Artículos de revistas: "Early Medieval notarial charters"

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Schulz, Juergen. "The Houses of the Dandolo: A Family Compound in Medieval Venice". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 52, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 1993): 391–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990865.

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In the present paper an attempt is made to reconstruct the residential compound in medieval Venice of doge Enrico and doge Andrea Dandolo and their kin, using early notarial drafts, charters, and inventories of documents. The history that emerges is compared with theoretical explanations for the existence in the Middle Ages of such family compounds, explanations which-at least in this one instance-are found wanting.

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Chitwood, Zachary. "Founding a Monastery on Athos under Early Ottoman Rule: The typikon of Stauroniketa". Endowment Studies 1, n.º 2 (20 de febrero de 2017): 173–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24685968-00102004.

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The best-attested and most important endowments of Orthodox Christians in the medieval world were created by means of foundation charters (ktetorika typika). Via atypikon, a founder orktetorwas able to regulate the present and future functioning of his (invariably monastic) endowment, often in minute and voluminous detail. Of particular interest for the topic of this special issue ofENDSare some post-Byzantine monastic foundation charters, which hitherto have received almost no scholarly scrutiny. Among these charters is the testament of the patriarch Jeremiahifor the Stauroniketa Monastery on Mount Athos. His monastic charter demonstrates the continuity of Byzantine endowment practices in the first centuries of Ottoman rule, yet also underlines new difficulties for monastic founders attempting to adapt the quintessentially medieval Christian practice of composingtypikato the strictures of an Islamic legal regime.

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Sinha, Nandini. "Early Maitrakas, Landgrant Charters and Regional State Formation in Early Medieval Gujarat". Studies in History 17, n.º 2 (agosto de 2001): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/025764300101700201.

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Ward, John O. "Rhetorical Theory and the Rise and Decline of Dictamen in the Middle Ages and Early Renaissance". Rhetorica 19, n.º 2 (2001): 175–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rh.2001.19.2.175.

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This paper examines the links between Classical (Ciceronian) rhetorical theory and the teaching of medieval Latin prose composition and epistolography between the eleventh century and the renaissance, mainly in Italy. Classical rhetorical theory was not replaced by dictamen, nor was it the “research dimension” of everyday dictaminal activity. Rather Classical rhetorical theory, prose composition and epistolography responded to distinct market niches which appeared from time to time in different places as a consequence of social and political changes. Boncompagno's apparent setting aside of Ciceronian rhetorical theory in favour of stricter notarial and dictaminal procedures was in turn superseded by his successors who chose to enrich their notarial theory with studies of classical rhetoric. Classical rhetorical theory proved influential on dictaminal theory and practice. Dictamen was not ousted by classical rhetoric. It only really declined when growing lay literacy and the use of the vernacular combined with the autonomous professionalism of the legal training institutions to erode the privileged position occupied in medieval times by the dictatores.

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Roth, Pinchas. "Manuscript Fragments of Early Tosafot in Perpignan". European Journal of Jewish Studies 14, n.º 1 (31 de marzo de 2020): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1872471x-11411099.

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Abstract Fragments of a Hebrew manuscript in thirteenth-century Sephardic script were recently discovered in the binding of a fourteenth-century notarial manual in Perpignan. These fragments are identified here as originating in a copy of Tosafot redacted by a disciple of Isaac ben Samuel of Dampierre. It is suggested that the redactor was Samson ben Abraham of Sens. This find is doubly significant—for the study of Tosafot, and for the intellectual history of medieval Perpignan Jewry.

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Reyerson, Kathryn L. "The Adolescent Apprentice/Worker in Medieval Montpellier". Journal of Family History 17, n.º 4 (octubre de 1992): 353–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036319909201700402.

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This study explores the experiential dimensions of apprenticeship and work as part of the adolescent life phase in fourteenth-century Montpellier on the basis of approximately two hundred surviving notarial contracts. The strong role of family in apprenticeship of young men and women, the acquisition of specific occupational skills, character formation, and the well-being of the apprentice/worker are discussed. Apprenticeship for Montpellier youth represented a lengthy (early teens to late twenties) and elaborate transition between childhood and adulthood.

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Fóti, Miklós y István Pánya. "A török defterek topográfiai adatainak felhasználása, mint a településhálózat rekonstruálásának eszköze". Belvedere Meridionale 34, n.º 1 (2022): 130–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/belv.2022.1.8.

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The National Archives of Hungary, the Research Centre for the Humanities and the Katona József Museum of Kecskemét have collaborated with the aim of reconstructing the medieval and early modern period settlement network and administration of the southern part of the Danube–Tisza Interfluve region. During the works all available medieval sources and Ottoman tax registers (including four sanjak surveys, four poll tax defters, three timar defters, and about eighty daybook registers) were processed. In parallel, a profound analysis of the medieval charters was carried out, as well as the topographic identification of the settlements with the help of historical maps and satellite images. The selected sample area was the Nahiye of Zombor and the Nahiye of Baja, which existed in the western part of the Sanjak of Szeged, roughly covering the territory of the medieval Bodrog county. Research has shown that mass analysis of defters results in far more topographic data than examination of individual defters. Using both medieval charters and Ottoman sources, we can reconstruct a more accurate picture of the settlement network of the sample area.

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Jarrett, Jonathan. "Ceremony, charters and social memory: property transfer ritual in early medieval Catalonia". Social History 44, n.º 3 (3 de julio de 2019): 275–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2019.1618570.

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Lemercier, Claire y Francesca Trivellato. "1751 and Thereabout: A Quantitative and Comparative Approach to Notarial Records". Social Science History 46, n.º 3 (2022): 555–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2022.8.

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AbstractThis article asks a simple question that nevertheless has broad implications for historians of premodern continental Europe: What did notaries do? It answers it by applying descriptive statistics, principal component analysis, and clustering techniques to the typological distribution of all deeds preserved in the notarial collections of six French and Italian cities—Paris, Toulouse, Mende, Turin, Florence, and Livorno—for the year 1751, as well as smaller datasets for other dates and locations. The results of this analysis are surprising. In spite of a high degree of consistency in the notarial profession and terminology (a trait that facilitates our comparisons), the notarial style of each city varied greatly. Variations within a single state were sometimes greater than those across state borders. Both supply and demand of notarial services differed from city to city. Overall, our conclusions are as important as the methodology that we adopt to reach them. Our aim is to offer a replicable analysis that puts quantitative methods in the service not only of the study of a source (notarial records) that is widespread across late medieval and early modern continental Europe and its overseas empires but also of a renewed comparative social history that does not shy away from the heterogeneity of primary sources.

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Kasdagli, Aglaia E. "Dowry and Inheritance, Gender and Empowerment in the ‘Notarial Societies’ of the Early Modern Greek World". Fund og Forskning i Det Kongelige Biblioteks Samlinger 44 (14 de octubre de 2005): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/fof.v44i3.132994.

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This communication is something of a paradox. The project I am going to discuss here concerns an issue I have been working on for years, but on the other hand it is very much work in progress –and for technical reasons the progress is unfortunately much less advanced than I thought it would be when I first planned my contribution.First of all, the map illustrates what I mean by the term ‘notarial societies’ –mostly the world of the Greek islands – both along the western coast (Ionian islands) and the central Aegean (Cyclades and others), as well as in the south (Crete). The fall of Constantinople (1453) confirmed the Ottoman dominance on the major part of the former Byzantine Empire. However, some islands remained in Venetian hands or under various Latin lords affiliated with Venice (Khios with Genoa): major examples are Crete (until 1669), the Cyclades (to 1566) and the Ionian islands (to 1797). During the 17th century the Venetian presence was still strongly felt in the region. But the local population was – and remained – predominantly Greek in language and Greek Orthodox in religion. Those societies preserved the notarial tradition throughout the period and part of the vast amount of notarial acts has survived, throwing light on aspects of the social life about which there is very little evidence for the ‘non notarial’ parts of the region.Thus, the term ‘notarial societies’ designate those parts of the post Byzantine Greek world that preserved the medieval notarial tradition up to modern times. The extant notarial documents, therefore, outline the realities of populations, which in their majority shared a common language, religious creed and cultural (Byzantine) heritage. At the same time these were societies with differing physical characteristics, varying historical experiences, and different political and administrative framework, which moreover were subjected to variable cultural influences. All these factors are reflected in the significant regional variations that can be observed: take the example of the types of law regulating notarial practice, which offer a vital key for the interpretation of the information gleaned from the documents. At any given place the prevalent legal system might be any mixture of disparate elements: the Venetian law, in territories held by Venice; the customary law, which regulated most legal relations in regions like the Cyclades; and other influences, such as the feudal Frankish code used by the Latin rulers of formerly Byzantine lands; also, the canon law (which was in effect a continuation of Byzantine legal theory and practice) or the Islamic law, in places where Muslims had settled in large numbers.

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Korkiakangas, Timo. "Late Latin Charter Treebank: contents and annotation". Corpora 16, n.º 2 (agosto de 2021): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2021.0217.

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This paper describes the construction and annotation of the Late Latin Charter Treebank, a set of three dependency treebanks (llct1, llct2 and llct3) which together contain 1,261 Early Medieval Latin documentary texts (i.e., original charters) written in Italy between ad 714 and 1000 (about 594,000 tokens). The paper focusses on matters which a linguistically or philologically inclined user of llct needs to know: the criteria on which the charters were selected, the special characteristics of the annotation types utilised, and the geographical and chronological distribution of the data. In addition to normal queries on forms, lemmas, morphology and syntax, complex philological research settings are enabled by the textual annotation layer of llct, which indicates abbreviated and damaged words, as well as the formulaic and non-formulaic passages of each charter.

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Harmes, Marcus K. "Problems and Possibilities of Early Medieval Charters ed. by Jonathan Jarrett and Allan Scott McKinley". Parergon 31, n.º 2 (2014): 180–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pgn.2014.0104.

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Guimon, Timofey V. y Denis V. Sukhino-Khomenko. "Cyningas and cartae: An Introduction in the Diplomatic of Royal Charters in Early Medieval England". GRAPHOSPHAERA: Writing and Written Practices 2, n.º 1 (2022): 25–174. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/2782-5272-2022-2-1-25-174.

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Wangerin, Laura. "Empress Theophanu, Sanctity, and Memory in Early Medieval Saxony". Central European History 47, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2014): 716–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938914001927.

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The Empress Theophanu, wife of Otto II and regent for her son Otto III, was by all accounts a woman skilled at maneuvering through the complicated world of Ottonian politics. When she died in 991 CE, around the age of thirty, she had accomplished much: after arriving in Italy from Constantinople in 972 at around the age of twelve, she became Otto II's queen and was crowned empress of the Western Empire. During her lifetime, she was among the wealthiest women in Europe and one of the continent's most powerful people. After her husband's death, she secured the succession of her son, Otto III, and actively ruled as regent, successfully navigating the dangerous political world of the Western Roman Empire. Her activities included building churches, placing her daughters in positions of power in key nunneries, issuing acts as imperator and imperatrix, receiving ambassadors, waging war and negotiating peace—essentially doing everything expected of a male emperor with the exception of personally engaging in battle. Thietmar of Merseburg, writing around 1013, praises her rule as regent, stating that she held the kingdom for her son “in a manly fashion,” clearly intending this as a compliment. And yet, after her death and the premature death of her son a few years later, Theophanu seems to disappear from the historical record. Despite the great number of contemporary sources in which she figured during her lifetime and immediately after her death, including charters and donations, letters, chronicles, and annals, we know almost nothing about her. The few sources that do mention her in the period following her death have little good to say about her. Why did this woman fall into disfavor?

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Borisov, Grigory. "On the Question of the Hierarchy of Legal Orders: Three Examples from Early Carolingian Frisia". ISTORIYA 12, n.º 9 (107) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840017145-8.

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The article examines the evidence from sources about the legal orders in historical Frisia, the territory of the modern Netherlands, in the Carolingian era — from 777 to 806. During the Charlemagne’s reign, these territories completely entered the Frankish Realm and were christianized. Therefore, the idea of the hierarchy of legal orders on these lands at the turn of the 8th and the 9th century provides an important evidence for the dynamic processes, going in the legal consciousness of the early medieval society. The sources include the private charters of Liudger, abbot of the monastery Werden an der Ruhr, preserved in the cartulary of the 9th century and in royal diplomas. In the three-parted study are being sequentially examined the charters of land donations to the monastery and the diplomas of Charlemagne, the main attention is focused on the charters of 793 and 802, as well as the diploma of 777. The author makes a conclusion about coexistence of various legal orders in the early Carolingian Frisia: based on personal, informal relations between the donor of the land and its recipient, supported by arguments from public law relations. This order is typical for actions within a local community. The legal order brought into this local world by the royal power through the sovereign's messengers and counts becomes impersonal, uses the concepts of legality and prevails over a larger territory, no longer in micro-, but in mesospaces. Finally, the royal power, in its appeal to counts and other judges of large districts, maintains a public-legal and formal relationship and operates in large macrospaces.

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Nótári, Tamás. "Remarks on Early Medieval legal charters — The legend of “dux Ingo” and his “carta sine litteris”". Acta Juridica Hungarica 50, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2009): 293–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/ajur.50.2009.3.4.

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Korkiakangas, Timo. "From memory or formulary". Mirator 22, n.º 1 (19 de diciembre de 2022): 4–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54334/mirator.v22i1.119760.

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This paper seeks to review the state of the art concerning how documentary formulae were reproduced in early medieval private charters written in Latin. I shall estimate which kind of theoretical considerations and empirical evidence there are to support one or the other of the two main hypotheses, i.e., that i) charter scribes copied the formulae from models or ii) they had memorized the formulae and reproduced them from memory each time they wrote a new charter. I shall propose that the memorization hypothesis is more robust, but I shall also recognize intermediate positions.

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Brown, Warren. "Charters as weapons. On the role played by early medieval dispute records in the disputes they record". Journal of Medieval History 28, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2002): 227–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4181(02)00022-2.

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Kashtanov, Sergey. "The Process of Writing and Promulgation of Acts in the Early Chancellery Practice of the Frankish State and Old Rus". ISTORIYA 12, n.º 12-1 (110) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840018289-6.

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The paper is dedicated to the early chancellery practices of the Frankish State and Old Rus as well as to the differences and the similarities of the early immunity chaters of those two countries. In medieval Latin sources, the word kancellaria is known from the 12th century. In what concerns Rus and the Russian State, it is used somewhat conventionally up to c. 1700. Institutions comprising some staff of scribes are known in the Russian State not earlier than in the 15th—16th centuries. The offices of dyaks (later transforming into prikazes and chets) emerged only in the first half and the middle of the 16th century. Contrary to the early medieval West, chancellery was not a special institution at the court, but rather a structure within a central state office. Due to this, acts often were composed in scriptoria, and the originals of the earliest of them are written in bookish hands. The practice of composing charters by beneficiaries, known in the early Frankish State, was characteristic to Rus until at least the second half of the 16th century. Although princely scribes are known to compose some kinds of acts from the late 13th and the 14th centuries, many other long continued to be written in monastic scriptoria.

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Sohoni, Pushkar. "Paper documents and copper-plates: localization of hegemonic practices". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 79, n.º 1 (8 de diciembre de 2015): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x1500097x.

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AbstractThis paper examines the social currency of copper-plate charters on the basis of Persian copper-plates from the Deccan. Indic religious systems have a long tradition of conferring land grants using this medium, partially rooted in beliefs of metaphysical qualities attributed to metals. The objects from this region are highly unusual because there are no other recorded instances of a sultan issuing or authorizing land grants on copper-plates. The Persian-language copper-plates appear from the sixteenth century onwards, and seem to be later copies of (or extracts from) paper-based charters issued by Bahmani sultans and other kingdoms in the Deccan. Issues of authenticity and forgeries, fakes and copies are also raised in this paper. This study examines objects that combine material culture and textual content. While the textual content of these objects has always been privileged as being a source of history, the medium – which itself has a history of reception – has not been given its own historical narrative. The paper provides new perspectives on what we might call the “social life” of different documentary formats in medieval and early modern India, in particular the copper-plate grant.

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Brown, Warren. "Conflict, Letters, and Personal Relationships in the Carolingian Formula Collections". Law and History Review 25, n.º 2 (2007): 323–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248000002947.

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Over the last few decades, scholarship on early medieval conflict has been driven and shaped by the kinds of sources that scholars have used. The different source genres offer their own characteristic pictures of the ways that people processed disputes in the early Middle Ages. Narrative sources, for example, such as chronicles or saints' lives, tend in the process of achieving their narrative orhagiographic goals to highlight violence, extra-judicial settlement, and the ritual or symbolic expression of disputes and disputeresolution. Normative sources, such as law codes or royal legislation (for example, the capitularies issued by Carolingian kings), naturally emphasize institutional tools for handling conflict, such as formal judicial assemblies and judicial procedures, royal judicial officials, and laws. Archival sources from the period consist primarily of charters, that is, records of rights or privilege ranging from diplomas issued by kings and emperors to the property records of churches andmonasteries. These tend to blend the images produced by the first two source genres. Often they record the formal resolution of propertydisputes in judicial assemblies headed by kings, counts, or their representatives; often they refer to laws or imply that the cases theydeal with were covered by some generally recognized set of norms. Charters also, however, provide a great deal of evidence for extra-judicial negotiation and settlement, as well as for ritual and public symbolic communication as a part of dispute processing.

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Stanford, Charlotte A. "Theresa Earenfight, ed., Royal and Elite Households in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: More than Just a Castle. Explorations in Medieval Culture 6. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2018. 416 pp." Mediaevistik 31, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2018): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med012018_251.

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This collection of sixteen essays examines the households of royal and aristocratic figures from the ninth through sixteenth centuries in Western Europe. Based on a variety of sources, ranging from economic records to letters, wills, legal charters, and inventories, the studies in this volume showcase the complexity of great households with their large cast of characters. While length restrictions make detailed discussion of individual essays impractical here, the different contributions complement each other along several thematic strands, notably court studies, economic history, and especially gender studies. Nine contributors focus on female households (Megan Welton, Penelope Nash, Linda E. Mitchell, Eileen Kim, Sally Fisher, Caroline Dunn, Manuela Santos Silva, Zita Rohr, and Theresa Earenfight), five on primarily male households (David McDermott, Alexander Brondarbit, Alana Lord, Audrey M. Thorstad, and Hélder Carvalhal), and one deals equally with the households of a king and queen (Isabel de Pina Baleiras). Many of the contributors focus on English material, although several essays give insights on France, Germany, Italy and the Iberian Peninsula.

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Pilsworth, Clare. "Could you just sign this for me John? Doctors, charters and occupational identity in early medieval northern and central Italy". Early Medieval Europe 17, n.º 4 (20 de octubre de 2009): 363–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0254.2009.00282.x.

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Schmiedchen, Annette. "Patronage of Śaivism and Other Religious Groups in Western India under the Dynasties of the Kaṭaccuris, Gurjaras and Sendrakas from the 5th to the 8th Centuries". Indo-Iranian Journal 56, n.º 3-4 (2013): 349–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15728536-13560312.

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Southern Gujarat and north-western Maharashtra constituted a highly contested region in the early medieval period, between the 5th and 8th centuries. The majority of the royal grants were in favour of Vedic Brahmins without any specific Śaiva, Vaiṣṇava, or other sectarian leanings, the rest in favour of Hindu temples. Whereas the Traikūṭakas had been Vaiṣṇavas, Kaṭaccuri Kṛṣṇarāja is described as ‘devoted to Paśupati’. Not only among the Kaṭaccuris, but also among the Gurjaras, Sendrakas, and Lāṭa Calukyas, there was a strong tendency to use the religious epithet paramamāheśvara, ‘worshipper of Śiva’, homogeneously. Individual Gurjara and Sendraka charters record endowments for the worship of Āśramadeva and Alaṅghyeśvara, and one prince of the Lāṭa Calukyas is said to have worshipped a religious mendicant whose name ended in °śivabhaṭṭāraka. But it was not before the 11th century that the epigraphic evidence for the institutionalization of Śaivism in the region increased remarkably.

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Sperling, Jutta. "Dowry or Inheritance? Kinship, Property, And Women's Agency in Lisbon, Venice, and Florence (1572)". Journal of Early Modern History 11, n.º 3 (2007): 197–238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006507781147470.

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AbstractThe marital property regimes, inheritance practices, and kinship structures of Renaissance Italy and early modern Portugal were at opposite ends of a spectrum. In Italy, the legitimacy of marriage was defined as the outcome of dowry exchange governed by exclusio propter dotem, thus conceptually linked to the disinheritance of daughters and wives. In Portugal, where the Roman principle of equal inheritance was never abolished, domestic unions qualified as marriages insofar as joint ownership was established. Kinship structures were rigidly agnatic in Italy, but cognatic, even residually matrilineal, in Portugal. An investigation of notarial records from Lisbon, Venice, and Florence shows how women's capacity for full legal agency as property owners in both societies differed. Female legal agency, however, whether measured by women's capacity to engage in property transactions independently of their marital status (Portugal), or as the manipulation of limited legal resources, even resistance against a system of dispossession (Italy), always unfolded within the context of larger agendas that were beyond women's control, such as the processes of state formation in medieval Italy and empire-building in Portugal.

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Luković, Miloš. "Zakon vlahom (Ius Valachicum) in the charters issued to Serbian medieval monasteries and kanuns regarding Vlachs in the early ottoman tax registers (defters)". Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia 22, n.º 1 (10 de noviembre de 2015): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bp.2015.22.3.

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Guerson, Alexandra y Dana Wessell Lightfoot. "Complicated Lives and Collaborative Research: Mapping the Effects of Conversion to Christianity on Jewish Marriage Practices in Late Medieval Girona". Medieval People: Social Bonds, Kinship, and Networks 36, n.º 1 (25 de abril de 2022): 373–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32773/wlgo8190.

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This article explores how our work as collaborative historians has allowed us to map out the stories of Jewish families in Girona during the early decades of the fifteenth century - a crucial moment in their history - by pulling together documents from royal, municipal, and notarial archives. Here we focus on the Vidal family--Caravida, his first wife Bonafilla, and second wife Regina, analyzing hundreds of records to tell a tale of polygamy, accusations of theft, the death of a son, conversion to Christianity, divorce, a mixed marriage, and investigation and conviction by the inquisition. Interwoven with our narrative of the Vidals, we discuss some of the tools that have helped us bring together such varied sources. Making all this possible is our use of a relational database which has aided our ability to link together such rich documentation from a variety of archives. Finally, we also consider the role of happenstance in our examination of certain archival sources; specifically, the impact that stumbling across the registers of the local notary who worked with the inquisition had on our understanding of the troubles that Jewish and converso families faced as they became caught in conflicts between ecclesiastical, municipal, and royal officials.

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Erhart, Peter. "«Carta ista amalfitana est et nescitur legere». The charters of Cava dei Tirreni and St Gall and their evidence for early medieval archival practice". Gazette du livre médiéval 50, n.º 1 (2007): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/galim.2007.1737.

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Gadzic, Nebojsa. "Architecture in Sar Mountain villages". Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 15, n.º 3 (2017): 277–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace160428025g.

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The development of settlements in the area of Sredacka, Sirinicka and Goranska parishes should be seen in the context of entire Sar Mountain, Kosovo and South-Western Balkans, where these high mountain parishes are located. We can record the development of settlements in these Sar Mountain parishes from its beginnings in this part of our country, since the Neolithic period, through the ancient and early Christian period, followed by the Middle Ages and up to the present day. There are visible traces of Pelasgic, Illyrian, Thracian, in some parts Hellenistic, Roman, Slavic and Turkish- Oriental influences and ethnic presence in these parishes. All these ethnic processes, in conjunction with the natural environment and the socio-economic circumstances, had their historical impact on the evolutionary development of the Sar-mountain rural settlements. Rural settlements, villages, were built on sites that permitted the production activity, with frequent cases of renewal of existing settlements and the establishment of the new ones in their immediate vicinity. The Medieval Serbian state led to strengthening of the existing settlements, founding of the new ones, expansion of the existing ones and the receiving specific tasks and obligations arising from the feudal social order. These commitments were given in a number of charters and grants of Serbian emperors, kings and nobles. These liabilities from the medieval period would result in the emergence and subsequent smooth development of "pecalbarenje" as a process that was very important for the development of rural settlements in the Sar mountain parishes.

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Roeleveld, Annelies. "The Holy Rood in the Netherlands and North Germany A comparative study of nine Middle Dutch and two Middle Low German recensions of the legend about the Provenance of the Cross". Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 66, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2010): 175–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-066001010.

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A comparison was made of all the known recensions and fragments in Middle Dutch (9) and Middle Low German (2) of the medieval legend of the Provenance of the Cross. Variants were written and weighted, and a computer-assisted stemma was produced. The stemma arranges the recensions into a few groups, but only a small number of conclusions can be drawn from it, e.g. that the two Low German texts, not surprisingly, are to be found at a larger distance from their nearest relatives than any of the Middle Dutch recensions. Both were very obviously translated from Middle Dutch, and it was already clear from the differing ways they solve translating problems that one was not copied from the other, nor did they have a close common ancestor; this is corroborated in the stemma. The dialects of the Middle Dutch texts were then determined by means of the computer-controlled method Rem and Wattel developed for the Corpus of 14th century charters and deeds; the results were entered into the stemma. It now turned out that one of the Low German recensions was relatively closely related to a Dutch text with Northern and Eastern traits. Both Low German texts, however, have as their second closest relatives early recensions which localise in Southern Brabant. All the early Middle Dutch recensions do in fact localise in Southern Brabant. The obvious conclusion is that an archetypical text must have been written in Southern Brabant.

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31

Walther, Christoph. "Robert Gallagher / Edward Roberts / Francesca Tinti (Eds.), The Languages of Early Medieval Charters. Latin, Germanic Vernaculars, and the Written Word. (Brill’s Series on the Early Middle Ages, Vol. 27.) Leiden, Brill 2020". Historische Zeitschrift 314, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2022): 177–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hzhz-2022-1025.

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Yashchuk, Tatiana. "LEGAL REGULATION IN THE SPHERE OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN RUSSIA (HISTORICAL AND LEGAL ASPECT)". Law Enforcement Review 1, n.º 4 (10 de enero de 2018): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2542-1514.2017.1(4).14-27.

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The purpose of article is to analyze the evolution of legal regulation of higher education in Russia since the beginning up to the beginning of reform in modern conditions.Characteristics of the problem field. Higher education is studied in various aspects (sociological, cultural, historical, economic). An independent institute of educational law is distinguished in the legal science. Serious transformations of higher education in the Russian Federation have actualized the need for understanding the domestic experience of legal regu-lation. The state policy in the sphere of higher education and the evolution of educational legislation are studied in historical and legal studies.The methodology. The narrative method is the method of description. It is necessary for the reconstruction of past events and phenomena. The narrative method is supplemented by a chronological method. The formal legal method is applied to the interpretation of norms. The sociological method establishes the links between state policy, regulatory legal regulations and the social result achieved. The comparative method is used fragmentarily.Results. Higher education is a relatively new social institution. In the European tradition it took shape during the Middle Ages. The completed model was formed in the XIX century in Germany.The Russian Empire used the German model. Higher education was regulated by the state. The main regulations governing educational relations at the university were the General Charters. These Charters reflected the autonomy of universities.Three stages are identified in the legal and regulatory framework of higher education in the Soviet period: 1917 – the first floor 1930s; second floor 1930s – the first floor 1950s; second floor 1950s – 1980s.At the first stage the state regulated only politically and ideologically important educational relations. Many questions were not regulated centrally. In the 1930s the state impact on higher education was growing. The consignments are included in norm-setting activities. The established norms changed little until the end of the Soviet period. In the 1960s the liberalization of educational legislation began, which continued until the end of the Soviet period.Conclusions. Higher education as a special social Institute took shape in the medieval period. The German model, tested in the early nineteenth century with the establishment of the University in Berlin, had a huge influence on the genesis of modern higher education.

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JARRETT, JONATHAN. "NUNS, SIGNATURES, AND LITERACY IN LATE-CAROLINGIAN CATALONIA". Traditio 74 (2019): 125–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tdo.2019.7.

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It is somewhat rare to be able to analyze the membership of an early medieval women's religious community in any detail. Sant Joan de Ripoll, which operated from the late ninth century until 1017 at modern-day Sant Joan de les Abadesses in Catalonia, provides not just this opportunity but the even rarer chance to evaluate the nuns’ command of writing, by means of a single original charter of 949 that several of them signed autograph. This article argues that the signatures of these nuns indicate that they had in fact been taught to write before joining the nunnery. They are thus a source for female lay, rather than religious, literacy in this time and area. Consolidating this, the article provides a prosopography of the known nuns derived from the other charters of the nunnery's part-surviving archive, including tracing some of their careers beyond the 1017 dissolution of the house. This shows that the members of the comital family who had founded the house and provided several of its abbesses were not otherwise frequent among the nuns; rather, the nunnery recruited from the local notables in its neighborhoods, to whose interest in female literacy these signatures therefore testify. Such support could not prevent the closure of the house, however, and the article closes with a reflection on the agency available to the nuns in a political sphere dominated by male, secular interests.

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Nelson, Jinty. "Problems and possibilities of early medieval charters. Edited by Jonathan Jarrett and Allan Scott McKinley. (International Medieval Research, 19.) Pp. x + 304 incl. 5 figs, 6 graphs, 1 map and 4 tables. Turnhout: Brepols, 2013. €80. 978 2 503 54830 2". Journal of Ecclesiastical History 66, n.º 3 (26 de junio de 2015): 625–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046915000317.

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35

Somers, Katerina. "The Languages of Early Medieval Charters: Latin, Germanic Vernaculars, and the Written Word. Edited by Robert Gallagher, Edward Roberts, and Francesca Tinti. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2021. 548 pages. $161.00 / €134,00 hardcover or e-book." Monatshefte 114, n.º 1 (10 de marzo de 2022): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/m.114.1.129.

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Raban, Sandra. "The Early Charters of the Augustinian Canons of Waltham Abbey, Essex 1062–1230. Edited by Rosalind Ransford. (Studies in the History of Medieval Religion, 2.) Pp. lxxxvii + 521 + map. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1989. £45. 0 85 115 516 2; 0955 2480". Journal of Ecclesiastical History 42, n.º 2 (abril de 1991): 303–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046900000166.

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37

Szőke, Melinda. "The source value of early charters of uncertain chronological status in historical linguistics and onomastics". Hungarian Studies, 14 de febrero de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/044.2022.00161.

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AbstractThis paper explores the problem of the source value of charters from the point of view of research in linguistic history. Charters written in Latin often contain elements of the vulgar language (in this case, Hungarian). Only four authentic Hungarian charters have survived from the 11th century in their original form. Therefore, we have also included the non-authentic and non-original charters of the 11th century in our research over the recent decades.These charters may contain 4–5 chronological layers, and so our task is to separate them. Charters of uncertain status cannot be analysed using the same methodological principles as the authentic and original charters. This paper discusses the methodological principles that may facilitate the identification of the source value of these charters for historical linguistics. Although these principles are defined based on charters from Hungary, due to their universal nature a significant portion of them may also be used successfully in other regions of medieval European charter research.

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38

Ghignoli, Antonella. "Writing Texts, Drawing Signs. On Some Non-alphabetical Signs in Charters of the Early Medieval West". Archiv für Diplomatik, Schriftgeschichte, Siegel- und Wappenkunde 62, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.7788/afd-2016-0103.

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39

Armendariz Bosque, Aitor. "Explotar y gestionar el bosque entre la memoria y la práctica: La constitución de las dehesas forestales del monasterio de Cardeña, siglos X y XI". Historia Agraria Revista de agricultura e historia rural, 13 de octubre de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26882/histagrar.088e05a.

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The aim of this article is to thoroughly analyse the practices of exploitation and management of the early medieval woods through the analysis of the constitution of the dehesas of the monastery of Cardeña, in Castile. In order to do so, two levels are identified which hardly ever are distinguishable: on the one hand, the monastic discourse about the possession projected over his wood properties and, on the other hand, the use and appropriation perceptible in these charters. This involves the comprehension of the exploitation of non-cultivated spaces according to an interaction with cultivated ones and the precision of different practices and logics of appropriation and management. The relationships between different users and with the monastery around woods over 10th and 11th centuries are analysed. This perspective could help us to reconsider the capacity of peasant groups to act over non-cultivated lands and to organize territory according to collective logics and negotiation with lords.

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40

Jensson, Gottskálk. "Sources about the monastic church and library at Þingeyrar". Gripla 33 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.33112/gripla.33.8.

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The Benedictine Abbey of Þingeyrar in North-West Iceland was the earliest monastic house in Iceland, established in the early 12th century. Today, it is mainly famous for its literary production and for manuscripts, some of whom are still preserved. All remnants of the monastic buildings have now vanished from the face of earth, but we have fairly precise descriptions of these buildings in official appraisals from 1684 and 1704, which are found in the Collection of the Procurators at the National Archive of Iceland. Further, current archeological research at Þingeyrar has added considerable new knowledge about Þingeyrar, e.g. the location of the monastic church. The appraisals of Þingeyrar Abbey can be compared to other known documents, medieval annals and charters, to construct a more complete picture of the monastic buildings and their interiors, primarily of the church where the monks had their library. This study forms an introduction to the first publication of the appraisals and it attempts to tell the history of the Church of Þingeyrar Abbey, which as it turns out seems to have survived more or less intact until 1695, when the Danish official Lauritz Gottrup had it torn down and a new one built.

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"EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES". Camden Fifth Series 47 (julio de 2015): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096011631500007x.

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The charters and letters in each section are listed in alphabetical order of beneficiary or addressee. Where a number of acts are addressed to the same beneficiary, they are listed in a putative chronological order. Where a date range is offered for an act wider than one year it is in the format (0000 × 0000) taking the earliest possible and latest date as the terminal points. Where there are specific dating clauses given by the texts, they have to be interpreted within the whole range of the way medieval people defined a year. Thus 1141 could begin as early as what we would call 25 December 1140 and carry on till as late as Easter (19 April) 1142. In general it may be assumed that the predominant Bedan or incarnational dating would be what an English clerk would intend: that is, either beginning the year at Christmas as Bede advocated or at the point of Jesus's conception, the feast of the Annunciation (25 March). So where the charter carries the actual date ‘1141’, the apparatus for the charter will interpret this as ‘25 December 1140 × 24 March 1142’. If a specific day of issue is given between 1 January and 24 March, as for instance ‘11 March 1142’, it will be given in the form of ‘11 March 1142/3’, since either year might be intended.

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42

Burić, Tonči. "Arheološki nalazi dekorativno-funkcionalnih elemenata obuće iz kasnoga srednjeg vijeka u Kaštelima". Archaeologia Adriatica 4, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/archeo.1033.

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Late medieval graves in the Kaštela region have been found to contain, in addition to jewelry, decorative-functional elements of clothing and footwear, termed Gothic according to the stylistic period then in fashion. These are finds from graves that were then on the territory of the commune districts of Split and Trogir. Finds are taken into consideration here that belong to remains of footwear, which so far in Croatia have not even been recognized as such, and which can be stratigraphically and typologically placed in the late Middle Ages (14th-15th cent.). These are objects of a utilitarian character that at the same time have clear stylistic traits, and they have been discovered in the past two decades during systematic excavation of medieval cemeteries in Kaštela. These are large parish cemeteries that grew up around early medieval churches; the cemetery around the church of St. George of Putalj and the cemetery around the church of St. George of Radun. The Putalj cemetery was the graveyard for the inhabitants of medieval Sućurac for more than four centuries (12th-16th cent.), and the Radun cemetery belonged to part of the village of Radun and had an even longer continuity of burial (11th-16th cent.). The first examples were found at these sites, some of them in situ, which enabled a more precise functional determination of them through stylistic-typological parallels and also among dislocated finds in graves with multiple burials, as well as parallels at cemeteries in neighboring regions in central Dalmatia. Finds to the present of shoe buckles can be classified to two typological variants (Pl. I:1-3), one of them called the Radun type according to the eponymous site (Pl. I:1, 3). They are all chronologically coherent and belong to those strata of the cemeteries that are dated according to determined parameters (stratigraphy, typology of the finds) to the 14th and beginning of the 15th centuries, when the Gothic style in art was already completely developed. They can thus be attributed as artistic craft products of the artisan workshops in Split and Trogir at that time, which were distributed throughout the area of the urban districts of those communes. Finds of functionally identical objects have been recorded on the territory of Roman Salona and its broader vicinity, but in the period of late antiquity, while in the early modern period (16th-18th cent.) finds of iron hobnails for shoes or boots have been registered at a large number of sites in the hinterland of central Dalmatia. In addition to the rare and generalized tiny depictions of shoe buckles in the artistic sources of the Gothic and Renaissance (paintings, frescoes, sculptures) in Western Europe, references to them can also be found in written sources. One notarial document from the 16th century in Zadar mentions shoe buckles under the term fiube da scarpe. The investigation of this segment of material culture is just beginning, and new data can be expected to be discovered in documents and works of art, and above all in new archaeological finds of buckles for footwear, which will considerably improve our knowledge of this interesting attire detail from the Gothic and Renaissance periods.

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