Artículos de revistas: "Early mother-infant communication"

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DAVE, Shruti, Ann M. MASTERGEORGE y Lesley B. OLSWANG. "Motherese, affect, and vocabulary development: dyadic communicative interactions in infants and toddlers". Journal of Child Language 45, n.º 4 (19 de febrero de 2018): 917–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000917000551.

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AbstractResponsive parental communication during an infant's first year has been positively associated with later language outcomes. This study explores responsivity in mother–infant communication by modeling how change in guiding language between 7 and 11 months influences toddler vocabulary development. In a group of 32 mother–child dyads, change in early maternal guiding language positively predicted child language outcomes measured at 18 and 24 months. In contrast, a number of other linguistic variables – including total utterances and non-guiding language – did not correlate with toddler vocabulary development, suggesting a critical role of responsive change in infant-directed communication. We further assessed whether maternal affect during early communication influenced toddler vocabulary outcomes, finding that dominant affect during early mother–infant communications correlated to lower child language outcomes. These findings provide evidence that responsive parenting should not only be assessed longitudinally, but unique contributions of language and affect should also be concurrently considered in future study.

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Barratt, Marguerite Stevenson, Mary A. Roach y Lewis A. Leavitt. "Early Channels of Mother-Infant Communication: Preterm and Term Infants". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 33, n.º 7 (octubre de 1992): 1193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00938.x.

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Lavelli, Manuela y Alan Fogel. "Developmental changes in early mother-infant face-to-face communication". Infant Behavior and Development 21 (abril de 1998): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-6383(98)91735-0.

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Fogel, Alan, Daniel S. Messinger, K. Laurie Dickson y Hui‐chin Hsu. "Posture and gaze in early mother–infant communication: synchronization of developmental trajectories". Developmental Science 2, n.º 3 (agosto de 1999): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-7687.00078.

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van BEEK, Y., J. B. Hoeksma y B. Hopkins. "The Development of Communication in Preterm Infant-Mother Dyads". Behaviour 129, n.º 1-2 (1994): 35–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853994x00343.

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AbstractThe present study examines the effects of gestational age and birthweight status on the development of infant and maternal behaviour as well as the (mutual) predictability between partners during face-to-face interaction at 6, 12 and 18 weeks of corrected age. Subjects are healthy fullterm infants (N = 6) and three groups of healthy preterm infants: small-for-gestational age (N = 6), and appropriate for gestational age, the latter being born after a pregnancy duration of less than 32 weeks (N = 6) or between 32 and 34 weeks (N = 6). Using dyadic sequential analyses, based on log-linear modelling and information statistics, for each individual infant-mother pair at each age, the effect of both partners on the behaviour of the other was quantified, while accounting for autocorrelational effects. In the majority of cases the interactions could be labelled as showing 'bidirectionality', particularly at 18 weeks. Mothers were more likely to be influenced by the previous behaviour of the infants than vice versa. No group differences were apparent in the way mothers were influenced by their infants. However, the small-for-gestational age preterm infants were less likely to be influenced by maternal behaviour, particularly at 6 and 12 weeks of age. A lower variability was the most common finding in infants who were not predictable from the previous behaviour of the mother. At 6 and 12 weeks they were less expressive and more often showed a monotonous behavioural pattern in which 'looking at mother's face without positive expressions' was shown during most of the interaction. As this lack of variability was more often found in SGA preterm infants, they were less predictable from their mother's behaviour than the fullterm and AGA preterm infants. These data suggest that having a low birthweight for gestational age may be a risk factor for a lack of 'bidirectionality' during early mother-infant interaction.

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Bourvis, Nadège, Magi Singer, Catherine Saint Georges, Nicolas Bodeau, Mohamed Chetouani, David Cohen y Ruth Feldman. "Pre-linguistic infants employ complex communicative loops to engage mothers in social exchanges and repair interaction ruptures". Royal Society Open Science 5, n.º 1 (enero de 2018): 170274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170274.

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Language has long been identified as a powerful communicative tool among humans. Yet, pre-linguistic communication, which is common in many species, is also used by human infants prior to the acquisition of language. The potential communicational value of pre-linguistic vocal interactions between human infants and mothers has been studied in the past decades. With 120 dyads (mothers and three- or six-month-old infants), we used the classical Still Face Paradigm (SFP) in which mothers interact freely with their infants, then refrain from communication (Still Face, SF), and finally resume play. We employed innovative automated techniques to measure infant and maternal vocalization and pause, and dyadic parameters (infant response to mother, joint silence and overlap) and the emotional component of Infant Directed Speech (e-IDS) throughout the interaction. We showed that: (i) during the initial free play mothers use longer vocalizations and more e-IDS when they interact with older infants and (ii) infant boys exhibit longer vocalizations and shorter pauses than girls. (iii) During the SF and reunion phases, infants show marked and sustained changes in vocalizations but their mothers do not and (iv) mother–infant dyadic parameters increase in the reunion phase. Our quantitative results show that infants, from the age of three months, actively participate to restore the interactive loop after communicative ruptures long before vocalizations show clear linguistic meaning. Thus, auditory signals provide from early in life a channel by which infants co-create interactions, enhancing the mother–infant bond.

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Hauser, Maria Paulina y Marijn van Dijk. "A pilot study on early mother–infant communication during and after NICU admission". Early Child Development and Care 187, n.º 7 (4 de abril de 2016): 1114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2016.1156674.

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Salerni, Nicoletta, Chiara Suttora y Laura D'Odorico. "A comparison of characteristics of early communication exchanges in mother-preterm and mother-full-term infant dyads". First Language 27, n.º 4 (octubre de 2007): 329–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142723707081654.

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Bozicevic, Laura, Leonardo De Pascalis, Rosario Montirosso, Pier Francesco Ferrari, Lorenzo Giusti, Peter Jonathan Cooper y Lynne Murray. "Sculpting Culture: Early Maternal Responsiveness and Child Emotion Regulation – A UK-Italy Comparison". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 52, n.º 1 (12 de noviembre de 2020): 22–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022120971353.

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Mother-infant interactions, including culturally specific features, have been found to predict child socio-emotional development (e.g., social communication and emotion regulation (ER)). However, research is lacking on the specific processes involved. We used a cross-cultural, longitudinal design, and a microanalytic coding approach to address this issue. Fifty-two mother-infant dyads were recruited from the UK ( N = 21) and Italy ( N = 31), representing Northern European and Mediterranean cultures, respectively. While these cultures share core features of parent-child relationships, their values about emotional expressiveness differ. We observed face-to-face mother-infant interactions at 2 months (T1), and coded infant socio-emotional behavior and maternal responses. Children were seen again at 2 years (T2), when their ER in the face of frustration, using the Barrier Task, was assessed, and the occurrence of different “mature” strategies (communicative and autonomous) coded. Results revealed common features of interactions at T1 (infant socio-emotional expressions, and maternal positive responses), but also cultural variation in the frequency of different infant cues (more pre-speech in UK infants, more smiles in Italians), and of maternal responses to them. While greater overall maternal responsiveness at T1 predicted more mature ER in general at T2, cultural differences in early responsiveness to specific infant behaviors predicted later group differences in children’s use of particular ER strategies, with UK children using more communicative strategies, and Italians more autonomous. Findings indicate that positive maternal behaviors that are common across cultures (e.g., responsiveness) promote overall successful child emotion regulation, while culturally specific features of interactions are associated with how child socio-emotional outcomes are expressed.

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Pantoja, Andrea P. F., Maria B. Cranor y Alan Fogel. "Frame analysis of real-time and developmental-time transitions in early mother-infant communication". Infant Behavior and Development 21 (abril de 1998): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-6383(98)91826-4.

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SLAUGHTER, VIRGINIA, CANDIDA C. PETERSON y MALINDA CARPENTER. "Maternal mental state talk and infants' early gestural communication". Journal of Child Language 36, n.º 5 (12 de febrero de 2009): 1053–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000908009306.

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ABSTRACTTwenty-four infants were tested monthly for the production of imperative and declarative gestures between 0 ; 9 and 1 ; 3 and concurrent mother–infant free-play sessions were conducted at 0 ; 9, 1 ; 0 and 1 ; 3 (Carpenter, Nagell & Tomasello, 1998). Free-play transcripts were subsequently coded for maternal talk about mental states. Results revealed that the earlier infants produced imperative gestures, the more frequently their mothers made reference to the infants' own volitional states (want, try, need, etc.) at 1 ; 3. The same relation also emerged using maternal reports of their infants' gestural communication on a standard language development measure. These results indicate that mothers' talk about desires and intentions is linked to their infants' early developing communicative competence.

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Nuyts, Tinne, Sarah Van Haeken, Neeltje Crombag, Binu Singh, Susan Ayers, Susan Garthus-Niegel, Marijke Anne Katrien Alberta Braeken y Annick Bogaerts. "“Nobody Listened”. Mothers’ Experiences and Needs Regarding Professional Support Prior to Their Admission to an Infant Mental Health Day Clinic". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n.º 20 (17 de octubre de 2021): 10917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010917.

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Challenges during the perinatal period can lead to maternal distress, negatively affecting mother-infant interaction. This study aims to retrospectively explore the experiences and needs regarding professional support of mothers with difficulties in mother-infant interaction prior to their admission to an infant mental health day clinic. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 mothers who had accessed an infant mental health day clinic because of persistent severe infant regulatory problems impairing the wellbeing of the infant and the family. Data were transcribed and analyzed using the Qualitative Analysis Guide of Leuven (QUAGOL). Three themes were identified: ‘experience of pregnancy, birth, and parenthood’; ‘difficult care paths’; and ‘needs and their fulfillment’. The first theme consisted of three subthemes: (1) ‘reality does not meet expectations’, (2) ‘resilience under pressure’, and (3) ‘despair’. Mothers experienced negative feelings that were in contradiction to the expected positive emotions associated with childbirth and motherhood. Resilience-related problems affected the mother-child relationship, and infants’ regulatory capacities. Determined to find solutions, different healthcare providers were consulted. Mothers’ search for help was complex and communication between healthcare providers was limited because of a fragmented care provision. This hindered the continuity of care and appropriate referrals. Another pitfall was the lack of a broader approach, with the emphasis on the medical aspects without attention to the mother-child dyad. An integrated care pathway focusing on the early detection of resilience-related problems and sufficient social support can be crucial in the prevention and early detection of perinatal and infant mental health problems.

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Gunning, Melanie, Sue Conroy, Vania Valoriani, Barbara Figueiredo, Martin H. Kammerer, Maria Muzik, Elisabeth Glatigny-Dallay y Lynne Murray. "Measurement of mother-infant interactions and the home environment in a European setting: preliminary results from a cross-cultural study". British Journal of Psychiatry 184, S46 (febrero de 2004): s38—s44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.184.46.s38.

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BackgroundInfant development is adversely affected in the context of postnatal depression. This relationship may be mediated by both the nature of early mother-infant interactions and the quality of the home environment.AimsTo establish the usefulness of the Global Ratings Scales of Mother–Infant Interaction and the Infant–Toddler version of the Home Observation for the Measurement of the Environment (IT–HOME), and to test expected associations of the measures with characteristics of the social context and with major or minor depression.MethodBoth assessments were administered postnatally in four European centres; 144 mothers were assessed with the Global Ratings Scales and 114 with the IT–HOME. Affective disorder was assessed by means of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–IV Disorders.ResultsAnalyses of mother–infant interaction indicated no main effect for depression but maternal sensitivity to infant behaviour was associated with better infant communication, especially for women who were not depressed. Poor overall emotional support also reduced sensitivity scores. Poor support was also related to poorer IT–HOME scores, but there was no effect of depression.ConclusionsThe Global Ratings Scales were effectively applied but there was less evidence of the usefulness of the IT–HOME.

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Colonnesi, Cristina, Bonne J. H. Zijlstra, Annesophie van der Zande y Susan M. Bögels. "Coordination of gaze, facial expressions and vocalizations of early infant communication with mother and father". Infant Behavior and Development 35, n.º 3 (junio de 2012): 523–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2012.02.004.

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Richard, Nancy B. "Interaction Between Mothers and Infants with Down Syndrome". Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 6, n.º 3 (octubre de 1986): 54–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/027112148600600305.

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Studies of mother-infant dyads indicate that individual differences of both partners contribute to the development of reciprocal interaction. When an infant is born with Down Syndrome, infant responses are reported to be delayed. Infant characteristics that contribute to social interaction with caregivers differ between nonhandicapped infants and those with Down syndrome. In this review, studies of infant characteristics, including temperament, state control, gaze, gesture, and vocalization, are discussed. Although infants with Down syndrome, like nonhandicapped infants, develop social communication behaviors, vulnerable characteristics are found. Differences in the development of state control, gaze patterns, coordination of gesture, gaze, vocalization, and frequency of vocalization have implications for parents and professionals in early intervention.

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Lavelli, Manuela y Alan Fogel. "Interdyad differences in early mother–infant face-to-face communication: Real-time dynamics and developmental pathways." Developmental Psychology 49, n.º 12 (2013): 2257–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0032268.

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Tenuta, Flaviana, Roberto Marcone, Elvira Graziano, Francesco Craig, Luciano Romito y Angela Costabile. "A Preliminary Longitudinal Study on Infant-Directed Speech (IDS) Components in the First Year of Life". Children 10, n.º 3 (21 de febrero de 2023): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children10030413.

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Infant-directed speech (IDS) is an essential factor of mother–infant interaction and facilitates early language processing and word learning during dyadic interactions. This study aimed to longitudinally investigate emotional and prosodic components of IDS in the first year of life by analyzing children’s responses to the different prosodic trends that mothers use during the observation of mother–child interactions. Seventeen mothers and infants were recruited for this study during their first hospitalization. The study involved observing communication changes in face-to-face interactions between the mother and child at three, six, and nine months after the child’s birth. We analyzed the relationship between gaze direction, smiling, speech speed, and clarity. The results showed that the IDS differs in production when compared to the age of the child; at only nine months, there is high intensity. The same is evident from the results related to the elocution velocity. The verbal sensitivity of the mother and the ability to tune in to the affective states of the child, especially at nine months, can predict the child’s understanding of future language.

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Hojsak, Marina y Ana Katusic. "Application of Music Therapy in Promoting Maternal Attachment and Self-perceived Parental Competence in Mothers at Risk". Socijalna psihijatrija 48, n.º 2 (21 de octubre de 2020): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24869/spsih.2020.235.

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Early experience of emotional communication contributes to the attachment between mother and infant and has an impact on the child’s neurological, social, and emotional development. By applying music therapy activities aimed at parent-child interaction, it is possible to create experiences in which the mother and child share the rhythm, tempo, melody, and pitch of their voices, what are all intrinsic elements of the early attachment process. The aim of this paper was to explore the possibility of applying music therapy in promoting maternal attachment and self-perceived parental competence in mothers at risk. The study was conducted on a sample of three mothers and their infants who were enrolled in a music therapy program once a week for 10 weeks. Before and after conducting music therapy, the mothers completed the Maternal Postnatal Affection Scale and the Parental Sense of Competence Scale. The obtained results indicate the positive outcomes of music therapy in enhancing maternal attachment in mothers at risk as well as the level of selfperceived competence in parental role. Music therapy intervention can be integrated as a therapeutic approach aimed at enhancing attachment in the mother-infant dyad and at fostering parental competence in mothers at-risk.

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Tully, Kristin P., Jacquana L. Smith, Marina S. Pearsall, Catherine Sullivan, Carl Seashore y Alison M. Stuebe. "Postnatal Unit Experiences Associated With Exclusive Breastfeeding During the Inpatient Stay: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey". Journal of Human Lactation 38, n.º 2 (28 de noviembre de 2021): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08903344211057876.

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Background: Efforts to provide accessible and effective infant feeding support are advancing to set up new families to meeting their goals. However, data continue to be limited for understanding how inpatient postpartum support and experiences contribute to exclusive breastfeeding during hospitalization. Research Aims: To explore postnatal unit experiences including skin-to-skin contact, overnight support, rooming-in, responsive clinicians, and understandable communication that correlate with early infant feeding outcomes among a sample of mothers who intended to breastfeed. Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional survey study. Through secure online survey, participants submitted ( N = 2,401) responses from November 2016 to May 2017 about their experiences with maternity healthcare and offered thoughts on the postnatal unit environment. Descriptive statistics were used to examine distributions of maternal characteristics, postpartum experience, and birthing facility characteristics. Results: Exclusive breastfeeding was positively correlated with the following postnatal unit experiences: mother did not ask that her infant be taken out of the postnatal unit room; infant staying in postnatal unit room except for treatment(s); mother got help from clinical staff when needed after pressing the call button; and nurse, midwife, and/or doctor always explained information to mother in ways that they understood. Conclusion: Postnatal unit experiences associated with exclusive breastfeeding during postpartum hospitalization were rooming in; parents who did not ask for their infant to be taken out of the unit room; whether mothers received timely help from clinical staff; and information was explained in a way they could understand.

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Mulligan, Christopher M. y Jacob E. Friedman. "Maternal modifiers of the infant gut microbiota: metabolic consequences". Journal of Endocrinology 235, n.º 1 (octubre de 2017): R1—R12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-17-0303.

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Transmission of metabolic diseases from mother to child is multifactorial and includes genetic, epigenetic and environmental influences. Evidence in rodents, humans and non-human primates support the scientific premise that exposure to maternal obesity or high-fat diet during pregnancy creates a long-lasting metabolic signature on the infant innate immune system and the juvenile microbiota, which predisposes the offspring to obesity and metabolic diseases. In neonates, gastrointestinal microbes introduced through the mother are noted for their ability to serve as direct inducers/regulators of the infant immune system. Neonates have a limited capacity to initiate an immune response. Thus, disruption of microbial colonization during the early neonatal period results in disrupted postnatal immune responses that highlight the neonatal period as a critical developmental window. Although the mechanisms are poorly understood, increasing evidence suggests that maternal obesity or poor diet influences the development and modulation of the infant liver and other end organs through direct communication via the portal system, metabolite production, alterations in gut barrier integrity and the hematopoietic immune cell axis. This review will focus on how maternal obesity and dietary intake influence the composition of the infant gut microbiota and how an imbalance or maladaptation in the microbiota, including changes in early pioneering microbes, might contribute to the programming of offspring metabolism with special emphasis on mechanisms that promote chronic inflammation in the liver. Comprehension of these pathways and mechanisms will elucidate our understanding of developmental programming and may expand the avenue of opportunities for novel therapeutics.

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Chatzi, Leda, Eleni Papadopoulou, Katerina Koutra, Theano Roumeliotaki, Vaggelis Georgiou, Nikolaos Stratakis, Vassiliki Lebentakou, Mariana Karachaliou, Maria Vassilaki y Manolis Kogevinas. "Effect of high doses of folic acid supplementation in early pregnancy on child neurodevelopment at 18 months of age: the mother–child cohort ‘Rhea’ study in Crete, Greece". Public Health Nutrition 15, n.º 9 (8 de febrero de 2012): 1728–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012000067.

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AbstractObjectiveTo investigate whether high doses of folic acid supplementation in early pregnancy are associated with child neurodevelopment at 18 months of age.DesignThe study uses data from the prospective mother–child cohort ‘Rhea’ study. Pregnant women completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire on folic acid supplementation at 14–18 weeks of gestation. Neurodevelopment at 18 months was assessed with the use of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (3rd edition). Red-blood-cell folate concentrations in cord blood were measured in a sub-sample of the study population (n 58).SettingHeraklion, Crete, Greece, 2007–2010.SubjectsFive hundred and fifty-three mother–child pairs participating in the ‘Rhea’ cohort.ResultsSixty-eight per cent of the study participants reported high doses of supplemental folic acid use (5 mg/d), while 24 % reported excessive doses of folic acid (>5 mg/d) in early pregnancy. Compared with non-users, daily intake of 5 mg supplemental folic acid was associated with a 5-unit increase on the scale of receptive communication and a 3·5-unit increase on the scale of expressive communication. Doses of folic acid supplementation higher than 5 mg/d were not associated with additional increase in the neurodevelopmental scales.ConclusionsThis is the first prospective study showing that high doses of supplementary folic acid in early pregnancy may be associated with enhanced vocabulary development, communicational skills and verbal comprehension at 18 months of age. Additional longitudinal studies and trials are needed to confirm these results.

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Gold, K. J., M. C. Treadwell, M. E. Mieras y N. T. Laventhal. "Who tells a mother her baby has died? Communication and staff presence during stillbirth delivery and early infant death". Journal of Perinatology 37, n.º 12 (31 de agosto de 2017): 1330–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jp.2017.125.

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Suwannakul, Boonsita, Ratana Sapbamrer, Natrujee Wiwattanadittakul y Surat Hongsibsong. "Organophosphate Pesticide Exposures in Early and Late Pregnancy Influence Different Aspects of Infant Developmental Performance". Toxics 9, n.º 5 (30 de abril de 2021): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9050099.

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Organophosphate (OP) pesticides can transfer from mother to fetus via the placenta and amniotic fluid and may affect the development of infants. This study aims to evaluate the associations between maternal OP concentrations collected in the 1st–2nd trimester and the 3rd trimester of pregnancy and the infant developmental performance. The Screening Test of the Bayley Scales of Infants and Toddler Development, Third Edition (BSID–III screening test) was used to assess development performance at 2 and 6 months of age. Multiple regression analysis showed a negative correlation between cognitive performance at 2 months and maternal diethylthiophosphate (DETP) levels in the 1st–2nd trimester (β ± SE = −0.012 ± 0.004, p < 0.05). We also found that expressive communication and fine motor performance at 6 months were negatively associated with maternal diethyldithiophosphate (DEDTP) levels in the 3rd trimester (β ± SE = −0.047 ± 0.016, p < 0.05, and β ± SE = −0.044 ± 0.017, p < 0.05, respectively). These results suggest that maternal ethylated OP concentrations at different timing of exposure during pregnancy may influence different aspects of infant developmental performance.

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Avdeeva, N. N. "At the Origins of Personality". Cultural-Historical Psychology 13, n.º 1 (2017): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/chp.2017130106.

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The paper discusses the problem of personality development at the early stages of ontogenesis. The key idea is the L.S. Vygotsky’s concept of an infant as “the most social creatures” and perception of oneself as an infant in the form of “pre-we”. The development of Vygotsky’s views is considered in the concept of communication of M.I. Lisina, as well as in the studies of the primary pre-personal formation, the essence of which is the child’s experience of himself as a subject of communication and social interaction. The data obtained within the framework of the cultural-historical approach are compared with the results of foreign studies of socio-cognitive development, psychology of attachment and social interaction. We presented an evidence of a variety of innate manifestations of social activity, the social competence of a child, starting from the first months of his life, his readiness to perceive an adult and enter into social interaction. We consider the “inter-subjectivity” — a congenital psychological mechanism that ensures the infant’s ability to social interaction; a mutual predisposition to interaction in a mother-child pair. We offer an interpretation of L.S. Vygotsky ideas about the social situation of infant development taking into account modern data of Russian and foreign psychology.

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Vasilenko, Tatiana D. y Marina E. Vorobeva. "The quality of interaction between mother and child as a factor of formation of health". Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 7, n.º 1 (15 de marzo de 2016): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped71151-155.

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The article is devoted research of factors and conditions quality of early interaction between mother and child. In our work it is important that consideration of motherhood from the point of view of social and role-playing component of social identity in connection with the style of readiness to motherhood. These data suggest that in women with adequate style readiness to motherhood to the fore the social role of wife and mother, as well as the role of a professional. Women style with alarming readiness to motherhood hierarchy of social roles are determined by the primary role of the mother. Ignoring the style, readiness to motherhood a woman defines herself as a professional, employee, indicating the rejection of the role of mother with this style. Found communication style, readiness to motherhood in women during pregnancy, quality of early interaction with the child and the health of children in the first 6 months of life. As a result, longitudinal studies of the dynamics of the interaction between mother and infant conclusions, allowing to prevent violations of the contact in the dyad "mother-child" on the stage of pregnancy and after the birth of a child within 6 months. Style the willingness to motherhood influence the formation of social role component of the identity of a woman. During pregnancy formed a stable hierarchy of social roles. It allows you to design individually oriented psychological intervention, but also confronts us with the task to prepare the woman during pregnancy to the adoption of social roles as mothers.

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Lyons-Ruth, Karlen, Jean-François Bureau, Caitlin D. Riley y Alisha F. Atlas-Corbett. "Socially indiscriminate attachment behavior in the Strange Situation: Convergent and discriminant validity in relation to caregiving risk, later behavior problems, and attachment insecurity". Development and Psychopathology 21, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2009): 355–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579409000376.

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AbstractSocially indiscriminate attachment behavior has been repeatedly observed among institutionally reared children. Socially indiscriminate behavior has also been associated with aggression and hyperactivity. However, available data rely heavily on caregiver report of indiscriminate behavior. In addition, few studies have been conducted with samples of home-reared infants exposed to inadequate care. The current study aimed to develop a reliable laboratory measure of socially indiscriminate forms of attachment behavior based on direct observation and to validate the measure against assessments of early care and later behavior problems among home-reared infants. Strange Situation episodes of 75 socially at-risk mother–infant dyads were coded for infant indiscriminate attachment behavior on the newly developed Rating for Infant–Stranger Engagement. After controlling for infant insecure–organized and disorganized behavior in all analyses, extent of infant–stranger engagement at 18 months was significantly related to serious caregiving risk (maltreatment or maternal psychiatric hospitalization), observed quality of disrupted maternal affective communication, and aggressive and hyperactive behavior problems at age 5. Results are discussed in relation to the convergent and discriminant validity of the new measure and to the potential utility of a standardized observational measure of indiscriminate attachment behavior. Further validation is needed in relation to caregiver report measures of indiscriminate behavior.

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Muhammad, Fahim, Bufang Fan, Ruoxi Wang, Jiayan Ren, Shuhui Jia, Liping Wang, Zuxin Chen y Xin-An Liu. "The Molecular Gut-Brain Axis in Early Brain Development". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, n.º 23 (6 de diciembre de 2022): 15389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315389.

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Millions of nerves, immune factors, and hormones in the circulatory system connect the gut and the brain. In bidirectional communication, the gut microbiota play a crucial role in the gut-brain axis (GBA), wherein microbial metabolites of the gut microbiota regulate intestinal homeostasis, thereby influencing brain activity. Dynamic changes are observed in gut microbiota as well as during brain development. Altering the gut microbiota could serve as a therapeutic target for treating abnormalities associated with brain development. Neurophysiological development and immune regulatory disorders are affected by changes that occur in gut microbiota composition and function. The molecular aspects relevant to the GBA could help develop targeted therapies for neurodevelopmental diseases. Herein, we review the findings of recent studies on the role of the GBA in its underlying molecular mechanisms in the early stages of brain development. Furthermore, we discuss the bidirectional regulation of gut microbiota from mother to infant and the potential signaling pathways and roles of posttranscriptional modifications in brain functions. Our review summarizes the role of molecular GBA in early brain development and related disorders, providing cues for novel therapeutic targets.

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Easterbrooks, M. Ann, Jean-Francois Bureau y Karlen Lyons-Ruth. "Developmental correlates and predictors of emotional availability in mother–child interaction: A longitudinal study from infancy to middle childhood". Development and Psychopathology 24, n.º 1 (31 de enero de 2012): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579411000666.

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AbstractIn this investigation we examined the developmental correlates and predictors of maternal emotional availability in interactions with their 7-year-old children among a sample of families at psychosocial risk. We found developmental coherence in maternal interactive behavior, and in the relations between maternal emotional availability and children's functioning in middle childhood. Mothers and children were observed at home and in a laboratory playroom in infancy to assess maternal interactive behavior and child attachment security. When children were 7 years of age, dyads were observed in the lab; maternal emotional availability was coded using the Emotional Availability Scales, and children's disorganized and controlling attachment behavior was assessed. Classroom teachers reported on children's behavior problems; at age 8, children reported on their depressive symptoms. Results showed that aspects of maternal emotional availability (sensitivity, nonhostility, nonintrusiveness [passive/withdrawn behavior]) were associated with children's functioning in middle childhood: (a) controlling and disorganized attachment behavior, (b) behavior problems in school, and (c) self-reported depressive symptoms. Maternal emotional availability in childhood was predicted by early mother–infant relationship dysfunction (maternal hostility, disrupted communication, and infant attachment insecurity).

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Pascoe, Michelle, Divya Bissessur y Pat Mayers. "Mothers' perceptions of their premature infant's communication: A description of two cases". Health SA Gesondheid 21 (11 de octubre de 2016): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v21i0.945.

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Background: Survival rates of premature infants have increased due to advances in medicine. Premature infants however, remain at risk for developmental delays including communication difficulties. The bonding and attachment experiences of premature infants and their parents are often challenged, further placing these infants at risk for communication difficulties. This study firstly aimed to explore mothers' perceptions of their premature infants' communication. The second aim was to explore the mothers' perceptions of their own role in the communication development of their infants.Methods: A descriptive, longitudinal study was conducted with two mother—infant dyads.Three visits took place in the first year of life. Subjective maternal reports were obtained through semi-structured interviews.Results: Differences in the two mothers' perceptions were noted. The mothers described helping their infants to communicate through physical contact and talking. Risk and protective factors for early communication development are discussed in relation to the findings.Conclusion: The findings support the need for a healthy mothereinfant relationship in the first few months of life. Health professionals should support premature infants and their families after discharge in order to help them interact with their infants and encourage attachment and bonding.

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Wagner, Jennifer B., Rhiannon J. Luyster, Jung Yeon Yim, Helen Tager-Flusberg y Charles A. Nelson. "The role of early visual attention in social development". International Journal of Behavioral Development 37, n.º 2 (marzo de 2013): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025412468064.

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Faces convey important information about the social environment, and even very young infants are preferentially attentive to face-like over non-face stimuli. Eye-tracking studies have allowed researchers to examine which features of faces infants find most salient across development, and the present study examined scanning of familiar (i.e., mother) and unfamiliar (i.e., stranger) static faces at 6, 9, and 12 months of age. Infants showed a preference for scanning their mother’s face as compared to a stranger’s face, and displayed increased attention to the eye region as compared to the mouth region. Infants also showed patterns of decreased attention to eyes and increased attention to mouths between 6 and 12 months. Associations between visual attention at 6, 9, and 12 months and the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales DP (CSBS-DP) at 18 months were also examined, and a significant positive relation between attention to eyes at 6 months and the social subscale of the CSBS-DP at 18 months was found. This effect was driven by infants’ attention to their mother’s eyes. No relations between face scanning in 9- and 12-month-olds and social outcome at 18 months were found. The potential for using individual differences in early infant face processing to predict later social outcome is discussed.

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Urbain-Gauthier, Nadine y Jaqueline Wendland. "Mother–child interactions in young children with excessive physical aggression and in typically developing young children". Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 22, n.º 3 (10 de abril de 2017): 467–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359104517698009.

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Background: Among the multiple risk factors, the emergence of conduct problems in young children may be linked to harsh parenting and child’s temperamental difficulties, leading to a reciprocal early discordant relationship. Little is known about the characteristics of early parent–child interactions in young children with physical aggression. Objective: The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the characteristics of mother–child interactions in dyads referred for excessive physical aggression in young children under 5 years of age compared to mother–child interactions in typically developing young children. Method: Mother–child interactions were assessed during a free-play session in both a clinical sample ( N = 70, child mean age = 3.5 years) and a nonclinical sample ( N = 80, child mean age = 3.5 years) by using the Rating Scale of Interaction Style (Clark and Seifer, adapted by Molitor and Mayes). Results: Significant differences were found between several interactive features in clinical and nonclinical dyads. In clinical dyads, mothers’ behaviors were often characterized by intrusiveness and criticism toward children, and poor facilitative positioning. Children with excessive aggressive behavior often displayed poor communication, initiation of bids, and poor responsiveness toward the mother. They displayed fewer sustained bouts of play than typically developing children did. In clinical dyads, strong positive correlations were found between child responsiveness and maternal interest in engagement ( r = .41, p < .001), while the child displaying sustained bouts of play was negatively correlated with the mother’s attempts to intrude on the child’s activity ( r = .64, p < .05). Conclusions: These data show that children with excessive aggressive behavior develop disrupted mother–infant interactions from a very young age. Several negative interactive features and correlations between child behavior and maternal behavior were found in clinical samples. The effects of these features add up and probably strengthen each other, thus leading to interactive difficulties from a very young age. More attention should be paid to early parent–child interactions in case of child behavioral problems. The recognition of these interactive dysfunctions is discussed in terms of clinical implications for therapeutic interventions.

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Manurung, Oktafiana y Ermawaty Arisandi Siallagan. "PENGARUH AKSES DAN MOTIVASI TERHADAP PERILAKU IBU HAMIL DALAM MELAKUKAN KUNJUNGAN ANTENATAL DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS PANCUR BATU TAHUN 2015". Elisabeth Health Jurnal 1, n.º 2 (12 de diciembre de 2016): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.52317/ehj.v1i2.202.

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According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Indonesian women have According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Indonesian women have very bad criteria in terms of health, marriage, employment, education, equality with men. This condition is thought to lead to low maternal access to antenatal care. Goals : Antenatal care in accordance with antenatal care standards may decrease Maternal and Infant Mortality due to regular antenatal care can detect early problems that occur in the mother during pregnancy.Methods : The type of this research is analytical descriptive with cross sectional design which aims to analyze the influence of access and motivation of pregnant mother to mother behavior in doing antenatal visit. The research was conducted in Pancur Batu Puskesmas Working Area. The population is 181 people and the sample size is 61 people. Data analysis was performed using univariate analysis, bivariate analysis with Chi-Square test, and multivariate analysis with multiple logistic regression test.Result : The result of this research indicate that physical accessibility variable is the availability of unrelated officer (p = 0,461) to mother behavior in antenatal visit, social accessibility variable (p = 0,005) and attitude (p = 0,023), and for motivation variable is motive P = 0.005) and expectations (p = 0.019) had a significant effect on maternal behavior in antenatal visits.Conclution : Based on the results of research suggested Head of Pancur Batu Puskesmas to conduct training to officers especially midwives who provide services mainly about hospitality in providing services and to officers implementing services further improve the communication of information and education so that every pregnant women have a good understanding that can eventually cause attitude Positive, high motivation and expectation that can affect the mother in conducting standardized antenatal visits.

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Imron, Ali, Ida Yustina y Etti Sudaryati. "Factors that Influence the Implementation of Early Initiation of Breastfeeding in RSUP Haji Adam Malik Medan". Britain International of Exact Sciences (BIoEx) Journal 2, n.º 1 (4 de febrero de 2020): 304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/bioex.v2i1.151.

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Early Initiation of Breastfeeding (EIB) is placing the baby in the mother's stomach immediately after birth in a position of skin contact with the mother in an hour after birth, if there is no medical indication. RSUP Haji Adam Malik Medan was one of the government hospitals, education, national referrals, and plenary status had implementing EIB. Achievement of EIB in this hospital decreased from (27.71%) in 2016 to (23.08%) in 2017. The purpose of this study was to explore the implementation of EIB in RSUP Haji Adam Malik Medan. This was a qualitative research with a phenomenological approach through in-depth interviews. The informants were 6 people, consisting of 2 midwives and 1 structural official in medical services, 2 patients and 1 gynecologist. Implementation of EIB in the hospital wasn’t going well, the factors that influence EIB were communication, disposition and management’s function. The successful implementation of EIB can reduce maternal and infant mortality rates, suggested to RSUP Haji Adam Malik Medan forms a special team to monitoring and evaluates the implementation of EIB, set and carry out sanctions for implementation of EIB, and increases the competence and motivation of health workers.

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Cassel, Raquel S., Catherine Saint-Georges, Ammar Mahdhaoui, Mohamed Chetouani, Marie Christine Laznik, Filippo Muratori, Jean-Louis Adrien y David Cohen. "Course of maternal prosodic incitation (motherese) during early development in autism". Interaction Studies 14, n.º 3 (31 de diciembre de 2013): 480–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.14.3.08cas.

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We examined the course of caregiver (CG) motherese and the course of the infant’s response based on home movies from two single cases: a boy with typical development (TD) and a boy with autistic development (AD). We first blindly assessed infant CG interaction using the Observer computer-based coding procedure, then analyzed speech CG production using a computerized algorithm. Finally we fused the two procedures and filtered for co-occurrence. In this exploratory study we found that the course of CG parentese differed based on gender (father vs. mother) and child status (TD vs. AD). The course of an infant’s response to CG vocalization differed according to the type of speech (motherese vs. other speech) and child status (TD vs. AD). Mothers spent more time interacting with infants, and fathers appeared to interact with their child preferentially between 12 and 18 months in the TD boy, but not in the AD boy. The TD boy responded equally well to motherese compared to other speech after 1 year of age. For the AD boy, the responses to both types of speech were lower than in the boy with TD and decreased from the second to the third semester. Keywords: Autism; motherese; early interaction; computational methods

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Imaz, M. L., S. Lera, B. Sureda, A. Roca, S. Andres, A. Giménez Palomo, E. Solé, A. Torres y L. Garcia-Esteve. "Neonatal and infant outcomes of clozapine exposure in pregnancy: A consecutive case series". European Psychiatry 64, S1 (abril de 2021): S479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1280.

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IntroductionClozapine is a second-generation antipsychotic agent approved for treatment-resistant schizophrenia and risk reduction of recurrent suicidal behavior in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Given the known negative consequences of relapse of severe mental disorders for both mother and infant, the maintenance of clozapine during pregnancy is recommended.1 Studies of pregnancy regarding to clozapine have demonstrated a heterogenous range of neonatal and infant complications.2ObjectivesTo evaluate neonatal and infants outcomes of clozapine exposure in pregnancy.MethodsWe report three cases of infants exposed to clozapine politherapy throughout pregnancy. The dose range for all women on clozapine was 200-600 mg/day. Infants were evaluated between 4-6 months of chronological age with the Bayley-III infant development scale (BSID-III)3 and with the Alarme Détresse Bébé Scale (ADBB)4 for the detection of early-signs of withdrawal.ResultsWomen remained stable during pregnancy but presented obesity and gestational diabetes. Clozapine Newborn were born to term by caesarean section due to breech presentation (N=2) or instrumental delivery due to loss of fetal well-being (N=1). They presented normal weight (3500-3800 gr). Two presented Apgarmin1-5 9/10 and one Apgarmin1-5 6/8 which showed lethargy and low alertness during the first weeks of life. All showed normal capacity for sociability, reciprocity and development of language and communication. However, one baby had scores in the low normal zone for cognition and another for motor skills.ConclusionsThe infant’s risks of clozapine exposure during pregnancy should be discussed with women and weighed against those associated with other treatments and/or with untreated severe mental illness.

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COLAS, ANNIE. "Introducing infants to referential events: a development study of maternal ostensive marking in French". Journal of Child Language 26, n.º 1 (febrero de 1999): 113–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030500099800364x.

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It is well known that mothers give their infants lessons in conversational competence from an early age. This study considered how maternal gestures and prosody contribute to this developing competence. It examines how mothers use ostensive marking to point out common references at different stages of development. The corpus consisted of longitudinal observations of four mother–infant dyads during free play (infants aged 0;4 to 1;1), at three stages of sensorimotor development (III, IV and V). Four dimensions of ostensive marking were considered: (1) the span of the marked utterance (holistic vs. local); (2) the communication channel used (gestural vs. prosodic); (3) the type of gestural marker (oriented, iconic, conventional, beats); and (4) the type of prosodic marker (emphasis, prosodic cliché, reinforced nuclear stress, focal accent). Although there was no clear change in the patterns of specific types of gestural or prosodic markers, the results showed that mothers adapt their gestures to the infant's processing level. Between stages III and V, they move from holistic to local and from gestural to prosodic marking. Stage IV appears to be an excellent period for observing the transition.

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Maulana, Muhammad Sobri. "in Late Diagnosed Congenital Hearing Loss with Delayed Speech: A Case Report". Aulad: Journal on Early Childhood 3, n.º 3 (1 de enero de 2021): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31004/aulad.v3i3.73.

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Introduction : Hearing impairment in children happened in 6 per 1000 newborn in developing country. The etiology of most of those case is unknown as stated by WHO that 60% of children hearing loss caused by genetics. Aim : This condition could lead to delayed speech in children. Method : A-6-years-old children referred to ENT department with delayed speech and bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss to get a choclear implant. Result : Her condition suspected to be caused by rubella infection during pregnancy. She was already using hearing aid occasionaly and her mother complain that she still couldn’t hear effectively. The comprehensive management of infant with congenital hearing loss could be diagnosed early by applying hearing screening on all newborns at 1 month of age based on EHDI recommendation. This case represents the society low awareness and diagnostic tools limitation of congenital hearing loss prevention in Indonesia. Therefore, we suggest newborn hearing screening on all high-risked babies based on the risk factor stratification. Habilitation strategy for this patient includes auditory-verbal therapy. In order to maximize the benefit, parents are required to give maximum contribution to each therapy session. The therapy compliance becomes the important parameter in outcome optimization. Early diagnosis and intervention is the key to the management of congenital hearing loss. The EHDI programs provide recommended timeline for newborn hearing screenings, diagnostic examinations, and early interventions. The treatment consists of conventional hearing aid and cochlear implantation, combined with speech and language therapy in an appropriate educational environment, to promote development of communication and educational achievements

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Cheng, Gang, Tingting Sha, Xiao Gao, Xialing Wu, Qianling Tian, Fan Yang y Yan Yan. "Effects of Maternal Prenatal Multi-Micronutrient Supplementation on Growth and Development until 3 Years of Age". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n.º 15 (1 de agosto de 2019): 2744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152744.

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At present, there is insufficient evidence on whether prenatal multi-micronutrient (MM) supplementation can be an antenatal nutritional intervention or not. This study aimed to explore the sustained effect of prenatal MM supplementation on early childhood health. A total of 939 mother–offspring pairs were followed up in the study between 2015 to 2018 in Changsha, China. Information was mainly collected through household surveys at the ages of 1, 3, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months. General linear models and generalized estimating equation models were used to estimate the effects of maternal prenatal MM compared with IFA supplementation on infant growth and development. Offspring of women who used prenatal MM compared with IFA supplements had lower weight-for-age z score (WAZ) (adjusted β: −0.23, 95% CI: (−0.40, −0.06)) and weight-for-length z score (WLZ) (adjusted β: −0.20, 95% CI: (−0.37, −0.02)) at 3 months old, but a reduced risk of obesity at birth (aRR: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.11–0.78) and being overweight at 3 months old (aRR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.32–0.84). Moreover, offspring of women who used prenatal MM compared with IFA supplements had significantly higher scores for communication (adjusted β: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.61–0.21), gross motor (adjusted β: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.49–0.88), fine motor (adjusted β: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.45–1.84), problem solving (adjusted β: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.10–0.49), and personal–social (adjusted β: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.70–1.10) skills at 36 months old. Prenatal MM supplementation could result in better infant growth in the first few months of life and improve development scores at the age of 3 years compared with IFA supplementation.

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Wagner, Jennifer B., Rhiannon J. Luyster, Hana Moustapha, Helen Tager-Flusberg y Charles Alexander Nelson. "Differential attention to faces in infant siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder and associations with later social and language ability". International Journal of Behavioral Development 42, n.º 1 (10 de noviembre de 2016): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025416673475.

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A growing body of literature has begun to explore social attention in infant siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with hopes of identifying early differences that are associated with later ASD or other aspects of development. The present study used eye-tracking to familiar (mother) and unfamiliar (stranger) faces in two groups of 6-month-old infants: infants with no family history of ASD (low-risk controls; LRC), and infants at high risk for ASD (HRA), by virtue of having an older sibling with ASD. HRA infants were further characterized based on autism classification at 24 months or older as HRA- (HRA without an ASD outcome) or HRA+ (HRA with an ASD outcome). For time scanning faces overall, HRA+ and LRC showed similar patterns of attention, and this was significantly greater than in HRA-. When examining duration of time spent on eyes and mouth, all infants spent more time on eyes than mouth, but HRA+ showed the greatest amount of time looking at these regions, followed by LRC, then HRA-. LRC showed a positive association between 6-month attention to eyes and 18-month social-communicative behavior, while HRA- showed a negative association between attention to eyes at 6 months and expressive language at 18 months (all correlations controlled for non-verbal IQ; HRA- correlations held with and without the inclusion of the small sample of HRA+). Differences found in face scanning at 6 months, as well as associations with social communication at 18 months, point to potential variation in the developmental significance of early social attention in children at low and high risk for ASD.

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Granger, Douglas A., Katie T. Kivlighan, Clancy Blair, Mona El-Sheikh, Jacquelyn Mize, Jared A. Lisonbee, Joseph A. Buckhalt, Laura R. Stroud, Kathryn Handwerger y Eve B. Schwartz. "Integrating the measurement of salivary α-amylase into studies of child health, development, and social relationships". Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 23, n.º 2 (abril de 2006): 267–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407506062479.

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To advance our understanding of how biological and behavioral processes interact to determine risk or resilience, theorists suggest that social developmental models will need to include multiple measurements of stress-related biological processes. Identified in the early 1990s as a surrogate marker of the sympathetic nervous system component of the stress response, salivary-amylase has not been employed to test biosocial models of stress vulnerability in the context of child development until now. In this report, we describe a standard assay that behavioral scientists can use to improve the next generation of studies and specific recommendations about sample collection, preparation, and storage are presented. More importantly, four studies are presented with mother–infant dyads (N= 86), preschoolers (N= 54), children (N = 54), and adolescents (N = 29) to illustrate individual differences in stress-related change in α-amylase levels, that patterns of α-amylase stress reactivity distinctly differ from those measured by salivary cortisol, and associations between individual differences in α-amylase and social relationships, health, negative affectivity, cognitive/academic/behavior problems, and cardiovascular reactivity. We conclude that the integration of measurements of the adrenergic component of the locus ceruleus/autonomic (sympathetic) nervous system, as indexed by salivary α-amylase, into the study of biosocial relationships may extend our understanding of child health and development to new limits.

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Danilov, Igor Val y Sandra Mihailova. "A New Perspective on Assessing Cognition in Children through Estimating Shared Intentionality". Journal of Intelligence 10, n.º 2 (29 de marzo de 2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence10020021.

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This theoretical article aims to create a conceptual framework for future research on digital methods for assessing cognition in children through estimating shared intentionality, different from assessing through behavioral markers. It shows the new assessing paradigm based directly on the evaluation of parent-child interaction exchanges (protoconversation), allowing early monitoring of children’s developmental trajectories. This literature analysis attempts to understand how cognition is related to emotions in interpersonal dynamics and whether assessing these dynamics shows cognitive abilities in children. The first part discusses infants’ unexpected achievements, observing the literature about children’s development. The analysis supposes that due to the caregiver’s help under emotional arousal, newborns’ intentionality could appear even before it is possible for children’s intention to occur. The emotional bond evokes intentionality in neonates. Therefore, they can manifest unexpected achievements while performing them with caregivers. This outcome shows an appearance of protoconversation in adult-children dyads through shared intentionality. The article presents experimental data of other studies that extend our knowledge about human cognition by showing an increase of coordinated neuronal activities and the acquisition of new knowledge by subjects in the absence of sensory cues. This highlights the contribution of interpersonal interaction to gain cognition, discussed already by Vygotsky. The current theoretical study hypothesizes that if shared intentionality promotes cognition from the onset, this interaction modality can also facilitate cognition in older children. Therefore in the second step, the current article analyzes empirical data of recent studies that reported meaningful interaction in mother-infant dyads without sensory cues. It discusses whether an unbiased digital assessment of the interaction ability of children is possible before the age when the typical developmental trajectory implies verbal communication. The article develops knowledge for a digital assessment that can measure the extent of children’s ability to acquire knowledge through protoconversation. This specific assessment can signalize the lack of communication ability in children even when the typical trajectory of peers’ development does not imply verbal communication.

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Bradshaw, Jessica, Ashley Trumbull, Jennifer Stapel-Wax, Scott Gillespie, Nisha George, Celine Saulnier, Cheryl Klaiman et al. "Factors associated with enrollment into a clinical trial of caregiver-implemented intervention for infants at risk for autism spectrum disorder". Autism 24, n.º 7 (29 de junio de 2020): 1874–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361320928829.

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Early intervention has been established as efficacious in addressing developmental delays in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Evidence that caregiver-implemented interventions are feasible and effective for young children with autism spectrum disorder is emerging, yet research suggests there are barriers to enrollment in clinical trials of these interventions for infants at risk for autism. This study identifies factors associated with enrollment in a clinical trial of a caregiver-implemented intervention for 12-month-old infants at risk for autism spectrum disorder. As part of a large longitudinal study, fifty-seven infants were deemed eligible for intervention based on several converging indicators of autism risk. Of these eligible infants, 44% declined enrollment in the intervention study. Examination of factors associated with families who declined enrollment compared to those who agreed to enroll revealed maternal full-time work status, household income, and distance to the clinic as significant predictors. In contrast, autism red flags and parental concern were not significantly associated with enrollment. These results highlight the need for more research on how parental understanding of, and willingness to act on, early social-communication delays impacts intervention study enrollment. Future research can then examine how to address these barriers to enrollment in caregiver-implemented intervention studies. Lay abstract Early intervention helps to address developmental delays in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Yet, research suggests there are barriers to enrollment into research studies that test the effectiveness of these interventions for infants at risk. This study identifies family characteristics that were associated with agreement to enroll in a clinical trial of early intervention for 12-month-old infants at risk for autism spectrum disorder. As part of a large longitudinal study, infants were evaluated for early signs of autism spectrum disorder at 1 year of age. Of the fifty-seven infants who were showing signs of autism and deemed eligible for the early intervention trial, 44% declined enrollment. Results suggest that families were more likely to decline enrolling into the intervention study if the mother was working full time, the total household income was between US$60,000 and US$100,000, and they lived further from the clinic. In contrast, infant autism symptoms and parental concern at 12 months were not significantly associated with enrollment. These findings highlight the need for intervention studies that are more accessible to parents, for example, intervention that takes place in the home, in addition to more research on how parental understanding of, and willingness to act on, early social-communication delays impact intervention study enrollment. Future research can then examine how to address these barriers to enrollment in early intervention studies. Such findings will shed light on best practices for dissemination of early identification and intervention strategies.

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Schwartz, David A., Denise Morotti, Babak Beigi, Fereshteh Moshfegh, Nazanin Zafaranloo y Luisa Patanè. "Confirming Vertical Fetal Infection With Coronavirus Disease 2019: Neonatal and Pathology Criteria for Early Onset and Transplacental Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 From Infected Pregnant Mothers". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 144, n.º 12 (23 de julio de 2020): 1451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2020-0442-sa.

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Increasing numbers of pregnant women with coronavirus disease 2019 are being reported around the world. The majority of neonates delivered to pregnant women infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 have been negative for the virus, but a small number have tested positive for infection. It is important to determine whether vertical transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 occurs and the mechanisms for its development. Based on a number of clinical and laboratory findings, it has been suggested that transplacental transmission may be occurring, but a method to confirm this is necessary. This communication analyzes and evaluates the covariables that have been discussed as potential indicators of vertical and, specifically, intrauterine transmission, including the timing of onset of neonatal illness, neonatal viral test positivity, neonatal antibody testing for immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM, and viral analysis of swabs of whole specimens of placental tissue. None of these methods can provide confirmatory evidence that infection developed prior to labor and delivery, or that transplacental transmission occurred. This commentary proposes that diagnosis of early-onset neonatal coronavirus disease 2019 infection should be limited to neonates with positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 within the initial 72 hours of life. It also proposes that the occurrence of intrauterine transplacental severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 among infected mother-infant dyads be based upon identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in chorionic villus cells using immunohistochemistry or nucleic acid methods such as in situ hybridization. Evaluating placentas from neonates with coronavirus disease 2019 using these methods will be instrumental in determining the potential role and prevalence of transplacental transmission of the coronavirus.

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Temelkovska, Tijana, Pericles Kalande, Evelyn Udedi, Laurie Bruns, Siyenunu Mulungu, Julie Hubbard, Sundeep Gupta, Linda Richter, Thomas J. Coates y Kathryn Dovel. "Men care too: a qualitative study examining women’s perceptions of fathers’ engagement in early childhood development (ECD) during an ECD program for HIV-positive mothers in Malawi". BMJ Open 12, n.º 7 (julio de 2022): e056976. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056976.

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ObjectivesIntegrated early childhood development (ECD) and prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) interventions rarely target fathers, a missed opportunity given existing research demonstrating that father involvement improves maternal and child outcomes. We aimed to explore mother’s perceptions of fathers’ buy-in to an integrated PMTCT-ECD programme, any impact the programme had on couple dynamics, and perceived barriers to fathers’ involvement in ECD activities.DesignQualitative study using individual in-depth interviews with mothers participating in a PMTCT–ECD programme. Interviews assessed mothers’ perceptions of father buy-in and engagement in the programme and ECD activities. Data were coded using inductive and deductive strategies and analysed using constant comparison methods in Atlas.ti V.1.6.SettingFour health facilities in Malawi where PMTCT services were provided.ParticipantsStudy participants were mothers infected with HIV who were enrolled in the PMTCT–ECD programme for >6 months.InterventionsThe PMTCT–ECD intervention provided ECD education and counselling sessions during routine PMTCT visits for mothers infected with HIV and their infants (infant age 1.5–24 months). The intervention did not target fathers, but mothers were encouraged to share information with them.ResultsInterviews were conducted with 29 mothers. Almost all mothers discussed the PMTCT–ECD intervention with male partners. Most mothers reported that fathers viewed ECD as valuable and practised ECD activities at home. Several reported improved partner relationships and increased communication due to the intervention. However, most mothers believed fathers would not attend the PMTCT–ECD intervention due to concerns regarding HIV-related stigma at PMTCT clinics, time required to attend and perceptions that the intervention was intended for women.ConclusionsFathers were interested in an integrated PMTCT–ECD programme and actively practised ECD activities at home, but felt uncomfortable visiting PMTCT clinics. Interventions should consider direct community outreach or implementing ECD programmes at facility entry points where men frequent, such as outpatient departments.

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Baggett, Kathleen M., Betsy Davis, Susan H. Landry, Edward G. Feil, Anna Whaley, Alana Schnitz y Craig Leve. "Understanding the Steps Toward Mobile Early Intervention for Mothers and Their Infants Exiting the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Descriptive Examination". Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, n.º 9 (22 de septiembre de 2020): e18519. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/18519.

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Background Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) history, combined with systemic inequities for mothers of nondominant cultures and mothers who are socioeconomically disadvantaged, places infants at an extraordinary risk for poor developmental outcomes throughout life. Although receipt of early intervention (EI) is the best single predictor of developmental outcomes among children with and at risk for early developmental delays, mothers and infants with the greatest needs are least likely to receive EI. Mobile internet-based interventions afford substantial advantages for overcoming logistical challenges that often prevent mothers who are economically disadvantaged from accessing EI. However, the bridge from the NICU to a mobile internet intervention has been virtually unexplored. Objective This study aims to examine progression flow from NICU exit referral to an early mobile internet intervention to increase EI access and promote parent mediation of infant social-emotional and communication development. Methods Three NICUs serving the urban poor in a Midwestern city were provided support in establishing an electronic NICU exit referral mechanism into a randomized controlled trial of a mobile internet intervention for mothers and their infants. Measurement domains to reflect the bridge to service included each crucial gateway required for navigating the path into Part C EI, including referral, screening, assessment, and intervention access. An iterative process was used and documented to facilitate each NICU in establishing an individualized accountability plan for sharing referral materials with mothers before their NICU exit. Subsequent to the referral, progression flow was documented on the basis of a real-time electronic recording of service receipt and contact records. Mother and infant risk characteristics were also assessed. Descriptive analyses were conducted to summarize and characterize each measurement domain. Results NICU referral rates for EI were 3 to 4 times higher for open-shared versus closed-single gatekeeper referral processes. Of 86 referred dyads, 67 (78%) were screened, and of those screened, 51 (76%) were eligible for assessment. Of the 51 assessment-eligible mothers and infants, 35 dyads (69%) completed the assessment and 31 (89%) went on to complete at least one remote coaching intervention session. The dyads who accessed and engaged in intervention were racially and ethnically diverse and experiencing substantial adversity. Conclusions The transition from the NICU to home was fraught with missed opportunities for an EI referral. Beyond the referral, the most prominent reason for not participating in screening was that mothers could not be located after exiting the NICU. Stronger NICU referral mechanisms for EI are needed. It may be essential to initiate mobile interventions before exiting the NICU for maintaining post-NICU contact with some mothers. In contrast to a closed, single point of referral gatekeeper systems in NICUs, open, shared referral gating systems may be less stymied by individual service provider biases and disruptions.

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L, Milella, Ficarella MT, Calabrese G, Moliterni P, Cito F, Lupis G y Lasorella ML. "Infant Botulism: Rare but Very Dangerous Event: A Case Report". International Journal of Clinical Investigation and Case Reports 01, n.º 02 (2022): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.55828/ijcicr-11-06.

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We report a case of infant botulism admitted to the Children’s Hospital “Giovanni XXIII”, Bari, Italy. After a week of constipation, hypotonia, lethargy, ptosis, reduction of suction and cry, a 2-month-old infant male, the first kid of unrelated parents was taken to the closest hospital, after being born normotrophic, at term, without a prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal medical history or neurodevelopmental delay. The patient was referred to the pediatric center for an undiagnosed progressive worsening of awareness and he was intubated for bradypnea and desaturation. The toxicologic panel, cerebrospinal fluid exam, radiological imaging, and laboratory results were negative. Only after neurological instrumental analysis, we found a normal EEG but a positive EMG that is associated with the history of raw honey intake (revealed only later by his mother). We were allowed to define the hypothesis of infant botulism earlier than the confirmation of the standard mouse bioassay. So, as a result, Botulism Immune Globulin-Intravenous IgG over 3 hours in a single recommended dose of 0.1 mL/kg/min was injected. The infant showed a gradual improvement and after 10 days he was extubated. The Preterm Oral Feeding Readiness Scale showed an improvement through the rehabilitation program with physiotherapy and parents’ stimuli. After one month he was discharged. Frequently, infant botulism is not the first hypothesis but it is the result of a strict differentiation from other diseases characterized by hypotonia such as sepsis, infectious, genetic, autoimmune, or metabolic diseases through the use of history, and laboratory tests and radiological imaging. At first, toxin detection can be useful for early diagnosis. In the later stages, the neurological instrumental support can help the clinician to elucidate the cause of muscle weakness. In fact, the EEG and the EMG could be positive when toxins are unlikely to be detectable in the serum and other data are negative. A minimum of one arm and one leg should be examined for motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity along with two distal muscles for 2-Hz nerve stimulation and a needle EMG with an adequate sample. We suggest that the neurological instrumental support can help the clinician to elucidate the cause of muscle weakness, in particular in the later stages. Honey shouldn’t be provided to infants under one-year-old children because the majority of instances still have a good history of exposure to it.

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Burns, Jennifer. "Enhancing Connections and Providing Support to Improve Breastfeeding Practices in Benin". Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (29 de mayo de 2020): 947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa054_019.

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Abstract Objectives To measure the impact of a community-based approach in improving breastfeeding practices in Benin. Methods Pregnant and lactating women participated in monthly peer support group sessions and received household counseling. Husbands were engaged in couples counseling to improve household communication and decision making. Leadership groups (elder women, religious and traditional leaders) were established to promote optimal breastfeeding practices during household visits, traditional ceremonies and religious services. Women were counseled by midwives and breastfeeding counselors during antenatal and post-natal visits. Key decision makers from national to village level were engaged to ensure buy-in and alignment with national policies. A final evaluation was carried out in villages representing the Bariba, Peulh, and Nateni ethnic groups. Study participants were a convenience sample of the project beneficiaries and health and nutrition administrative offices. Using a mixed methods approach, Focus Group Discussions and Key Informant Interviews were selected for qualitative methods, while a survey was used for quantitative methods. Results There were substantial increases in adoption of early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding (18% and 34%, respectively). Knowledge of the benefits of colostrum and breastmilk improved among a wide range of project beneficiaries. Protecting the infant's health, increased intelligence of the infant, and healthier relationships between men and women were common motivations for adopting these practices. Traditional practices of discarding colostrum, and provision of herbal tea, water and porridge to supplement breastmilk were reduced. Barriers and enablers such as workload burden, illness and hunger of the mother, and traditional feeding practices, and support provided through the various project platforms, were identified. Conclusions A multi-pronged community-based approach can increase adoption of early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding practices. Engaging household influencers (husbands, grandmothers) and community leadership (traditional and religious leaders, community volunteers, health workers), coupled with engaging key decision makers (national, district and commune leadership) was key to the success. Funding Sources Catholic Relief Services.

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Velikanova, Larisa. "The Place of Symbolization in the Psychoanalytic Model of Thinking: Verbal and Pre-Verbal Aspects". Logos et Praxis, n.º 3 (diciembre de 2021): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lp.jvolsu.2021.3.9.

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The article describes the process of symbol formation from the point of view of psychoanalytic theory. The author considers verbal and pre-verbal thinking and connects these two types with the process of symbol formation. The model of thinking proposed by W. Bion is taken as a foundation. The subject's ability to symbolize is characterized as inherent in a developed mental apparatus with a verbal type of thinking. Thinking is understood as the process of formation of mental elements from the processed somatic experience. Through the concept of object relations the author shows the difference in the functioning of thinking in a paranoid-schizoid and depressive position. The author introduces the concept of containerization and clarifies the difference between the mechanisms of normal and pathological projective identification, which the subject uses in a paranoid-schizoid position instead of repression. It is pointed out that the excessive use of pathological projective identification makes it impossible to develop thinking and symbol formation. The author defines the ability of the subject to endure frustration as the primary condition for the development of thinking. The secondary is the successful communication between a mother and an infant contributing to the infant's introjection of the maternal alpha function. This allows the mental apparatus to develop and makes it possible to acquire verbal thinking, to transit to a depressive position and to use symbols as products of mature symbol formation. The symbol is understood as a verbal form for somatic experiences, while the symbol does not have the characteristics of the original object. The author demonstrates, that in the early stages of development, the subject does not use the symbolization inherent in verbal thinking, but symbolic equalization, in which no distinction is made between the object and the symbol. Verbal thinking is considered as related to the acoustic remnants of words that are transmitted by the primary object due to the alpha function. In the early stages of development and in the case of a violation of symbol formation, subjects do not use symbols that are containers for somatic experiences, but pre-verbal and pre-symbolic elements. The author concludes that the process of symbolization underlies the development of the mental apparatus.

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Parncutt, Richard. "Mother Schema, Obstetric Dilemma, and the Origin of Behavioral Modernity". Behavioral Sciences 9, n.º 12 (6 de diciembre de 2019): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs9120142.

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What triggered the emergence of uniquely human behaviors (language, religion, music) some 100,000 years ago? A non-circular, speculative theory based on the mother-infant relationship is presented. Infant “cuteness” evokes the infant schema and motivates nurturing; the analogous mother schema (MS) is a multimodal representation of the carer from the fetal/infant perspective, motivating fearless trust. Prenatal MS organizes auditory, proprioceptive, and biochemical stimuli (voice, heartbeat, footsteps, digestion, body movements, biochemicals) that depend on maternal physical/emotional state. In human evolution, bipedalism and encephalization led to earlier births and more fragile infants. Cognitively more advanced infants survived by better communicating with and motivating (manipulating) mothers and carers. The ability to link arbitrary sound patterns to complex meanings improved (proto-language). Later in life, MS and associated emotions were triggered in ritual settings by repetitive sounds and movements (early song, chant, rhythm, dance), subdued light, dull auditory timbre, psychoactive substances, unusual tastes/smells and postures, and/or a feeling of enclosure. Operant conditioning can explain why such actions were repeated. Reflective consciousness emerged as infant-mother dyads playfully explored intentionality (theory of mind, agent detection) and carers predicted and prevented fatal infant accidents (mental time travel). The theory is consistent with cross-cultural commonalities in altered states (out-of-body, possessing, floating, fusing), spiritual beings (large, moving, powerful, emotional, wise, loving), and reports of strong musical experiences and divine encounters. Evidence is circumstantial and cumulative; falsification is problematic.

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Hopf, S., M. Herzog y D. Ploog. "Development of Attachment and Exploratory Behavior in Infant Squirrel Monkeys under Controlled Rearing Conditions". International Journal of Behavioral Development 8, n.º 1 (marzo de 1985): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502548500800105.

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This study contributes to the understanding of early development of communication in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri). Emission of expressive behavior as well as its perception (as concluded from the partner's responses) form the basis of social communication. We studied stimulus conditions that control attachment and exploratory behavior two interdependent fields of motivation which are especially important in the early stages of development. Newborn squirrel monkeys were isolated from their mothers and the group and were provided with a mother surrogate, manipulanda, and social surrogate stimuli: objects were so designed as to elicit behavior which would otherwise be directed at conspecifics. It was found that the animals displayed largely normal attachment and exploratory behavior. They modified their behavior depending on whether their contacts with the social surrogate were answered by aversive or non-aversive calls in the same sense as socially experienced conspecifics would do. Consequently, the conclusion may be drawn that specific genetic components are involved in comprehending emotional expressions.

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