Literatura académica sobre el tema "Écologie marine – Arctique, Océan"
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Tesis sobre el tema "Écologie marine – Arctique, Océan"
Vilgrain, Laure. "Contribution des données d’imagerie à une approche par traits fonctionnels de l’écologie des copépodes arctiques et subarctiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS226.
Texto completoCopepods dominate the mesozooplankton biomass of arctic and sub-srctic regions, where light, ice and primary production are highly variable according to the season. By converting carbon fixed by microalgae into lipid reserves for winter survival, Calanus spp. are a crucial source of energy for fish, birds and marine mammals. Historically, copepod ecology was studied by taxonomic counting after net sampling. This thesis proposes another paradigm in the approach and tools for their study. A so-called "functional trait approach” is used to analyze properties that are measurable at the individual scale and influence the ecological success of organisms. Functional traits (i.e. size, trophic regime, vertical migration) are shared by several species and can be related to ecosystem functionalities such as carbon export, energy available for food webs, resilience, etc. Since a majority of the traits have a morphological signature, we defined them on two types of individual plankton images, that are complementary and commonly used: in situ Underwater Vision Profiler (UVP) images and color images taken during stereomicroscope observations. The objective of this thesis is to understand how functional traits of copepods, identified in images, can be related to environmental dynamics and functioning of arctic and sub-arctic ecosystems. In Chapter 1, we analyze in situ images taken by the UVP at the time of spring melt in the Canadian arctic. Morphological variables are used to project the images into a statistical space, and the axes synthesize morphological variation into three continuous features: size, opacity (which tells us about pigmented structures), and complexity of contour (likely indicating feeding activity through appendage visibility). This exploratory analysis revealed novel traits, having variations strongly correlated with sea ice melt and algal blooms phenology. Several arguments indicate that opacity maxima in individuals can be attributed to the presence of astaxanthin, a red carotenoid pigment. In Chapter 2, a review of the literature highlighted the ecological conditions conducive to copepod coloration for various aquatic ecosystems on a global scale. We demonstrate that red pigmentation can participate in the success of individuals (growth, survival, reproduction) through the antioxidant properties of astaxanthin. Since pigmentation appears to be adjustable on short time scales and advantageous under various environmental conditions (intense light, low temperatures and ice cover, or great depths), we believe it can be considered as a "swiss army knife" of metabolic protection. In Chapter 3, an astaxanthin color deconvolution method was used to produce a redness index on stereomicroscope images of arctic copepods. The index was validated by comparison with a chemical quantification of the pigments, and can be used for images taken under various conditions thanks to a prior calibration step of the color channels. This thesis shows that it is possible to extract a maximum amount of information from a plankton image to identify ecological trends on large datasets, while keeping access to inter-individual variability. Using the traits defined here (size, grazing pressure, antioxidant levels), in combination with other tools, could participate in understanding the functioning of food webs
Onda, Deo Florence. "Variabilité temporelle, diversité et biogéographie des ciliés et dinoflagellés dans l'Océan Arctique". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27770.
Texto completoImpacts of climate change on microbial communities in the Arctic Ocean have been mostly reported for major phytoplankton groups, with less attention to microzooplankton, such as ciliates and dinoflagellates, which have multiple ecological roles. For example, many ciliates and dinoflagellates are mixotrophic and could indirectly influence biogeochemical cycles by grazing on bacterivores and small plankton and linking the microbial loop with the higher trophic levels. The aim of this thesis was to address knowledge gaps in microzooplankton phylogeny, ecology and distribution with a goal of providing information needed to eventually predict of microzooplankton responses to the changing Arctic. We used high throughput amplicon sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene and 18S rRNA (as cDNA) to generate community and diversity profiles, which were used to test hypotheses on microzooplankton assembly across time and space. Results showed that microzooplankton exhibited strong seasonality in response to changing conditions in Amundsen Gulf. Similar summer assemblages were seen from 2003-2010 with the exception in July 2008 following the summer ice minimum record in 2007. Canada Basin dinoflagellate communities were governed by both deterministic and stochastic processes that were dependent on the variability of the environment, indicating potential sensitivity to environmental change. We inferred that dinoflagellates and other taxa with similar functional roles could provide stability to food and energy flows under conditions of light- or nutrient-limitation associated with a deepening nitracline. The high diversity and ubiquity of ciliates and dinoflagellates also suggest a complexity within microbial food webs and new research opportunities for oceanographers.
Terrado, Ramon. "Diversité et succession des protistes dans l'océan Arctique". Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27849/27849.pdf.
Texto completoBouchard, Caroline. "Boreogadus saida et Arctogadus glacialis : Vie larvaire et juvénile de deux gadidés se partageant l'océan Arctique". Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30269/30269.pdf.
Texto completoThe very abundant polar cod (Boreogadus saida) plays a preponderant role in the Arctic marine ecosystem and consequently has received significant attention in recent years. The ice cod (Arctogadus glacialis), a common species in all Arctic seas, is much less studied. Both species co-occur on Arctic continental shelves and their early life stages are often found together in ichthyoplanktonic collections. However, larvae and juveniles of polar cod and ice cod are almost impossible to differentiate. Only genetic tools, or a method using the size of the otolith nucleus developed in this thesis, can distinguish the two species. These identification methods allowed to study for the first time ice cod early life stage ecology and estimate the proportion of this species in Arctic gadids samples. In light of observations made in the Beaufort Sea, it seems that young ice cod are about twenty times less abundant, hatch at a larger size, grow at the same rate, and have a mortality rate inferior to young polar cod. For polar cod, the hypothesis that some larvae hatch in winter near river plumes, was tested, first by comparing the hatching season in six regions of the Arctic characterized by different freshwater inputs. Consistent with this hypothesis, hatching starts in winter in seas receiving large river discharge while hatching starts in spring in regions with limited freshwater inputs. The larvae hatched in winter benefit from a long growth season allowing them to reach larger pre-winter size than larvae hacth in summer, a condition that likely favors their survival. This same hypothesis was further tested by comparing the otolith chemistry of polar cod juveniles from those six regions, and the differences observed seem to support the hypothesis. On-going trends of earlier ice break-up, warmer surface layer, and increased river discharge could favor polar cod, and possibly also ice cod, recruitment. Arise from this thesis an increased knowledge of the ecology of gadids living in an Ocean facing a plethora of changes.
Bœuf, Dominique. "Importance écologique des bactéries photohérérotrophes dans l'océanArctique". Paris 6, 2013. http://hal.upmc.fr/tel-00830741.
Texto completoThe photoheterotrophy is the capacity to use both organic substrates and light energy. The aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (AAPB), the proteorhodopsin-containing bacteria (PRB) and the picocyanobacteria (Synechococcus) practice it. Increases in organic carbon exported by rivers and in exposure of sea surface to solar radiations are intensifying in Arctic. Hence, this study area is particulary interesting to understand the role of these bacteria in carbon and light uses. Using multiple approaches in absolute quantification, cultural and molecular diversities, our study is the first to characterize at high resolution scale the photoheterotrophs in the Arctic Ocean. Picocyanobacteria were only detectable in the Mackenzie estuary whereas AAPB and PRB were present throughout the Beaufort Sea. AAPs were strongly linked with river inputs contrasting to PRB, principally oligotrophs. Both distributions of AAPB and PRB exhibited different patterns of those of bacterioplankton suggesting an ecological advantage of the photoheterotrophy in these waters. The AAPB community was dominated by a new Betaproteobacterial clade and Rhodobacterales. Alphaproteobacteria, especially the SAR11 group and SAR116 endemic clades, dominated the PR community. The majority of PRB groups actively expressed the PR suggesting probable benefits. Together, our data highlight the photoheterotrophy is common in Arctic Ocean and suggest that his role could be different depending on the environmental conditions encountered
Boeuf, Dominique. "importance écologique des bactéries photohétérotrophes dans l'océan arctique". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00830741.
Texto completoLebrun, Marion. "De l'interaction entre banquise, lumière et phytoplancton arctique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS524.
Texto completoLarge weaknesses remain considering our understanding of the drivers of phytoplankton growth in Arctic sea ice zone, especially due to large uncertainties in the interactions between sea ice, light and phytoplankton.The aim of this PhD thesis is to better understand these interactions and to highlight the main uncertainties considering these interactions in Earth System Models. I first show that the ice-free period is mainly led by the solar irradiance cycle and by the ocean-atmosphere thermodynamic exchanges during summer. It is consequently projected to extend into fall in the future. Then, I evaluate the radiative transfer scheme in the ocean model NEMO, in arctic sea ice zone. I show that NEMO largely underestimates the transmitted shortwave radiation in ice-covered waters, especially due to the overestimation of the snow and the first level of the ocean attenuation. I finally define a diagnostic to describe available light seasonality in the sea ice zone and I study the impact of this diagnostic on simulated phytoplankton in the bio-geochemistry model PISCES. However, large uncertainties remain in the study of the relation between this diagnostic and the phytoplankton growth. This is especially due to the non-linearity between available light and phytoplankton growth and also due to the lake of knowledge about the phytoplankton physiology
Radenac, Gilles. "Etude de l'impact biologique d'un rejet de dragage : suivis in situ de la croissance, des concentrations métalliques et de l'activité acétylcholinestérase de Mytilus edulis (L.) et expérimentations in vitro sur l'embryogenèse de Crassostrea gigas". La Rochelle, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LAROS007.
Texto completoBélanger, Simon. "Impacts des changements climatiques sur les flux de carbone stimulés par la lumière dans l'Océan Arctique : quantification et suivi de la photo-oxydation de la matière organique dissoute dans la Mer de Beaufort par télédection spatiale". Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066520.
Texto completoPhotochemical oxidation of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and the resulting production of CO2, is now known to be a significant process in the cycling of carbon in the ocean-atmosphere system. One environment where that process may play a major role in the context of climate change is the Arctic ocean because of: 1) the increasing amount of terrestrial CDOM released by the melting permafrost and brought to coastal ocean by rivers, 2) the decreasing summer ice cover that allows more solar radiation to penetrate the water column, and 3) the continuing increase in UV radiation over that region. A coupled optical-photochemical model was used to assess the role of photooxidation in the carbon cycle of the Arctic Ocean. To calculate the photoproduction of CO2 (PDIC), the incoming spectral irradiance, including UV, was modeled with a radiative transfer model that uses satellite observations of sea ice, ozone, aerosols and cloud cover covering the 1979 to 2004 period. In situ determinations of the apparent quantum yield for the photoproduction of CO2 made in the Beaufort Sea were used for the calculations. A key parameter in the model was the contribution of CDOM to the total absorption coefficient. It was either obtained from in situ measurements or derived from Ocean Color imagery using a new empirical algorithm. Unlike most semi-analytical approaches found in the literature, the proposed empirical algorithm provides a mean to separate CDOM absorption coefficient from nonalgal particles absorption coefficient at the regional scale. The use of Ocean Color remote sensing at high latitude is, however, compromised by the presence of sea ice that contaminates the data. This problem was addressed in the present study, and a method was proposed to detect and eliminate contaminated pixels. Finally, it was shown that the level of PDIC is similar to the level of sequestered rates of organic carbon in the ocean sediments, which was produced through marine photosynthesis; and that the increase in UV and decrease in summer sea ice over the last 26 years have led to an increased in PDIC by about 15%. These results indicate that the predicted trend of ongoing contraction of sea ice cover will greatly accelerate the photomineralization of CDOM in Arctic surface waters
Albert, Céline. "Exposure of Arctic seabirds to pollutants and the role played by individual migratory movements and non-breeding distribution". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS020.
Texto completoThe Arctic, even far from intensive human activities, is contaminated by pollutants emitted at Northern mid-latitudes. Because of their physico-chemical characteristics, pollutants are transported over large distances through atmospheric or oceanic currents. Among them is mercury (Hg), a naturally occurring and non-essential trace element whose emissions increased since the 19th century because of human activities. This neurotoxic negatively impacts animals’ health and induces behavioral changes, reproduction issues and in the most extreme case, death. The marine environment is particularly sensitive to Hg, which incorporates the food chain (under is toxic and methylated form – MeHg) in which its concentration increases from one trophic level to the other (e.g. biomagnification process) and accumulates within organisms (e.g. bioaccumulation process). Hence, long-lived top predators like seabirds, found at the end of the food chain usually show some of the highest contamination to Hg. They are commonly and efficiently used as bio-indicators of the health of their environment. Most of the current knowledge about Hg contamination in Arctic seabirds focused on the breeding period during which Hg was found to spatially vary, with usually higher Hg concentrations in the Canadian Arctic. During this period, which represents a part of the year only, seabirds aggregate in colonies for reproduction where they are more easily accessible. However, at the end of this period, seabirds migrate to overwinter mostly in open seas, outside of the Arctic. A previous study on a little auk (Alle alle) population breeding in East Greenland found that Hg concentrations were higher during the non-breeding period than during the breeding period, with carryover effects on the following reproduction. In the present doctoral work, based on a multi-species and multi-colony approach, we studied winter Hg exposure and the role of seabird migration in their contamination to Hg at large spatial scale. We found a seasonality in Hg concentrations allowing us to extend the results found in little auks to several species and at a larger spatial scale. We also found that this seasonality was spatially different with some of the highest variations for seabirds breeding in the West Atlantic (West Greenland and Canadian Arctic). We therefore proposed that such variations were due to seabird’s migration and the areas they overwintered at. To test such hypotheses, we used seabirds as bio-indicators of winter Hg contamination through the North-Atlantic Arctic. More specifically, we combined Hg measurements with geolocators devices to track the spatial origin of winter Hg contamination. We found an east-west increase in Hg concentrations allowing us to extend the results found during the breeding period to the winter period, through the entire North-Atlantic Arctic marine region. Results of the present doctoral work allow us to conclude that beyond migration, seabird distribution during the breeding and non-breeding periods drive their contamination to Hg
Libros sobre el tema "Écologie marine – Arctique, Océan"
Ismaël, Khelifa Michel, ed. Mon océan écolo. [Paris]: Chêne, 2009.
Buscar texto completodigest, Sélection du Reader's. Secrets des grands fonds. Paris: Sélection du "Reader's digest, 1995.
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