Tesis sobre el tema "Ecological diagnosis"

Although leaf movements have been documented for over a century, there are few studies focused on the adaptive significance of leaf movements, especially with experiments under controlled conditions. The major objective in this study is to determine the ecological significance of leaf movements in Rhododendron maximum, which is a subcanopy, evergreen species distributed in seasonally cold environments. Leaf movements could be necessary for maintaining a favorable energy balance and/or avoiding photoinhibition and photooxidation. A series of leaf manipulation treatments were established to verify these potential explanations. These leaf treatments were designed to separate the influence of leaf curling and leaf angle on leaf energy budget, gas-exchange characteristics, chlorophyll contents and leaf longevity. Leaf movements were found to have a significant influence on leaf physiology and longevity of R. maximum. Without changes in leaf angle, chlorophyll contents decreased, and permanent photoinhibition occurred due to excess irradiance absorption in the winter. Leaf angle also influenced leaf temperature although the changes in leaf temperature were within the physiological tolerances of R. maximum leaves. Leaf curing had little or no effect on the parameters measured in the study.
M.S.

This thesis provides an ethnographic account of the journey from diagnosis with a life-limiting illness to the end of life. It tracks the lives and eventual deaths of eight people and 83 family members for a period of three and a half years in total. Culture is located as a central element or lens by which to view this journey. The role, function and issues for social work as a profession are discussed in various chapters. The theoretical underpinnings of the thesis are informed by the ecological perspective combined with psychosocial theories of loss and grief. Drawing on a broad social systems theory, in conjunction with an ethnographic methodology and grounded theory analysis, contributes to the development of research which firmly takes culture into account. Four primary topic areas are presented: a narrative exploration of diagnosis, the changing landscape that participants encounter, the embodiment of new places and spaces, and finally, the journey’s end. The themes from the four topic areas contribute to the development of the two core categories “time and place” and “preparedness for death”. A schematic representation of the paths participants took is provided in the discussion of the core categories. Lastly, the New Zealand Palliative Care Strategy (Ministry of Health, 2001) is drawn on to aid the discussion of issues arising from the research and the implications for practice in this field.

La riche biodiversité observée dans les régions du bassin méditerranéen souligne l'importance des pratiques agricoles traditionnelles dans la gestion des paysages et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes. La déprise agricole dans les zones rurales ont conduit à l'expansion des garrigues. Cette fermeture des milieux met en péril le bon fonctionnement des écosystèmes méditerranéens de plaine, génère des pertes en espèces de milieux ouverts et fragilise de nombreux services écosystémiques, culturels et patrimoniaux. Ces dernières décennies, les gestionnaires à des fins cynégétiques souhaitent restaurer des zones favorables aux espèces de petit gibier, ces dernières étant en régression partout en Europe. Or, les effets de ces actions sur la biodiversité restent méconnus. Ce travail de thèse a pour objet d'évaluer le potentiel écologique de stratégies de gestion de l'habitat pour le petit gibier sur la conservation de la biodiversité. Si les avantages de la garrigue aménagée pour le petit gibier ont été relevés pour les passereaux, des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour préciser l'impact de ces stratégies sur la conservation des chauves-souris, des petits mammifères terrestres et des macro-arthropodes, les résultats actuels demeurent préliminaires voire ambivalents. L'activité saisonnière des chauves-souris est influencée par d'autres facteurs que les aménagements eux-mêmes. Les communautés de petits mammifères terrestres présentent une diversité naturellement limitée dans les garrigues, rendant difficile l'évaluation de l'impact des aménagements sur celles-ci. Enfin, l'organisation et l'enrichissement des communautés de macro-arthropodes terrestres dans les garrigues sont influencés par divers descripteurs spatiaux du paysage à l'échelle locale. Dans ce manuscrit il est proposé (1) quatre études comparatives des zones garrigues aménagées pour la petite faune gibier, par rapport à des zones non aménagées, afin d'évaluer l'impact de la gestion de l'habitat sur la conservation d'espèces non ciblées ; (2) des méthodes d'inventaire développées et adaptées aux environnements contraints d'accès, caractérisés par de denses végétations à feuilles persistantes et épineuses ; (3) des pistes de réflexion pour orienter les futurs travaux de recherche dans l'élaboration d'un itinéraire technique simplifié pour les chasseurs désireux de s'investir dans l'aménagement des territoires, en faveur d'une chasse durable et soucieuse de la biodiversité
The high biodiversity seen in the Mediterranean basin underlines the importance of traditional agricultural practices in landscape management and ecosystem functioning. Agricultural abandonment in rural areas has led to the spread of scrubland. This closure of environments is jeopardizing the proper functioning of Mediterranean lowland ecosystems, generating losses of species in open environments and undermining a large number of ecosystem, cultural and heritage services. Nowadays, hunting managers have been keen to restore areas suitable for small game species, which are in decline throughout Europe. However, the effects of these actions on biodiversity remain poorly understood. The aim of this doctoral thesis was to assess the ecological value of habitat management actions for small game in relation to biodiversity conservation. While the benefits of habitat management actions for small game species have been highlighted for passerines, further studies are needed to assess the impact of these actions on the conservation of bats, small terrestrial mammals and macro-arthropods, as current results remain preliminary, if not mixed. Seasonal bat activity is impacted by factors other than the habitat management itself. The diversity of small terrestrial mammal communities is naturally restricted in scrublands, making it difficult to assess the impact of habitat management on them. Moreover, the structure and enrichment of terrestrial macro-arthropod communities in scrublands are affected by various spatial descriptors of the local landscape. This manuscript proposes (1) four comparative studies of scrubland areas managed for small game fauna, compared with unmanaged areas, in order to assess the impact of habitat management on the conservation of non-target species; (2) inventory methods designed and suited to environments with restricted access, featuring dense evergreen and thorny vegetation ; (3) ideas to guide future research into the design of a simplified technical itinerary for hunters wishing to become involved in land-use planning, in support of sustainable, biodiversity-friendly hunting

Дисертаційна робота присвячена розробці теоретико-методичних засад еколого-економічного реінжинірингу виробничих процесів техногенно небезпечних нафтогазових підприємств. У роботі досліджено проблеми функціонування та управління техногенно небезпечними нафтогазовими підприємствами. Обґрунтовано доцільність застосування управлінської технології реінжинірингу стосовно реформування техногенно небезпечних нафтогазових підприємств у екологічно безпечні суб’єкти господарювання. Здійснено аналіз техногенно небезпечних виробничих процесів нафтогазових підприємств на території Західного нафтогазоносного регіону. Сформульовано методичний підхід до проведення дореінжинірингової діагностики техногенно небезпечних нафтогазових підприємств, розроблено систему еколого-економічних показників та методику розрахунку інтегрального показника рівня техногенної безпеки, здійснено апробація цієї системи і методики. Розроблено управлінську технологію еколого-економічного реінжинірингу виробничих процесів техногенно небезпечних нафтогазових підприємств, висвітлено організаційні, програмні та інструментальні основи її забезпечення, удосконалено еколого-економічний механізм управління техногенно небезпечними нафтогазовими підприємствами на засадах екологічного менеджменту.
The thesis is devoted to developing theoretical and methodological foundations of ecological and economic re-engineering of production processes of industrial hazardous oil and gas companies. In this work the features of the functioning and management of industrial hazardous oil and gas companies are investigated. The practicality of reengineering management technology application for reforming industrial hazardous oil and gas companies in environmentally friendly businesses is justified. The industrial hazardous processes of oil and gas companies in Western oil and gas region are analyzed. The methodological approach to pre-reengineering diagnosis implementation is formulated. A set of ecological-economic parameters and methodology for calculating the integral index of the technological safety level is developed and tested. The management technology of ecological-economic reengineering of industrial hazardous oil and gas companies production processes is developed, providing its organizational, programmatic and instrumental bases is highlighted. The environmental and economic management mechanism of industrial hazardous oil and gas companies based on environmental management is improved.

Doutoramento em Biologia
Um assunto que requer atenção é a avaliação ecológica da qualidade da água de ecossistemas de água doce. Uma abordagem que surge como promissora é a biomonitorização baseada em biomarcadores, porque pode avaliar a saúde dos organismos e obter sinais de alerta precoce acerca dos riscos ambientais. Até agora, porém, o uso de biomarcadores em espécies de invertebrados, para diagnosticar danos ecológicos nos rios, é escasso. Por essa razão, existe uma necessidade urgente de desenvolver biomarcadores nas principais espécies de macroinvertebrados dos ecossistemas fluviais que são alvo de estudo. Esta tese tem como objectivo averiguar se as respostas in situ, aliadas aos biomarcadores, podem ser um método viável para avaliar os danos ecológicos de contaminantes em ecossistemas de água doce. Numa primeira fase, os biomarcadores foram usados para averiguar os mecanismos fisiológicos de adaptação genética de clones de Daphnia magna ao pesticida organofosforado fenitrothion. Numa segunda fase, os biomarcadores foram usados como ferramentas de diagnóstico de poluição em zonas ribeirinhas. Estes estudos foram realizados com três espécies-chave de macroinvertebrados: Daphnia magna, Corbicula fluminea e Hydropsyche exocellata, nos rios Besós e Llobregat e no Delta do rio Ebro (NE Espanha). Além disso, foram realizados com animais capturados nos rios, ou com ensaios de transplantes, e foram complementados com índices biológicos de macroinvertebrados e análises químicas da água e dos animais. Como os contaminantes químicos têm vários modos toxicológicos de acção e, portanto, afectam várias respostas bioquímicas dos organismos, foram analisados nas três espécies um conjunto de biomarcadores pertencentes a diferentes vias metabólicas. A abordagem experimental indica que o uso combinado de biomarcadores e outras medidas, tais como índices biológicos e testes in situ, contribui para diagnosticar os efeitos prejudiciais de contaminantes nas comunidades ribeirinhas.
An ecological assessment of water quality in freshwater ecosystems is an issue of major concern. A biomarker based biomonitoring presents a promising approach, because it can be used to assess the health status of organisms and to obtain early-warning signals of environmental risks. Until now, however, the use of biomarkers in invertebrate species to diagnose an ecological impairment in rivers is scarce. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop biomarkers in key macroinvertebrate species within the river ecosystems that are the object of study. This thesis aims to ascertaining if in situ responses and biomarkers can be a reliable method to diagnose the ecological impairment on freshwater systems due to contaminants. In a first stage, biomarkers were used to find out the physiological mechanisms of genetic adaptation to the organophosphate pesticide fenitrothion in Daphnia magna clones. In a second stage, biomarkers were used as diagnostic tools of pollution in riparian habitats. The latter studies were carried out with three key macroinvertebrate species: Daphnia magna, Corbicula fluminea and Hydropsyche exocellata, in the Besós and Llobregat rivers and in the Ebro Delta (NE Spain). These studies were developed with field collected animals, or with transplants assays, and were complemented with macroinvertebrate biological indices and chemical analyses of river water and animals tissue. As chemical contaminants have multiple toxicological modes of action and hence affect many biochemical responses within the organisms, a battery of biomarkers belonging to different metabolic pathways was analyzed in the three species. The experimental approach indicates that the combined use of biomarkers with different metrics, such as biological indices and in situ tests, improve substantially our ability to diagnose detrimental effects of pollutants in riparian communities.
FCT/FSE - SFRH/BD/23269/2005

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This study aimed to carry out a diagnosis of the agro-environment in the municipality of Natuba, Paraíba, and propose some intervening actions consonants with the sustainable use of the natural resources and production systems. Situated in the Serra do Pirauá, one segment of the eastern front of the Borborema Plateau, the municipality of Natuba integrates the series of Brejos, a more humid altitudinal environment, that are distributed along the border Paraíba / Pernambuco. Under specific soil and climatic conditions, it developed, in the eastern portion of the county, a native humid forest, now quite altered by man, which was replaced by agriculture, especially bananas and grapes, and, on a smaller scale, subsistence crops. The remaining portion is dominated by caatinga. The choice of the municipality of Natuba for this work is justified by two factors: the area is subject to conditions of social and ecological stress; the ecosystem of the Brejos is still little known. Bibliographic and cartographic survey was the first step and served as the theoretical basis for the development of the field work and analysis of secondary data. Furthermore, interviews with experts and farmers in the city were held, as well as several field observations, in order to know the local reality, identify their potential, get information on availability and current state of the conservation of natural resources, identify and characterize forest remnants, the type of extraction practiced and production systems and dominant land tenure structure . The information obtained directly and selected secondary data were summarized in tables. From the general diagnosis of the city, two distinct agro-environmental zones, the Brejo and the Agreste were identified. These areas have their social indicators, production system and natural framework quite different. The Brejo occupies about 40% of the territory and the remaining 60% is occupied by the Agreste. Plans and programs for sustainable development of Natuba should take these differences in account
Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um diagnóstico agroambiental do Município de Natuba, Paraíba, e propor algumas ações de intervenção consoantes com a sustentabilidade do uso dos recursos naturais disponíveis e dos sistemas de produção. Situado na serra do Pirauá, um dos segmentos da frente oriental do Planalto da Borborema, o município de Natuba integra a série de brejos que se distribuem ao longo da divisa Paraíba/Pernambuco. Sob condições edafoclimáticas específicas, desenvolveu-se, na porção oriental do município, uma cobertura vegetal nativa de floresta úmida, hoje bastante alterada pelo homem, que a substituiu pelas culturas, destacando-se dentre as atuais, a banana e a uva, e, em menor escala, as lavouras de subsistência. Na porção restante, predomina a caatinga. A escolha do município de Natuba para a realização deste trabalho justifica-se por dois fatores: a área está submetida às condições de estresse social e ecológico; o ecossistema dos Brejos de Altitude, é ainda pouco conhecido. O levantamento bibliográfico e cartográfico foi a primeira etapa do trabalho, e serviu de base teórica para o desenvolvimento do trabalho de campo e para análise dos dados secundários. Além disso, foram realizadas entrevistas com técnicos e produtores rurais no município, bem como diversas observações de campo, com o objetivo de conhecer a realidade local, identificar suas potencialidades, obter informações sobre a disponibilidade e estado atual de conservação dos recursos naturais, levantar e caracterizar os remanescentes florestais, o tipo de extrativismo praticado, bem como identificar os sistemas de produção e estrutura fundiária dominantes. As informações obtidas de forma direta e os dados secundários selecionados foram sistematizados na forma de tabelas. A partir do diagnóstico geral do município, foram identificadas duas zonas agroecológicas distintas, o Brejo e o Agreste. Estas zonas têm seus indicadores sociais, sistema de produção e quadro natural bastante diferenciados. O Brejo ocupa cerca de 40% do município e os restantes 60% ocupam a zona de Agreste. Programas e planos de desenvolvimento sustentável para Natuba deverão levar em consideração estas diferenças

Wheat bulb fly (WBF) (Delia coarctata, Fallén, Diptera: Anthomyiidae) is a pest of commercial importance in cereal crops. Control is dependent on organophosphates some of which are restricted in the UK, while current oviposition monitoring techniques are labour intensive and subjective. Eggs are not laid in association with a host-plant, therefore, prompt location of a suitable host is critical to the survival of the newly hatched larvae. Wheat bulb fly larvae have been shown to exhibit a positive chemotactic response to wheat and other host-plant seedlings and their root exudates. The objective of this study was to improve the control and population monitoring methodology associated with WBF, by investigating the ecology and specifically the chemical ecology of the WBF. Bioassays were used to investigate the behavioural response of WBF to known chemical constituents of host-plant exudates. Four secondary metabolites were found to be attractive while CO2 was found to alter the behaviour of larvae. Wheat bulb fly oviposition was assessed in field situations to describe egg laying spatially and through time. Geostatistical and ecological techniques were used to observe the spatial dependence and dispersion of oviposition and construct contour maps or scale-sized dot graphs of oviposition density. The traditional single line transect sampling pattern was compared against a more intensive sampling regime. Oviposition monitoring was conducted over a three year period to ascertain the time of peak egg density of this fly. A molecular based diagnostic test to assess WBF egg populations for damage forecasting was developed. A real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol was produced to estimate field populations of WBF eggs through the quantification of eggs from field samples. In addition endpoint PCR was used to identify the presence or absence of eggs from samples. This study gives the potential to advance current control methodology by providing the basis for the development of a lure and kill or confusion/disruption strategy, while offering a more accurate sampling system and a molecular diagnostic test, for improvement of the management of WBF.

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This dissertation was established with the objective of verifying whether the existing legislation, specific to the type of company under study, helps ensure the sustainability of the process and the environment. Hopes are still evident that the volume of waste generated during the production process the company is small, and only a fraction of that requires treatment before its disposal, so as to not harm the environment. It was goal of this dissertation submit a panel of red tape that companies are subject to compliance with legislation, obtaining permits, certificates and records so they can keep the company in operation, part of the process of business management, specifically those of in vitro diagnostic. In that sense was done lifting of the measures adopted with regard to waste generated in the production process of the company under review, before and after the adoption of relevant legislation, the Ordinance 686/98. In that sense they dealt with the improvements made due to the implementation of a Plan of Waste Management of Health Services - PGRSS, deployed to care for that Ordinance. Another action taken was the removal of historic inspections conducted over the past five years with the aim of presenting the shortcomings of regulatory bodies / fiscalizadores in the process of guiding and supervising the implementation of specific legislation. These data were obtained through interviews with the responsible company's technical and coordinator of the quality management system. Also interviewed were involved in some of the routine treatment of waste generated in the company as well as analysis of related documentation. Clearly it was then that there is potential to change the current environmental situation. Support would be the existing legislation, but other things must be improved as the infrastructure to be offered by the state and improvement in the quantity and quality of the teams' representatives bodies managers involved in the process. This would provide better conditions for compliance with the legislation by both the public and private companies, the latest being those who suffer the most negative aspects of these shortcomings.
A presente dissertação foi elaborada com o objetivo de verificar se a legislação existente, específica para o tipo de empresa em estudo, contribui para garantir a sustentabilidade do processo e a do meio ambiente. Deseja-se ainda evidenciar que o volume de resíduos gerados no decorrer do processo produtivo da empresa é pequeno, e desse apenas uma fração requer tratamento antes de seu descarte, de maneira a não agredir o meio ambiente. Também foi objetivo desta dissertação apresentar um painel dos trâmites burocráticos a que as empresas estão submetidas para atendimento à legislação, obtenção de alvarás, certificados e registros para que possam manter a empresa em funcionamento, fazendo parte do processo de gestão das empresas, especificamente das de diagnóstico in vitro. Nesse sentido foi realizado levantamento das medidas adotadas com relação aos resíduos gerados no processo produtivo da empresa em análise, antes e após a adoção da legislação pertinente, a Portaria 686/98. Nesse sentido foram abordadas as melhorias obtidas em decorrência da implantação de um Plano de Gerenciamento de Resíduos de Serviços da Saúde PGRSS, implantado para atendimento a essa Portaria. Outra ação adotada, foi o levantamento histórico das inspeções realizadas nos últimos cinco anos com o objetivo de apresentar as deficiências dos órgãos reguladores / fiscalizadores no processo de orientação e fiscalização na implantação da legislação específica. Esses dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas com a responsável técnica da empresa e a coordenadora do sistema de gestão da qualidade. Também foram entrevistadas pessoas envolvidas na rotina de tratamento dos resíduos gerados na empresa, bem como a análise de documentação relacionada. Percebe-se então a existência de potencialidades para mudanças da atual situação ambiental. O suporte seria a legislação existente, mas outros aspectos devem ser melhorados como a infra-estrutura a ser oferecida pelo Estado e a melhoria no quantitativo e qualitativo das equipes representantes dos órgãos gestores envolvidos no processo. Isso proporcionaria melhores condições para o cumprimento da legislação tanto pelas empresas públicas como pelas privadas, sendo essas últimas as que mais sofrem os aspectos negativos dessas deficiências.

Orientador: Neusa Taroda Ranga
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: As lianas são membros característicos das florestas tropicais, onde são abundantes e de grande importância ecológica. Apesar disso, tem sido negligenciadas em estudos florísticos e fitossociológicos. Este trabalho consiste em um levantamento das espécies de lianas, bem como, a apresentação de uma chave de identificação e diagnoses contendo informações gerais para o fácil reconhecimento das espécies e a época em que foram observadas com flor e/ou fruto. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Estação Ecológica do Noroeste Paulista, São José do Rio Preto/Mirassol, SP (20º 48' 36" S e 49º 22' 50" W - 468m de altitude). Compreende cerca de 168,63ha, dentro da qual se encontram 3 fragmentos de vegetação descontínua, entremeadas por pastagens. O tipo climático da região, de acordo com Koeppen (1948), é Aw, considerado como tropical quente e úmido, com chuvas de verão e estiagem no inverno. Cada fragmento foi percorrido em toda a sua extensão, com incursões no interior e caminhadas na periferia da mata para a coleta de material botânico. Foram identificadas 105 espécies, sendo 99 de Magnoliopsida, pertencentes a 60 gêneros e a 22 famílias, e 6 de Liliopsida, pertencentes a 3 gêneros e 3 famílias. As famílias mais ricas em espécies foram Bignoniaceae (13), Sapindaceae (13), Fabaceae (11), Malpighiaceae (11), Apocynaceae (7) e Convolvulaceae (7), que representam 59% do total de espécies de lianas. Em geral, a porcentagem de lianas nos trabalhos florísticos ficaram em torno de 20% e, neste estudo, as lianas representaram 38%. Esta riqueza de espécies pode ser atribuída aos impactos antrópicos e naturais a que a vegetação da Estação Ecológica do Noroeste Paulista foi, e esta sendo, submetida
Abstract: Lianas are caracteristic, abundant and ecologically important members of tropical forest. Nevertheless, lianas have been negleted in floristics and phytossociologicals studies. The present work comprises a survey of lianas species occuring at The Estação Ecológica do Noroeste Paulista. It also incluqes an identification key to the species of lianas and for each of them a diagnoses and informations about the flowering/ fruiting period are given. The Estação Ecológica do Noroeste Paulista, São José do Rio Preto/Mirassol, SP (20º 48' 36¿ S e 49° 22' 50" W - 468 m de altitude), comprises an area of 168,43 ha, divided into 3 fragments of vegetation. The local climate, according to Koeppen (1948), is AW, with wet Summer and dry Winter. Each fragment of the Estação Ecológica was extensively surveyed. A number of 105 species were identified, 99 included in Magnoliopsida, distributed into 60 genera and 22 families and 6 included in Liliopsida distributed into 3 genera and 3 families. The families that presented the highest number of species were Bignoniaceae (13), Sapindaceae (13), Fabaceae (11), Malpighiaceae (11), Apocynaceae (7) e Convolvulaceae (7), representing 59% of the total of lianas species. Floristics surveys including lianas repport some 20% of species. In the present work it resulted in 38% which could be atributed to the disturbed conditon of the studied area
Mestrado
Biologia Vegetal
Mestre em Ciências Biológicas

This thesis research analyzes how Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) can be used to understand extant Northeastern Plains Village (NEPV) settlement strategies in aggregate for the purposes of subjoining a subsequent verification metric to the current archaeological classification system used to describe NEPV associated sites. To accomplish this task, I extracted Traditional Ecological Knowledge from ethnographic sources for comparison to geospatial, geostatistical, and statistical analyses. My results show that the hierarchical clustering exhibited among NEPV sites is congruent with first person narratives of habitation and resource collection activities occurring in the pre-Reservation period (before AD 1880) within the research area. This study emphasizes the importance of the incorporation of Traditional Ecological Knowledge into material typological classification schemes for archaeological sites which are convoluted by a high rates of cultural transmission.

En la tesi es presenta una anàlisi de l'evolució dels canvis succeïts en el paisatge costaner de la Costa Brava (22 municipis litorals) en els darrers cinquanta anys (1956-2003); un estudi de la seva estructura ecopaisatgística, actual i passada, amb una especial èmfasi en la diagnosi de les conseqüències geoambientals de l'esclat urbanístic iniciat a la dècada de 1960, i s'ha determinat quina ha estat la tendència de canvi en els darrers vint-i-cinc anys la qual s'ha utilitzat per a elaborar models explicatius de la dinàmica territorial seguida i projectar-los cap al futur tot dissenyant escenaris probables.
A les Bases teòriques s'exposa en quina parcel·la del coneixement científic es situa aquesta recerca i es repassa l'evolució dels diferents corrents i enfocaments que han precedit, dins la Ciència Geogràfica, els estudis sobre transformació del paisatge. Es posa especial en els principis i metodologies que plantegen les dues escoles d'anàlisi del paisatge en que es basa aquesta tesi: la Landscape Ecology i la estructurada a l'entorn del programa internacional Land Use and Land Cover Change (LUCC).
S'ha dissenyat una pauta metodològica per a l'anàlisi paisatgística d'un territori a diferents escales: des de l'àmbit regional de tota la Costa Brava (66.230 ha), on es poden detectar les tendències generals, fins l'estudi detallat a escala local, on s'ha pres com a àrea d'estudi tres municipis del centre de la Costa Brava (6.960 Ha): Palamós, Calonge i Castell-Platja d'Aro.
Els principals resultats obtinguts són els següents:
Una cartografia d'usos i cobertes del sòl de tres períodes temporals i la conseqüent interpretació espacial per a cada etapa: 1957 (situació preturística), 1980 (inici de les actuacions dels ajuntaments democràtics) i 2003 (actualitat).
Una anàlisi quantitativa de la transformació del paisatge i de les relacions espacials associades al canvi, a partir de la cartografia d'usos i cobertes del sòl dels tres períodes mapificats (1956, 1980, 2003). Amb l'objectiu d'arribar a definir quina ha estat la dinàmica dels canvis ocorreguts al llarg dels darrers gairebé cinquanta anys.
Una anàlisi de l'estructura del mosaic paisatgístic de cadascun dels talls temporals per mitjà de l'aplicació dels principals índexs de l'Ecologia del Paisatge. S'ha analitzat la geometria de la conversió dels usos del sòl i s'han posat de manifest les repercussions ecològiques i paisatgístiques d'aquests canvis. Per una banda, a partir del càlcul i interpretació dels índexos esmentats s'ha analitzat l'evolució de la morfologia i la distribució territorial dels quatre principals usos i cobertes del sòl de la Costa Brava. Per l'altra, per a la Costa Brava centre s'ha analitzat l'estat dels dos sistemes naturals del litoral amb més pressió antròpica: la franja estrictament costanera i les masses forestals. Respecte als tres municipis de la Costa Brava centre s'han tingut en compte en l'anàlisi de l'evolució del paisatge a escala local, les actuacions desenvolupades en l'àmbit urbanístic municipal i les seves conseqüències paisatgístiques i ambientals.
A partir de la informació ja processada, s'han detectat les tendències de canvi a partir de models de canvi d'usos i cobertes del sòl. S'han incorporat també els factors biofísics i antròpics, socials i econòmics, condicionants i responsables d'una determinada utilització del territori en cadascun dels tres períodes. Mitjançant l'anàlisi multivariable s'ha intentat descobrir el conjunt de factors que influencien en la taxa i el patró espacial de canvi d'usos i les seves conseqüències territorials.
Finalment s'ha aplicat un model de simulació, basat en els automatismes cel·lulars de Markov, per tal de projectar les tendències de canvi i plantejar escenaris futurs, una eina bàsica per a la planificació futura del territori i per al control de les problemàtiques ambientals. Aquestes mesures serveixen per a definir, per a la Costa Brava centre, un patró espacial dels canvis d'usos del sòl a nivell local, i, per al conjunt de la Costa Brava, per a predir, mitjançant models de simulació quantitativa, els possibles desenvolupaments i per estimar els impactes.
In this work, an analysis of changes occurred in the coastal landscape of the Costa Brava (22 towns) is presented. Furthermore, one research about the ecological structure of the current and former landscape is introduced, with an special outline in the diagnosis of the geoenvironmental consequences of the urban sprawl started in the decade of 1960. The trends of changes occurred in the last 25 years have been used to built models of those land dynamics and its projection to the future under the framework of several possible sceneries.
In the chapter on the state of the art, the main geographic schools about landscape studies are presented. Concepts and methodologies used by Landscape Ecology and the international research programme Land Use and Land Cover Change (LUCC) are explained.
A methodology orientated to the analysis of the landscape at different scales was prepared. From the regional scale of the whole Costa Brava (66.230 ha), where general trends could be detected, until a detailed analysis at the local scale where an area formed by three coastal towns from the centre of Costa Brava (6.960 Ha): Palamós, Calonge i Castell-Platja d'Aro, were selected.
The main results obtained in this work are the following:
A cartography of land-use and land-cover of three different periods with the corresponding spatial interpretation for each stage: 1957 (pretouristical steady), 1980 (beginning of the democratic councils) and 2003 (current period).
A quantitative analysis of the landscape changes and the spatial relations related with these changes derived from the land-use and land-cover mapping in the three periods mapped (1956, 1980, 2003). The main goal was to describe the dynamics of changes over the last 50 years.
An analysis of landscape pattern for each one of the selected periods through the framework delivered by the Landscape Ecology theory, basically the fractal indexes. Environmental consequences of the landscape pattern were outlined. Furthermore, for the central sector of Costa Brava, changes in coastal zone and forest covers were analysed with a great detail.
Trends in land-use and land-cover changes were modelled integrating biophysical and socio-economical factors. Multivariant analysis was used to find main driving forces of changes.
Finally, a simulation model based on cellullars automata of Markov was used with the goal to built some sceneries of future, a basic tool in the landscape planning and in the environment management. This cluster of measures are useful to define a spatial pattern of land-use changes, as at a local scale as for the whole of Costa Brava region.

У статті визначено взаємозв’язки соціо-еколого-економічної системи на прикладі Сумської області. Запропоновано враховувати появу можливих синергетичних та мультиплікативних ефектів в процесі взаємодії соціальної, економічної та екологічної підсистем при впровадженні економічних інструментів управління територією.

Les travaux de recherches sur la commande, le diagnostic et la tolérance aux défauts appliqués aux drones deviennent de plus en plus populaires. Il est judicieux de concevoir des lois de commande qui garantissent la stabilité et les performances du drone, non seulement dans le cas nominal, mais également en présence de fortes perturbations et de défauts.Dans cette thèse, un nouvel algorithme bio-inspiré adapté pour la recherche de solutions dans des problèmes d’optimisation est développé. Cet algorithme est utilisé pour trouver les gains des différents contrôleurs conçus pour les drones. La commande par mode glissant est utilisée pour développer deux contrôleurs passifs tolérants aux défauts pour les quadrirotors: un contrôleur par mode glissant augmentée avec un intégrateur, et un contrôleur par mode glissant implémenté en cascade. Parce que les commandes passives ont une robustesse réduite, une commande active par mode glissant est développée. Pour traiter les défauts extrêmes, un contrôleur d’urgence basé sur la conversion du quadrirotor en trirotor est développé. Les commandes actives, passives, et le contrôleur d’urgences sont ensuite intégrés pour former un contrôleur tolérant aux défauts capable de gérer un grand nombre de défaillances tout en garantissant les ressources actionneur et en limitant la charge de calcul du processeur. Finalement, des contrôleurs tolérants aux défauts, actifs et passifs, basés sur des méthodes par mode glissant du premier et deuxième ordre sont développées pour les octorotors. La commande active utilise des méthodes d’allocation de contrôles pour redistribuer les efforts sur les actionneurs sains, réduisant ainsi l’effet du défaut
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are more and more popular for their civil and military applications. Classical control laws usually show weaknesses in the presence of parameter uncertainties, environmental disturbances, and actuator and sensor faults. Therefore, it is judicious to design a control law capable of stabilizing the UAV not only in the fault-free nominal cases, but also in the presence of disturbances and faults. In this thesis, a new bio-inspired search algorithm called Ecological Systems Algorithm (ESA) suitable for engineering optimization problems is developed. The algorithm is used over the thesis to find optimal gains for the fault tolerant controllers. Sliding Mode Control theory is used to develop two Passive Fault Tolerant Controllers for quadrotor UAVs: Regular and Cascaded SMC. Because Passive Controllers handle a few numbers of faults, an Active Sliding Mode Fault Tolerant Controller using Kalman Filter is developed. To overcome severe faults and failures, an emergency controller based on the Quadrotor-to-Trirotor conversion maneuver is developed. The Controllers developed so far (Passive, Active, and emergency controllers) are then integrated to form the Integrated Fault Tolerant Controller (IFTC). The IFTC is a powerful controller that is able to handle a wide number of faults, and save actuator resources as well as processor computational effort. Finally, Passive and Active Fault Tolerant Controllers are designed for octorotor UAVs based on First Order and Second Order Sliding Mode Control. The AFTC uses Dynamic and Pseudo-Inverse Control Allocation methods to redistribute the control effort among healthy actuators reducing the effect of fault

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of gender and reasoning ability on the 8th grade students&rsquo
understanding of ecological concepts and attitude toward science. All 8th grade students from public elementary school in Tosya participated in the study. Students&rsquo
understanding, attitude toward science and reasoning ability were also measured by means of the Test of Ecology Concept (TEC), the Attitude Scale toward Science (ASTS) and the Test of Logical Thinking (TOLT) respectively. In order to investigate students&rsquo
understanding deeply, interview was conducted. Results of the TEC and interview show that students have many misconceptions concerning ecosystem, population, community, decomposers, food chain, food web, energy pyramid and energy flow. Students&rsquo
understanding for the first tier (M= 55.8), combination of first two tiers (M= 27) and combination of all three tiers (M= 21.2) were calculated according to TEC results. Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) conducted to determine the effect of gender on students&rsquo
understanding of ecological concepts and attitude towards science when reasoning ability was controlled. The results indicated that there was significant gender difference in favor of girls with respect to students&rsquo
understanding of ecological concepts and attitude towards science when reasoning ability was controlled (Wilks&rsquo
Lambda=0.97
p=.00).

Trichosporon spp. são patógenos oportunistas emergentes que causam alta mortalidade entre pacientes imunocomprometidos. A presente investigação teve como objetivos avaliar aspectos ecológicos relacionados à colonização humana e animal; testar 28 amostras de Trichosporon através de métodos de caracterização laboratorial clássica, detectar a atividade enzimática extracelular e avaliar a suscetibilidade desses isolados contra os antifúngicos. A expressão de melanina e glucuronoxylomanana (GXM) em parede celular foi estudada em T. asahii., Trichosporon inkin e T. asahii foram isolados da região perigenital de duas mulheres e dois tamanduás, respectivamente. Microbiologicamente, as amostras investigadas (28) apresentaram características morfológicas e fisiológicas compatíveis com as descritas na literatura. Pouca especificidade na identificação de Trichosporon spp. foi verificada em CHROMagar Candida® e API ID 32C®. O estudo da atividade de exoenzimas demonstra a relevância na produção de lipase. Não foi possível detectar a expressão de melanina em T. asahii. No entanto, GXM foi expressa por amostra-padrão e isolado clínico da mesma espécie. Embora os pontos de corte não estejam, ainda, bem estabelecidos para Trichosporon spp., os testes sugerem valores elevados de concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) para anfotericina B, fluconazol, itraconazol e cetoconazol. Voriconazol demonstrou maior eficácia contra Trichosporon spp. A maior parte das amostras apresentou resistência a caspofungina.
Trichosporon spp. are emergent opportunistic pathogens that cause high mortality among immunocompromised patients. The aim of the study was to evaluate ecological aspects related to human and animal colonization; to test 28 samples of Trichosporon spp. on classic laboratorial characterization, detection of the extracellular enzymatic activity and antifungal susceptibility (E-test®). Melanin and glucuronoxylomanan (GXM) wall expression was studied in T. asahii. Trichosporon inkin and T. asahii were isolated from perigenital area of two women and from the haircoat of two anteaters, respectively. Microbiologically, the samples studied (28) have presented morphological and physiological characteristics according to descriptions of the literature. Few specificity on identification of Trichosporon spp. was verified at CHROMagar Candida® and API ID 32C® commercial tests. The extracellular enzymatic activity showed the relevance of lipase production. The melanin wall expression was not verified in T. asahii.. On the other hand, GXM was expressed by the control and the clinical sample, both of the same specie. Though the sensibility break points were still not established for Trichosporon spp., the tests indicate high values of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole and cetoconazole. Voriconazole showed the best results against Trichosporon spp. The most part of the samples was resistant to caspofungin.

Дисертація присвячена вдосконаленню теоретичних і науково-методичних основ формування еколого-орієнтованої системи управління сталим розвитком адміністративно-територіальних одиниць. У роботі вдосконалено методичний підхід до визначення ступеня збалансованості соціо-еколого-економічної системи адміністративно-територіальної одиниці. Надано авторський підхід до проведення комплексної соціо-еколого-економічної діагностики території. Розроблені тривимірні моделі соціо-еколого-економічного розвитку території та визначені взаємозв’язки в соціо-еколого-економічній системі. Розвинуто організаційно-економічний механізм еколого-орієнтованого управління адміністративно-територіальною одиницею. Розроблені науково-методичні підходи оцінки економічної ефективності впровадження еколого-орієнтованої системи управління адміністративно-територіальною одиницею. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35840
В диссертации исследуются теоретические и методические проблемы формирования эколого-ориентированной системы управления устойчивым развитием административно-территориальных единиц. На основе использования абстрактно-логического метода определена структурно-логическая сущность понятия «эколого-ориентированная система управления административно-территориальной единицей», которая определяется как система целенаправленного воздействия органов административно-территориального управления на воспроизводственные процессы с помощью административно-правовых, экономических и социально-психологических методов на основе принятия эколого-ориентированных управленческих решений в целях обеспечения устойчивого развития территории. Предложен алгоритм эколого-ориентированного управления социально-экономическим развитием территории. Выявлены взаимосвязь и взаимообусловленность уровня социо-эколого-экономической сбалансированности административно-территориальной единицы с эффективностью функционирования системы эколого-ориентированного управления, определена зона оптимального взаимодействия между социальными, экологическими и экономическими факторами, при которых обеспечивается максимальный прирост ВРП. Усовершенствован научно-методический подход к определению степени сбалансированности социо-эколого-экономической системы административно-территориальной единицы, который базируется на использовании статических и динамических индексов, что позволяет установить оптимальные соотношения между темпами и пропорциями развития социальной, экономической и экологической подсистем. Разработан методический подход к проведению комплексной диагностики состояния и уровня сбалансированности социо-эколого-экономической системы административной территории, который предусматривает определение частичных и интегрального индекса социо-эколого-экономического развития территории путем сравнения существующих и эталонных пропорций и темпов развития социальной, экологической и экономической сфер деятельности. Проведено оценивание состояния и уровня сбалансированности социо-эколого-экономической системы Сумской области. На основе корреляционно-регрессионного анализа разработаны трехмерные модели социо-эколого-экономического развития, позволяющие определить взаимосвязи между социальными, экологическими и экономическими составляющими. Получил дальнейшее развитие научно-методический подход к формированию системы организационно-экономического обеспечения системы эколого-ориентированного управления административно-территориальной единицей, который предполагает разработку организационной составляющей в виде соответствующих субъектов управления, направленных на оптимизацию соотношений в социо-эколого-экономическом развитии территории, и экономического обеспечения в виде инструментов мотивации и стимулирования хозяйствующих субъектов к эколого-ориентированной деятельности. Обоснован научно-методический подход по рациональному распределению финансовых ресурсов на социально - экономическое развитие территории, который базируется на выявленных диспропорциях в развитии социальной, экологической и экономической сфер деятельности и направлении финансовых ресурсов в первую очередь в те сферы, которые обеспечивают поддержание траектории сбалансированного социо-эколого-экономического развития административно-территориальной единицы. Усовершенствованы научно-методические подходы к оценке экономической эффективности внедрения эколого-ориентированной системы управления административно-территориальной единицей, которые основаны на сравнении оптимальных с базовыми значениями развития территории и учете синергетических эффектов в социо-еколого-економической системе. Основные положения диссертации внедрены на ОАО «ТД СТС», ОАО «РиФ-03» и в учебный процесс Сумского государственного университета. При цитировании документа, используйте ссылку http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35840
The thesis is devoted to improvement of theoretical and scientific methodological basis for forming of ecologically oriented management system of administrative-territorial units’ sustainable development. Methodological approach to the determination of administrative-territorial unit’s socio-ecologo-economic system balance rate is improved in the work. The author’s approach to the complex socio-ecologo-economic territory diagnosing is given. Three-dimensional model of socio-ecologo-economic development of the territory is worked out and interrelations in socio-ecologo-economic system are determined. Economic-organizing mechanism of administrative-territorial unit’s ecologically oriented management is developed. Scientific methodological approaches to evaluation of economic efficiency of ecologically oriented system implementation to administrative-territorial unit management are developed. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35840

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня доктора технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.09.01 "Електричні машини і апарати" – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2020. Дисертація присвячена науково-прикладній проблемі дослідження особливостей роботи турбогенераторів (ТГ), що довгий час знаходяться в експлуатації на блоках ТЕС і АЕС, підвищенню їхньої енергоефективності, забезпеченню стійкої роботи на сучасну енергосистему, вирішенню питань продовження терміну експлуатації і підвищенню науково-технічної конкурентоспроможності нових ТГ на світовому ринку. Актуальність дослідження визначається особливістю сучасного періоду: екологічні проблеми, зростання населення планети, підвищення його енергетичної активності потребують подальшого збільшення вироблення електроенергії. В загальній енергосистемі України появились нові джерела, які мають активну державну підтримку, в той час, як класична електроенергетика (ТЕС і АЕС) не отримує достатнього державного фінансування для проведення науково-технічних робіт по вдосконаленню і оновленню електрообладнання. Тому було проведене прогнозування перспективних напрямків розвитку електроенергетики для підтвердження перспективності і необхідності виконання робіт по дослідженню і вдосконаленню ТГ як основних джерел електроенергії, по встановленню їхньої ролі в забезпеченні країни електроенергією, по вибору напрямків проведення робіт по створенню нових ТГ та модернізації ТГ, що довгий строк знаходяться в експлуатації, і заміна яких на нові неможлива через загальносвітову (і відповідно, вітчизняну) економічну кризу. Прогнозування подальшого розвитку електроенергетики та турбогенераторобудування виконане з використанням теорії циклічного розвитку (теорії "довгих хвиль" Кондратьєва М.Д.), яка дозволяє більш точно прогнозувати напрямки розвитку електроенергетики, знижує помилковість прийняття рішень. Проведено порівняння можливих сценаріїв розвитку сучасної електроенергетики України, з використанням теорії циклічного розвитку вибране найбільш доцільний сценарій, згідно з яким встановлені перспективні напрямки створення нових та модернізації ТГ, що тривалий стан знаходяться в експлуатації. Запропоноване вважати, що перспективним для України є стабілізаційне-стагнаційний сценарій розвитку з вибором сприятливого (помірного) шляху розвитку. Доказано, що майбутнє української електроенергетики, як і електроенергетики інших країн, пов'язане з роботою ТЕС і АЕС, тобто з досконалістю роботи ТГ. При будь-якому сценарії розвитку роботи по вдосконаленню ТГ повинні вестися безперервно, тому що їх характеристики і якість визначають енергетичну безпеку країни та конкурентоспроможність вітчизняної продукції. Для цього вибирались рішення, які повинні забезпечить стійку роботу ТГ в широкому діапазоні зміни параметрів, при роботі в різних режимах; вказані напрямки підвищення енергоефективності ТГ шляхом вдосконалення якості виготовлення, монтажу, обслуговування і ремонтів. Запропоноване при виготовленні і проведенні модернізації ТГ використовувати нові технологій, матеріали, розрахункові і конструктивні рішення. При розробці нових ТГ орієнтувались на світові стандарти в галузі турбогенераторобудування, розглядали поліпшення параметрів ТГ при модернізації спираючись на ці стандарти. Для визначення можливості підтримки науково-технічної конкурентоспроможності вітчизняних ТГ на світовому ринку встановлені напрямки, в яких зазначено відставання від світових фірм: слід підвищувати потужність в одиниці виконання, знижувати масогабаритні показники (в першу чергу, питому масу), удосконалювати діагностику стану ТГ і систем охолодження, вирішувати питання переведення ТГ потужністю 200-300 МВт з водневого на повітряне охолодження і т.ін. Для цього були вирішені питання розширення діапазону надійної експлуатації ТГ в різному технічному стані та при роботі в неномінальних режимах шляхом вдосконалення виробництва і монтажу, підвищення якості обслуговування та ремонтів; створення комплексних програм діагностики. Запропонована методика комплексного системного контролю стану ТГ в період довгої експлуатації з урахуванням особливостей режимів роботи енергетичних мереж та при переході до проведення ремонтів по фактичному стану, а не по графіку планово-попереджувальних ремонтів (ППР). Розроблені практичні пропозицій щодо використання нових конструкцій, технологій і матеріалів. При цьому враховували економічну доцільність рішень, що пропонуються. В роботі встановлена можливість і доцільність підвищення потужності ТГ в одиниці виконання. Показане, що сумарні маса, вартість і втрати потужності декількох ТГ завжди більші маси, вартості та втрат потужності однієї машини тієї ж сумарної потужності: при застосуванні одного ТГ, замість m ТГ такий же в сумі потужності, маса, вартість і втрати зменшуються приблизно в 4 m. Отримані залежності дозволяють визначити загальну тенденцію зміни маси і втрат ТГ і можуть бути використані для практичних розрахунків. Запропоновані напрямки зниження масогабаритних показників (в першу чергу, питомої маси) ТГ, напрямки вдосконалення системи їх охолодження з урахуванням вимог одночасного підвищення потужності без зміни габаритів і за умови заміни водневої системи охолодження внутрішнього об’єму ТГ маневрового діапазону потужності (200-300 МВт) на повітряну. Встановлено, що вітчизняні ТГ поступаються за масогабаритними параметрами практично всім фірмам, що вони в середньому на 30 % важче зарубіжних аналогів. Особливо це стосується параметрів неактивній зони ТГ. Порівняння питомих витрат матеріалів на одиницю потужності ТГ показали, що вага неактивній зони вітчизняних ТГ з водневою і повітряною системами охолодження досягає 38 % від загальної ваги ТГ, тоді як у світовій практиці це значення не перевищує 30 %, що значно знижує конкурентоспроможність вітчизняних ТГ. До причин, що визначають відставання від зарубіжних фірм, слід віднести застарілі технологій, недостатню профільну кваліфікацію інженерних кадрів; відсутність фінансування досліджень і робіт з освоєння нової техніки. Розроблена методика розрахунку механічної надійності модернізованих елементів і вузлів ТГ зі зниженими масогабаритними показниками. Запропоновані і обґрунтовані напрями зниження масогабаритних показників ТГ за рахунок вдосконалення їх неактивної зони шляхом використання більш перспективних технологій, стандартних профілів і нових матеріалів. При проведенні робіт по зниженню масогабаритних показників ТГ запропоновано проводити розрахунок технологічної оснащеності виробництва шляхом розрахунку загального та часткових коефіцієнтів технологічної оснащеності (КТО) по різним видам технологічної оснастки, що дозволяє порівняти технологічну оснащеність процесу виготовлення ТГ на вітчизняних підприємствах з підприємствами світу. Загальний КТО дозволяє пов'язувати технологічні процеси з діючими на заводах класифікаторами. Запропоновано для виготовлення ТГ підбирати технологі-чне обладнання як для умовно-дрібносерійного виробництва, використовувати уніфіковані пристосування, штампи, допоміжний інструмент і нормалізоване оснащення, що дозволить підвищити коефіцієнт технологічної оснащеності (КТО) на 30-50%. Проаналізоване стан і шляхи підвищення надійності систем охолодження, напрямки створення і діагностики сучасних охолоджувачів, розроблена методика компонування теплообмінників ТГ з урахуванням типу охолодного середовища і величини втрат при роботі в різних режимах. Встановлено зв'язки між агентами охолодження і масогабаритними показниками ТГ. Для оцінки проектних, експлуатаційних і економічних рішень, обраних під час проектування ТГ з повним повітряним охолодженням за умовою зниження масогабаритних показників, розроблена класифікація за чотирма основними напрямками: технічне, управлінське-кадрове, матеріально-постачальницьке та технологічне. Виконано порівняння масогабаритних показників конструктивних елементів ТГ з водневим і повітряним охолодженням. Вказані переваги і конструктивні відмінності конструкцій ТГ з повітряним охолодженням. Запропоновано конкретні зміни в конструкціях ТГ з повітряним охолодженням, що дозволяють без зміни їх габаритів забезпечити надійність і навіть підвищити потужність. Проведено економічне порівняння цих варіантів. Зібрано дані, проведено аналіз і запропоновані способи діагностики дефектів систем охолодження ТГ та засоби їх усунення в станційних умовах, встановлено вплив компонування числа ходів охолоджуючого газу в теплообміннику ТГ на експлуатаційні теплові напруги, на розподіл максимальної температури і її перепад по поверхні трубок, що дозволяє своєчасно діагностувати і усувати причини несправності охолоджувачів, розробляти рекомендації щодо проведення їхнього ремонту. Розроблено пропозиції щодо усунення причин руйнування охолоджувачів, визначені можливі причини незадовільної роботи нових охолоджувачів. Проведене дослідження особливостей роботи, діагностики, обслуговування і ремонтів ТГ, які мають тривалий термін експлуатації. Запропоновані алгоритм розрахунку гранично допустимого спрацювання елементів ТГ та форма таблиць для реєстрації їх фактичного стану в режимі on-line. Оцінка технічного стану ТГ та його елементів проводилась з метою визначення можливості їх подальшої експлуатації, встановлення об’єму необхідного ремонту, можливості реабілітації або повної заміни. Встановлене вплив швидкості наростання навантаження на деформацію стрижнів обмоток, на стан ізоляції і шихтованих осердь; визначене вплив "старіння" металів на надійність ТГ і довговічність їх експлуатації; проаналізоване і вибране найбільш доцільну конструкцію кріплення лобових частин обмоток статора. Визначено вплив якості складання шихтованого осердя на надійність і довговічність експлуатації ТГ, запропоновані причини руйнування осердь статорів ТГ, які тривалий час знаходяться в експлуатації. При роботі ТГ в неномінальних режимах враховували дію додаткових електромагнітних сил (ЕМС), створених потоками розсіювання в елементах кріплення осердя до корпусу. Величина цієї додаткової ЕМС мало залежить від змін активної і реактивної потужності, але її залежність від зміни напруги значна, що пояснює посилення вібрації осердя. Тому, якщо ТГ часто працює в неномінальних режимах, це посилення вібрації слід враховувати при складанні графіків проведення ремонтних робіт і визначення їх об’ємів. У стані зносу з'являються додаткові причини появи підвищеної вібрації в елементах конструкцій ТГ. В результаті досліджень шихтованих осердь ТГ, з використанням теорії деформації багатошарових об'єктів, розроблена модель, що дозволяє розрахунковим шляхом оцінювати вплив склейки пакетів шихтованих осердь, схеми укладання і відносного ковзання листів активної стали на згинальну жорсткість і надійність осердя. Запропонована методика розрахунку взаємного переміщення шихтованих листів в пакетах з різними схемами укладання листів. Виконана оцінка впливу "старіння" на жорсткість і міцність осердь статора. Підтримка постійного тиску пресування в шихтованому осерді ТГ збільшує його надійність і тривалість експлуатації. Складено модель дії сил, що діють між листами шихтованого осердя статора ТГ. Встановлено, що дія цих сил значна для крайніх листів пакетів осердь статорів і що добавка цих сил може бути однією з причин руйнування зубцевої зони: після відгинання крайнього листа умовно крайнім стає наступний лист, на нього діють сили, як і на перший лист, і так далі – ефект «доміно». Руйнуючий дії цих сил сприяє їх висока частота (100 Гц) і фактор старіння. Вважаємо, що ці сили пояснюють "розпушування" не тільки торцевих, але і центральних пакетів, а також пакетів, розташованих безпосередньо після крайніх склеєних пакетів. Запропоноване вважати, що вібрація є найбільш результативним показником стану ТГ, що важливо при виборі типу додаткових датчиків, які слід встановлювати при можливій відмові від системи ППР і переході до ремонтів за фактичним станом. Обмеження числа каналів контролю необхідно для зниження навантаження на операторів блоків електростанцій. Проведено огляд конструкцій лобових частин обмоток статорів ТГ ("кошика"), сформульовані пропозиції щодо виконання цього вузла для забезпечення допустимого рівня вібрацій і температурних напружень, синхронізації вібрацій з'єднаних елементів, стабілізації властивостей при тривалій експлуатації, для забезпечення технологічності і ремонтопридатності. Встановлено, що необхідно виконувати пружну стяжку лобових частин; застосовувати для фіксації лобових дуг в "кошику" ізоляційну мастику холодного затвердіння; використовувати для з'єднання зовнішнього конічного кільця з натискним кільцем осердя пружинні елементи, що допускають рух в аксіальному напрямку і обмежують – в радіальному. Розглянуті проблеми і запропоновані шляхи поліпшення професійної підготовки робітників ТЕС і АЕС, визначені напрямки підвищення їх економічної зацікавленості для утримання в національній електроенергетиці. Запропоноване підтримувати на державному рівні наукові дослідження щодо створення нової техніки і модернізації діючого устаткування в електроенергетичній галузі, показана необхідність удосконалювати систему освіти.
The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the doctor of technical sciences on a specialty 05.09.01 "Electric cars and devices" – National technical university "Kharkiv polytechnic institute", Kharkiv, 2020. The dissertation is devoted to the applied scientifically-applied problem of studying the peculiarities of the operation of turbogenerators (TGs) that have been in operation for a long time at TPP and NPP units, increasing their energy efficiency, ensuring stable operation for a modern power system, solving issues of extending the service life and increasing the scientific and technical competitiveness of new TGs in the world market. The relevance of the study is determined by the peculiarity of the modern period: environmental problems, the growth of the planet's population, an increase in its energy activity, which requires a further increase in the generated electricity. New sources have appeared in the general energy system of Ukraine, which have active government support, while the classical electric power industry (TPP and NPP) does not receive sufficient government funding to carry out scientific and technical work to improve and update electrical equipment. Therefore, forecasting of promising directions for the development of the electric power industry was carried out to confirm the prospects and the need to carry out work on the study and improvement of TGs as the main sources of electricity, to establish their role in providing the country with electricity, to establish directions for work on the creation of new TGs and modernization of TGs, which are long term time are in operation and replacement of which with new ones is impossible due to the global (and, accordingly, national) economic crisis. Prediction of further development and improvement of the electric power TGs made using the theory of cyclic (theory of Kondrat'ev "long-wave"), which allows more accurately predict the direction of the electric power, reduces inaccuracy decision due to the limited machine park of TGs. Comparison of possible scenarios for the development of modern electric power industry in Ukraine is carried out; choose the most promising scenario using the cyclical development of the theory, according to which set prospective directions of creation of new and modernization of the turbogenerators, which for a long time are in operation. It is proposed to consider that the stabilization-stagnation scenario of development with the choice of a favorable (moderate) path of development is promising for Ukraine. It is proved that the future of the Ukrainian electric power industry, as well as the electric power industry of other countries, is connected with the work of TPPs and NPPs, that is with the perfection of TG operation. Work on the improvement of TGs should be carried out continuously under any development scenario, because they determine the country's energy security and are a possible export item for domestic products. For this purpose, solutions were selected that should ensure the stable operation of TG in a wide range of parameter changes, when working in different modes; the directions of increase of energy efficiency of TG by improvement of quality of manufacturing, installation, service and repairs are specified. It is offered to use new technologies, materials, calculation and constructive decisions at manufacturing and carrying out modernization of TGs. When developing new TGs, we were guided by world standards. To determine the possibility of the scientific and technical competitiveness of domestic TGs in the world market, directions have been established in which there is a lag behind world firms: the need to increase the power per unit of performance and reduce the weight and size indicators (primarily, the specific gravity), improve designs, ensure the completeness of diagnostics of the TGs state and cooling systems, solution of the issue of transferring TGs 200-300 MW from hydrogen to air cooling, etc. To do this, the issues of expanding the range of reliable operation of TG in different technical condition, when working in non-nominal modes by improving production and installation, improving the quality of service and repairs; creation of comprehensive diagnostic programs. The method of complex system control of TGs condition during the period of long operation is offered taking into account features of operating modes of power networks and at transition to carrying out repairs on an actual condition, instead of on the schedule of planned and preventive repairs. Practical proposals have been developed for the use of new designs, technologies and materials. At the same time, we take into account the economic feasibility of the proposed solutions. The possibility and expediency of increasing the capacity of TG per unit of performance is established in the work. It is shown that the total mass, cost and power losses of several TGs are always large approximately at 4 m that mass, cost and power loss of one machine of the same total power. The resulting dependence can be used for practical calculations. The specific material consumption of the TGs was determined separately for the active and inactive zones of the machine. Directions were proposed for reducing the mass and size indicators (first of all, the specific mass) of TGs, improving their cooling system, taking into account the requirements for a simultaneous increase in power without changing the dimensions and subject to replacement of the hydrogen cooling system of the internal volume of the TGs shunting power range (200-300 MW) to the air cooling system. It was found that domestic TGs are inferior in weight and size parameters to almost all firms, that they are, on average, 30% heavier than their foreign analogues. This is especially true of the parameters of the inactive zone of TGs. Comparison of specific materials consumption per unit capacity of TGs showed that the weight of the inactive zone of domestic TG with hydrogen and air cooling systems reaches 38% of the total weight of TG, while in world practice this value does not exceed 30%, which significantly reduces the competitiveness of domestic TGs. In addressing the issue of reducing the mass and size parameters of the stator took into account the requirement of unification of parts and assemblies and the need to intensify cooling. The reasons that determine the lag behind foreign firms include outdated technologies, insufficient profile qualifications of engineers; lack of funding for research and development of new equipment. It is proposed to use the coefficient λ=ls/Ds to check the selected TG geometry. It is shown how the value of λ depends on the power of the generator, and that to reduce the mass and size indicators with increasing power, the coefficient λ should be reduced. The use of this coefficient makes it possible to choose the ratio of the TGs main parameters (ls and Ds) when carrying out work to reduce the specific mass and maintain the overall dimensions. The method of calculation of mechanical reliability of the modernized elements and knots of TGs with the reduced mass and dimensional indicators is developed. The directions of reduction of mass-dimensional indicators of TGs due to improvement of their inactive zone by use of more perspective technologies, standard profiles and new materials are proposed and substantiated. When working to reduce the mass and dimensions of the TGs, it is proposed to calculate the technological equipment of production by calculating the general and partial coefficients of the technological equipment (CTE) for different types of technological processes, which allows comparing the technological equipment TGs production at national enterprises with world enterprises. The general CTE allows you to link technological processes with classifiers operating at factories. It is proposed to select technological equipment for production of TG as for conditional small-scale production, to use the unified devices, stamps, the auxiliary tool and the normalized equipment that will allow to increase CTE by 30-50%. The state and prospects of increase of reliability of cooling systems, directions of creation and diagnostics of modern coolers were analyzed, the technique of arrangement of heat exchangers of TGs taking into account type of cooling environment and size of power losses at work in various modes is developed. The connections between the used refrigerant and mass and size indicators of TG are established. To assess the design, operational and economic solutions selected during the design of TG with full air cooling under the condition of reducing the mass and size indicators, a classification has been developed in four main areas: technical, managerial, material-supply and technological. The comparison of the mass and dimensional parameters of structural elements of TG with hydrogen and air cooling is performed. The advantages, disadvantages and structural differences of the designs of air-cooled TGs are indicated, specific changes in their designs are proposed, which, without changing the dimensions, ensure reliability and even increase power. An economic comparison was made between these options. The data were collected, the analysis of TG cooling systems malfunctions was carried out, which allows to diagnose and eliminate the causes of the chiller malfunction in time and to develop recommendations for repairs. Systematized defects of TG cooling systems, proposed methods for diagnosing defects and their elimination in the station conditions, the influence of TG heat exchanger layout on operating thermal stresses, maximum temperature distribution and its difference on the tube surface is established. Defects of TG cooling systems are systematized, methods of diagnostics of defects and ways of their elimination in the conditions of power plants are offered; the influence of the location of the heat exchanger and the number of strokes of the cooling gas on the operating thermal stresses, on the distribution of the maximum temperature and on the temperature drop on the surface of the tubes is established. Proposals have been developed to eliminate the causes of leakage in coolers, their destruction, and possible reasons for the unsatisfactory operation of new air coolers have been identified. The proposed classification of the failure of cooling systems can be used to train personnel for prompt action in the event of an accident. It is shown that timely and efficient repair of TG cooling system is economically advantageous because it reduces the probability of emergency shutdowns of power plant units. A study of the features of operation, diagnosis, maintenance and repair of TG, which have a long service life was conducted. The algorithm of calculation of maximum admissible operation of TG elements and the form of tables which register an actual condition are offered. The assessment of the technical condition of TG and its elements was carried out in order to determine the possibility of their further operation, in order to determine the amount of necessary repairs, the possibility of rehabilitation or complete replacement. The influence of the rate of load increase on the deformation of the winding rods, on the state of insulation and charge cores; the influence of "aging" of metals on reliability of TGs and durability of their operation is defined; analyzed and selected the most appropriate design for mounting the front parts of the stator windings. The influence of the quality of the core assembly on the reliability and duration of operation TGs is determined the reasons for the destruction of stators cores of TGs, which have been in operation for a long time, are proposed. When TGs operate in non-rated modes, it is necessary to take into account the action of additional electromagnetic forces (EMF) created by the leakage fluxes in the elements of the core-to-body fastening. Although the magnitude of such EMF is small, their effect is added to the action of EMCs from the main scattering fluxes, which usually act on the TG laminations packets in nominal mode, and contributes to their destruction. The magnitude of this additional EMF depends little on the changes in active and reactive power, but its dependence on the voltage change is significant, which, in our opinion, explains the increased vibration of the core. In a state of wear, vibration in the TGs structural elements increases. Therefore, if the TG often operates in non-nominal modes, this increase in vibration should be taken into account when scheduling repairs and determining their volumes. The reasons that affect the state of TGs laminated cores have been investigated; using the theory of deformation of multilayer objects, a model has been developed that allows one to evaluate the effect of gluing, method of laying and relative sliding of active steel sheets on the flexural rigidity and reliability of the core. In a state of wear there are additional reasons for the appearance of increased vibration in the structural elements of the TG. A method for calculating the mutual motion of laminated sheets in packages with different types of assembly and different state of insulation is proposed. It was found that when assembling a laminated package with an overlap of 1/2 sheet, its rigidity differs from the monolithic version by no more than 3%. The influence of "aging" on the stiffness and strength of the laminated stator core was evaluated. Maintaining a constant pressing pressure in the charged core of the TG increases its reliability and service life. A model for calculating the forces that act on the sheets of the TGs laminated stator core has been compiled. It is established that the action of these forces is significant for the extreme sheets of packets of stator cores, and that the addition of these forces may be one of the causes of destruction of the toothed zone: after bending the extreme sheet conditionally extreme becomes the next sheet and so on – it’s a "domino" effect. This is facilitated by the high frequency of the acting forces (100 Hz) and the aging factor. We believe that these forces explain the loosening of not only the end, but also the central packages, as well as packages located immediately after the extreme glued packages. It is concluded that maintaining a constant pressure in the laminated core TG increases its reliability and durability. It is suggested that vibration is the most effective indicator of TG status; this is important when choosing the type and number of additional sensors that are installed during the transition to the actual repairs. Limiting the number of control channels is necessary to reduce the burden on the power plant unit operators. A review of the designs of the frontal parts of the stator windings of the TG ("basket") was carried out, proposals were formulated for the layout of this unit to ensure the permissible level of vibrations and temperature stresses, to synchronize the vibration of the connected elements, to stabilize the properties during long-term operation, to ensure manufacturability and maintainability. To consider the problems and suggest ways to improve the training of workers of TPPs and NPPs, identified ways to increase their economic interest in keeping in the national electricity. It is proposed to support at the state level research in the electricity sector on the creation of new equipment and modernization of existing equipment, as well as to improve the education system.

Дисертація на здобуття вченого ступеня доктора технічних наук. Спеціальність 05.09.01 – Електричні машини і апарати. – Кафедра електричних машин Національного технічного університету "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2020. Дисертація присвячена науково-прикладної проблеми забезпечення надійної роботи сучасних ТГ на блоках ТЕС і АЕС, дослідженню особливостей роботи ТГ, які протягом тривалого часу перебувають в експлуатації, продовженню термінів їх експлуатації, підвищенню конкурентоспроможності нових ТГ на світовому ринку. Розроблені наукові концепції, що підтверджують перспективність виконання робіт з вдосконалення ТГ з урахуванням загальносвітових екологічних проблем, активного розвитку і зна-чною державної підтримки відновлюваних джерел енергії. З використанням теорії цик-лічного розвитку встановлено, що для України є перспективним стабілізаційне-стагнаційний сценарій, який передбачає подальше вдосконалення і розвиток теплової електроенергетики (ТЕС і АЕС), вдосконалення і підвищення потужності ТГ. Проведено комплекс досліджень щодо вдосконалення ТГ: підвищення потужності в одиниці виконання, зниження їх масогабаритних показників, вдосконалення систем охолодження, використання нових технологій і матеріалів. Складена структурно-логічна схема виконання робіт з підтримки науково-технічної конкурентоспроможності вітчизняних ТГ з урахуванням технічного рівня заводу-виробника і технічних можливостей супутніх галузей в напрямках зменшення питомої маси ТГ, заміни водневої системи охолодження на повітряну, збільшення потужності нових ТГ в одиниці виконання і потужності ТГ, що вже працюють на блоках електростанцій, без зміни габаритів. Доведе-на необхідність під час визначення черговості включення ТГ в енергосистему враховувати не тільки собівартість електроенергії, але і дані їх стану, а також те, що підтриму-вати номінальні параметри енергосистеми України доцільно турбогенераторами поту-жністю 200-300 МВт, встановленими на ТЕС, і використання для такого регулювання турбогенераторів АЕС неприпустимо. Виконано порівняння і показано наскільки і чому вітчизняні ТГ поступаються за питомою масою ТГ провідних світових фірм, чому вони важче зарубіжних аналогів. Вирішення цих питань дозволяє підвищити надійність ТГ, які тривалий час в експлуатації, і дозволяє впроваджувати перспективні рішення для підтримки конкурентоспроможності вітчизняних ТГ на світовому ринку. Запропонована методика комплексного системного контролю стану ТГ в період тривалої експлуатації з урахуванням особливостей режимів роботи енергетичних мереж і переході до проведення ремонтів по фактичному стану, а не за графіком планово-попереджувальних ремонтів. Запропоновані і обґрунтовані напрями зниження масогабаритних показників ТГ шляхом використання більш перспективних технологій, стандартних профілів і нових матеріалів при проведенні робіт з вдосконалення їх неактивної зони. Проаналізоване розвиток, стан і перспективи підвищення надійності систем охолодження, запропоновані напрями створення і діагностики сучасних охолоджувачів. Розроблено та науково обґрунтований метод контролю стану ТГ в режимі on-line, запропоновано вважати найбільш інформативним показником рівень вібрації, що скорочує необхідну додаткову кількість каналів контролю і знижує навантаження на операторів блоків електростанцій. Отримані в роботі наукові результати базуються на експериментальних даних, що були отримані при сервісному обслуговуванні і проведенні ремонтів ТГ на блоках електростанцій України та інших країн. Розглянуті проблеми і запропоновані напрямки поліпшення професійної підготовки робітників ТЕС і АЕС, визначені шляхи підвищення їхньої економічної зацікавленості для утримання в націо-нальній електроенергетиці.
The thesis is submitted for the academic degree of doctor of technical sciences. Specialty 05.09.01 – Electrical machines and apparatuses. – Department of Electrical Machines of National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkov, 2020. The dissertation is devoted to the scientific and applied problem of ensuring reliable operation of modern turbogenerators (TG) at thermal and nuclear power plants (TPP and NPP) units, research of TG features, which are in operation for a long time, extension of their operation, increasing the competitiveness of new TG on the world market. Scientific concepts have been developed that confirm the prospects for the implementation of work to improve TG, taking into account global environmental problems, active development and significant government support for renewable energy sources. Using the theory of cyclical development, it is established that for Ukraine is a promising stabilization and stagnation scenario, which provides for further improvement and development of thermal power plants (TPP and NPP), improvement and increase of TG capacity. A set of studies was carried out to improve the TG: increase of capacity in unit of execution, decrease in their mass and size indicators, improvement of cooling systems, use of new technologies and materials. Taking into account the technical level of the manufacturer and the technical capabilities of related industries, a structural and logical scheme of work to maintain scientific and technical competitiveness of domestic TGs was drawn up. The research was performed to reduce the specific weight of TG, to replace the hydrogen cooling system with air, to increase the capacity of new TG and TG already operating at power plants. At the same time there was a requirement to preserve the dimensions. Proven need to take into account not only the cost of electricity, but also data on their condition in determining the order of inclusion of TG in the power system. It is proved that it is expedient to maintain the nominal parameters of the power system of Ukraine with turbo-generators with a capacity of 200-300 MW, which are installed at thermal power plants. The use of NPP turbogenerators for such regulation is unacceptable. A comparison is made and it is shown to what extent and why domestic turbogenerators are inferior in specific weight to t TGs of the world's leading companies, why they are heavier than foreign counterparts. The decision of these questions allows to increase TG reliability which are in operation for a long time, allows to implement perspective decisions for maintenance of competitiveness of domestic TGs in the world market. A method of complex system monitoring of turbogenerators, which have been operating at power plants for a long time, was proposed. The method took into account the peculiarities of the turbogenerators on the modern power grid and the transition to repairs on the actual condition, rather than on the schedule of planned and preventive repairs. The directions of reduction of mass-dimensional indicators of turbogenerators by means of improvement of their inactive zone are offered and proved. To do this, it is pro-posed to use more promising technologies, standard profiles and new materials. The development, condition and prospects of increase of reliability of cooling systems are analyzed; the directions of creation and diagnostics of modern coolers are offered. Developed and scientifically substantiated method of monitoring the state of TG in the on-line mode; it is proposed to consider the level of vibration as the most informative indicator; this reduces the required additional number of control channels and reduces the load on power plant operators. The scientific results obtained in this work are based on experimental data obtained during service and repairs of turbogenerators at power plants in Ukraine and other countries. Problems are considered and directions of improvement of professional training of workers of TPP and NPP are offered, ways of increase of their economic interest for maintenance in the national electric power industry are defined.

碩士
國立交通大學
工業工程與管理系所
102
Diagnosis is one of the most important task for physicians’ daily routine. Since the large amount and distributed information in intensive care unit (ICU), physicians struggle to collect and integrate them to make a decision. By this way, physicians usually work under high workload and cognitive load, so they are more likely to make an error and do an inappropriate diagnosis. Consequently, how to provide support for doctor’s decision making is an issue need to be solved. According to the past study of diagnosis, physicians use different strategy when facing the distinct cases. In general, they use two strategies, which are symptomatic search and topographical search. With symptomatic search, they make decision quickly through pattern recognition. This strategy is usually used when physicians handle the familiar or easy case. On the other hand, they do an elaborate reasoning in complicated case when using topographical search strategy. In the past study, researcher provide abstraction decomposition space (ADS) as a structure to analyze reasoning process when using topographical search strategy. Moreover, he apply this structure to interface design, which is called ecological interface design (EID). In EID, the researcher figure out the diagnosis requirement and define the design feature by analyzing physicians’ reasoning process and the interaction with environment, equipment and information. In this study, we apply EID to develop information display for supporting physicians’ decision making in ICU. We expect to enhance the quality of physicians’ diagnosis.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
生物產業機電工程學研究所
99
Recently, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) technologies have been rapidly developed. WSNs have been widely utilized in a variety of commercial and industrial applications. If a back-end monitoring technology accompany with WSNs, it can be used to detect the specific events of WSNs. For example, with unusually high or low temperature and humidity, the back-end monitoring system can aim at the specific events and prepare for the follow-up operations of environmental control and emergency notification. However, the causation of the specific events may also be resulted from sensor calibration error or sensor failure. In order to avoid the false positives of the monitoring system, it must establish a mechanism of autonomous detection to prevent similar situations. This work instanced an oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis) ecological monitoring network, and it designed a real-time monitoring system. This system can send warning messages to the correspondents when the pest surged. In addition, when a sensor reading error occurs, this system can accurately classified as a fault event, and notify the correspondents to conduct system maintenance. The oriental fruit fly is the major pest that attacks fruit in Taiwan. In the past, the monitor techniques mostly depended on manual measurement. Due to limited budgets on manpower, manual measurements cannot acquire much environmental data at the same time, thereby losing the immediateness of subsequent data analysis, so it is almost impossible to execute appropriate pest control in the right time at the right place. In order to replace previous manual measurements, this work combined GSM technologies with WSN technologies to develop an automated real-time monitoring system which can measure environmental parameters for cultivated land. The mechanism of autonomous detection used self-organizing map to detect the parameters of specific events. This work achieves three primary goals: 1) the sensors operate normally; 2) the sensors detect the infestation of the oriental fruit; and 3) the system detects unusual sensor readings. Two monitoring systems of the oriental fruit fly have been actually deployed in two orange orchards at Yuanshan, Yilan, on July 2 and Sept. 8, 2010, respectively. The systems can monitor the oriental fruit fly in the orchards and use self-organizing map to establish classification models for four seasons. The models will classify the readings based on three primary goals set by this work. The experimental results presented that the efficiency of classification models is excellent, and it can help the monitoring system identify whether an error in the monitoring data occurs to achieve agricultural automation.

Throughout Europe ungulates have expanded both in number and distribution in the past few decades. Changes in legislation regarding poaching, abandonment of lands and re-naturalization of habitats, decreasing in hunter’s numbers, among others, led to alarming scenarios in wildlife. Despite their benefits (e.g. financial means owing to hunting, eco-tourism, and their role in ecosystems), their impressive recovery turned out in overabundant populations, in some areas. Damages to agriculture, infectious diseases, ungulate-vehicle collisions, damages to vegetation and to ecosystem are amongst the main problems that several countries have to deal with. This thesis aims to give researchers and stakeholders the state of the art on this topic as well as some useful tools to better address this issue, that will be the challenge of the XXI century in which concerns wildlife management. To achieve this, we start by reviewing ungulate overabundance scenarios in Europe, as well as some of their consequences. In order to have a brief preview of the situation, we must have population density/abundance. With that purpose, we then evaluated two different methods (direct method – spotlight counts and indirect method – pellet group counts; both coupled with distance sampling) to monitor red deer (Cervus elaphus), giving also a deep ecological view about the status of three populations of this species in Portugal. This chapter has evidenced spotlight counts as the reference method for red deer in Mediterranean habitats and has also highlighted the need and urgency to take preventive actions concerning ungulate management in Portugal. The need for other ecological indicators in which we can rely on, lead us to the next chapter regarding Elaphostrongylus cervi and its relationship with its host, red deer, in a long-term study with two sites with different management practices in Spain. This study helped us to highlight that at high densities, the losses (e.g. in body condition and immune capacity) become evident independent of the selected management. Moreover, this study emphasized the determinant role of rainfall in the availability of forage and thus on individuals’ performance. Considering that we should view and analyze ecosystems and management as a whole, we then proceed to a socio-ecological study regarding red deer in Portugal, where we assessed people’s perception about these populations through questionnaires. We concluded that general perception is positive, and its negatively related with caused damages (with farmers as the ones with less interest in nature and higher damage perception). Moreover, we found that young and/or more qualified individuals have a greater interest in nature. This guided us to some recommendations, namely preventive actions and mitigation measures, the need for a communication strategy that promotes the acceptance of some unpopular management strategies, and when necessary, having compensatory payments to the affected farmers. Ungulate overabundance should be addressed as an urgent problem for which countries and governments must give quick answers. These answers have undoubtedly to count on researchers to give the appropriate tools to deal with this. This work hopes to be a small contribution to this challenging task.
Nas últimas décadas observou-se uma expansão dos ungulados selvagens na Europa, tanto em número como em distribuição. Entre as principais causas para este aumento estão as alterações na legislação referente ao furtivismo, o êxodo rural e re-naturalização dos habitats, a diminuição do número de caçadores, entre outros. Apesar dos benefícios que este aumento acarreta (benefícios económicos através da caça e do eco-turismo, e o seu papel nos ecossistemas), nalgumas regiões originou casos de sobreabundância. Os danos causados à agricultura, vegetação e ecossistema, a emergência de doenças infeciosas e a colisões com veículos, estão entre os principais problemas aos quais é necessário dar resposta. Esta tese pretende caracterizar a atual situação, bem como fornecer ferramentas para responder ao que será o desafio do século XXI para a gestão da vida selvagem. Para tal, começámos por rever os cenários de sobreabundância de ungulados na Europa e algumas das suas consequências. De modo a perceber o ponto da situação, devemos procurar obter dados de densidade/abundância populacional. Com esse propósito, avaliámos dois métodos de monitorização (método direto – faroladas; método indireto – contagem de excrementos; os dois com distance sampling) do veado (Cervus elaphus), estabelecendo informações ecológicas acerca de três populações em Portugal. Este capítulo provou a eficácia das faroladas como método de referência para o veado em habitats Mediterrânicos e evidenciou a urgência de aplicar medidas preventivas na gestão de ungulados em Portugal. No capítulo seguinte, com o objetivo de estabelecer indicadores ecológicos robustos, analisamos a relação parasita-hospedeiro entre Elaphostrongylus cervi e o veado, num trabalho com uma escala temporal alargada em duas áreas em Espanha, com diferentes estratégias de gestão. Este estudo tornou evidente que com elevadas densidades de veado, os prejuízos (e.g. na condição corporal e capacidade imunitária) são independentes de gestão. Este estudo evidenciou ainda o papel que a precipitação tem na disponibilidade de alimento e, consequentemente, nos animais. Considerando a necessidade de analisar os ecossistemas e a sua gestão de forma holística, realizámos um estudo socioecológico acerca do veado em Portugal onde, através de inquéritos, avaliamos a perceção das pessoas relativamente a estas populações. De uma forma geral, a perceção é positiva, e relaciona-se negativamente com os danos causados (os agricultores mostram menos interesse pela natureza e maior perceção dos danos). Este estudo revelou também que indivíduos mais jovens e/ou mais qualificados mostram mais interesse pela natureza. As recomendações feitas, incluem a necessidade de ações preventivas e mitigadoras da sobreabundância, a necessidade de estratégias de comunicação que permitam a aceitação de medidas de gestão menos populares, e quando necessário, a adoção de medidas compensatórias para os agricultores afetados. A sobreabundância de ungulados deve ser sinalizada como um problema urgente para o qual os países e os seus governos devem dar respostas rápidas. Essas respostas têm de contar com a ciência e os cientistas, para que forneçam as ferramentas adequadas para lidar com esta problemática. Este trabalho pretende ser um pequeno contributo para esta desafiante tarefa.
Programa Doutoral em Biologia e Ecologia das Alterações Globais

Traditional molecular ecology has focused on describing the historic processes that lead to contemporary patterns of diversity within populations, species and higher taxa. Molecular tools can also identify the origin of biological material and shed light on contemporary ecological processes of populations and individuals. This thesis is concerned with evaluating the efficacy of some of these latter nascent applications for diagnosing near real-time ecological information in marine mammals. The applications under investigation were (i) DNA-based methods to identify the prey of cetaceans and (ii) using the size of telomeres within the life of an individual to estimate the age of individuals in the Pinnipedia and Cetacea. Diet samples like faeces are complex mixtures of predator, prey and symbiont DNA and as such they require techniques that can exclusively target prey DNA. Previous DNA-based diet studies had employed species- or group-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers to achieve this and thus were implemented ad hoc or required a priori diet knowledge, which limited their scope. I developed a prey detection method that employed novel PCR primers widely complementary (‘quasi-universal’) for most animal 16S mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and a restriction enzyme to selectively exclude predator mtDNA. The method requires no a priori diet knowledge and can be applied to other predators with a minimum of modification. Faecal samples were collected from two sources; captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) fed a known diet and free-ranging bottlenose dolphins from Sarasota Bay, Florida. Two techniques were applied to detect prey DNA in the captive samples; amplification of a small mtDNA fragment using a species-specific PCR primer pairs designed to detect a known prey species and the ‘quasi-universal’ method. Using the species-specific method, a prey signal was detected within 4-7 hours of feeding the captive dolphins the known diet and persisted for at least 12-19 hours after the diet ceased. After the first detection, 60 +/- 12% (mean +/- 95% CI) of captive samples contained a prey DNA signal using species-specific methods. The ‘quasi-universal’ method was applied to 12 samples from within the time period with a known diet of 10 prey species from 3 Phyla. Up to six prey species were detected per sample (range 0-6, mean 3.2 +_ 1.7 (SD) species) and all but one prey species consisting of 2% wet weight of the total diet were detected across all samples. No prey DNA was detected from one captive sample using this method. Estimates of prey item amplicon amounts showed congruence with the total proportion of wet weight of most prey items in the diet, though variability introduced through sampling amplicon clone libraries puts wide confidence intervals on these results. The ‘quasi universal’ method was then applied to 15 faecal and 9 gastric samples from 19 free-ranging Sarasota Bay dolphins. Thirty two prey molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) were identified across all samples (range 0-9, mean 3.7 +/- 2.2 per individual), consisting of 28 taxonomic assignments, 18 of which were species level identifications. One sample did not contain prey DNA. The difference in results between samples from the captive animals and free-ranging animals suggest that factors such as sample collection methods, sample amount, sample storage duration and whether animals consume live or dead prey may affect the efficacy of DNA-based techniques, which has ramifications for interpreting results from captive feeding trials. These results were also congruent with diet data from this population via traditional hard-parts analysis of stomach contents from stranded individuals. An unexpected consequence of using restriction enzymes to exclude predator mtDNA was the appearance of nuclear mitochondrial pseudogenes (NUMTs) in samples. The appearance of NUMTs in 15 faecal samples from Sarasota Bay dolphins was further investigated, in order to understand their impact on DNA-based dietary analysis in a field situation. Nine unique NUMT paralogs detected in 13 of 15 samples were represented by 1-5 paralogs per sample and were estimated to be between 5-100% of all amplicons produced per sample. The diversity of prey DNA and the proportion of NUMT amplicons per sample were related to real-time PCR cycling characteristics, with lower prey diversity and a higher proportion of NUMTs recovered with increasing real-time PCR threshold cycle values. This indicated that low DNA yields from diet samples are more likely to have NUMTs detected and less likely to contain prey DNA using this technique. This predator-prey system is relatively well sampled, which facilitated ease of identification of NUMTs, however for many study systems this may not be the case. Telomeres are nucleoprotein structures on the end of eukaryote chromosomes that consist of regions containing ‘telomere-like’ and ‘true’ telomere tandomly repeated DNA sequence and single stranded telomere sequence overhangs on the 3’end of each anti-parallel DNA molecule, each with associated proteins. They change size throughout the life of many animals, suggesting that they be a molecular means to estimate animal age. To examine whether telomeres would be useful to estimate the age of pinnipeds and cetaceans, samples were collected from populations of three model species where the age of individuals was known or could be relatively inferred; harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus), bottlenose dolphins and southern right whales (Eubalaena australis). In Harp Seals, telomeres were measured using two techniques, (i) de-naturing terminal restriction fragment analysis and (ii) quantitative PCR (Q-PCR). There was no relationship between age and telomere length using either telomere measurement method, however there was a strong correlation between the methods, indicating that they were comparable. Telomere dynamics in cetaceans were then investigated. Previous studies had shown that satellite DNA in Mysticete cetaceans contains telomere sequence repeats that may bias telomere measurement techniques. This was investigated in Odontocete cetaceans by characterizing interstitial telomere sequence (ITS – that is, telomere repeat DNA sequence that is not a part of true telomeres) in Bottlenose Dolphins. It was found that substantial ITS exists in bottlenose dolphins, and given its presence in closely related Mysticete cetaceans, most likely all cetaceans. The presence of this ITS made denaturing TRF analysis difficult to interpret and so attempts were made to measure Bottlenose Dolphin telomeres using non-denaturing TRF assays and Q-PCR assays. Attempts at non-denaturing assays were unsuccessful and further efforts focused on Q-PCR assays. No relationship was found between Q-PCR telomere metrics and age in bottlenose dolphins. In four instances longitudinal samples were available from the same bottlenose dolphin individual a number of years apart and these were compared. While two samples showed the typical pattern of decline in telomere size with age, one showed no discernable change with age and one individual displayed an apparent gain in telomere sequence with age. Given these results a small subsection of 6 cow-calf pair Southern Right Whale samples were initially analysed. Four adults appeared to contain shorter telomere sequences than their calves although in two cases, calves contained less telomere sequence then their presumed mother. In light of these results the use of telomeres to estimate age of individual marine mammals did not appear a valid technique and could not be recommended. Overall, this study achieved its aims of appraising the efficacy of these nascent molecular ecology techniques in marine mammals. In the first instance, DNA-based diet analysis appears to hold great promise for analysis of cetacean diet. The methods were sensitive, identified prey to the lowest taxonomic level in many cases, and made use of samples that cannot be used for traditional diet analyses. They allow high-resolution prey detection of live animals, a feat that cannot be otherwise achieved in cetaceans failing direct observation of feeding events. Additionally the ‘quasi-universal’ method can be applied to any predator where its 16S mtDNA sequence is known or can be gained, and the biases of the technique can be inferred by using current data from databases such as GenBank. Conversely, telomeres appear to hold little use for age estimation in marine mammals. All methodological issues aside, there are many exogenous and endogenous influences other than chronological time on individual telomere dynamics and these are not well understood. It is not recommended that telomeres be used for age estimation in any animal group without considerably more work. The latter outcome is as useful as the former, since any emerging technique (no matter how promising) must be put through rigorous critical appraisal in order to understand whether the application is warranted at all, or if so what the caveats might be.

L’efficacia di PCR quantitativa basata su una sonda TaqMan specifica per il genere è stata confermata come preciso strumento di rilevamento di DNA di Phytophthora su suolo artificialmente infettato, in suolo di invasatura contaminato proveniente da vivaio ed in campioni di trappole aeree. Nessuna quantificazione di DNA è avvenuta dopo due settimane dalla morte indotta del patogeno e, in confronto con i metodi di isolamento tradizionali, è stata dimostrata una significativa maggiore efficienza come strumento diagnostico. La fluttuazione stagionale di Phytophthora in aria è stata quantificata e descritta per il periodo di campionamento. La tecnica di sequenziamento 454 è stata utilizzata per identificare la tassonomia delle specie di Phytophthora in un hotspot biologico in Western Australia ed al fine di descrivere la patogenicità delle due specie sequenziate con maggior frequenza è stato realizzato un esperimento in serra. Le tecniche di laboratorio utilizzate in questo studio hanno fornito nuove nozioni sull’ecologia di Phytophthora. La PCR quantitativa basata su sonda TaqMan è testata e proposta come efficace strumento di prevenzione verso l’arrivo di specie invasive. Importanza dell’impatto di questo studio L’efficienza della gestione di Phytophthora dipende dalla conoscenza delle caratteristiche patogene di gruppi ristretti di specie o di una singola specie . Ricerche come queste forniscono le basi scientifiche per comprendere l’epidemiologia di una malattia ed applicare un controllo risolutivo. A quantitative PCR technique based on a genus specific TaqMan probe was confirmed as a precise method for detecting Phytophthora DNA in artificially infested soil under laboratory condition, in naturally infested soil and tissues of potted nursery plants and in the filters of air traps. No positive DNA quantification occurred in soil after two weeks from pathogen induced death and a significant higher efficiency as diagnostic tool was demonstrated compared to traditional isolation methods both in soil and plant tissues. Seasonal fluctuation of aerial spread of Phytophthora was also quantified and described. A 454 sequencing approach was used to identify the Phytophthora species present in a biological hotspot area in Western Australia, and a glass house experiment was performed in order to describe the pathogenicity traits of the two most frequently detected species. The lab procedures used in this study provided a more precise knowledge of Phytophthora ecology. The quantitative PCR assay based on designed TaqMan probe was demonstrated to be very efficient and is proposed as a reliable early detection instrument of prevention against the income of invasive species. Efficient management of Phytophthora depends to the knowledge of pathogenicity traits in restrict groups or single species. Investigations like those presented in this thesis contribute the scientific bases to understand the epidemiology of disease and to apply a successful control.

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Sociais na especialidade de Serviço Social
Os assistentes sociais hospitalares norteiam a sua praxis a partir de um modelo sistémico- ecológico e planeiam a alta com base num diagnóstico que tem lugar entre o acolhimento do doente e a transição do nível de cuidados. No entanto, não existem diagnósticos que captem a amplitude da vulnerabilidade dos doentes, principalmente dos que exigem prioridade de assistência por serviços e equipamentos da comunidade. Esta investigação tem o objectivo de desocultar o gradiente de vulnerabilidade dos doentes na alta hospitalar, de identificar os que se encontram numa situação crítica, de aferir o seu impacto nos cuidadores informais e de reconhecer potencialidades/fragilidades na política vigente de cuidados continuados integrados. A metodologia cruza uma abordagem quantitativa expressa através da análise de resultados de doentes complexos (N=4965) com duas abordagens qualitativas. Nestas últimas recorre-se à entrevista aprofundada para chegar a representações dos cuidadores informais, bem como de peritos e decisores em saúde. Os resultados mostram que há 1509 pessoas (32,8%) idosas em extrema vulnerabilidade que apresentam situação económica precária e que carecem de apoio adequado pela sua rede formal/informal. Conclui-se que este diagnóstico social identifica doentes de alto risco, condição de difícil reversão, que devem ser sinalizados e acompanhados pelos serviços de proximidade
Hospital social workers guide their praxis from a systemic and ecological model and plan patient discharge based on a diagnosis which takes place between admission and the transition from the level of care. Nevertheless there are no diagnosis that assess the range of patients´ vulnerability, mainly from those who need priority assistance by community and local services. This investigation aims: to unveil patients´ vulnerability gradient at hospital discharge; to identify those who are in a critical situation; to determine its impact on informal caregivers and to recognize strengths/weaknesses in current policy of integrated continuous care. Methodology uses a quantitative approach expressed through the analysis of results of complex patients (N= 4965), and two qualitative approaches. In these last we used in-depth interviews to reach the representations of informal caregivers as well as health experts and decision makers. Results show that there are 1509 people (32, 8%) in extreme vulnerability. They are simultaneously old, poor and lack appropriate support from their formal/informal network. We conclude that this diagnosis identifies high-risk patients that should be signaled and monitored by proximity social services.
N/A

碩士
中國文化大學
建築及都市計畫研究所
96
The meaning of the green environment includes eco-city, sustainable development , based on green environmental quality to encourage the opportunity of the green city. This research sums up the idea of the green environment of city, take Keelung City for an example, then diagnoses green environmental quality of the city and points out those issues. The contents of this research are as following: (1) Literature review of green environment: The concept of green environment is developed by green movement, it reviews the theories and indicators of green environment, landscape ecological, sustainable development etc. (2) Establish indicators of green environment of city: Draw up indicator from sustainable development literature, as to survey the environmental quality of the city; (3)Case study of Keelung City: It takes the quantitative landscape ecological methods combine GIS system to analyses the factor analysis and dependence that analyzes the present green environmental of Keelung, regard nine operating indicators as the factor of influencing, analyzes the influence and meaning of green environment; (4) City space structure and the green environment developing: In order to investigate the green environmental state of development and distributed the situation more deeply, it is not the part that the city develops the area to deduct, study to the relation between city space structure and green environmental development of Keelung; (5) Propose the present situation develops the subject, regarded as the basis of improving integrated environment quality. The result of study shows the green space of Keelung is insufficient, public construction and environment are incongruous, produce a lot of artificial view not good, develop the use only considering the inside space, lack the doing in the test amount of external environment condition in land utilization, cause reverse side influence on the environmental view and quality of the life of whole city. It suggest to set up and implement the landscape system of the city, reach green purpose, environmaental quality, and healthy green living environment of city.

This qualitative study explored the experiences of individuals living with a sibling diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and how these individuals make meaning of this experience. The data for this study was collected from five (5) individuals between the ages of 12 and 19, who shared their experience of living with siblings diagnosed with ASD. The data was analysed using the interpretative phenomenological analysis method (IPA). I conclude that although living with a sibling diagnosed with ASD is a challenging experience, the way one makes meaning from the experience contributes greatly to their interpretation of their experience thereof; and therefore, making it a positive experience. The participants in this study showed great maturity and resilience. The findings of this study will be useful to parents, professionals and those who engage with individuals living with a sibling diagnosed with ASD.
Psychology
M.A. (Psychology in Research Consultation)