (cytoplasm) and inorganic (shell) carbon fluxes. In this study, we characterized LPF total abundances, assemblages and test morphometry (minimum diameter) along 19 stations sampled by stratified plankton net (Multinet), during three consecutive austral summers (2012-2014) in the Southern Indian Ocean (30°S-60°S, 50°E-80°E). By demonstrating the efficiency of CPR for LPF sampling, we analysed population dynamic between 19 multinet sampling stations, showing the effect of frontal position on LPF production. To better constrain the impact of those organisms in the biological carbon pump at high latitudes, we have quantified the individual protein-biomass and test calcite mass of more than 2000 LPF. Differences in size-normalized protein-biomass and in size-normalized weight between years, species, and water bodies suggest that environmental parameters affect the production of planktonic foraminifera organic and inorganic carbon to varying degrees. Consequently, planktonic foraminifera are assumed to affect the biological carbon pump, depending on ecological conditions and biological prerequisites. The applicability of planktonic foraminifera tests as proxy of the past biological carbon pump in high latitudes would hence critically depend on the effect exerted by changing in ecological conditions, and the presence of different species. This study proposes a first estimation of planktonic foraminifera Corg and Cinorg standing stock and fluxes in the Southern Indian Ocean
Receveur, Aurore. "Ecologie spatiale du micronecton : distribution, diversité et importance dans la structuration de l'écosystème pélagique du Pacifique sud-ouest". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0401.
Texto completoThe New Caledonian pelagic ecosystem in the southwest Pacific contains a high diversity of predators, such as seabirds and cetaceans. The recent creation of the Natural Park of the Coral Sea created a need for solid information on the functioning of this remarkable ecosystem, particularly on the dynamics of the micronecton (organisms between 1 and 20 cm constituting food of top predators) and its central role in food webs, especially since is the most poorly understood. In this context, this PhD showed a strong influence of environment on its spatial and seasonal distribution with on average more micronekton in the south than in the north, and more in winter than in summer. The species composing the micronecton are riche in crustaceans in the north and in cephalopods and fish in the south. The micronecton abundance would tend to decrease under the influence of climate change. Finally, we showed that the spatial distribution of this group influenced the presence of six groups of predators: yellowfin tuna, albacore tuna, dolphin, dolphin, shearwater and red-footed body
Rembauville, Mathieu. "Ecological vectors of carbon and biomineral export in the Southern Ocean". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066561/document.
Texto completoMarine biosphere impacts the atmospheric CO2 concentration by two main processes: the biological pump (vertical transfer of particulate organic carbon - POC - from the surface to the deep ocean) and the carbonate counter pump (CO2 emission during particulate inorganic - PIC - precipitation). The objectives of this PhD are (1) to identify the relative contribution of different plankton groups to POC and PIC export at annual scale in regions of contrasted productivity in the Southern Ocean and (2) to understand how this diversity impacts the elemental stoichiometry and lability of the exported material.Annual sediment trap deployments in the vicinity of the Kerguelen and South Georgia island plateaus have demonstrated that natural iron fertilisation increases the intensity but not the efficiency of export. Diatom resting spore formation drives an important fraction (40-60 %) of the annual carbon export in the productive sites. The taxonomic analyses of exported diatoms lead to the identification of consistent groups that impact the preferential export of C or Si. During a summer cruise, we associate the relative abundance of diatoms and dinoflagellates to the N:P stoichiometry of particulate organic matter and highlight the importance of transition layers for C and Si uncoupling. The study of the lipid composition of export leads to the identification of diatom resting spore as preferential vectors for the export energy-rich fatty acids. At Kerguelen, the low carbonate counter-pump is due to the dominance of coccolithophores contribution to PIC export south of the Polar Front
Rembauville, Mathieu. "Ecological vectors of carbon and biomineral export in the Southern Ocean". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066561.
Texto completoMarine biosphere impacts the atmospheric CO2 concentration by two main processes: the biological pump (vertical transfer of particulate organic carbon - POC - from the surface to the deep ocean) and the carbonate counter pump (CO2 emission during particulate inorganic - PIC - precipitation). The objectives of this PhD are (1) to identify the relative contribution of different plankton groups to POC and PIC export at annual scale in regions of contrasted productivity in the Southern Ocean and (2) to understand how this diversity impacts the elemental stoichiometry and lability of the exported material.Annual sediment trap deployments in the vicinity of the Kerguelen and South Georgia island plateaus have demonstrated that natural iron fertilisation increases the intensity but not the efficiency of export. Diatom resting spore formation drives an important fraction (40-60 %) of the annual carbon export in the productive sites. The taxonomic analyses of exported diatoms lead to the identification of consistent groups that impact the preferential export of C or Si. During a summer cruise, we associate the relative abundance of diatoms and dinoflagellates to the N:P stoichiometry of particulate organic matter and highlight the importance of transition layers for C and Si uncoupling. The study of the lipid composition of export leads to the identification of diatom resting spore as preferential vectors for the export energy-rich fatty acids. At Kerguelen, the low carbonate counter-pump is due to the dominance of coccolithophores contribution to PIC export south of the Polar Front