Tesis sobre el tema "Écologie des sols – Cambodge"
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Muon, Ratha. "Termite bioturbation in Cambodia - From characterization to application". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2022SORUS383.pdf.
Texto completoSoil biodiversity plays a key role in regulating key ecological functions and in providing essential ecosystem goods and services to human societies. Among soil organisms, termites play a prominent role in tropical soils, as elements of the food web and as ecosystem engineers with effects on soil dynamics and biodiversity at different spatial and temporal scales. Although termite mounds are conspicuous features of the landscapes in the lower Mekong basin, their abundance, properties and utilization by farmers remain unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the interactions between termite constructions and farmers in cultivated areas in this region. To this end, we assessed the abundance and properties of two termite constructions (lenticular mounds and mound nests) in paddy fields in Chrey Bak catchment in Cambodia. We showed that termite lenticular mound density reaches ~ 2 mounds ha-1, and that these constructions are likely to find their origin in the building activity of Macrotermes gilvus. We evidenced that termite lenticular mounds and nests can be seen as fertility and biogeochemical hotspots in the landscapes with higher carbon and nutrients contents, and improved soil physical properties (higher clay content, water holding capacity and saturated hydraulic conductivity). Finally, using interviews realized in 13 villages, we showed that termite mounds provide a large number of services to local people, being part of the cultivation practices and contributing to food diversity and health (e.g., utilization of mound soil as amendment, access to medical plants, and lower use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides). To conclude, this interdisciplinary research evidenced the urgent need for a better understanding of the environmental and social impacts of biodiversity, and especially termite activity, and on the driving factors controlling their preservation by farmers
Lesturgez, Grégory. "Densification des sols sableux sous culture mécanisée : cas du Nord-Est Thaïlandais". Nancy 1, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2005_0008_LESTURGEZ.pdf.
Texto completoThe thesis focuses on sandy soils of Northeast Thailand. A compact and resistant layer developed at low depth is a main constraint for agriculture. The thesis follows a sequence of studies that investigates (i) the physical properties of these soils in various situation natural or cultivated, (ii) the main mechanisms explaining the different physical states recorded and (iii) the research of methods for rehabilitation of damaged soils. Results highlighted the aeolian origin of the soils. This origin gives them a striking textural homogeneity and unique mechanical characteristics. Very sensitive to compaction, they collapse at low water content and under low mechanical pressure. Conventional tillage practices are not suitable as they induce structural instability. However alternative techniques as slotting or biological drilling are efficient
Aschi, Amira. "Effets des pratiques innovantes sur les communautés microbiennes des sols agricoles et les fonctions associées : cas particuliers de l'introduction de légumineuses et du travail du sol". Rouen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUES023.
Texto completoThe intensification of agriculture, which began in the mid 20th century, led to negative impacts on soil physical, chemical and biological characteristics causing a strong decline in their biodiversity. To address these threats, new agricultural practices have emerged to preserve the physical and biological integrity of the soils. These practices, namely innovative practices, include reduced tillage, crop residues management, permanent cover crop or the introduction of legumes in rotations. Considering the changes in agricultural practices, the aim of this thesis was to understand the combined effects of reduced tillage and the introduction of faba bean in crop rotations on the structure of soil microbial communities and soil functions these communities support. The central hypothesis was that the combination of reduced tillage and the introduction of the legume in the rotation improved the structure of microbial communities, enzyme activities and soil nitrogen dynamics. Two approaches were used to evaluate the effect of these innovative practices on the soil microbial communities and the resulting functions. The first approach was a single-factor / single-site approach designed to assess the individual effect of reduced tillage on one hand, and the introduction of the legume on the other hand both under controlled field conditions. The second approach was a multi-factorial approach / multisite approach aiming at investigating the combined effects of these two innovative practices taking into account various farmers’ practices related to the implementation of these innovative practices in farm conditions. The individual effect of the introduction of legume induced modification in the structure of soil microbial communities and the increase of enzyme activities. Moreover, the response of enzyme activities to soil tillage conversion showed significant enhancement by the reduced tillage / no tillage. The multi-factorial / multi-site approach showed that the combinations of these innovative practices are suitable to the soil microbial communities: (i) the presence of the legume as previous crop combined to conventional tillage modified the structure of microbial communities or (ii) the effect of the presence of legume three years before wheat persists under reduced tillage. However, microbial functions and nitrogen dynamics were not affected. Moreover, multi-factorial approach showed that the benefits of these innovative practices cannot be established without considering the whole variability brought by farmers’ practices around the implementation of these two innovative practices. Finally, the observations made with the two approaches suggest a crucial role of microbial communities and their activities on the carbon and nitrogen cycles. These findings have a special resonance in the context of agriculture on-going transformations and the suggestion of new practices that could change the soil biological functioning
Bertrand, Michel. "Les Labistomidae Oudemans, 1904 (Acariens Actinedida) : morphologie, biologie, écologie, biogéographie". Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20083.
Texto completoHachair, Sophie. "Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii indicateur microbien de l'effet d'applications répétées de traitements fongicides à base de cuivre dans les sols viticoles". Dijon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DIJOS027.
Texto completoThe effects of copper contamination on indigenous R. Leguminosarum bv. Trifolii populations nodulating subclover was studied by sampling vineyard soils (from 53 to 445 mg kg-1). The size of the rhizobial populations varied from 105 to less than 101 cells g-1 soil , the lowest numbers being found for the most Cu-contaminated plots. The genetic structure of rhizobial populations was characterized by PCR-RFLP of the intergenic spacer region between the 16S and 23S rRNA genes (ITS). One ITS type predominated in the less Cu-contaminated soils and its frequency was significantly lower in the soils with the highest Cu contents in which another type predominated. Effectiveness in nitrogen fixation with clover plants was related to the symbiotic genotypes (nodC and nifH), isolates with genotype that predominate in the most Cu-contaminated soils being less effective than others. Consequently, high copper contents in vineyard soils might negatively affect soil fertility
Kretzschmar, André. "Galeries de lombriciens en réseau : structures fonctionnelles et signatures comportementales". Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112017.
Texto completoDiffusion processes in soil may be regarded through the classical equations, where gas flows are governed by the concentration gradiant and the distance over which the diffusion occurs. But it can be assumed that, when the biological pores are large enough to be considered similar to the surface, the actual distance, from the surface to one given level into the soil, which governs the gas flow rate is that of the minimum pathway utilizing the most efficient suite of large pores; the length of this pathway is obtained by summing up the respective distances between all the pores belonging to a given suite. The structure of the studied biological pores is a "non connected network". By the first step of simulation, different 3D structures are obtained, over which the minimum pathway is calculated through the simulation of diffusion process: at each time of diffusion progression from the surface, images of the volume concerned by diffusion are obtained. The length of the minimum pathway, depending on the network density and on the mean length of the pores is shown to be 4 to 10 times shorter than the observed distance. The density effect is mean length-dependent; an example of 3D diagram is given to show gas diffusion heterogeneity and gas expanding to the whole sail volume
Zinger, Lucie. "Variations spatio-temporelles de la microflore des sols alpins". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10122.
Texto completoMicroorganisms play a crucial role in ecosystem processes. Understanding the spatio-temporal distribution of microbial communities is thus a central issue, especially in a context of global changes. Microorganisms are largely diverse, but given that the great part of them is still uncultured, the use of suitable tools is required to evaluate their huge diversity and the factors responsible for the community assembly. Alpine ecosystems display strong mesotopographical and snow cover regime gradients. These environmental gradients create a strong spatial heterogeneity in plant cover and ecosystem processes at reduced scales. Alpine tundra are also submitted to strong temporal contrasts, due the very low temperatures occurring during winter. These ecosystems are thus well suited to study the dynamic and spatial patterns of soil microbial communities. This work first focused on the improvement of a molecular fingerprint technique, CE-SSCP, but also on the development of statistical tools for the analysis of DNA sequences. Soil bacterial, fungal and crenarchaeal communities were followed up over two years by using CESSCP and cloning/sequencing, in two habitats contrasted by their snow cover regimes. This study was then extended at the landscape scale, under different plant covers. This work shows that microbial communities' assembly in alpine soils varies throughout seasons and that winter conditions constitute a strong selective event. This study also shows that microbial communities are spatially distributed according to snow cover regimes and plant cover. The factors directly involved in such patterns are discussed
Burrow, Coralie. "Influence des modalités de restauration de sols dégradés sur leur colonisation par une faune du sol fonctionnelle". Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10173/document.
Texto completoSoil construction appears to be a tempting way to restore, lastingly, contaminated urban soils provided that they can become fertile with a functional biodiversity capable of assuring essential ecosystem services. To ensure this, the recolonisation of newly established technosols composed of a mixture of compost and deep alluvion was monitored using judiciously chosen bioindicators: springtails, mites, earthworms, carabid beetles and woodlice. Thus, three experiments were carried out: (i) an experimental plot located inside the future “Ecoquartier de l’Union” (Roubaix, France) (ii) smaller mesocosms with an introduction of earthworms and woodlice and (iii) laboratory microcosms studying the evolution of collembolan populations. The results show that, if the connection of the technosols with an element of the local landscape (in this case a railway hedgerow) plays a part chiefly in aiding the first stages of recolonisation, notably for earthworms and springtails, technosols' management has a lasting impact on the colonization dynamics and the implantation of the different taxa. Establishing an herbaceous cover (flowering meadow, lawn) or a hedge was especially profitable to the pedofaunic communities, which were richer and more abundant, as well as to the technosols functioning (better litter degradation, diversified collembolan communities with regards to functional traits). The same is true for the addition of RCW (Ramial Chipped Wood) which benefits earthworm and mesofauna through the organic components released and the associated fungal development. Therefore, urban planners could use these results in their sustainable rehabilitation projects
Fall, Saliou. "Réponse des communautés microbiennes d'un sol sahélien à la modification de ses habitats : cas de l'activité de construction d'un termite humivore Cubitermes niokoloensis". Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10101.
Texto completoCrosaz, Yves. "Lutte contre l'érosion des sols en montagne méditerranéenne : connaissance du matériel végétal et quantification de son impact sur l'érosion". Aix-Marseille 3, 1995. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008567.
Texto completoPerez, Gabriel. "Etude des relations entre les compartiments épigé et endogé dans un contexte dynamique". Rouen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ROUES008.
Texto completoAttard, Eléonore. "Etude de la réponse des communautés bactériennes du sol aux changements des modes de gestion dans les agrosystèmes". Poitiers, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008POIT2278.
Texto completoLange, Bastien. "Tolérance et accumulation du cuivre et du cobalt chez les métallophytes facultatives d'Afrique tropicale". Thesis, Amiens, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AMIE0027.
Texto completoBiogeochemistry, ecology and evolution of copper (Cu) and cobalt (Co) tolerance and accumulation in facultative cupro-cobaltophytes remains poorly understood. Anisopappus chinensis (Asteraceae), a broad-niched and geographically widespread facultative metallophyte has been chosen as model species of the thesis. Copper and Co bound to respectively manganese oxides and organic matter in metalliferous soils could represent Cu and Co available concentrations for plants. In experimental conditions, variations in Cu and Co mobility would not necessary explained variations in foliar Cu and Co concentrations in A. chinensis. Copper and Co availability is a complex element- and species-specific mechanism, closely related to all biogeochemical processes that occur in the rhizosphere. Important role of microorganisms is expected. Adaptive response to habitats has been highlighted for A. chinensis. Metallicolous (M) plants had consistently lower height and leaf size than non-metallicolous (NM) plants. The lack of divergence in specific leaf area (SLA) between M and NM populations associated with the very low plastic response to Co seemed to highlight SLA homeostasis which could explain the broad niche of the species. Genetic differentiation in Co tolerance has been demonstrated in M populations from Co-enriched soils. Positive relationship between the level of tolerance to Co and the concentration of Co in the native soil may exist. Genetic variability of Co accumulation has been demonstrated for the first time in a metallophyte. Anisopappus chinensis form Co-enriched soils constitute an interesting valuable biological model
Riah-Anglet, Wassila. "De la structure des communautés microbiennes, à l'expression des activités enzymatiques dans des sols soumis à différentes contraintes agronomiques". Rouen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ROUES058.
Texto completoMulti-criteria assessment of agricultural systems involves acquiring knowledge about the soil biological component, especially about the microbial compartment. The soil microorganisms are essential in biogeochemical cycles and are mainly involved in the transformation of organic matter through their enzymatic activities. Many studies emphasize the possibility to describe the structure and the functions of soil microbial communities. However, little information is available to help the understanding of the structural and functional relationships. Indeed, the factors that influence the structure of microbial communities associated with factors regulating the expression of enzymatic activities make it difficult to apprehend the mechanisms governing these relationships. The objective of this study was to describe the relationships between structure and functions of soil microbial communities. This issue is at the interface between fundamental and applied research. The knowledge of these relationships will improve the understanding of the role of microbial communities in the resistance, resilience and the sustainability of soil. This work was carried out on an agricultural experimental site (Yvetot, Haute Normandie). This site allows the assessment of the effect of the introduction of grasslands in crop rotations. The research strategies developed in this study were based on experiments carried out under natural conditions (in situ) and laboratory soil microcosms (controlled conditions). The selected structural and functional descriptive variables of microbial communities demonstrates, the lively interest of combining qualitative and quantitative approaches based on complementary methods (chemical, biochemical and molecular methods) to restrain the biases of each method and reinforce interpretations. In situ experiments are based on two comparative studies, the first one concerned all plots of the experimental site; these plots had different management practices. The second one consisted of the specific analysis of the two most contrasting agricultural systems: the permanent grassland and conventional cropping. These experiments highlighted that the land use at the time of sampling appears to be the major determinant of the structure of soil microbial communities and their potential enzymatic activities. The change in enzymatic activities weighted by the microbial biomass carbon appears to be determined by the cropping history of the plots. The results also show resilience in functional profile resulting from the evolution of the microbial community structure under the introduction of grasslands in crop rotations. Moreover, the specific analysis of the heterotrophic cultivable bacteria isolated from Biolog Ecoplates substrates of the two most contrasting agricultural soils, highlighted the dominance of Bacteroidetes and γ-Proteobacteria and seems to reflect the initial bacterial diversity of the two soils. In parallel with the previous multifactorial approach under natural conditions, soil microcosm experiments were carried out to investigate the response of microbial communities to drastic stress. The duration and severity of the applied stress aimed to modify the structure of soil microbial communities. These stresses have consisted in applying either a heat shock or a fungicide at 1000 times the recommended dose in the permanent grassland and the conventional crop soils. The results of soil microcosm experiments confirm that the drastic stress changes microbial community structure and enzymatic functions in soils. These results emphasize also that the stress response is dependent on the initial microbial community structure and the type of the applied stress. These results confirm the difficulty to assign a specific enzymatic activity to a specific microbial group due to functional redundancy of soil microbial communities. It also raises the importance of experimental conditions and data statistical analysis in the establishment of these relationships. This study showed the importance of biodiversity in particular its role in ecosystem resilience and also underlined the difficulties describing the microbial communities and their functions in soils under different agronomic constraints. The understanding of these relationships is particularly important as the application of this knowledge in agronomy is required
Richard, Benoit. "Règles d'assemblage des communautés d'Oligochètes terrestres et relations avec les microorganismes du sol". Rouen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ROUES051.
Texto completoEarthworms are an essential component of the soil fauna in many terrestrial ecosystems. As ecosystem engineers, they are involved in many ecological processes taking place at the soil / vegetation interface, they interacted notoriously with soil microbial communities at different spatio-temporal scales. Paradoxically, the rules that govern assembly of their community assembly structure, as well as the functional implications remain poorly known and poorly understood. The aims of the present thesis were to study (i) the factors governing the spatial structure and assemblage compositions of earthworm and soil microbial communities in Haute-Normandie (France) and (ii) to characterize some specific relationships that occur between earthworms and soil microorganisms. For this purpose, we conducted together in situ studies in two temperate pastures and experimental studies. In the first part of this work corresponding to in situ approaches, spatial analysis revealed that earthworm assemblage were structured in areas of high and low densities (patches and gaps, respectively), with a different degree of spatial organization according to the pasture considered. Results also suggested a weak importance of abiotic factors in the spatial distribution of earthworms, and a strong influence of biotic interaction (i. E. Interspecific competition) in the local scale (plot scale). Null models analysis also suggested presence of indirect competition by engineering activities for the anecic guild. At the pasture scale, spatial distribution appeared to be link with some spatial characteristics of earthworm communities. In the second part of this work corresponding to experimental approaches, results showed that the effects of earthworm on soil microbial communities were soil type dependent, species-specific dependent and microscale dependent (soil or cast). In a second experiment, influence of soil microorganisms were tested in the attraction and the foraging behaviour of earthworm species. Some species seemed to be attracted by microbial communities from forest soil. In addition, our results revealed a complex relationship in the determinism of their movements, with a trade-off between mechanisms of niche construction and intraspecific competition. In a general point of view, this study enhances our understanding of the complex relationships existing between two essential communities of soil system, and the factors governing their assemblies
Ruamps, Léo. "Localisation de la décomposition de la matière organique dans le système poral au sol". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066108.
Texto completoYe, Lambiénou. "Stratégies des Graminées pour le recyclage des nutriments et herbivorie". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066324.
Texto completoThe objective of this thesis is to determine the impacts of grasses, in interaction with grazing by cattle, on nutrient cycling. This is achieved through field sampling and exclosures in a dry savanna of Burkina Faso. I have described a zone of shallow soils dominated by annual grasses and highly frequented by cattle and a zone with deeper soils dominated by perennial grasses and less frequented by cattle. The perennial grasses, A. Ascinodis and A. Gayanus, likely better control nutrient cycling than the annual grasses, A. Pseudapricus and L. Togoensis. Perennials have a higher root biomass than annuals. Soil biological activity is higher in the soil of perennials than in the soil of annuals. Ammonium availability is higher and soil N15 is smaller under perennials, which suggests that perennials but not annuals are able to inhibit nitrification. However, A. Ascinodis but not A. Gayanus increases soil concentration in organic carbon. On the short term, cattle impact neither soil total C and N, nor the available P. Cattle also decrease soil basal respiration but do not affect microbial biomass. Cattle favor the abundance of annuals relatively to the abundance of perennials and decrease the richness in herbaceous species. Overall, my thesis confirms that annuals are a mark of pasture degradation and decrease in fertility. My results suggest that this is due to the capacity of perennials to better control nutrient cycling and decrease nutrient losses
Anees, Muhammad. "Temporal dynamics of components of the microflora, including Trichoderma sp. In relation to patch development of the disease incited by Rhizoctonia solani AG2-2 in a sugar-beet field". Dijon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009DIJOS019.
Texto completoTo assess the mechanisms involved in the development of disease patches caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG 2-2 in sugar beet field, transects were done across the sugar beet plots and soil was sampled within disease patches and healthy areas. Soil suppressiveness and soil inoculum potential were measured and compared. The soil became less conducive within the patches. The analyses of the structures of the microbial communities (bacteria and fungi, use of both genetic and physiological approaches) indicated changes leading to the isolation of various Trichoderma sp. They have been characterized, including the functional diversity i. E. Antagonistic activity (and the mechanisms involved) towards R. Solani. Those from the inside of the patches were more antagonistic towards R. Solani than those from healthy areas, although they could belong to the same species (T. Gamsii). Population dynamics were conducted to study the interactions between a strain of Trichoderma and R. Solani AG 2-2. They revealed that indeed T. Gamsii inhibits significantly the development and the density of R. Solani population once its population is above a threshold that may explain why the soil became less conducive within a patch but could not prevent the occurrence of the patch. Samplings were also performed along the development of the patches to study the temporal dynamics. The relative influence of an aerial disease of sugar beet caused by Cercospora beticola and the disease caused by R. Solani was investigated too, revealing that the effect of C. Beticola on the soil microflora was not neutral
Zangerlé, Anne. "Participation des organismes ingénieurs à l'agrégation des sols : analyse des patrons et mise en évidence des interactions". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066612.
Texto completoNeveu, Julie. "Diversité bactérienne et approche de métagénomique fonctionnelle pour la recherche de nouvelles protéases à partir d'échantillons de sols de déserts". Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112275.
Texto completoThis work aims to study the microbial communities in desert soils and some of their biochemical functions. For this purpose, we have used pyrosequencing of the variable V1-V2 regions of 16S ribosomal DNA. The phylogenetic analyses performed on samples of sand from the Gobi Desert, showed a significant diversity and the likely presence of new bacterial groups. It can be noted that the composition of the microbial communities of our samples are similar to each other, and this distribution is unique compared to studies of soil environments. One feature of our samples is the presence of a large proportion of Bacillaceae, usually found in small amounts in other soil bacterial communities. We also used functional metagenomic methods to uncover biochemical functions without sequence bias. Ln addition, deserts are environments characterized by large temperature variations and low availability of water. We therefore sought to isolate enzymes of protease class, as desert bacteria have not been examined for this type of enzyme. Currently, very few proteases have been extracted from functional metagenomics studies. Here we demonstrate the isolation of several new proteases and a partial biochemical characterization of two of them displaying biochemical properties, as thermostability and high pH stability
Sechi-Sapowicz, Serafina. "Les Archives sédimentaires témoins des phases d'érosion : approche géo-archéologique appliquée au bassin versant de la Basse Vallée de la Seine (Normandie, France) et au Campidano Septentrional (Sardaigne, Italie)". Rouen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ROUES045.
Texto completoThe study of sedimentary archives of all geomorphological compartments of the Lower Seine Valley watershed (Normandy), as well as sites of piedmont in the Septentrional Campidano (Central Western Sardinia), enabled us to identify several erosion and sedimentation phases. These phases mark important changes resulting from the direct or indirect impact of several factors or from their combinations Thus erosion markers reveal morphogenetic "crises" controlled by the internal lithologic properties of the studied system, as well as by the climatic and anthropogenic signals. In our study areas, the first erosional phases we have encountered (from the late Pleistocene to the early Holocene) correspond to the major climatic and eustatic changes identified on a global scale. The main impact of the climatic factor continues at least until the beginning of the Neolithic era. From the middle final Neolithic to the Protohistory era, Man became a more active player in causing soil imbalance (i. E: deforestation, switch from a mono-specific agriculture to a professionalized agriculture). From the end of the Iron Age to the Roman period, Man became an aggravating factor (i. E: high deforestation, intensive land use). Later, from the Middle-Ages to the Contemporary era, Man became the triggering factor (i. E: the land becomes a mosaic of cropped agricultural areas with a shift towards agriculture with heavy animal tractation) that has a direct impact on the major erosional phases. Once it passed a certain threshold of imbalance accelerated by human activities that made the soil more susceptible to the weather hazards, the resilience of the environment stops and follows to climate fluctuations however minor
Poly, Franck. "Réponses des communautés bactériennes telluriques à des perturbations chimiques complexes : activités potentielles et empreintes génétiques". Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO19001.
Texto completoRanjard, Lionel. "Réponse des communautés bactériennes telluriques à un apport de mercure inorganique : influence de la localisation des bactéries". Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10187.
Texto completoVannier, Christophe. "Les modalités de la rétention du soufre dans les sols de deux bassins versants forestiers du mont Lozère : effet de la végétation et de quelques propriétés physico-chimiques des sols". Orléans, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ORLE2148.
Texto completoBailly, Julie. "Expression des gènes de microorganismes eucaryotes dans les sols : de l'individu au métagénome". Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10191.
Texto completoNumerous eukaryotic microorganisms, among which many fungi, inhabit soils in which they play essential functions. Their role is however largely underestimated and many of their biological activities remain exclusive and need to be described. The aim of this work was to develop new experimental approaches based on the extraction and quantification of RNA from environmental samples that could be used to reveal and quantify the activities that one or several eukaryotic microorganisms carry out in soil. In a first part I studied the coordination and regulation of plant and fungal genes of nitrate assimilation pathway in the symbiotic association between the fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum and the roots of maritime pine cultivated in microcosms on a forest soil. The comparison of the effect of wild type strains versus nitrate reductase deficient fungal mutant unambiguously demonstrated that the plant nitrate assimilation pathway is repressed when corresponding fungal pathway is functionnal. In a second part the study was broaden to the different members of the soil eukaryotic microbial community. For the first time a eukaryotic cDNA library was constructed using RNA extracted directly from a forest soil. This allowed a study of both the taxonomic and functional diversity of soil Eukaryotes as well as the cloning of genes of interest via their expression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Henneron, Ludovic. "Etude des conséquences de l'adaptation de la gestion forestière au changement climatique sur la biodiversité du sol et les interactions plantes-litière-sol en futaie régulière de chêne". Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUES017.
Texto completoClimate change will greatly increase drought frequency and severity in forest ecosystems and forest management adaptation are required to face the associated risks of tree mortality. The reduction of stand density is currently debated in France as a potential tool to increase forest resistance to water stress. The aim of this thesis work is to assess the consequences of those forest management changes on soil biodiversity, litter decomposition and forest floor dynamic. I took advantage of a large-scale, multi-site experimental network of long-term forestry sites experimentally manipulating the density of even-aged oak stands (Quercus petraea). A large number stands were studied covering a wide gradient of stand density, stand age and abiotic context. In the first section, we reported important soil faunal community changes in response to stand density manipulation. Collembolan abundance and species richness decreased with declining stand density while the impact on the global soil macro-detritivore community was limited. However, we found that soil faunal species had contrasting responses patterns according to their functional group and these responses were mediated by contrasting ecological drivers among different functional groups. Epedaphic collembolan species were favoured by declining stand density and their response was mediated by changes in understory plant species richness. In contrast, euedaphic collembolan species were negatively affected in young stands and this was mainly mediated by changes in understory plant community composition and species richness, as well as microclimatic conditions. Endogeic earthworm abundance showed a sharp increase with stand density reduction in relation with the increase of understory plant cover while the anecic earthworm abundance decreased. Finally, we found that these soil faunal changes could have cascading effect on soil processes. Indeed, the increase of endogeic earthworm abundance translated into an increase of soil respiration whereas the decrease of anecic earthworm abundance was strongly associated with a decline of forest floor turnover. In the second section, we reported that stand density manipulation had also important consequences for ecosystem functioning. We observed important intraspecific variation in oak leaf litter traits in response to stand density manipulation. Oak leaf litter quality strongly declined with decreasing stand density in young stands which had important cascading effects on litter decomposability and N cycling processes. This response pattern was driven by a shift in understory plant community composition and the associated decline of their litter decomposability. We also found that the alterations of microenvironmental conditions induced by canopy opening resulted in a decline of litter decomposition. Therefore, a global decline of forest floor turnover was observed in young stands which suggest that stand density reduction could increase forest floor accumulation. However, tree litterfall also strongly declined with stand density reduction in young stands and this tradeoff results in a net decline of forest floor C
Abdul, Rida Abdul Motalibe Mohammad. "Biosurveillance de la contamination du sol : apport de l'étude des lombriciens à l'évaluation des risques liés aus éléments traces". Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20124.
Texto completoAubert, Michaël. "Biodiversité et processus écologiques à l'interface sol-végétation dans les hêtraies sur limon de Haute-Normandie". Rouen, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ROUES009.
Texto completoThe aim of the thesis is to assess the consequences of the mixture Hornbeam-Beech on the structure and the functioning of the soil-vegetation interface. The general approach used is a hierarchical approach divided into : (1) a between sites approach : comparative analysis of the pattern of variation of (a) plant communities diversity (structure, composition and organisation) and (b) humic epipedon throughout the silvicultural cycle of a pure beech forest and a mixed beech-hornbeam forest by the mean of a space for time substitution procedure ; (2) a within site approach : spatial analysis of the consequences of the presence of hornbeam in the canopy on (a) the variability and heterogeneity of humic epipedon and (b) the variability and heterogeneity of soil macrofauna communities ; (3) a functional approach : (a) study of the influence of hornbeam on nitrogen mineralization and nitrification and (b) study of the effect of different mixtures of tree species on litter decomposition rate
Héry, Marina. "Caractérisation des communautés bactériennes des sols extrêmes de Nouvelle-Calédonie : influence des principaux facteurs biotiques et abiotiques". Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10124.
Texto completoBastardie, François. "Description et modélisation des comportements et des réseaux de galeries lombriciens : vers une typologie fonctionnelle des lombriciens". Rennes 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN10021.
Texto completoDomeignoz, Horta Luiz A. "Ecologie des bactéries N2O réductrices dans les sols agricoles". Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOS031/document.
Texto completoNitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas (GHG) and the main ozone depleting substance. Agricultural soils are the main anthropogenic-induced source of this GHG. The concentration of N2O in the atmosphere is steadily increasing, but we still lack knowledge on the factors controlling its production and consumption in soils. The reduction of N2O to N2 by microorganisms harboring the N2O reductase gene (nosZ) is the only known biological process able to consume this GHG. Recent studies revealed a previously unknown clade of N2O-reducers which was shown to be important to the N2O sink capacity of soils. This thesis seeks to gain a greater understanding on the ecology of N2O-reducers in agricultural soils. A combination of laboratory incubation and field experiments were used to gain knowledge on the importance of N2O-producers and N2O-reducers to the soil N2O production. Additionally, the potential of agricultural practices to modify those microbial communities were assessed.We showed experimentally, in laboratory incubations, that the addition of a non-denitrifying strain Dyadobacter fermentans, which possesses the previously unaccounted N2O reductase NosZII, reduced N2O production in 1/3 of the tested soils. Remarkably, after addition of the nosZII strain, some soils became a N2O sink, as negative rates were recorded. This experiment provided unambiguous evidence that the overlooked non-denitrifying nosZII bacteria can contribute to N2O consumption in soil.Our evaluation of agricultural field experiments showed limited impact of agricultural practices on the microbial communities except for tillage management, and differences observed between an annual and a perennial cropping system. Increasing tillage management enhanced nosZII diversity. Higher diversity of the nosZII clade was also observed in the annual cropping system than in the perennial cropping system. Overall, the recently identified clade of N2O-reducers was more sensitive to environmental variables than the previously known clade (nosZI). The community structure of these two groups was explained by common and uncommon soil properties suggesting niche specialization between the two N2O-reducers.In an attempt to understand the relationship between the microbial communities and process rates, we assessed the potential denitrification and nitrification rates, and in situ N2O emissions. Potential N2O production and potential denitrification activity were used to calculate the denitrification end-product ratio. The diversity of nosZII was negatively related to the N2O:N2 ratio and explained the highest fraction of its variation (26%), while the potential N2O production and potential denitrification activity were mainly explained by the soil properties. To better evaluate the contribution of different factors to the in situ emissions, more than 70000 N2O measurements were subdivided into different ranges, from low to high rates. Interestingly, the low range of in situ N2O emissions was only related to soil pH, while the high ranges were also strongly related to the microbial communities. This result suggests that the “base-line” N2O emissions might be more regulated by soil edaphic conditions than by microorganisms, the lasts being more important for the high emissions ranges. Among the significant microbial variables, we found that the diversity of nosZII was negatively related to the high ranges of in situ N2O emissions.In conclusion, our results highlight the relevance of the second clade of N2O-reducers to the fate of N2O in soil. Our results also suggest niche differentiation between the two N2O-reducing clades with nosZII being more responsive to environmental variables. Agricultural practices showed limited impact on the two guilds. Further research is needed to test the niche specialization between the two groups, to disentangle their controlling factors, and to evaluate their potential for N2O mitigation
Lucisine, Pierre. "Fonctionnement des sols contaminés". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0195/document.
Texto completoBrownfield soils are multi-polluted areas, which cover an increasing surface and thus present serious socio-economical challenges. A better understanding of the ecological functioning of these sites is mandatory for their restoration. In addition to the high pollution found at these sites, brownfields are characterized by a specific soil structure and occasionally also by particular nutrient contents. Despite these constraints, several brownfield are well colonized by plants, fauna and microorganisms. The capacity of these new communities to uphold main ecosystem function remains to be evaluated based on the measurement of one or several ecosystem functions. Leaf litter decomposition is critically important in driving carbon and nutrient biogeochemical cycles. This function depends on decomposition actors (fauna and microorganisms) but also on leaf litter quality. By that, leaf litter decomposition integrates effects of soil pollution on plant, animal and microorganism communities. Thus, leaf litter decomposition is a relevant indicator to evaluate pollution effects on the functioning of soil ecosystems. The main objective of this thesis was to study brownfields soil function by focusing on the impairment of soil pollution on the leaf litter decomposition. The main hypothesis was that soil pollution could negatively affect leaf litter decomposition by two different ways. (1) By direct effects, resulting from adverse effects of soil pollution on decomposition actors, and (2) by indirect effects, assuming that soil pollution will induce modifications of the plant’s physiology, resulting in changes in leaf litter quality and subsequent effects on the decomposition. Our results revealed the absence of direct negative effects for eight highly polluted sites, despite a disturbance of decomposer actors, specifically the increase in abundance of detritivores and a modified microbial colonization of the leaf litter at the polluted sites. These results are in favor of a sufficient functional redundancy of decomposer actors in the local communities, which allowed the maintenance of the decomposition process. We also showed a positive indirect effect of soil pollution on the decomposition. This effect resulted from the improvement of litter quality produced at the polluted sites. This induced, at least for some sites, an increase of the decomposition rate, possibly due to a higher activity of decomposer actors. Furthermore, we also observed pollutants accumulation in these litter, especially Cd and Zn. These pollutants could potentially impair decomposition actors. Whatever, presence of these pollutants in litter did not impair litter consumption by some detritivores. Numerous perspectives can be developed from this study. Among them it seems specifically important to evaluate: 1) which are the (physiological) mechanisms behind the increase in leaf litter quality at polluted sites? 2) How can different communities assure the same decomposition rates at polluted sites? and 3) Are there negative effects observed on the performance and physiology of detritivores when consuming leaf litter from polluted sites ?
Borsali, Amine Habib. "Contribution à l’évaluation de l’impact des incendies sur les écosystèmes forestiers : cas de la Forêt de Fénouane , Commune d’Ain El Hadjer, Wilaya de Saida ( Algérie)". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4362.
Texto completoWithin this research was to evaluate dynamic return to short and long-term of the physicochemical and microbiological properties of the burnt grounds and to study to become to it burned vegetable communities. For the study of the ground we analyzed the physical properties, chemical and microbiological of 25 samples of ground taken in the Forest of Fénouane (Wilaya of Saida, Algeria) along a chono-sequence of 2,4,8,13 and 20 years after last. This study made it possible to show the vulnerability of the forest grounds of the semi-arid stage of the Tellian Atlas at the frequencies of fires higher than 1 fire every 20 years. For the study of the effect of fire on the composition of the pine forests with Pinus halepensis Mill.de the forest of Fénouane (Algeria) one used the same small squares and chrono-sequence that selected for the study of the ground. Floristic statements were carried out according to the method sigmatist according to the last fire. The comparative method showed a progressive reconstitution of the pine forests without much variation in their floristic composition. In fact practically the same species existed before fire which reappears afterwards. It arises from the phyto-ecological study that the forest of Fénouane is very fragile and the little of plant species which it contains could decrease to reach a critical level because of the climatic and edaphic aridity accentuated by the fires and the overgrazing
Plassart, Pierre. "Pertinence des indicateurs microbiens dans l'évaluation de l'état des sols agricoles". Rouen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ROUES048.
Texto completoMost soils worlwide undergo modifications caused by human activities. For numerous agricultural soils, the intensive practices, as well as the chronical spreading of chemical inputs, lead to a decrease in these soils fertilkity. Yet, while these soils are in danger, only a few relevant soil status evaluation tools exist. The biological component has been neglected for a long time, though soil accomodates a high diversity level of organisms involved in biogeochemical cycles. Among these organisms, microorganisms are likely to be potential bioindicators of soil status. Thus, the aim of this work consists in identifying biological variables describing bacterial diversity that would be sensitive to soil status. Bacterial community structure (abundance, genetic and functionnal diversity) was assessed as a whole, but also through the analysis of Pseudomonas populations, a bacterial genus widely found in soils and sensitive to environmental disturbances. The experimental approach, from the field plot level to the microcosm level, consisted in the confrontation of the impacts of (1) soil copper contamination (agronomical dose x100), (2) natural disturbances (spatial and climatic), and (3) human caused disturbances (agricultural practices) on bacterial communities. The first part of this work was performed in situ on typical silty Haute-Normandie soils managed as grasslands and cultures, in order to define the natural spatial and temporal variation limits of different bacterial descriptors. Besides, this first part enabled the understanding each variable's sensitivity, and validated the different methodological approaches. Thus, the measured variables can be organized in two categories: those which rely on microorganisms cultivation would reflect recent soil disturbances, while those based on molecular approaches would reflect the agricultural history of field plots. In the second part, the impact of a copper contamination on the previously described variables was studied in microcosms. Results showed that variations in the bacterial community structure caused by a single copper contamination were minor, when compared with variations caused by season or agricultural practices. In the same time, a comparative analysis was performed between sieved soil and intact soil microcosms. This revealed that soil status can influence bacterial communities response to a copper contamination; indeed, soil physical disturbance (sieving) induced a transient response of bacterial communities to the copper contamination. This work lead to (1) building, for an agricultural silty soil, a microbiological reference system, which includes spatial and temporal fluctuations of the measured variables, (2) determining for each variable its sensitivity to natural and human impacts, and identifying the limits and complementarities of the cellular and molecular approaches, (3) organizing into a herarchy factors determining the genetic and functionnal sructure of bacterial communities, (4) validating the relevance of using the Pseudomonas genus in the evaluation of the impact of copper on soils
Hébrard, Olivier. "Stratégie de prévision des humidités de surface sur un bassin versant agricole en milieu méditerranéen". Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20076.
Texto completoFrémaux, Bastien. "Écologie des Escherichia coli producteurs de Shiga-toxines (STEC) dans les effluents d'élevages bovins et le sol". Lyon 1, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/20/01/18/PDF/MANUSCRIPTTHESEFINAL.pdf.
Texto completoEnterohemorragic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is one of the most important foodborne pathogens. During the last decade, cattle environment has frequently been implicated as the cause of EHEC outbreaks. This work aims to study the prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing E. Coli (STEC) cells on dairy farms, and their survival in cattle effluents and soil. In dairy farms, a wide diversity of STEC strains, which were able to persist on various materials (water troughs, pen walls, soil, etc) was observed. In cattle effluents (untreated cattle manure and slurry), non-O157 STEC strains could be detected during more than 90 days. In turned manure heaps, the STEC survival is of only 45 days, and the high temperature recovered in the main body of the manure heaps (≥ 65°C) is associated with the serious decrease of STEC cells number. In vitro, STEC O26 strains were detected in various manure amended-soil types for at least 1 year, even in presence of low moisture levels (i. E. Less than 0,08 g H2O g-1 dry soil). The ambient temperature (i. E. 20°C versus 4°C) is significantly associated (P<0,001) with the highest STEC count decline in all soils tested. In situ, the persistence of STEC and their transfer from naturally contaminated bovine feces to subsoil layers were determined in different pasture units of a high mountain watershed located in North Alps. STEC are able to persist in bovine feces, and to be transferred in subsoil layers at a depth up to 20 cm, over a period of approximately 2 months, until the fecal material had completely decayed. In the rhizosphere, STEC survival may be affected by antibiotic-producing microbial populations. However, using a 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (Phl)-producing Pseudomonas strain as a model of biocontrol rhizobacteria, any negative effect of the Pseudomonas production of Phl on E. Coli O157:H7 survival in wheat rhizosphere was observed. According to these results, cattle environment constitutes a second significant reservoir of STEC cells, and effective measures to prevent STEC cells entry into environment should be adopted
Millet, Jérôme. "Etude de la biodiversité arborée, de la structure et de l'évolution dynamique du massif forestier de Tan Phu (Vietnam) après son exploitation". Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10108.
Texto completoSanguin, Hervé. "Développement et validation d'une puce à ADN taxonomique 16S pour la caractérisation et le suivi de la communauté bactérienne rhizosphérique". Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10027.
Texto completoThe rhizosphere is a complex microbial habitat, where root exudates (rhizodeposits) lead to intense microbial activity. The bacterial community plays an important role in the biological functioning of rhizosphere, but its description remains incomplete with current analysis methods. The objective of this work was the development of a 16S rDNA-based taxonomic microarray (600 probes) for characterizing and monitoring the bacterial community, especially in the rhizosphere. Protocols were developed for the design of probes and the sensitivity of the tool was determined. The microarray was validated experimentally using about 50 strains and by comparison with cloning sequencing. It was used to assess bacteria colonizing monoculture maize and wheat. In the case of maize, a rhizosphere effect was shown, with the predominance of Agrobacterium in rhizosphere and Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia and especially Planctomycetes in bulk soil. Inter-plant variability was also evidenced. In the case of wheat, crop monoculture leads to the decline of take-all disease. This is paralleled by modifications of bacterial community structure, confirming the presence of antibitiotic-producing antagonistic Pseudomonas and evidencing bacterial groups belonging to Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Planctomycetes, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi and Firmicutes. This work demonstrates the microarray potential for characterizing and discriminating between rhizosphere bacterial communities, a prerequisite for a better understanding of the relationships between bacterial community and soil biological status
Alahmad, Abdelrahman. "La métagénomique, un outil pertinent pour évaluer l'impact de différentes pratiques agricoles sur les communautés microbiennes du sol". Thesis, Amiens, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AMIE0038.
Texto completoAccording to demographic projections, world population will reach 9 billion people by 2050. This increase will be associated with higher demand of agricultural products and an increase in wastes production. Therefore, alternative approaches in agricultural practices; such as permanent plant cover usage and/or sewage sludge application, are envisaged to meet global demands and preserve the environment. These new practices could therefore influence the properties of the soil and its functioning. Therefore moving from intensive to ecologically intensive agriculture could lead to modifications in soil biodiversity. Using different experimental systems allowing comparison between different agricultural practices, studies of the taxonomic and functional soil microbial diversity (bacteria and fungi) had been undertaken. This was achieved by next generation high-throughput sequencing of the hypervariable regions of the genes encoding RNA16S and ITS1. Sequencing was performed using an Illumina platform and the sequences obtained were analyzed using various bioinformatic tools. We inferred the ecological roles of soil micro-organisms by using taxonomic identifications, moving on to the examination of their physiology and functions in comparison with different soil physiochemical properties. We found that nitrogen fertilization negatively impacted the soil microbial diversity and altered their functionality. These negative effects have been modulated by the PPC usage or SS application. Proving that conventional agricultural practices effects the soil biodiversity and can be replaced by ecofriendly farming applications in order to preserve the ecosystem and its services
Montoroi, Jean-Pierre. "Dynamique de l'eau et géochimie des sels d'un bassin versant aménagé de Basse-Casamance (Sénégal) : conséquences sur la gestion durable de l'écosystème de mangrove en période de sécheresse". Nancy 1, 1994. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1994_0401_MONTOROI.pdf.
Texto completoAlaoui-Abdelmalek, Moulay Youssef. "Contribution à l'étude du fonctionnement d'un écosystème forestier méditerranéen : application à la phytoécologie et à la productivité du cèdre (Cedrus Atlantica) dans les forêts du Moyen-Atlas et à la nutrition minérale de l'espèce en fonction des facteurs stationnels". Nancy 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990NAN10406.
Texto completoFraissé, Thierry. "Végétalisation des zones de marnage le long des réservoirs et des cours d'eau : application à l'aménagement". Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30073.
Texto completoLeclercq, Julie. "Évaluation de l’efficacité de méthodes d’ingénierie écologique visant à restaurer la fonctionnalité de sols fortement dégradés du Nord de la France". Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10164/document.
Texto completoThe former lead smelter Metaleurop Nord has rejected a lot of metals to environment which is immensely degraded due to this contamination and fragmentation of landscapes. The main aim of this thesis was to ask what is / are the best layout (s) to promote a reconnection and restoration of a feature of the contaminated agricultural soils of the site "Metaleurop"? Three experiments were conducted in the field. The first gave the state of the functionality of floor formerly woodlots plots and three references (a wood, a hedge and an agricultural system) through comparison of a panel of 55 physico-chemical and biological Indicators. Two others were interested in the influence of management; one in studying the influence of the parietal species composition and metal pollution, another tour more about the litter degradation process was realized with the litterbags technique. The study of the recolonization of degraded environments, using a simple landscaping technique (mulching), was achieved through the establishment of a field experiment which was followed for two consecutive years. Main conclusions of this work in terms of recommendations are: promoting mixed plantations and local species, taking into account soil types (levels of CaCO3, waterlogging, metal concentrations ...) and ecological requirements of the proposed species, amending soils with mineral or organo-mineral amendments to limit the mobility of metals, varying planting densities to promote maximum species, developing transition zones between environments and accelerating the process of colonization through the technical mulching
Sirami, Clélia. "Abandon des terres et avifaune : dynamiques spatiales et temporelles d’un paysage méditerranéen". Montpellier, ENSA, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENSA0018.
Texto completoLand abandonment, less studied than agricultural intensification, affects an increasing number of regions. The slow rate of the vegetation dynamics it triggers makes its perception diffuseand the diagnosis of its effects on plants and animal communities uneasy. It is also a natural experiment for studying the ability of animals to respond to change. We analysed the consequences of land abandonment on the temporal and spatial dynamics of bird species in a Mediterranean landscape and the mechanisms involved. We used data on the avifauna collected between 1978 and 2003 in an area north of Montpellier (France). We confronted it with a detailed study of aerial photographs assessing temporal vegetation changes after cessation of the land use practices in place in the early XXth century. We confirmed an increase in occurrence of forest species, a decline in open habitat species and a progressive habitat closure through colonisation by ligneous plants. Some numerically stable species showed distribution shifts over time consistent with shifts in vegetation distribution and a potential for future population decline. For open habitat species, local extinction or colonisation depended on different spatial scales: plot scale for extinction and landscape scale for colonisation. Species responses to vegetation changes were linked to cumulative effects of a small number of biological characteristics: habitat selected (type and structure), habitat breadth, migratory behaviour, and type of geographical distribution. An open habitat species, with a narrow habitat breadth, migratory, and with a southern distribution range was more likely to be negatively affected by abandonment. A forest species with a broad habitat breadth, sedentary, and with a more northerly range was likely to benefit from it. Our results allow a better prediction of species sensitivity to land use changes and suggest appropriate scales for mitigation measures
Marichal, Raphaël. "Impact de la déforestation sur les communautés de macrofaune et de vers de terre en Amazonie : relation avec les services écosystémiques". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066723.
Texto completoBourgeois, Emilie. "Contribution au développement de bioindicateurs microbiens pour l'évaluation de l'impact de pratiques agricoles sur les sols". Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS063/document.
Texto completoSoil is the support of agricultural production. It performs many functions essential to the provision of ecosystem services necessary for the well-being of our societies. Soil physicochemical and biological properties have been altered by the development of intensive agriculture while it is a non-renewable resource, revealing the need to develop new management practices suitable for the sustainability of soil quality. This also marked the entry into the “Agroecology” era, which promotes the development of new agricultural systems optimizing services provided by biodiversity to reduce the use of inputs and energy use. To achieve this aim, the development of a range of indicators to assess the impact of agricultural practices on the biological quality of the soil is essential. This thesis, which aims to contribute to the development of microbial bio-indicators of soil quality, is a part of this agroecological context. The choice to work on microbial communities is fully justified because they are (i) present with a high abundance and diversity in all environments, (ii) heavily involved in biological functioning and the soil ecosystem services, (iii) they respond very sensitive to changes in environmental conditions in terms of biomass, diversity and activity. They therefore have significant potential in terms of bio-indicators of development. This work has focused specifically on the evaluation of two complementary bioindicators: (i) the microbial molecular biomass and (ii) the microbial taxonomic diversity. In a first part we tested the robustness of these two bioindicators by assessing the biases associated with each of the procedure technical steps used for their measurement. We then used these bioindicators in different agricultural contexts to assess their sensitivity. A first work has followed the rehabilitation of microbial patrimony of a polluted soil irrigated for a hundred years by sewage, by implanting a bioenergy crop. A second application has focused on the impact of different agricultural practices on microbial communities depending on the intensity of tillage (tillage vs. reduced tillage), management of crop residues (export vs. restitution), and the crop type (annual vs. perennial). Results highlighted that microbial molecular biomass and microbial taxonomic diversity achieved by high throughput sequencing are both robust and sensitive bioindicators to describe the microbiological quality of agricultural soils in very different contexts. Both bioindicators allow evidencing soil disturbances but also the positive impact of innovative practices. They may therefore represent powerful tools for the assessment of agricultural systems, helping to improve their long term management, allowing a sustainable use of resources provided by soils
Deguines, Nicolas. "Macro-écologie de la pollinisation en France : conséquences des changements d'occupation du sol sur les communautés d'insectes pollinisateurs et le service de pollinisation". Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MNHN0001.
Texto completoPollinators are essential to both ecosystem functioning and humanity, by pollinating the majority of flowering plants, among which many crops. Among the threats to biodiversity, land-use changes are a major driver of pollinator declines. However, the vast diversity of pollinators is only partially represented in the scientific literature. This thesis aims to study at a large spatial scale the consequences of land-use changes on communities of insect pollinators (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera), and the provisioning of pollination services. Part of this work relies on a citizen science programme started in 2010, the Photographic Survey of Flower Visitors. We show that urbanisation is the most detrimental land-use change to pollinator communities, in spite of varying sensitivity among insect orders. Within agricultural land-use, pollinator richness increases with either increased proximity to semi-natural areas or higher landscape heterogeneity. Regarding the composition of pollinator communities, feeding specialists are only maintained in the proximity of semi-natural areas. Finally, we analysed two decades of crop production data from French administrative regions, and show that the efficiency of agricultural intensification decreases with increasing crop’ pollinator dependency. This suggests that agricultural intensification has a large scale detrimental effect on pollination services. This thesis highlights (1) the need to study the composition of pollinator communities, and (2) that pollinator conservation at national level must take agricultural areas into consideration. Moreover, our results suggest that mitigating the negative effects of agricultural intensification on pollinators should benefit to both wild plants and pollination services, opening a way to promote efficient agricultural production while preserving biodiversity
Rigot, Jean-Baptiste. "Environnement naturel et occupation du sol dans le bassin-versant du lac Jabbûl (Syrie du nord) à l'Holocène". Lyon 2, 2003. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2003/rigot_jb.
Texto completoThe study, based among other things on a GIS, shows that in arid environment natural determinations are fundamental regarding agricultural exploitation. Indeed, in the region under study, the plateaux benefiting from water reserves and good pedogenesis conditions, as well as the north of the area getting extern water supplies, were the main places of human occupation, especially for sedentaries and semi-nomads. Other places that are not as favourable as those evoked, were occupied by nomads practising extensive breeding. Nevertheless, the space organisation varied along centuries. For instance, disadvantaged areas around plateaux were invested by sedentary practising extensive agriculture at Byzantine time. This evolution is partly due to climatic context, but the study underlines the major influence of the edaphic conditions and underscore the leading part of the political stability of the area too
Hafidi, Najat. "Relation entre l'hétérogénéité de la structure des litières et le peuplement de macroarthropodes édaphiques en forêt tempérée". Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112127.
Texto completoKheir, Maya. "Fonctionnement des sols méditerranéens sous changement climatique : effet de la préexposition au stress, de la mixité des litières et de l'identité de l'espèce végétale". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/200710_KHEIR_495pzb687n410mxugdf923oaivtm_TH.pdf.
Texto completoThis work takes place in the context of climate change. We aimed to explore plant litter microbial communities' functioning depending on climate contrasts Northern/Southern Mediterranean but also according to inland/coastal context, and to assess their response to aridification stresses, considering the effect i) of the type of litter (plant species identity and mixture) and ii) of the preexposure to stress intrinsic of coastal environments. Aridity stress was applied in the laboratory (drying /rewetting cycles) and in natura via "litter bags" transfer from France to Algeria. Results show that microbial biomass and basal respiration depend on litter chemical traits (C/N and lignin/N): when these ratios increase, microbial biomass decreases, while the effect on respiration depends on the climate contrasts. The effect of binary litter mixtures on microbes depends on the climate context and the mixture composition: some mixtures seem to limit carbon release through heterotrophic respiration in Algerian arid context. In addition, a particular microbial functioning of coastal environments was highlighted: i) preexposure to coastal constraints limited the effect of stress applied in the laboratory on microbial catabolic structures ii) the in natura experiment showed that microbial responses to stress depend on the context (coastal/inland) but also on litter type, highlighting litter influence even at large spatial scales