Bibliografías temáticas / East India sugar

Literatura académica sobre el tema "East India sugar"

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Publicado: 26 de julio de 2024

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "East India sugar"

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Swaraj, Balla Sushma, Dipak Kumar Bose y Jahanara Jahanara. "KNOWLEDGE OF THE FARMERS TOWARDS IMPROVED SUGARCANE CULTIVATION PRACTICES IN ADDATHEEGALA BLOCK OF EAST GODAVARI DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH". International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology 8, n.º 10 (30 de octubre de 2021): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47856/ijaast.2021.v08i10.018.

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Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is an important commercial crop of India. Sugarcane and sugar beet are used for large scale production of sugar in the world. Amongst the sugar producing plants, sugarcane is responsible for about 60.00 per cent of world’s sugar production. Sugarcane is cultivated mainly in the tropics, though in India it is also grown in sub-tropical areas. Sugarcane is the main source of sugar in Asia and Europe. Sugarcane is grown primarily in the tropical and sub-tropical zones of the southern hemisphere. Sugarcane is the raw material for the production of white sugar, jiggery (Gur) and khandsari. It is also used for chewing and extraction of juice for beverage purpose. Kumar (2019). The study was based on both primary and secondary data. The study was conducted in few selected villages of Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh it was concluded that majority of the respondents belongs to the medium level of knowledge. Nearly 44.16 per cent of respondents were having the knowledge towards sugarcane cultivation practices.
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K.K. SINGH, R.K. MALL, R.S. SINGH y A. K. SRIVASTAVA. "Evaluation of CANEGRO Sugarcane model in East Uttar Pradesh, India". Journal of Agrometeorology 12, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2010): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v12i2.1301.

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The sugarcane crop growth simulation model was calibrated and validated in Eastern Uttar Pradesh (UP) region of Indo-Gangetic Plains of India using 12 years field experiment data conducted in several places. The results reveal that the CANEGRO Sugarcane model satisfactorily simulated the potential growth and yield of sugarcane crop. The model simulates the stalk height, stalk fresh mass and sucrose yield within ±15 % of range in comparison to the observed values. Therefore the validated CANEGRO Sugarcane model can be further used for applications such as prediction of crop growth, phenology, water management, potential and actual yields, performance of sugarcane under climate variability and change scenarios etc. The model may also be used to improve and evaluate the current practices of sugarcane growth management to achieve enhanced cane production and sugar recovery.
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Raghuram, Nagarathna, Akshay Anand, Deepali Mathur, Suchitra S. Patil, Amit Singh, S. K. Rajesh, Geetharani Hari, Prashant Verma, Sapna Nanda y Nagendra Hongasandra. "Prospective Study of Different Staple Diets of Diabetic Indian Population". Annals of Neurosciences 28, n.º 3-4 (julio de 2021): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09727531211013972.

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Background: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Its prevention and regulation depends on dietary pattern and lifestyle. There are numerous studies which have been conducted to elucidate the relationship between type of diet consumption and sugar levels. The objective of this study was to enumerate the distribution of the staple food consumed in seven zones across India and their association with sugar levels. Methods: A pan-India multicentered screening, covering the 63 districts, 29 states, and 4 union territories per populations, was undertaken. A specially designed questionnaire was administered for data collection, which comprised specific questions for diet 17,280 sample was analyzed across seven zones of India. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS; 21.0) software was used to analyze the data. Results: The survey suggested that rice and wheat are the major staple food consumed across different regions of India. In Jammu, North, East, South, and central zones, consumption of rice was more than wheat. However, in North and West zones, consumption of wheat was observed to be more than rice. Mean values of fasting blood sugar (FBS), postprandial blood sugar (PPBS) were high in the group consuming Bajra (128.3 & 160.5). Similarly, FBS mean was less in group consuming rice (114.6), and PPBS was low in group consuming ragi (149.2). Conclusion: Staple food has significant effect on FBS, PPBS and glycated haemoglobin cholesterol levels and anthropometric measurements.
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P V V, Satyanarayana. "A Study on the welfare measures and their Impact on QWL provided by the Sugar companies with reference to East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India". Journal of Management and Science 1, n.º 2 (30 de diciembre de 2011): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.2011.14.

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The Sugar factories play a vital role in human life. Sugar industry is one of the important industries of India for earning Foreign Exchange and giving employment to lakhs of workers. Because of being highly labour intensive industry it needs to concentrate more in the area of employee‟s welfare measures. East Godavari District in Andhra Pradesh, India has taken as a sample for this study, for identifying various methods and also to identify the effectiveness of the methods. The study shows that 15% of the employees are highly satisfied with their welfare measures. 22% of the employees are satisfied with their welfare measures.39% of the employees are average with their welfare measures. 16% of them are in highly dissatisfied welfare measures play an important role in employee satisfaction and it results in improved quality of work life. This study throws light on the impact of welfare measures on QWL among the employees of Sugarfactories in Andhra Pradesh.
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Islam, Syed Manzoorul. "Sex, sugar and slavery:". Crossings: A Journal of English Studies 2, n.º 1 (1 de septiembre de 2009): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.59817/cjes.v2i1.396.

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Sugarcane plantation began in the Caribbean from the early 16th century, with the arrival of Portuguese colonizers led by Christopher Columbus who planted seed canes in Santo Domingo in 1493. With demand for sugar increasing in Europe throughout the century, sugar plantations and sugar mills were set up throughout the region. Work in the sugarcane fields was cruel and energy-sapping, and hardly any European opted for such backbreaking work. As a result, a huge number of indentured labourers had to be imported from Africa and East India. These labourers were treated as slaves and were routinely brutalized and controlled by deadly force. The history of their subjugation and control had the body at its core, since the colonizers found it easy to establish their mastery through control and defilement of the slave’s body. The torture and mutilation incapacitated the slaves from performing gender roles. But the ‘ungendered’ slaves also reverted to their biological and sexual selves and employed the power of the body and sex to mount resistance against the colonizers. The resultant violence added a further dimension to the history of colonial resistance. David Dabydeen, a Guyanese poet, picks up this volatile history of colonial sugarcane plantation in his Slave Songs, with particular emphasis on the “erotic-sadomasochistic nature of slavery and plantation life.” The fourteen poems written in Creole probe the interconnectedness of sexuality, sugarcane and the body, and trace the history of both colonial subjugation and resistance.
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Bhattacharya, Bhaskarjyoti y Dibakar Chandra Deka. "Biochemical Indices and Consumption Pattern of Traditional Alcoholic Beverages by Tribal Communities of North-East India: A Review". Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 11, n.º 2 (31 de agosto de 2023): 470–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.11.2.02.

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The North-Eastern part of India consists of seven states namely Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura. This region is popularly referred to as seven sisters, and is inhabited by different tribal communities, each of which has unique cultural and linguistic identity. All the communities are known for their traditional homemade alcoholic beverages prepared from rice. These rice-based alcoholic beverages are parts of their food and socio-cultural life as well as used to earn a livelihood by some families. In this article, we have made an effort to review the biochemical indices of the beverages such as physical state, color, taste, pH, total solid content, opacity, sugar content, total acidity, volatile acidity, carbohydrate content, protein content, amino acid content, ethanol content, non-reducing sugar content, etc. along with the consumption pattern within the communities.
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Howard, Julia y Richard Wall. "Autosterilization of the house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) in poultry houses in north-east India". Bulletin of Entomological Research 86, n.º 4 (agosto de 1996): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300034945.

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AbstractAutosterilizing devices, composed of 20×50 cm rectangles of white polyester cloth, baited with 50% w/v sucrose and impregnated with 10% suspension concentrate of the chitin synthesis inhibitor triflumuron, were suspended in two caged-layer poultry houses on a 6 ha farm near Bhubaneswar, Orissa Province, in north-east India. Populations of Musca domestica Linnaeus declined significantly over 6 weeks in houses in which the triflumuron-treated targets had been deployed. Following the removal of the targets from these houses, the M. domestica populations subsequently increased. No comparable changes were observed in a control poultry house in which an equal number of targets, dosed with 50% w/v sucrose only, were suspended. Laboratory evaluation of the sugar-baited triflumuron targets confirmed that exposure of the strain of M. domestica present in the poultry manure to triflumuron-treated targets reduced egg hatch to less than 1%. There was no decline in the quantity of triflumuron present on targets during their 6 week exposure in the poultry houses, as shown by gas chromatography. Furthermore, a laboratory bioassay demonstrated no decrease in the potency of the chemical over the exposure period. However, the quantity of sugar present on targets decreased significantly after only 3 weeks exposure. However, populations in the treatment houses were not eliminated and immigration from surrounding houses may have reduced the effectiveness of the technique. The results are discussed in relation to the use triflumuron-treated targets as a practical autoster-ilizing system for house fly control in livestock production systems.
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Pandav, Chandra, Lindsey Smith Taillie, Donna R. Miles, Bridget A. Hollingsworth y Barry M. Popkin. "The WHO South-East Asia Region Nutrient Profile Model Is Quite Appropriate for India: An Exploration of 31,516 Food Products". Nutrients 13, n.º 8 (15 de agosto de 2021): 2799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13082799.

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The rapid rise in prevalence of overweight/obesity, as well as high prevalence of type 2 diabetes and other nutrition-related noncommunicable diseases, has led the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) to propose a front-of-package labeling (FOPL) regulation. An effective FOPL system applies a nutrient profile model that identifies foods high in sugar, sodium, and saturated fat that would receive a warning label for consumers to effectively discern between more and less healthy foods. Previous Nutrition Alchemy data collected by the food industry (n = 1306 products) estimated that approximately 96% of foods in India would have at least one warning label based on the FSSAI proposed FOPL. This near universal coverage of warning labels may be inaccurate and misleading. To address this, the current study compared two nutrient profile models, the WHO South-East Asia Region Organization (SEARO) and the Chilean Warning Octagon (CWO) Phase 3, applied to food products available in the Indian market from 2015–2020, collected through Mintel Global New Products Database (n = 10,501 products). Results suggest that 68% of foods and beverages would have at least one ‘ high-in’ level warning label. This study highlights the need to include a more comprehensive sample of food products for assessing the value of warning labels.
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Terangpi, Reena, RatanBasumatary y Robindra Teron. "Nutritional consideration of three important emergency food plants studied among Karbi Tribe of North East India". Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 4, n.º 3 (25 de junio de 2015): 138–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2015.4306.

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Emergency food plants are wild food plants that substitute staple food and are often referred as famine foods. These are nutritionally very rich and substitute conventionally eaten foods and are capable of fulfilling nutritional demand in many cases. Wild plants constitute major components of food basket of the Karbis. The importance of indigenous food plants from nutritional point of view in Karbi Anglong is often overlooked. This study was to assess nutritional contents in three prominent famine food plant species–Premna latifolia Roxb. (Verbenaceae), Dioscorea puber Blume (Dioscoreaceae), Lassia spinosa (L.) Thaw. (Araceae) that contributes to household food security. Plants specimens are collected processed and analysed their nutritional content as per standard protocol (MCW, DNS, Lowry’s and Ninhydrin). The proximate nutritional composition (powder character), ash, moisture, carbohydrate, protein, reducing sugar, amino acid were determined. Nutritional analysis reveals the present of essential nutrient with appropriate quantity. Rhizome of L. spinosa, bark of P. latifolia and tuber of D. puber contain carbohydrate (2.32 ± 0.34 g/100g, 2.39 ± 0.12 g/100g and 2.91 ± 0.56 g/100g), protein (1.85 ± 0.04 g/100g, 2.12 ± 0.04 g/100g and 1.09 ± 0.09 g/100g), reducing sugar (0.0343 ± 0.23 g /1g, 0.033 ± 0.34 g /1g and 0.036 ± 0.36 g/1g) and amino acid (8.29 ± 0.04 mg/g, 7.95 ± 0.04 mg/g and 8.02 ± 1.24 mg/g) respectively. The study shows that the plants are nutritionally very rich and with increase in moisture contents of each samples, pH level also increases and as a result ash contents decreases. Investigation on antinutrient factor would further help in evaluating the permissible toxicity of the antinutrient present in the species.
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Ganapathy, S, V. Ravichandran y J. Jayakumar. "Yield, Quality and Disease Resistance of Sugarcane Clones: A Field Evaluation". Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 46, n.º 5 (7 de marzo de 2024): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i52354.

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Evaluation and identification of sugarcane clones for different maturity groups is of paramount importance in sugarcane cultivation to get higher recoveries in sugar mills. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of early maturing sugarcane clones for red rot resistance, cane yield, CCS yield, and their contributing traits in order to idendify the superior clones. Observation on germination per cent, number of tillers (x1000/ha), number of millable cane (x1000/ha), stalk length (cm), stalk diameter (cm), single cane weight (kg), cane yield (t/ha), brix per cent, sucrose (%), purity (%), extraction CCS (%), and sugar yield (t/ha). From the results, it could be concluded that the early maturing clone, CoC 15336, was found to be the best among the test clones for sucrose per cent and sugar yield with resistance to red rot disease. Another clone, CoC 15340, was the next-best entry, with higher cane yield, CCS yield, and sucrose percent compared to the better standards. As a result, clones CoC 15338 and CoC 15336 were identified as the best promising entries and could be forwarded for further yield evaluation trials for release as a new sugarcane variety suitable for East Coast Zone of India.
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Más fuentes

Tesis sobre el tema "East India sugar"

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Ratledge, Andrew James. "From promise to stagnation : East India sugar 1792-1865 /". Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phr2366.pdf.

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Ratledge, Andrew James. "From promise to stagnation : East India sugar 1792-1865 / Andrew James Ratledge". Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/22106.

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"April 2004"
Bibliography: leaves 319-342.
viii, 387 leaves : ill., maps ; 30 cm.
Missing pages in print and digital: 2-5, 37-38, 55, 59, 161, 192-193, 206, 234, 281.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of History and Politics, Discipline of History, 2004
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Libros sobre el tema "East India sugar"

1

Ratledge, Andrew. Competing for the British sugar bowl: East India sugar 1792-1865 ; politics, trade and sugar consumption. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2009.

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Bug, Nidhi. Raw Sugar. Laguna Niguel, CA: The author, 1999.

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Sam-long, Jean-François. Les engagés malgaches à la Réunion (1922-1930). [Saint-Denis]: Editions les Cahiers de Notre Histoire, 1995.

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Mangru, Basdeo. A history of East Indian resistance on the Guyana sugar estates, 1869-1948. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1996.

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Vivek, P. S. From indentured labour to liberated nation: Public policy and small planters in Mauritius. Bangalore: Focus Press, 2007.

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Dhar, Sutapa Das. Indian emigrants to sugar colonies: A study through Calcutta Port, 1842-1900. Delhi: Indian Council of Historical Research in association with Primus Books, 2017.

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1939-, Bhana Surendra, ed. Essays on indentured Indians in Natal. Leeds, Yorkshire, England: Peepal Tree Press, 1990.

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Kumar, Ashutosh. Coolies of the Empire: Indentured Indians in the Sugar Colonies, 1830-1920. Cambridge University Press, 2018.

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Wilberforce, William. Emancipation of the Negro Slaves in the West India Colonies Considered ... in Answer to Mr. Wilberforce's Appeal, by the Author of 'a Statement of the Claims of the West India Colonies to a Protecting Duty Against East India Sugar'. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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1913, Satyagraha: Passive resistance and its legacy. New Delhi: Manohar, 2015.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "East India sugar"

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Knight, Roger. "The East and West Indies". En Convoys, 181–213. Yale University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300246971.003.0010.

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This chapter describes how the largest and most valuable outward convoys to leave Britain during any year were the combined East and West India fleets. Nature and economic conditions linked the East and West Indies trades. World weather patterns, combined with the timing of harvests and markets, determined that some of these large convoys set out down the Channel and Western Approaches at the most dangerous time of the year. However, the strongest link between the two trades was the combined wealth that they brought to the British state, enabling the war against Napoleon to be prosecuted for twelve long years. Tea came from the East and sugar, coffee, and raw cotton from the West, together with the import and export of gold and silver. Almost a quarter of all exports were re-exports of these goods.
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Liu, Andrew B. "The Two Tea Countries". En Tea War, 26–42. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300243734.003.0002.

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This chapter traces the history of tea cultivation and consumption in imperial China, its popularity in Euro-American markets, and experimental colonial projects to transplant cultivation to eastern India. For these regions in East and South Asia, participation in the global tea trade entailed a transformation from an early modern luxury trade to a decisively modern competition between capitalist industries. This competition between Chinese and Indian tea simply marked the next chapter in an ongoing story of expansive world trade featuring the exchange of tea, opium, sugar, cotton, and silver. As commodities, their exchange also connected countless systems for employing, organizing, and disciplining producers. In the “tea countries” of Huizhou, the Wuyi Mountains, and Assam, it was during the nineteenth century when falling prices and productivity pressures asserted themselves upon local populations.
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Kindleberger, Charles P. "The Italian City-States". En World Economic Primacy, 54–67. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195099027.003.0004.

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Abstract The Dark Ages in Europe from about 800 A.D. came to an end with the commercial revolution of the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The stimulus came largely from the Crusades to the Middle East, which brought west­ ern Europe into contact with new and different, many of them luxury, goods, brought to the Middle East partly from India and China by sea to the Persian Gulf and Red Sea and the rest of the way by caravan. Venice and Genoa provided the Crusaders with shipping, and grew rich in the process. The two cities fought with Byzantium, with each other over ports of call and the colonies of Cyprus and Crete, and with the Turks after they had cap­ tured Constantinople. Genoa early eliminated Pisa, a port used by Florence, and Amalfi as rivals for the trade. Genoa was also the first to break out of the Mediterranean into the Atlantic and thus to northern Europe in 1278, with Venice following a century later. Slowly, with fighting, Venice and Genoa concentrated their trade, Venice more to the east, Genoa to the west; and in the East Genoa to the north, especially the Black Sea, Venice to the south in Syria and Egypt (Heers, 1964, p. 101). From the east Venice brought mainly spices, silk, and cotton; Genoa brought alum for preparing woolen cloth for dyeing, silk, sugar, raisins, sweet wine, and dyes. From the western Mediterranean, after the fall of Constantinople had cut off the Black Sea, Genoa carried wines, wheat, fruit, and alum from the mines at Tolfa in the papal states to compete with alum from the east. Venetian galleys headed east carried woolens, some timber for shipbuilding until supplies in the upper Adriatic ran low, and especially silver mined in south Germany, the Tyrol, Bohemia, and Hungary.
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Desmond, Ray. "Tea And Opium". En The European Discovery of the Indian Flora, 231–44. Oxford University PressOxford, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198546849.003.0017.

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Abstract Before the end of the nineteenth century, cinchona on many private plantations had been ruthlessly uprooted to make way for tea, one of the most profitable commodities handled by the East India Company. Dutch and English factors in India had soon acquired the tea-drinking habit: they served it at business meetings and on social occasions; with the addition of sugar-candy or lemon it was a cooling drink; mixed with hot spice it was a remedy for ‘headache, gravel and griping in the guts’. Portuguese and Dutch merchants introduced the beverage to Europe-the precise date is unknown but by about 1610 it had reached the Netherlands through Chinese junks trading with Java. Not until 1657 did the first public sale of tea in London take place; it soon became available in the city’s coffee houses and in 1660 Samuel Pepys tentatively sipped his first cup. His wife took it as a cure for ‘her cold and defluxions’. Initially there was some confusion about its culinary use-some households garnished the boiled leaves with butter and salt. The correct recipe for its preparation had been presumably established when the Court of Directors decreed in July 1664 ‘good tea to be provided for the Company’s occasions’.
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Truxes, Thomas M. "Crisis, 1763–1773". En The Overseas Trade of British America, 231–63. Yale University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300159882.003.0007.

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In chapter 6 of The Overseas Trade of British America, postwar recession coincides with London’s attempt to tighten its control over colonial trade. First came the Customs Enforcement Act of 1763, a law that deputized naval officers as customs agents. Prosecutions garnered wide public attention, and Americans pushed back against prize-hungry naval officers, customs officials, and vice-admiralty courts. Clearly, salutary neglect was over. The Sugar Act of 1764 ushered in even stricter enforcement of laws governing trade, and the Stamp Act of 1765 asserted Britain’s authority to tax its American colonies. Americans responded with a campaign of political action and boycott that led to repeal of the Stamp Act. But new duties on paper, paint, lead, glass, and tea in 1767 signaled the determination of Parliament to proceed. In 1770, the renewed threat of boycott resulted in repeal of these “Townsend Duties” — except that on tea. Trade immediately revived. Then in June 1772, Great Britain, Ireland, and the British colonies in America fell victim to a credit crisis whose severity threatened the commercial and financial structure of the empire. Teetering on the edge of collapse was the greatest of Britain’s chartered corporations: the East India Company.
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Beinart, William y Lotte Hughes. "Rubber and the Environment in Malaysia". En Environment and Empire. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199260317.003.0019.

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The rise of the motor car created two very different commodity frontiers in the British Empire, one producing oil and the other rubber. The demand for rubber followed an often-repeated pattern in that it was shaped by scientific invention, technological change, and new patterns of consumption in the industrialized world. It was related directly to the development of new fossil fuels. Coal transformed shipping and overland transport by rail. Oil (Chapter 15) opened new realms for mobility. The invention in 1867 of the internal combustion engine by a German, Nikolaus Otto, and in 1885 of automobiles powered by gasoline-driven engines revolutionized transport, culture, and the South-East Asian environment. During the late nineteenth century, wild natural rubber booms swept through the tropical world, from Brazil to the Congo, leaving in their wake hardship and scandal. In Malaysia, there was a very different outcome—the development of plantations on a new capitalist agrarian frontier. Rubber became one of the single most important commodities produced in the Empire, and was enormously valuable to Britain not only for its own motor industry but also to sell to the United States. Whereas demand for some earlier imperial commodities was largely British, there was also significant consumption of rubber and oil in other parts of the Empire, especially the settler dominions. In the early decades of the twentieth century, rubber plantations, in parallel with expanding sugar production in Queensland, Natal, Trinidad, and Fiji, extended and intensified Britain’s engagement with the tropical zones of the world. Indentured workers replaced slaves as the major plantation workforce. South India was the major labour source for Malaysia, where the ports and tin-mining centres already had substantial Chinese communities. British colonialism in Malaysia left as its legacy a multi-ethnic society. By the 1930s about 55 per cent were indigenous Malays and Orang Asli, 35 per cent of Chinese origin, and close to 10 per cent Indian. Although capital was increasingly mobile by the late nineteenth century, extraction and production of the three major commodities of the twentieth century Empire proved to be highly location specific. Gold and oil were trapped in particular geological formations.
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Panayi, Panikos. "Cheap Labour". En Migrant City, 57–85. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300210972.003.0003.

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This chapter focuses on migrant labourers. Here, millions of humble Londoners from Europe and other parts of the world have formed the backbone, skeleton, and flesh and blood of the city's life. It shows how the concept of cheap labour, associated not only with sugar bakers but, more especially, with Jewish ‘sweaters’, arose especially in clothing, shoe, and hat and cap manufacture in the East End before 1914. Cheap labour offers one explanation for the evolution of the concentrations of ethnic labour because, for example, the sugar bakers actually formed part of a migrant employment network, which brought Germans from Hanover in particular to work in this occupation. These networks have characterized numerous other migrant occupations in the metropolis, from German governesses to Irish builders and West Indian bus drivers.
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