Artículos de revistas: "Early second millennium"

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Watkins, Calvert. "The Golden Bowl: Thoughts on the New Sappho and its Asianic Background". Classical Antiquity 26, n.º 2 (1 de octubre de 2007): 305–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ca.2007.26.2.305.

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Abstract The paper explores the relation between a set of poetic formulas in early Greek and Anatolian languages of the second and early first millennia having to do with the cosmography of the rising sun in macrocosm, and going up into bed in microcosm, with an eye to defending the reading and restoration έέρρωωιι δδέέππαασσ εειισσοομμββάάμμεενν(ααιι) in the editio princeps of the new Sappho. The Luvian word for ““sky, heaven,”” represented as a bowl in Hieroglyphic, is the likeliest source of the Greek word depas, Mycenean dipas, in the second millennium, together with the associative semantics of depas and ““heaven”” evidenced in Hittite and Luvian texts in the second millennium, and in early Greek poetry in the first.

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2

Arnason, Johann. "Parallels and Divergences: Perspectives On the Early Second Millennium". Medieval Encounters 10, n.º 1-3 (2004): 13–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570067043077887.

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3

Scott, Ashley, Robert C. Power, Victoria Altmann-Wendling, Michal Artzy, Mario A. S. Martin, Stefanie Eisenmann, Richard Hagan et al. "Exotic foods reveal contact between South Asia and the Near East during the second millennium BCE". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, n.º 2 (21 de diciembre de 2020): e2014956117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2014956117.

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Although the key role of long-distance trade in the transformation of cuisines worldwide has been well-documented since at least the Roman era, the prehistory of the Eurasian food trade is less visible. In order to shed light on the transformation of Eastern Mediterranean cuisines during the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, we analyzed microremains and proteins preserved in the dental calculus of individuals who lived during the second millennium BCE in the Southern Levant. Our results provide clear evidence for the consumption of expected staple foods, such as cereals (Triticeae), sesame (Sesamum), and dates (Phoenix). We additionally report evidence for the consumption of soybean (Glycine), probable banana (Musa), and turmeric (Curcuma), which pushes back the earliest evidence of these foods in the Mediterranean by centuries (turmeric) or even millennia (soybean). We find that, from the early second millennium onwards, at least some people in the Eastern Mediterranean had access to food from distant locations, including South Asia, and such goods were likely consumed as oils, dried fruits, and spices. These insights force us to rethink the complexity and intensity of Indo-Mediterranean trade during the Bronze Age as well as the degree of globalization in early Eastern Mediterranean cuisine.

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4

KENNET, DEREK y CHRISTIAN VELDE. "Third and early second-millennium occupation at Nud Ziba, Khatt (U.A.E.)". Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 6, n.º 2 (mayo de 1995): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0471.1995.tb00078.x.

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Abdi, Kamyar y Gary Beckman. "An Early Second-Millennium Cuneiform Archive from Chogha Gavaneh, Western Iran". Journal of Cuneiform Studies 59, n.º 1 (enero de 2007): 39–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jcs40024318.

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6

Özgen, Engin. "A Group of Terracotta Wagon Models from Southeastern Anatolia". Anatolian Studies 36 (diciembre de 1986): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642833.

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Four-wheeled wagons, which can be considered as one of the major breakthroughs of man's technological evolution and range over a considerable period of time, seem to appear as pictographic signs on inscribed clay tablets from Uruk in southern Mesopotamia during the fourth millennium B.C. These simple vehicles which are depicted with a roofed superstructure were probably drawn by a pair of bovids the existence of which is attested in the ancient Near East both by literary sources and osteologically. The evidence for four-wheeled wagons, this time without a roof, becomes extensive in the following millennium as represented on the “Standard of Ur”, the “Vulture Stele”, specimens of vase painting, sealing and seals, terracotta and metal wagon models and actual wagon remains. In the beginning of the third millennium B.C. they are depicted in military contexts, hence the name “battle cars”, whereas there is no evidence for a similar use towards the end of the period and following millennia. It seems that they were relegated to cult use in the later third millennium B.C. and continued to the early second millennium B.C.

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7

Yalçın, Ünsal. "Early iron metallurgy in Anatolia". Anatolian Studies 49 (diciembre de 1999): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3643073.

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The beginning of the Iron Age is generally dated to the last quarter of the second millennium BC in Anatolia and the Near East. The development of iron metallurgy allowed many tools and weapons to be produced in this period. The earliest iron finds, which are not more than a dozen, occur in the third millennium BC in Anatolia (Waldbaum 1980 discusses these early finds). Considering that pure iron occurs rarely in nature, the most important question is: what were these objects made of? Preliminary analyses of a few Bronze Age finds show that some of them contain nickel. Because of this it is generally accepted and frequently cited that these finds were made of meteoric iron.

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8

Milevski, Ianir, Marcin Czarnowicz, Dmitry Yegorov, Jacek Karmowski, Marcin Gamrat, Eli Cohen-Sasson y Yuval Yekutieli. "New excavations at Tel Erani: the Early Bronze Age I fortification walls and early urbanisation in the Southern Levant". Antiquity 96, n.º 385 (1 de diciembre de 2021): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2021.171.

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Fortification walls and other buildings discovered during renewed excavations at Tel Erani (Tell esh-Sheikh el-Areyni) shed new light on the beginnings of urbanisation in the Southern Levant during the second half of the fourth millennium BC.

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9

Weinstein, James M. "The Chronology of Palestine in the Early Second Millennium B. C. E." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 288 (noviembre de 1992): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1357229.

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10

Stahl, Ann B. y Peter W. Stahl. "Ivory production & consumption in Ghana in the early second millennium AD". Antiquity 78, n.º 299 (marzo de 2004): 86–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00092954.

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In the eighteenth to nineteenth century West Africa was the scene of the infamous Atlantic trade in ivory and slaves. The authors' researches show a different situation in the fourteenth to seventeenth centuries, when the people of Ghana were engaged in the indigenous procurement, manufacture and trade in ivory with neighbours across the Sahara

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11

McDonald, John. "Domesday Economy: Analysis of the English Economy Early in the Second Millennium". National Institute Economic Review 172 (abril de 2000): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795010017200110.

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The Domesday Survey of 1086 provides high quality and detailed information on the outputs, inputs and tax assessments of most English manors. These data can be used to reconstruct the eleventh century Domesday economy. This article describes the Survey, the contemporary institutional arrangements, and the main features of Domesday agricultural production. It shows how frontier methods can be used to assess the efficiency of production and the impact of the feudal and manorial systems on input productivities and production output. The frontier analysis suggests that the average efficiency level of Domesday estates relative to the best practice of the time was similar to, or more favourable than, that of production units in more modern primary industry. Also, input rigidities induced by feudalism and manorialism resulted in widely differing input productivities across estates, and a very significant reduction in overall output.

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12

Barclay, Gordon J. "The cultivation remains beneath the North Mains, Strathallan barrow". Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 119 (30 de noviembre de 1990): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/psas.119.59.61.

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13

Kurtik, Gennady E. "muluz3, mul dGula, and the Early History of Mesopotamian Constellations". Journal for the History of Astronomy 50, n.º 3 (agosto de 2019): 339–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021828619853676.

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This article is devoted to cuneiform sources shedding light on history of Mesopotamian constellations muluz3 (“The Goat”) located in the area of modern Lyra, mul d Gula, a goddess connected with muluz3, and mulur.gi7 (“The Dog”) located in Hercules. In the eyes of ancient Mesopotamians, these constellations were bound by complex relationships that were changing in course of time. Gula was the goddess of the Goat constellation, and the Dog was a sacred animal of Gula. In the Neo-Assyrian period, Gula’s anthropomorphic image was considered to be a figure of the constellation muluz3, while figures of other constellations with animal names always corresponded to their names. It is shown in the article that originally (at the end of the third and the beginning of the second millennium b.c.) there were only two constellations (muluz3 and mulur.gi7) out of three mentioned above singled out in the Mesopotamian sky. The goddess Gula became associated with the constellation muluz3 only in the second half of the second millennium b.c.

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14

Özdoğan, Eylem. "Diversity and homogeneity among the early farming communities of Western Anatolia". Documenta Praehistorica 43 (30 de diciembre de 2016): 265–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.43.13.

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Our knowledge of the Neolithisation of Western Anatolia has increased considerably in recent years. Being located beyond, but on the border of the formative zone of Neolithisation, the region has acted as a buffer in the dispersal of the Neolithic way of life farther to the west. Recent research in Western Anatolia has shown that Neolithic sites appeared in the second quarter of the 7th millennium BC and had become widespread by the second half of the same millennium. There is now adequate data available on both the distribution of sites and the material culture in some subregions. In this context, this article will focus not on the Neolithisation process, but on the characteristic features of the sub-regions and the interaction between them.

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15

Spengler, Robert, Michael Frachetti, Paula Doumani, Lynne Rouse, Barbara Cerasetti, Elissa Bullion y Alexei Mar'yashev. "Early agriculture and crop transmission among Bronze Age mobile pastoralists of Central Eurasia". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, n.º 1783 (22 de mayo de 2014): 20133382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3382.

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Archaeological research in Central Eurasia is exposing unprecedented scales of trans-regional interaction and technology transfer between East Asia and southwest Asia deep into the prehistoric past. This article presents a new archaeobotanical analysis from pastoralist campsites in the mountain and desert regions of Central Eurasia that documents the oldest known evidence for domesticated grains and farming among seasonally mobile herders. Carbonized grains from the sites of Tasbas and Begash illustrate the first transmission of southwest Asian and East Asian domesticated grains into the mountains of Inner Asia in the early third millennium BC. By the middle second millennium BC, seasonal camps in the mountains and deserts illustrate that Eurasian herders incorporated the cultivation of millet, wheat, barley and legumes into their subsistence strategy. These findings push back the chronology for domesticated plant use among Central Eurasian pastoralists by approximately 2000 years. Given the geography, chronology and seed morphology of these data, we argue that mobile pastoralists were key agents in the spread of crop repertoires and the transformation of agricultural economies across Asia from the third to the second millennium BC.

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16

Borodovsky, A. P. "Handles of Early Iron Age Cauldrons from Southwestern Siberia". Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 49, n.º 4 (4 de enero de 2022): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2021.49.4.037-042.

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Handles of Early Iron Age bronze cauldrons from southwestern Siberia are described with reference to their ritual meaning. Typological features, such as knobs, arcuate, or square shape, are relevant for dating. Two chronological groups are established: the Tagar (second half of the 1st millennium BC) and Xiongnu-Xianbei (late 1st millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD). The interpretation of handles depends on the context. At settlements (Turunovka-4) and in certain hoards (First Dzhirim) of the Late Bronze Age, they can belong to foundry scrap. However, handles occur in long-term ritual sites such as Aidashenskaya Cave, suggesting a different interpretation. Indeed, at Eastern European forest-steppe sites of the Xiongnu era, handles of cauldrons had been intentionally buried, most often near water sources, where the summer camps of nomadic herders were situated. A similar situation is observed in southwestern Siberia, from the Baraba forest-steppe to the Middle Yenisei valley.

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17

Simmons, Alan H. "New Evidence for the Early Use of Cultigens in the American Southwest". American Antiquity 51, n.º 1 (enero de 1986): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/280395.

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Recent excavations near Chaco Canyon in northwestern New Mexico have yielded evidence for the use of cultigens by the early second millennium B.C. and continuing into the first millennium B.C. This information comes from four sites, all of which have been radiocarbon dated. The evidence for the oldest use of a cultigen, maize, is in the form of pollen; however, macrobotanical specimens of maize or squash were also recovered from sites dating to the Late Archaic. These data are summarized, as are their significance and implications.

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18

HESS, RICHARD S. "Personal Names in the Hebrew Bible with Second-Millennium B.C. Antecedents". Bulletin for Biblical Research 25, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2015): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/26371608.

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Abstract Recent studies in the phonemic representations of ancient Near Eastern languages in cuneiform and Hebrew, as well as the growing inventory of these names, have resulted in the need to revisit claims for and against the presence of personal names and name elements of the second millennium B.C. as thought to occur in Biblical Hebrew sources. Using the non-Israelite personal names in the biblical book book of Joshua as a test case, I will argue that some names previously thought to be attested no later than the second millennium now can be found in first-millennium sources as well. On the other hand, new evidence will also confirm that several personal names remain unattested in later sources but demonstrate more widespread appearance in the second-millennium B.C. sources than earlier evidence had formerly suggested. This study will make use of recent publications of Hurrian and Anatolian texts and names, as well as research on the phonemic representation of these languages in a West Semitic script such as Hebrew, which is not commonly used for the language. Conclusions regarding names and their sources provide important evidence (1) for dating onomastic sources in the earliest traditions that may lie behind the biblical text, and (2) for evidence of the presence of north Syrian cultural influence in the southern Levant during the Early Iron Age.

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19

Aykurt, Ayşegül y Hayat Erkanal. "Archaeological Evidence for an Early Second Millennium BC Potter’s Kiln at Liman Tepe". Belleten 80, n.º 287 (1 de abril de 2016): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2016.1.

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This article will focus on a pottery kiln which is dated to the transition phase between the Early Bronze Age and the Middle Bronze Age in Liman Tepe. The kiln is not only important in terms of being one of the earliest examples on the Western Anatolian coast, but also for the local pottery sherds amongst its debris. They demonstrate the continuation of relationships with Central Anatolian cultures which began in the early periods. Very few centers in Western Anatolia have levels from the Early Bronze to Middle Bronze Age phase. This transition phase is being investigated in a comprehensive manner at Liman Tepe and this will provide an important contribution to understanding the region's chronology.

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20

Abikusno, Nugroho. "Ageing, longevity and fitness: towards new paradigms in healthy ageing". Universa Medicina 37, n.º 3 (23 de octubre de 2018): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.18051/univmed.2018.v37.165-166.

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<p>We have nearly reached the end of the second decade of the Millennium. Within 5 years we hope the Third Ageing Summit will be held to discuss lessons learned and future directions in the field of Ageing and Longevity. <strong>1)</strong> I mention the word Longevity since many countries especially in the Asia Pacific region, the second Hub of Ageing after the Western world countries, have experienced this phenomenon since the early years of this Millennium.</p>

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21

Goosse, H., O. Arzel, J. Luterbacher, M. E. Mann, H. Renssen, N. Riedwyl, A. Timmermann, E. Xoplaki y H. Wanner. "The origin of the European "Medieval Warm Period"". Climate of the Past 2, n.º 2 (19 de septiembre de 2006): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-2-99-2006.

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Abstract. Proxy records and results of a three dimensional climate model show that European summer temperatures roughly a millennium ago were comparable to those of the last 25 years of the 20th century, supporting the existence of a summer "Medieval Warm Period" in Europe. Those two relatively mild periods were separated by a rather cold era, often referred to as the "Little Ice Age". Our modelling results suggest that the warm summer conditions during the early second millennium compared to the climate background state of the 13th–18th century are due to a large extent to the long term cooling induced by changes in land-use in Europe. During the last 200 years, the effect of increasing greenhouse gas concentrations, which was partly levelled off by that of sulphate aerosols, has dominated the climate history over Europe in summer. This induces a clear warming during the last 200 years, allowing summer temperature during the last 25 years to reach back the values simulated for the early second millennium. Volcanic and solar forcing plays a weaker role in this comparison between the last 25 years of the 20th century and the early second millennium. Our hypothesis appears consistent with proxy records but modelling results have to be weighted against the existing uncertainties in the external forcing factors, in particular related to land-use changes, and against the uncertainty of the regional climate sensitivity. Evidence for winter is more equivocal than for summer. The forced response in the model displays a clear temperature maximum at the end of the 20th century. However, the uncertainties are too large to state that this period is the warmest of the past millennium in Europe during winter.

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22

D'Andrea, A. C., S. Kahlheber, A. L. Logan y D. J. Watson. "Early domesticated cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) from Central Ghana". Antiquity 81, n.º 313 (1 de septiembre de 2007): 686–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00095661.

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From examining the remains of charred cowpeas from rock shelters in Central Ghana, the authors throw light on the subsistence strategies of the Kintampo people of the second millennium BCE. Perhaps driven southwards from the Sahel by aridification, the Kintampo operated as both foragers and farmers, cultivating selected plants of the West African tropics, notably cowpea, pearl millet and oil palm.

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23

Kiraz, George A. "Learning Syriac and Garshuni in Early Modern Egypt". Intellectual History of the Islamicate World 9, n.º 1-2 (20 de julio de 2020): 62–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2212943x-20201006.

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Abstract The fragments published here consist of a pupil’s exercise sheets. The contents are alphabet exercises as well as repetitive phrases from hymnals. As such, the material sheds light on the pedagogical environment of the Syriac settlement in Early Modern Egypt and helps us connect the received liturgical tradition of the Syriac Orthodox Church with the middle of the second millennium.

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24

Breunig, Peter, Gabriele Franke y Michael Nüsse. "Early sculptural traditions in West Africa: new evidence from the Chad Basin of north-eastern Nigeria". Antiquity 82, n.º 316 (1 de junio de 2008): 423–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00096915.

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Thanks to a number of well-stratified sequences, the authors can offer a new history of clay image-making in West Africa. From the first known human occupation in the second millennium BC, the shaped clay figurines remain remarkably conservative, suggesting their use as offerings, toys or in games or some role rooted in domestic everyday life. Only in the late first millennium BC and in one area (Walasa) does a more formal art emerge in north-eastern Nigeria, a development contemporary with the famous Nok culture further south.

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25

Surkov, Aleksey Vladimirovich. "Middle-Don Neolithic culture: problems of selection, chronology and periodization". Samara Journal of Science 8, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2019): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201982221.

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The paper deals with the main results of the Middle-Don Neolithic culture study. The contribution of A.T. Sinyuk is noted. The paper also contains some evolution of his views on the content of the early stage of the culture. So, the first periodization, done in 1971 as a result of Universitetskaya III site study, was then adjusted, especially after the excavations of Monastyrskaya I site. The culture chronology according to modern concepts fits into the IV-V millennium BC. The origin of the Middle-Don culture is debatable. New absolute dating allows us to consider the early stage in the first half of the VI - third quarter of the VI millennium BC and associate it with the first monuments with stroke ceramics and plate stone inventory. The author notes that there was an interaction of the Middle Don population with the Karamyshevsky population at the early stage. During the last quarter of the VI - first quarter of V millennium BC stroke-ornamented-comb ware spread, ornament completely filled the outer surface of the vessels. Late stage - second quarter V - end V millennium BC, the syncretic types were formed. Vestigial stage - the beginning of IV millennium BC, there was an end of Middle-Don traditions, they were rare in the Rybnoozersky type of ceramics.

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26

Hales, Scott. "“This Earth Was Once a Garden Place”: Millennial Utopianism in Nineteenth-Century Mormon Poetry". Religion and the Arts 17, n.º 4 (2013): 381–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685292-12341285.

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Abstract In preparation for Christ’s Second Coming, nineteenth-century Mormons worked tirelessly to build Zion, a holy city where they could weather the latter-days and plan for the Millennium. Among those who contributed their talents to Zion were poets who set their millennial longing in verse. Their body of work shows how early Mormons drew upon the Bible, new Mormon doctrines, and existing poetic forms to create a literary complement to the developing Mormon eschatology. It also shows how the Mormon concept of Zion evolved over time as historical circumstances necessitated doctrinal adaptations that affected the way Mormons envisioned their earthly haven.

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Parker, Bradley J. y Lynn Swartz Dodd. "The early second millennium ceramic assemblage from Kenan Tepe, southeastern Turkey. A preliminary assessment". Anatolian Studies 53 (diciembre de 2003): 33–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3643086.

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AbstractIn the initial survey of the upper Tigris river valley the authors of the survey report concluded that ‘either this portion of the Tigris basin was bypassed entirely by Middle Bronze Age development attested to elsewhere or, more likely, it is characterised by a thus far unreported and unrecognised assemblage’ (Algaze et al. 1991: 183). Recent research by members of the Upper Tigris Archaeological Research Project (UTARP) at the site of Kenan Tepe confirms the latter hypothesis, that the early second millennium in this area is marked by a regionally distinct material culture assemblage that is influenced by ceramic traditions in upper Mesopotamia and other material culture traditions in Anatolia. This article outlines our initial assessment of these data including an analysis of the ceramic corpus, architecture, archaeobotany, small finds and carbon-14, and places these data in a regional context. We conclude by speculating that the inhabitants of Kenan Tepe may have participated in interaction spheres that linked the upper Tigris river region to greater Mesopotamia and Anatolia.

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GLOVER, EMILY. "Molluscan evidence for diet and environment at Saar in the early second millennium BC". Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 6, n.º 3 (agosto de 1995): 157–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aae.1995.6.3.157.

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Lin, Minghao, Fengshi Luan, Hui Fang, Hong Xu, Haitao Zhao y Graeme Barker. "Pathological evidence reveals cattle traction in North China by the early second millennium BC". Holocene 28, n.º 8 (23 de abril de 2018): 1205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618771483.

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The use of cattle labour in antiquity is a worldwide well-discussed topic among researchers as it can shed light on the possible development trajectories of our communities over the past several millennia. Zooarchaeology can play a vital role in illuminating the history of cattle traction through observed pathologies on cattle bones linked to traction activity. Systemic zooarchaeological investigation is still underdeveloped in China, one of the likely early beneficiaries of animal labour exploitation in the world. Here, we apply the pathological index (PI) method, first developed by Bartosiewicz et al. on European assemblages, to Chinese Bronze Age cattle bones. Our results first confirm the wide applicability of the PI method with the involvement of Chinese control samples, which holds the potential to be applied as an effective tool in a larger geographical region. Our results also confirm the importance of cattle traction for the Late Shang states ( c. 1300–1046 BC) as previously proposed on the basis of disputed interpretations of oracle bone inscriptions as showing cattle ploughing, but also show that light cattle traction practices likely developed in China in the Bronze Age Erlitou ( c. 1750–1530 BC) and Early Shang ( c. 1600–1300 BC) periods. Cattle traction use in the Chinese Bronze Age may have facilitated the introduction and subsequent cultivation in China of wheat, an exotic cereal.

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30

Kelly, Yvonne, Afshin Zilanawala, Amanda Sacker, Robert Hiatt y Russell Viner. "Early puberty in 11-year-old girls: Millennium Cohort Study findings". Archives of Disease in Childhood 102, n.º 3 (26 de septiembre de 2016): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2016-310475.

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ObjectiveEarly puberty in girls is linked to some adverse outcomes in adolescence and mid-life. We address two research questions: (1) Are socioeconomic circumstances and ethnicity associated with early onset puberty? (2) Are adiposity and/or psychosocial stress associated with observed associations?DesignLongitudinal data on 5839 girls from the UK Millennium Cohort Study were used to estimate associations between ethnicity, family income, adiposity and psychosocial stress with a marker of puberty.Main outcome measureReported menstruation at age 11 years.ResultsAll quoted ORs are statistically significant. Girls in the poorest income quintile were twice as likely (OR=2.1), and the second poorest quintile nearly twice as likely (OR=1.9) to have begun menstruation compared with girls in the richest income quintile. Estimates were roughly halved on adjustment for Body Mass Index and markers of psychosocial stress (poorest, OR=1.5; second poorest, OR=1.5). Indian girls were over 3 times as likely compared with whites to have started menstruation (OR=3.5) and statistical adjustments did not attenuate estimates. The raised odds of menstruation for Pakistani (OR=1.9), Bangladeshi (OR=3.3) and black African (OR=3.0) girls were attenuated to varying extents, from about a third to a half, on adjustment for income and adiposity.ConclusionsIn contemporary UK, excess adiposity and psychosocial stress were associated with social inequalities in early puberty, while material disadvantage and adiposity were linked to ethnic inequalities in early puberty among girls.

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Henderson, Jon C., Mark W. Holley y Michael J. Stratigos. "Iron Age construction and Early Medieval reuse of crannogs in Loch Awe, Argyll". Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 150 (30 de noviembre de 2021): 435–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/psas.150.1323.

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Despite its influence on Scottish crannog studies, absolute dating evidence for activity on the crannogs of Loch Awe has been lacking. This paper presents previously unpublished radiocarbon dates from six crannogs in the loch. Of these, five sites have provided dates within the 1st millennium BC, confirming the existence of Iron Age crannogs in the loch – four of which may have been occupied contemporaneously. The dates fit in to the now widely appreciated pattern of occupation in the 1st millennium BC and later reuse in the 1st millennium AD. Using Bayesian statistical analysis, dating of the early medieval phase at Ederline Boathouse crannog was improved, with modelling suggesting occupation could have been limited to just a few decades of the second half of the 6th century AD. No evidence for activity after AD 900 was recovered, though the current number of samples analysed is small and high medieval activity is well attested on a number of islets on the loch through historical references and surviving structural remains. This broad chronological pattern is discussed and ide-as that promise avenues for future research in light of new, high-precision, chronological techniques are highlighted.

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Pollard, Edward y Elgidius B. Ichumbaki. "Why Land Here? Ports and Harbors in Southeast Tanzania in the Early Second Millennium AD". Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 12, n.º 4 (3 de septiembre de 2016): 459–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15564894.2016.1218395.

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33

Nowak, Marek. "The first vs. second stage of neolithisation in Polish territories (to say nothing of the third?)". Documenta Praehistorica 46 (6 de diciembre de 2019): 102–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.46-7.

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The origins of the Neolithic in Polish territories are associated with migrations of groups of the Linear Band Pottery culture (LBK) after the mid-6th millennium BC. Communities of this culture only settled in enclaves distinguished by ecological conditions favourable to farming (‘LBK neolithisation’). This situation persisted into the 5th millennium BC, when these enclaves were inhabited by post-Linear groups. This state of affairs changed from c. 4000 BC onwards due to the formation and spectacular territorial expansion of the Funnel Beaker culture (TRB). In the territories under consideration this expansion covered the areas previously inhabited by both hunter-gatherers (‘TRB neolithisation’) and farmers. Some of the Late Mesolithic hunter-gatherers did not accept TRB patterns. They successfully carried on their traditional lifestyle until the Early Bronze Age although some changes in their material culture are visible (including ‘ceramisation’).

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34

Nowak, Marek. "The first vs. second stage of neolithisation in Polish territories (to say nothing of the third?)". Documenta Praehistorica 46 (6 de diciembre de 2019): 102–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.46.7.

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The origins of the Neolithic in Polish territories are associated with migrations of groups of the Linear Band Pottery culture (LBK) after the mid-6th millennium BC. Communities of this culture only settled in enclaves distinguished by ecological conditions favourable to farming (‘LBK neolithisation’). This situation persisted into the 5th millennium BC, when these enclaves were inhabited by post-Linear groups. This state of affairs changed from c. 4000 BC onwards due to the formation and spectacular territorial expansion of the Funnel Beaker culture (TRB). In the territories under consideration this expansion covered the areas previously inhabited by both hunter-gatherers (‘TRB neolithisation’) and farmers. Some of the Late Mesolithic hunter-gatherers did not accept TRB patterns. They successfully carried on their traditional lifestyle until the Early Bronze Age although some changes in their material culture are visible (including ‘ceramisation’).

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35

Miyake, Marc. "Studies in Pyu phonology, I". Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學 22, n.º 1 (16 de diciembre de 2020): 28–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lali.00077.miy.

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Abstract The extinct Pyu language was spoken during the first millennium CE and the early centuries of the second millennium CE in what is now Upper Burma. It has been classified as Sino-Tibetan on the basis of basic vocabulary, but its precise position within the family remains unknown. It survives in inscriptions in an Indic script. In this study, the first of its kind, I begin to reconstruct Pyu phonology on the basis of spellings in those inscriptions. I propose that Pyu was a sesquisyllabic language with 7 preinitials and 43 or 44 initials.

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36

Papadakou, Trisevgeni, Kostas Kotsakis y Dushka Urem-Kotsou. "Distribution of Organic-Tempered Pottery in Southeast Europe and the Near East: A Complex Picture. The Case of Northern Greece". Open Archaeology 7, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2021): 1425–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0197.

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Abstract Organic-tempered pottery is considered characteristic for the early pottery assemblages in most parts of Southwest Asia and Southeast Europe. The aim of the present paper is to explore: (a) the chronological consistency of this practice, i.e. is it always related to the early assemblages and how intensively was it employed by the various communities? and (b) is its use related to vessel type, surface treatment etc. and how does this change in time and space? In order to address these questions we explore the distribution patterns of this practice in this large geographical area, based on published information, since the appearance of pottery in the Near East until the early sixth millennium in Southeast Europe. Moreover, in the case of the Early Neolithic in Greece, new data is presented on the appearance and distribution of organic-tempered pottery within the assemblages of six newly studied sites in northern Greece, spanning the second half of the seventh millennium BC and the beginning of the sixth millennium BC. The emerging picture indicates that the cultural practice of organic tempering was available in all of this area for almost a millennium, although the significations may have not remained unaltered, and variably embraced by the various Neolithic communities. As such, this study offers insights into the complex process of neolithisation, and at the same time contextualizes the appearance of organic-tempering in northern Greece, which includes some of the earliest Neolithic sites in Europe.

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Mazurkevich, Andrey N., Ekaterina V. Dolbunova, Aleksandr L. Aleksandrovsky, Jorg W. E. Fassbinder, Mikhail V. Sablin y Ivan G. Shirobokov. "Preliminary results of an investigation of a single Barrow near the village of Serteya (Smolensk region)". Światowit 57 (17 de diciembre de 2019): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6793.

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A single burial mound is located on the right bank of the Serteyka River (north-western Russia). It was discovered by E.A. Schmidt in 1951 and is attributed to the Old Russian Period. New researches on the burial mound conducted in 2013 and 2014 have uncovered several diachronic constructions. The first stage was connected to a flint knapping site, which was located on a natural ele- vation. It can be attributed to the 6th millennium BC on the basis of the Early Neolithic pottery fragments found nearby. The next period is dated to the second half of the 3rd millennium BC, when a ritual platform was created. Moreover, on another mound, a ditch was created, which can be attributed to the Long Barrow Culture due to a ceramic fragment found there. Samples from burnt bones and charcoal indicate that the first and second stages of this construction could be dated to between the middle and the second half of the 3rd millennium BC – the late stage of the Zhizhitskaya Culture of pile-dwellers and the initial stage of the Uzmenskaya Culture. Animal bones were cremated along with bronze items, as evidenced by the patina visible on the surface of the bones. Such a rite has been recorded for the first time. Furthermore, a ritual fire-place was set on a flat platform, and additional fireplaces were situated on the slope of the burial mound. This complex, which can be interpreted as a site of worship from the Late Neolithic through the Early Bronze Age, existed for a long period of time. Nowadays, it is difficult to find analogies to such ritual complexes from the 3rd millennium BC from the territory of Poland and the Upper Dnepr region; only the kurgans and burial mounds of the Corded Ware Culture dating to the 3rd millennium BC are known. It might also be supposed that some of the sites with such a sepulchral rite, usually attributed to the Long Barrows Culture, could also be ritual sites – this, however, would require further research.

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Blau, Joshua. "A Melkite Arabic literary lingua franca from the second half of the first millennium". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 57, n.º 1 (febrero de 1994): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00028068.

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After the Islamic conquest, the Greek Orthodox, so-called Melkite ( = Royalist), church fairly early adopted Arabic as its literary language. Their intellectual centres in Syria/Palestine were Jerusalem, along with the monaster ies of Mar Sabas and Mar Chariton in Judea, Edessa and Damascus. A great many Arabic manuscripts stemming from the first millennium, some of them dated, copied at the monastery of Mar Chariton and especially at that of Mar Saba, have been discovered in the monastery of St. Catherine on Mount Sinai, the only monastery that has not been pillaged and set on fire by the bedouin. These manuscripts are of great importance for the history of the Arabic language. Because Christians were less devoted to the ideal of the ‘arabiyya than their Muslim contemporaries, their writings contain a great many devi ations from classical Arabic, thus enabling us to reconstruct early Neo-Arabic, the predecessor of the modern Arabic dialects, and bridge a gap of over one thousand years in the history of the Arabic language.

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Forgia, Vincenza, Robert H. Tykot, Andrea Vianello y Elena Natali. "Obsidian from the Neolithic Layers of “Grotta di San Michele Arcangelo di Saracena” (Cosenza), Italy. A Preliminary Report". Open Archaeology 7, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2021): 615–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0151.

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Abstract The paper presents the results obtained by techno-typological analysis of a lithic assemblage from the Neolithic layers of Grotta San Michele Arcangelo di Saracena (Cosenza) together with the results of micro-wear analysis obtained from a preliminary selection of obsidian artifacts with different provenances distinguished by pXRF analysis. The site provides one of the best preserved Neolithic sequences in the area, from the earliest Impressed Wares (or Impresse Arcaiche) (early sixth millennium BC) to the Spatarella pottery style (end fifth – early fourth millennium BC). Along the Neolithic sequence, it is possible to observe some major changes within lithic resources management. In particular, it is possible to notice some techno-typological breakages between the Early Neolithic and the further stages, until the second phase of the Late Neolithic, when another rupture, corresponding to the Spatarella facies, is evident.

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40

Philip, G., A. Abbu, N. Hannoun, S. Rumeidh y B. Suleiman. "New light on North Mesopotamia in the earlier second millennium B.C.: metalwork from the Hamrin". Iraq 57 (1995): 119–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002108890000303x.

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It is typical of Mesopotamian studies that periods well supplied with documentary evidence are frequently those for which archaeological evidence is least reliable. Such is the case with the earlier part of the second millennium B.C. (Porada et al. 1992: p. 119). While the situation has improved somewhat as a result of several recent publications (Gasche 1989; Hill et al. 1989; Kepinski-Lecomte 1992), many gaps remain. The paucity of reliable data from Mesopotamia has certainly hindered attempts to understand relationships between that area and the often better documented material cultures of neighbouring regions.The present report represents an attempt to tackle one aspect of these problems by presenting a group of metal weapons of secure north Mesopotamian provenance, which can be reliably dated to the early second millennium B.C., the Old Babylonian period in particular. The material presented here is the first substantial assemblage of Mesopotamian weapons of this date to be published.

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Ray, Himanshu Prabha. "Early Maritime Contacts Between South and Southeast Asia". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 20, n.º 1 (marzo de 1989): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400019834.

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An analysis of the archaeological data available in recent years indicates the development of local maritime networks both in peninsular Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent by the middle of the first millennium B.C. By the second-first centuries B.C. these networks formed a part of the larger regional sailing circuit in the Bay of Bengal. Tangible indicators of this are carnelian and glass beads and bronze bowls with a high tin content. A demarcation of these networks is essential, before questions like the organization of trade or the channels through which religious ideology spread, can be explained.

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42

Miyake, Marc. "Studies in Pyu Phonology, ii: Rhymes". Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics 11, n.º 1-2 (20 de noviembre de 2018): 34–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405478x-01101008.

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The extinct Pyu language was spoken during the first millennium CE and the early centuries of the second millennium CE in what is now Upper Burma. Pyu appears to be Sino-Tibetan on the basis of its basic vocabulary. It survives in inscriptions in an Indic script. This study reconstructs Pyu rhymes on the basis of spellings in those inscriptions and concludes that Pyu was an atonal language with 7 vowels and 18 final consonants. Some previous scholars have interpreted the subscript dots of the Pyu script as tone markers, but this study argues that they indicate fricative initials.

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43

Khrustaleva, Irina Yurjevna. "Buildings of the late settlement stage site Serteya XIV: cultural attribution and possibilities of graphic reconstruction". Samara Journal of Science 6, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2017): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201763210.

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The lake settlement Serteya XIV (Velizhskiy district, Smolensk region, Russia), studied during the 1990s - the beginning of 21st century, was found to contain several different habitation horizons with finds and building remains dating from the Mesolithic to the Final Neolithic or Chalcolithic (9 - the 1st half of 2 Millennia cal. BC). Cultural layers of the settlement lie both within sandy coastal sediments and peaty part of the lake basin. The dwellings remains from the later stages of habitation are discussed in this paper. These include two buildings located on the sandy shore terrace and one in the peaty part of the site. During the excavations and initial find analysis these buildings were connected with the Middle and Late Neolithic. These conclusions were revised after the subsequent analyses of ceramic material and spatial distribution of different ceramic groups and other objects at the settlement, as well as obtaining a series of radiocarbon dating. The earliest of the dwellings was determined to belong to the Early Neolithic, to the final stage of Serteyskaya or the beginning stage of Rudnyanskaya archaeological culture (the 4th quarter of 6 Millennium cal. BC). Two different chronological phases were detected in the remains of the second building: the first one connected with the final stage of Rudnyanskaya archaeological culture (the end of 6 Millennium cal. BC), the second one with Usvyatskaya archaeological culture (the late 5-4 Millennia cal. BC). The third construction originally associated with Rudnyanskaya culture was confirmed to belong to the Final Neolithic/Chalcolithic (the 1st half of 2 Millennium cal. BC). Its date and cultural attribution have not been determined more precisely yet. The second important question of the present research concerns the possibilities to make graphic reconstruction of Stone Age buildings. As the cultural layers of most sites in the studied region are laid in sandy deposits, which do not preserve any organic materials or details of the buildings, all reconstructions have tentative character. Therefore, the building found in the peaty part of Serteya XIV is of great importance due to the preserved details of wooden construction. These materials provide additional information about the used tree species and the ways they were utilized in building activities.

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Allan, Sarah. "Erlitou and the Formation of Chinese Civilization: Toward a New Paradigm". Journal of Asian Studies 66, n.º 2 (26 de abril de 2007): 461–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002191180700054x.

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This paper offers an alternative paradigm to dynastic history and state formation with which to understand the formation of Chinese civilization: cultural hegemony. It argues that an elite culture first crystallized in the early second millennium BCE at Yanshi Erlitou in Henan Province in which bronze was associated with a set of religious practices centered on ancestral offerings. It established a cultural hegemony over the Chinese continental region by the middle of the millennium (early Shang Dynasty). Archaeologically, its primary markers are bronze vessels with a common set of motifs and ritual forms. Although cultural diversity and local political authority remained, it was unlike the previous Neolithic cultures because it had no challenger in range or influence. Moreover, it anticipated the later common elite culture, which in Confucius's time was defined in terms of shared rites. Thus, we may legitimately call it an early stage of “Chinese civilization.”

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Barreyra Fracaroli, Diego. "About the mātum in Early Second Millennium Middle Euphrates Region. The Royal Inscriptions of Yahdun-Lîm". Claroscuro. Revista del Centro de Estudios sobre Diversidad Cultural, n.º 18 (30 de diciembre de 2019): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35305/cl.vi18.56.

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The Mari archives show the conspicuous presence of social groups committed to a mobile way of life in early second millennium Syria, but these never constituted an element foreign to settled farmers in the river valleys. If taken as different populations, one should recognize anyways that they were only ideal vectors that came from the same social milieu. In tune with this overall view of landscape, modern scholarship no longer assigns tribal characteristics exclusively to mobile groups, but instead understands a tribal socio political mode as a manner of resolving tensions in societies with signi cant mobile pastoralist components. Hence, apparently different social groups belonged to the same political entities and owed allegiance to the same authorities. The question now arises as to whether distinct cultural identities springing from the same socio-political soil need to be explained by the correlated existence of a single political unit encompassing them all (kingship) or we can see alternative ways of establishing social ties across distance. In early settings where expansionary kingship projects were still absent in the Middle Euphrates region, tribal identities seem to have offered an alternative or rather a complement to local urban citizenship, as we know from earliest Mari royal inscriptions. The matum category is used there for the first time to refer to socio-political entities on their own, not necessarily subordinate to larger polities.This work discusses the precise meaning of this term as used in the royal inscriptions of Yahdun-Lim.

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Moreno García, Juan Carlos. "Trade and Power in Ancient Egypt: Middle Egypt in the Late Third/Early Second Millennium BC". Journal of Archaeological Research 25, n.º 2 (18 de octubre de 2016): 87–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10814-016-9097-4.

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Bácskay, András. "Járványok és dögvész az ókori Mezopotámiában". Vallástudományi Szemle 16, n.º 2 (2020): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.55193/rs.2020.2.9.

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Cuneiform texts from the second and first millennium are one of the oldest sources for plague or pestilence in the ancient times. Letters from the royal archive of the kingdom Mari written in the early second millennium inform us individual cases of contaminations in royal court and the outbreak of plague in various cities. Similarly to the conception of diseases, plague and pestilence were considered as a punishment of the gods. Moreover, the concept about illnesses including plague is closely connected to the impurity. The Mesopotamians used several medical and magical practices to protect themselves. In this paper magical amulets (so called ‘plague amulet’ and necklace made of various amulet stones) and a healing treatment (an ointment) were presented. Rituals were also performed to protect domestic animals against pestilence. A complex Neo-Assyrian ritual for purifying the military camp were here also presented.

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48

Smolyaninov, Roman Viktorovich y Alexander Nikolaevich Bessudnov. "Archeological monuments of Srednedonskaya culture on the Upper Don territory". Samara Journal of Science 6, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2017): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201763209.

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The materials of the first stage that belong to the VI millennium BC (CalBC) are featured by pure layers and pinched pottery. These features were revealed in the materials of Monastyrskaya site in Pribityuzhie, in the lower layer of Cherkasskaya site (archeological excavations of 1979-1981) as well as in Inyasevskaya, Shapkinskaya 6, Plautinskaya 2 - in Pohoperie. On the Upper Don territory similar complexes are only revealed in the lower layers of Yarlukovskaya Protoka settlement, Dobroе 4 and Universitetskaya 3 sites. The second stage is dated by the end of VI - the first half of V millennium BC. It has much more materials. They were revealed both on the Voronezh River and Don. This stage is featured by pinches on the pottery as well as ornaments in the shape of small thin comb. These ornaments were brought to the Don forest-steppe by the population of the early Eneolithic from the Mariupol cultural and historical area. At the beginning of the third stage (second half of V millennium BC) the population of Srednedonskaya culture initiated more active communication with entrants from the Neolithic population which had comb-dimpled pottery as well as with people of Eneolithic Srednestogovskaya culture.

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Zimmermann, Thomas. "Anatolia as a bridge from north to south? Recent research in the Hatti heartland". Anatolian Studies 57 (diciembre de 2007): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154600008504.

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AbstractThis paper aims to reappraise and evaluate central Anatolian connections with the Black Sea region and the Caucasus focusing mainly on the third millennium BC. In its first part, a ceremonial item, the knobbed or ‘mushroom’ macehead, in its various appearances, is discussed in order to reconstruct a possible pattern of circulation and exchange of shapes and values over a longer period of time in the regions of Anatolia, southeast Europe and the Caucasus in the third and late second to early first millennium BC. The second part is devoted to the archaeometrical study of selected metal and mineral artefacts from the Early Bronze Age necropolis of Resuloğlu, which together with the contemporary settlement and graveyard at Kalınkaya-Toptaştepe represent two typical later Early Bronze Age sites in the Anatolian heartland. The high values of tin and arsenic used for most of the smaller jewellery items are suggestive of an attempt to imitate gold and silver, and the amounts of these alloying agents suggest a secure supply from arsenic sources located along the Black Sea littoral in the north and probably tin ores to the southeast of central Anatolia. This places these ‘Hattian’ sites within a trade network that ran from the Pontic mountain ridge to the Taurus foothills.

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Heng, Derek. "Southeast Asia-China Economic Interactions in the Late First to Mid-Second Millennium C.E." Journal of Medieval Worlds 1, n.º 2 (junio de 2019): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jmw.2019.120006.

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This essay provides an overview of the economic interactions between China and Southeast Asia during the late first and early second millennia C.E.. It positions the development of this relationship within the context of the Old World, and looks at how the interactions manifested in the ports that grew as a result of the economic exchanges that took place, the transportation networks that were developed to facilitate the exchanges, the growth in the demand and production of products from both regions, the migration of traders, and the development of economic codependency between both economies. The essay also provided sub-topics and online sources with which this topic could be approached in a classroom, including art materials, archaeological information, and textual documentation.

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