Artículos de revistas: "Drug abuse Treatment"

1

Woody, George E., and Marc Auriacombe. "Drug abuse treatment." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 5, no. 3 (June 1992): 420–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-199206000-00014.

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2

Anglin, M. Douglas, and Yih-Ing Hser. "Treatment of Drug Abuse." Crime and Justice 13 (January 1990): 393–460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/449179.

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3

AZRIN, N. H., B. Donohue, V. A. Besalel, E. S. Kogan, and R. ACIERNO. "Youth Drug Abuse Treatment:." Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 3, no. 3 (December 6, 1994): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j029v03n03_01.

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4

Parillo, Kathleen M., Robert C. Freeman, and Paul Young. "Association Between Child Sexual Abuse and Sexual Revictimization in Adulthood Among Women Sex Partners of Injection Drug Users." Violence and Victims 18, no. 4 (August 2003): 473–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vivi.2003.18.4.473.

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Community-recruited women (n = 1490) were interviewed about their early and adult sexual victimization histories to determine whether there was an association between child sexual abuse and adult revictimization by sex partners and strangers/nonsex partners. Adolescent sexual abuse, lifetime sex-trading, drug treatment, and mental health treatment were examined as mediating variables. One-fourth of the women had been revictimized (i.e., experienced child sexual abuse and at least one instance of adult sexual victimization). Child sexual abuse was associated with both rape and other sexual victimization by a sex partner in adulthood, as well as adult rape by a stranger/nonsex partner. Drug and mental health treatments reduced abused women’s chances of being raped by a sex partner; drug treatment also decreased the likelihood of other sexual victimization by a sex partner. Sex-trading increased abused women’s likelihood of rape by a stranger or nonsex partner. Intervention—including drug treatment—can help women with child sexual abuse histories overcome some of the abuse-related sequelae that make them vulnerable to adult revictimization.

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5

Alya Attiah, Alghamdi. "Cognitive behavioral therapy treatment for drug addiction." Journal of Addiction Therapy and Research 7, no. 1 (April 17, 2023): 005–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.jatr.1001025.

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Drug addiction remains a major health concern following its devastating consequences to the users and the economy. Current statistics show a rising trend in substance abuse around the globe with approximately 284 million people engaging in drug abuse. Various approaches are used to treat the victims of drug abuse. Cognitive behavior therapy, a form of nonpharmacological intervention, has also been shown to be an effective treatment option for drug addiction. The use of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) has grown since the 1970s to become one of the most important models of psychotherapy in this decade. Various empirical studies have shown the efficacy of CBT in well-controlled trials. A total of 19 randomized trials (cases) (with over 1400 patients treated) were selected and studied. In the various cases, results showed that patients were treated for drug and substance abuse disorders with the majority being those who abused cannabis, cocaine, alcohol and other opioids. In most cases, the CBT techniques that were used for drug addiction included cognitive restructuring, relapse prevention and contingency management. Components of CBT for drug addiction include skills and training, amplification of non-substance-related activities, approaches for managing urges, drug rejection and improvement of social aptitudes. Cognitive restructuring focuses on the identification of misconceptions and influencing the way people think about themselves by eliminating distorted thinking. Relapse prevention focuses on the identification and prevention of high-risk situations that may trigger the patient to engage in drug abuse. Contingency management reinforces positive behaviors and reduces negative behaviors through the use of rewards and incentives.

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6

Nautiyal, Anuj. "Drug Abuse & Cognitive Functioning." Mental Health & Human Resilience International Journal 7, no. 2 (2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/mhrij-16000227.

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Extensive research has been conducted on cognitive impairments in substance use disorders, particularly with the advancements in cognitive and computational neuroscience as well as neuroimaging techniques over the past two decades. It has been noticed that, impaired cognition functioning is the common factor in person with substance abuse most precisely in case of attention, memory, recalling, decision making etc. Addiction has been showing basic impairment in brain and brain related processes through improper regulation and decreasing motivation and development of apathy. This special issue addresses cognitive impairment as a trans-diagnostic domain, highlighting the potential benefits of advancing the understanding and treatment of cognitive dysfunction in substance use disorders for various psychiatric conditions. In line with this overarching objective, we provide a summary of current findings in the fore mentioned cognitive domains of substance use disorders. Additionally, we propose an expansion of the scope to encompass precognition and social cognition, which are often overlooked but hold significant relevance to substance use disorders. While these two areas have received comparatively less attention, they are essential aspects of substance use disorders both phenomenologically and in other respects. The review concludes by suggesting avenues for further research and potential therapeutic interventions targeting both the well-established cognitive domains and this more comprehensive understanding of cognitive impairments associated with substance use disorders.

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7

Fernández-Montalvo, Javier, José J. López-Goñi, Alfonso Arteaga, Raúl Cacho, and Paula Azanza. "Therapeutic Progression in Abused Women Following a Drug-Addiction Treatment Program." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 32, no. 13 (June 30, 2015): 2046–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515591980.

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This study explored the prevalence of victims of abuse and the therapeutic progression among women who sought treatment for drug addiction. A sample of 180 addicted Spanish women was assessed. Information was collected on the patients’ lifetime history of abuse (psychological, physical, and/or sexual), socio-demographic factors, consumption variables, and psychological symptoms. Of the total sample, 74.4% ( n = 134) of the addicted women had been victims of abuse. Psychological abuse affected 66.1% ( n = 119) of the patients, followed by physical abuse (51.7%; n = 93) and sexual abuse (31.7%; n = 57). Compared with patients who had not been abused, the addicted women with histories of victimization scored significantly higher on several European version of the Addiction Severity Index (EuropASI) and psychological variables. Specifically, physical abuse and sexual abuse were related to higher levels of severity of addiction. Regarding therapeutic progression, the highest rate of dropout was observed among victims of sexual abuse (63.5%; n = 33), followed by victims of physical abuse (48.9%; n = 23). Multivariate analysis showed that medical and family areas of the EuropASI, as well as violence problems and suicide ideation, were the main variables related to physical and/or sexual abuse. Moreover, women without abuse and with fewer family problems presented the higher probability of treatment completion. The implications of these results for further research and clinical practice are discussed.

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8

Hawkins, J. David, and Richard F. Catalano. "Aftercare in Drug Abuse Treatment." International Journal of the Addictions 20, no. 6-7 (January 1985): 917–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826088509047759.

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9

Leukefeld, Carl G., and Frank M. Tims. "Compulsory Treatment for Drug Abuse." International Journal of the Addictions 25, no. 6 (January 1990): 621–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826089009061324.

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10

Coutinho, Roel A., and Christina Hartgers. "AIDS and drug abuse treatment." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 5, no. 3 (June 1992): 426–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-199206000-00015.

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11

Hser, Yih-Ing, M. Douglas Anglin, and Chih-Ping Chou. "Evaluation of Drug Abuse Treatment." Evaluation Review 12, no. 5 (October 1988): 547–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193841x8801200505.

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12

Halikas, James A. "Treatment of Drug Abuse Syndromes." Psychiatric Clinics of North America 16, no. 4 (December 1993): 693–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0193-953x(18)30144-8.

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13

Crits-Christoph, Paul. "Psychosocial Treatment for Drug Abuse." Archives of General Psychiatry 53, no. 8 (August 1, 1996): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830080103015.

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14

Stephenson, J. "Toolbox for Drug Abuse Treatment." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 284, no. 15 (October 18, 2000): 1915—b—1915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.15.1915-b.

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15

Stephenson, Joan. "Toolbox for Drug Abuse Treatment." JAMA 284, no. 15 (October 18, 2000): 1915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.15.1915-jha00010-3-1.

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16

Sorensen, James L., and Sharon Hall. "Treatment research in drug abuse." Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 39, no. 1 (May 1991): 235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(91)90475-h.

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17

Horton, Arthur MacNeill. "Comorbidity of drug abuse treatment." Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 19, no. 2 (June 1997): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02229035.

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18

Bloom, Benedict T., and Mary-Jessimine Bushell. "Vaccines against Drug Abuse—Are We There Yet?" Vaccines 10, no. 6 (May 27, 2022): 860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10060860.

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Background: Drug abuse is a worldwide problem that is detrimental to public health. The potential for drug abuse extends to both legal and illicit drugs. Drawbacks associated with current treatments include limited effectiveness, potential side effects and, in some instances, the absence of or concerns with approved therapy options. A significant amount of clinical research has been conducted investigating immunotherapy as a treatment option against drug abuse. Vaccines against drug abuse have been the main area of research, and are the focus of this review. Methods: An extensive search using “EBSCOhost (Multiple database collection)” with all 28 databases enabled (including “Academic Search Ultimate”, “CINAHL Plus with Full Text”, and MEDLINE), interrogation of the ClinicalTrials.gov website, and searches of individual clinical trial registration numbers, was performed in February and March of 2022. This search extended to references within the obtained articles. Results: A total of 23 registered clinical trials for treating drug abuse were identified: 15 for treatment of nicotine abuse (all vaccine-based trials), 6 against cocaine abuse (4 were vaccine-based trials and 2 were metabolic-enzyme-based trials), 1 against methamphetamine abuse (a monoclonal-antibody-based trial), and 1 multivalent opioid treatment (vaccine-based trial). As indicated on the ClinicalTrials.gov website (Home—ClinicalTrials.gov), the status of all but two of these trials was “Completed”. Phase 3 clinical trials were completed only for vaccine treatments against nicotine abuse. Conclusion: Evidence in the form of efficacy data indicates that vaccines are not an option for treating nicotine or cocaine abuse. Efficacy data are yet to be obtained through completion of clinical trials for vaccines against opioid abuse. These findings align with the absence of regulatory approval for any of these treatments. This review further highlights the need for novel treatment strategies in instances where patients do not respond to current treatments, and while the search for efficacious vaccine-based treatments continues.

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19

Baigent, Michael, Gwili Holme, and R. Julian Hafner. "Self Reports of the Interaction between Substance abuse and Schizophrenia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 29, no. 1 (March 1995): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679509075894.

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Fifty-three psychiatric hospital inpatients with a dual diagnosis of substance abuse and schizophrenia were given the Brief Symptom Inventory and the Schizophrenia/Substance Abuse Interview Schedule. Mean age was 29; 49 were men. Only 11% were employed. Forty percent abused mainly alcohol, 40% cannabis and 8% amphetamines; 20% abused more than one substance. Mean onset age of drug abuse was 16 years; schizophrenia was diagnosed a mean of 5 years later, and subjects had been admitted to hospital an average of 7 times since then. Most believed that drug abuse initiated or exacerbated their schizophrenia; 80% took drugs primarily to relieve dysphoria and anxiety. Amphetamines improved subjective well-being significantly more than alcohol, but choice of drugs was determined mainly by price and availability. Only cannabis increased positive symptoms of schizophrenia and only amphetamines reduced negative ones. Effectively treating this population requires an integration of psychiatric and drug treatment services, ideally in a community context.

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20

Conca, Addison J., and David R. Worthen. "Nonprescription Drug Abuse." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 25, no. 1 (January 3, 2012): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190011431148.

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Nonprescription drug, also referred to as over-the-counter (OTC) abuse, is a serious and growing global health challenge. Drugs from many different therapeutic classes and numerous dosage forms and drug delivery systems are implicated in nonprescription drug abuse. Individuals who commonly abuse certain nonprescription medications are likewise diverse, varying in age, demographics, and overall health status. The clinician is in a unique position to assist in identifying those patients at risk for nonprescription drug abuse and those who are abusers, and may play an important role in intervention, patient care, and in the treatment of nonprescription drug abuse. A concise review of nonprescription drug abuse may be of use to the clinician in this regard.

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21

Marsono, Iman Santoso, and Kemala Atmojo. "Penerapan Rehabilitasi terhadap Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika dalam Perspektif Teori Rehabilitasi." Syntax Literate ; Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia 8, no. 9 (September 24, 2023): 4961–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v8i9.13552.

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             In Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics (Narcotics Law), drug users can be divided into Abusers, Addicts and Victims of Narcotics Abuse. Drug abusers are people who use drugs without rights or against the law. But if the person is a drug addict, he is a person who uses and abuses drugs dependently both physically and psychologically. Where drug abusers and addicts have an element of intentionality in their actions. This is of course different from the qualifications of people who are victims of drug abuse. The Supreme Court based on the provisions of Article 103 of the Narcotics Law took steps to build a paradigm to stop criminalization for drug addicts by issuing a Supreme Court Decree (SEMA) Number 4 of 2010 concerning the Determination of Abusers, and Drug Addicts into Medical Rehabilitation and Social Rehabilitation Institutions. The author provides an example of a case of a victim of drug abuse whose case has been decided by PN Klaten with its decision Number 8 / Pid.Sus / 2019 / PN.Kln. The research method used is the normative juridical method, which is research that prioritizes literature data, namely research on secondary data. The secondary data can be primary, secondary or tertiary legal material. This research includes research on positive legal provisions in force in Indonesia relating to the application of rehabilitation to victims of drug abuse. Based on the results of the study, the author concluded that the application of rehabilitation for victims of drug abuse was carried out by an integrated assessment team with the aim of saving victims of drug abuse, if someone is an addict. Or the victim caught can determine whether to be put in prison or rehabilitated. Addicts and victims of drug abuse are "sick people" who are obliged to undergo treatment by placing them in social rehabilitation institutions. This is based on the consideration that most drug offenders are victims of drug abuse. Understanding the reorientation of handling addicts and victims of drug abuse, which formulates that drug users who are in the legal process and proven to be pure users are no longer led to bars, but rehabilitated, so that both the Police and the Prosecutor's Office still apply legal processes and naan ids for every abuser caught consuming narcotics            

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22

Melanson, Stacy E. F., Leland Baskin, Barbarajean Magnani, Tai C. Kwong, Annabel Dizon, and Alan H. B. Wu. "Interpretation and Utility of Drug of Abuse Immunoassays: Lessons From Laboratory Drug Testing Surveys." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 134, no. 5 (May 1, 2010): 735–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/134.5.735.

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Abstract Context.—To assist with patient diagnosis and management, physicians from pain services, drug treatment programs, and the emergency department frequently request that urine be tested for drugs of abuse. However, urine immunoassays for drugs of abuse have limitations. Objective.—To use data from the College of American Pathologists Proficiency Testing Surveys to determine and summarize the characteristics, performance, and limitations of urine immunoassays for drugs of abuse. Design.—Six years of urine drug testing proficiency surveys were reviewed. Results.—Lysergic acid diethylamide and methaqualone are infrequently prescribed or abused and, therefore, testing may be unnecessary. However, implementation of more specific testing for methylenedioxymethamphetamine and oxycodone may be warranted. Each drug of abuse immunoassay exhibits a different cross-reactivity profile. Depending on the cross-reactivity profile, patients with clinically insignificant concentrations of drugs may have false-positive results, and patients with clinically significant concentrations of drugs may have false-negative results. Conclusions.—Laboratory directors should be aware of the characteristics of their laboratories' assays and should communicate these characteristics to physicians so that qualitative results can be interpreted more accurately. Furthermore, manufacturer's claims should be interpreted with caution and should be verified in each organization's patient population, if possible.

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23

Hanley, Michael J., and George A. Kenna. "Quetiapine: Treatment for substance abuse and drug of abuse." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 65, no. 7 (April 1, 2008): 611–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2146/ajhp070112.

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24

Cho, Sung Nam. "Treatment of Drug Abuse-Therapeutic Community." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 41, no. 4 (1998): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.1998.41.4.380.

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25

Gorelick, David A. "Sociodemographic Factors in Drug Abuse Treatment." Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 3, no. 1 (1992): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2010.0119.

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26

Tims, F. M., A. M. Horton, B. W. Fletcher, and R. H. Price. "Assessing Outpatient Drug Abuse Treatment Programs." American Journal of Evaluation 13, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109821409201300105.

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27

Wellisch, Jean, Michael L. Prendergast, and M. Douglas Anglin. "Toward a Drug Abuse Treatment System." Journal of Drug Issues 25, no. 4 (October 1995): 759–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269502500408.

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Drug treatment in the United States has been fragmented, underfunded, less than comprehensive, and poorly planned and integrated. To bring about a significant improvement in the number of drug abusers who receive treatment and in the effectiveness of the treatment they receive, the current fragmented approach needs to be replaced with an integrated, coherent system of drug treatment. This paper discusses the characteristics of a drug treatment system and focuses on two elements of such a system: the use of the health care and criminal justice systems as locations to identify persons in need of drug treatment, and matching clients with appropriate services to improve treatment effectiveness. The paper also discusses several issues that will need to be addressed in developing a drug treatment system, offers examples at the federal, state, and local levels indicative of trends in the direction of a systems approach to drug treatment, and emphasizes the importance of federal leadership in systems development.

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28

Savion, Naphtali G., and Steven H. Silverman. "Intraarterial drug abuse: New treatment options." Journal of Vascular Surgery 14, no. 1 (July 1991): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mva.1991.27972.

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29

Silverman, Steven H., and William W. Turner. "Intraarterial drug abuse: New treatment options." Journal of Vascular Surgery 14, no. 1 (July 1991): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0741-5214(91)90162-n.

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30

Stitzer, M. "Standards for drug abuse treatment providers." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 71, no. 2 (August 20, 2003): 213–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-8716(03)00217-5.

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31

Johnson, Knowlton W., Linda C. Young, Geetha Suresh, and Michael L. Berbaum. "Drug Abuse Treatment Training in Peru." Evaluation Review 26, no. 5 (October 2002): 480–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019384102236521.

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32

Ghodse, A. H., M. London, T. H. Bewley, and A. V. Bhat. "In-Patient Treatment for Drug Abuse." British Journal of Psychiatry 151, no. 1 (July 1987): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.151.1.72.

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During 1984 there were 253 admissions to the in-patient drug dependence treatment unit at Tooting Bec Hospital. Of the 198 patients responsible for these admissions, 60% were male and 43% were over the age of 30 years. There were 151 patients admitted for opiate detoxification, and 75% completed the withdrawal schedule. However, only 15 out of 25 patients admitted for benzodiazepine withdrawals were found to be physically dependent. Other reasons for admission included stabilisation of the dose of opiate (24%) and the treatment of physical complications of addiction.

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33

Leukefeld, Carl, Carrie B. Oser, Jennifer Havens, Michele Staton Tindall, Jennifer Mooney, Jamieson Duvall, and Hannah Knudsen. "Drug Abuse Treatment Beyond Prison Walls." Addiction Science & Clinical Practice 5, no. 1 (April 2009): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1151/ascp095124.

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34

Tims, Frank M., Arthur M. Horton, Bennett W. Fletcher, and Richard H. Price. "Assessing outpatient drug abuse treatment programs." Evaluation Practice 13, no. 1 (February 1992): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0886-1633(92)90021-3.

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35

Leshner, Alan I. "Drug Abuse and Addiction Treatment Research." Archives of General Psychiatry 54, no. 8 (August 1, 1997): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830200015002.

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36

Chan, Gloria Hongyee, T. Wing Lo, Gabriel Kwun-Wa Lee, and Cherry Hau-Lin Tam. "Social Capital and Social Networks of Hidden Drug Abuse in Hong Kong." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17 (August 27, 2020): 6231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176231.

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Owing to the increasing prevalence of hidden drug abuse in Hong Kong, yet scarce relevant current local research, this study seeks to carry out an in-depth investigation into the experience of hidden drug abusers, paying particular attention to their relevance to social capital and social networks. Seventy-three abusers attending drug treatment programs were interviewed, and a thematic analysis was performed. The results indicate hidden drug abuse is popular in Hong Kong. Apart from the decline of public, large-scale discos and the change of the types of drugs abused to date, one important contributing factor is the drug supply and transaction networks, which are extensive and multilocused, but secretive, with high closure levels. This kind of network is supported by bonding, bridging, and linking social capital as well as by providing convenient supply modes and offering drug abusers psychological comfort and safety. These factors encourage the hidden drug abuse to prevail and allow drug abusers to remain unidentifiable.

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37

Bahr, Stephen J., Amber L. Masters, and Bryan M. Taylor. "What Works in Substance Abuse Treatment Programs for Offenders?" Prison Journal 92, no. 2 (March 21, 2012): 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885512438836.

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The purpose of this article is to review current empirical research on the effectiveness of drug treatment programs, particularly those for prisoners, parolees, and probationers. The authors reviewed empirical research published after the year 2000 that they classified as Level 3 or higher on the Maryland Scale. Participants in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), therapeutic communities, and drug courts had lower rates of drug use and crime than comparable individuals who did not receive treatment. Several different types of pharmacological treatments were associated with a reduced frequency of drug use. Those who received contingency management tended to use drugs less frequently, particularly if they also received cognitive-behavioral therapy. Finally, researchers reported that drug use and crime were lower among individuals whose treatment was followed by an aftercare program. Effective treatment programs tend to (a) focus on high-risk offenders, (b) provide strong inducements to receive treatment, (c) include several different types of interventions simultaneously, (d) provide intensive treatment, and (e) include an aftercare component.

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38

Ramlagan, Shandir, Karl Peltzer, and Gladys Matseke. "Epidemiology of drug abuse treatment in South Africa." South African Journal of Psychiatry 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v16i2.172.

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Background. The aim of the study was to explore the epidemiology of drug abuse treatment in South Africa.Methods. Treatment demand statistics were analysed from South African National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the South African Community Epidemiology Network on Drug Use records, and a rapid situation assessment was conducted. Twenty-one key informant interviews were conducted in all 9 provinces among provincial substance abuse co-ordinators, and one manager per treatment centre from a sample of treatment centres. Three focus groups were conducted and 46 self-administered questionnaires were distributed among inpatients at 2 selected treatment centres in Free State and North West provinces. Qualitative data were analysed using grounded theory, and quantitative data analysed using SPSS. Results. Treatment records show that the most frequent substance of abuse was alcohol (51%), followed by cannabis (21%), crack/cocaine (9.6%), heroin/opiates (7.9%), methamphetamine (Tik) (4.5%), prescription/over-the-counter drugs (2.0%), and cannabis/mandrax (1.7%). More substance abusers were male, of lower education, white or black, than were female, more highly educated, coloured and Indian/Asian. Key informant interviews showed that females are the ‘hidden’ substance abusers and tend not to be identified in research statistics and at treatment centres. Poverty, unemployment, lack of recreational facilities, being surrounded by substance abusers, and long work shifts were also mentioned as factors contributing to substance abuse. The age of initiation of substance abuse using non-drugs such as glue was 9 years old, alcohol 10 - 12 years old, dagga 11 - 12 years old, poly-drug use (alcohol, tobacco and dagga) 14 years old, and harder drugs such as cocaine and heroin at 16 - 17 years old, as reported by key informants. Family care and support, improved socio-economic conditions and increased law enforcement would help to discourage substance abuse.Conclusion. Prevention interventions and policies in South Africa should focus on reducing substance abuse by targeting the ‘at risk populations’ identified in this study.

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39

Beresford, David. "The abuse of drugs." Psychiatric Bulletin 13, no. 1 (January 1989): 35–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.13.1.35.

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Recent Government policy has encouraged initiatives aimed at preventing the spread of drug misuse and improving treatment for those who already suffer the effects of dependence. There are probably up to 100,000 opiate addicts in the UK and dependence on prescribed drugs such as benzodiazepines presents a problem of increasing medico-legal significance. All doctors have a responsibility to ensure that drug misusers are offered treatment and should be prepared to assist them with withdrawal from drugs if requested to do so. Many doctors still fight shy of becoming involved, often through fear of contravening the controlling legislation.

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40

Alderman, Elizabeth Meller, S. Kenneth Schonberg, and Michael I. Cohen. "The Pediatrician's Role in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Substance Abuse." Pediatrics In Review 13, no. 8 (August 1, 1992): 314–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.13.8.314.

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Abuse of drugs and alcohol is pervasive in our society. The role of the pediatrician as a health-care provider from birth through young adulthood includes recognizing the stigmata in newborns of prenatally ingested drugs as well as being able to treat neonatal drug withdrawal syndromes. Questioning about drug use and other closely related topics should be incorporated into all health-care maintenance visits, starting at the age of 10 y, with parental participation and anticipatory guidance being offered. Physical examination and laboratory testing are not as helpful in confirming an impression of substance abuse as a comprehensive interview and a full appreciation of the warning signs of substance abuse. Treatment of the problematic user with a multidisciplinary team that understands adolescent development and behavior as well as the problem of substance abuse is crucial. The decision to treat the teen in an ambulatory or inpatient setting is determined by the extent of abuse, underlying medical problems and psychopathology, and the degree of family dysfunction. The pediatrician must not avoid addressing these issues with patients. If, however, upon identifying an adolescent or a newborn with a drug problem, the pediatrician feels uncomfortable or ill-prepared to manage the patient, appropriate professional referrals are warranted. Despite exercising the referral option for treatment, as advocate for child and family, the pediatrician remains professionally bound to track all drug abuse-related referrals while continuing to participate in the general ongoing care of the patient and family.

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41

Soltaninejad, Kambiz. "Forensic Aspects of Zolpidem Use." International Journal of Forensic Sciences 8, no. 3 (2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ijfsc-16000310.

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Zolpidem is one of the most commonly prescribed hypnotic drugs for short-term treatment of insomnia. Zolpidem use or abuse was associated with an increased risk of driving accidents, inducing of suicide attempts and death. Its use or abuse associate with hallucinations and bizarre behaviors. Zolpidem induces anterograde amnesia, confusion and sedation and abused as a tool in drug-facilitated crimes. From this view, its analysis and interpretation in forensic cases has been important. In this article, we reviewed the some forensic aspects of zolpidem use or abuse.

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Travis, Trysh. "The Intersectional Origins of Women’s “Substance Abuse” Treatment." Contemporary Drug Problems 44, no. 4 (November 2, 2017): 265–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091450917738074.

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The WOMAN Center was a women’s drug treatment program focused on heroin that existed in Detroit’s Cass Corridor neighborhood between 1971 and 1985. During this period, successful advocacy by the Modern Alcoholism Movement was establishing the “disease model” as the norm in the expanding alcoholism treatment realm; therapeutic communities and methadone maintenance vied for similar prominence in the world of drug treatment. The WOMAN Center approached drug dependence quite differently. Its founders’ allegiance to ideas about grassroots organizing led them to see drug use and related problems as predictable responses to community chaos and blight. Their treatment program hinged on linking individual and community empowerment, achieved through drug cessation but also through consciousness-raising and leadership training. This theory was difficult to operationalize and the WOMAN Center’s tenure was short-lived. This article argues that it is nevertheless an important moment in the theorization of women’s alcohol and other drug problems: WOMAN’s intersectional analysis of gender, which drew special attention to the ways that capitalism and racism affect women’s decisions to use drugs, is a road not taken for women’s treatment. Attention to such a politicized vision of recovery is important as the U.S. grapples with the present wave of narcotics use in rural and rust-belt communities.

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McLellan, A. Thomas, and Enid Hunkeler. "Alcohol & Drug Abuse: Patient Satisfaction and Outcomes in Alcohol and Drug Abuse Treatment." Psychiatric Services 49, no. 5 (May 1998): 573–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ps.49.5.573.

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44

Georgsdottir, Margret Torshamar, Sigrun Sigurdardottir, and Hrafnhildur Gunnthorsdottir. "“This Is the Result of Something Else”: Experiences of Men That Abused Drugs and Had Experienced Childhood Trauma." American Journal of Men's Health 15, no. 2 (March 2021): 155798832110093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15579883211009348.

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Drug abuse is a serious public health issue that may have irreversible consequences. Research has revealed that childhood psychological trauma can promote addictive behaviors in adulthood and that drugs are often used as a coping mechanism. Men are less likely to report trauma and seek help than women. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the experience of men in Iceland who have abused drugs and experienced childhood psychological trauma, to increase knowledge and deepen the understanding of trauma and addiction. Participants were seven men who had both experienced childhood trauma and had a history of drug abuse. Two interviews were conducted with each participant. The main findings suggest that participants abused drugs as a coping mechanism due to the trauma experienced in childhood. For some participants, seeking companionship was a key component of their drug use. Participants were mostly dissatisfied with treatment resources in Iceland; waiting lists were long and too much focus was on religion. Five main themes were identified: emotional impact, self-medication for pain, gender expectations, impermanence of thoughts, and loss of a sense of wholeness. Increased societal and professional awareness of the linkage between trauma and drug abuse is needed, as are additional resources specific to men who have experienced childhood trauma and drug abuse. It is important to integrate trauma focused services into health-care settings to educate health-care professionals on trauma and the consequences thereof, in addition to utilizing screening tools such as the Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire for those seeking assistance.

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45

Severtson, S. Geoff, Marie C. Gurrola, Mark W. Parrino, Matthew S. Ellis, Theodore J. Cicero, Janetta L. Iwanicki, and Richard C. Dart. "Abuse of tapentadol compared to other atypical opioids among individuals entering treatment for opioid use disorders." Journal of Opioid Management 19, no. 5 (November 20, 2023): 445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jom.0818.

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Objective: Tapentadol is an atypical opioid analgesic thought to have dual mechanisms of action: μ-receptor agonism and inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake. Unlike other atypical opioids, tapentadol is a schedule II-controlled substance. We compared the prevalence of abuse (use to get high) of tapentadol to other atypical opioids used to treat pain (buprenorphine and tramadol). Design: An observational, serial cross-sectional study. Setting: Individuals enrolling in treatment programs for opioid use disorder in 2019. Each completed a self-administered, paper questionnaire assessing prescription drug abuse and illegal drug use within 1 week of enrollment. Main outcome measures: Indication of past month abuse of tapentadol or comparator drugs on a self-administered questionnaire. Results: There were 6,987 respondents. Unadjusted and utilization-adjusted logistic regression models were used to compare odds of endorsement of tapentadol to tramadol and buprenorphine products indicated for the management of pain. Unadjusted abuse prevalence was 0.20 percent for total tapentadol (0.03 percent for NUCYNTA® and 0.06 percent for NUCYNTA ER). Relative to total tapentadol, the odds of abuse of buprenorphine for pain was 2.9 times greater (95 percent CI: 1.6 to 5.3, p < 0.001), and for tramadol, 43.1 times greater (95 percent CI: 25.3 to 73.3, p < 0.001). Adjusting for prescriptions dispensed, differences in odds of abuse were not statistically significant (odds ratio (OR) = 1.6, 95 percent CI: 0.9 to 3.0, p = 0.108 for buprenorphine for pain and OR = 0.7, 95 percent CI: 0.4 to 1.2, p = 0.209 for tramadol). Conclusions: Tapentadol use to get high is less frequent than other atypical opioids. Findings suggest tapentadol is rarely the primary drug abused by an individual.

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46

Emran, Md Ali, Sheikh Shahinur Hossain, AKM Salek, Md Moniruzzaman Khan, Syed Mozaffar Ahmed, Md Nuruzzaman Khandaker, and Mohammad Tariqul Islam. "Drug abuse in sports and doping." Bangladesh Medical Journal 43, no. 1 (December 30, 2014): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v43i1.21379.

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Drug is defined as a substance that alters the physiological processes of the body which is used for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease. Abuse denotes injudicious or irrational application. The use of performance-enhancing drugs is probably the major problem facing sport today. Despite intense efforts by sporting bodies and the medical professionals to eliminate the problem, drug taking to enhance sport performance remains widespread. No player should gain an unfair advantage over other players by using an unethical substance or method. The use of drugs may also be extremely dangerous to the health of players. Drug testing programs have been established by amateur and professional sports authorities to promote a safe and fair competitive environment. Clinicians who treat athletes should be familiar with the commonly abused substances and doping methods DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v43i1.21379 Bangladesh Med J. 2014 January; 43 (1): 46-50

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Jupe, T., E. Myslimi, I. Giannopoulos, and B. Zenelaj. "Drug-Induced Psychosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment." European Psychiatry 66, S1 (March 2023): S677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.1415.

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IntroductionA relationship between drug abuse and the onset of psychotic symptoms is strongly supported. A struggling clinical dilemma is how to clearly identify a substance-induced psychosis from a primary psychotic illness or a psychotic illness with comorbid substance use.ObjectivesIn this review, the presence of associated psychotic symptoms and the differences in clinical presentation will be analyzed for each substance.MethodsΑ bibliographical review was performed using the PubMED platform. All relevant articles were found using the keywords: substance-Induced Psychoses, symptoms, treatmentResultsPresent review shows a picture of the complex relationship between psychotic symptoms and the use and abuse of illicit drugs. Furthermore, in most cases, chronological criteria are not sufficient to prove a direct causal effect between the substance and psychosis. The subjects who presented psychotic symptoms after substance abuse seemed to have a higher risk of the development of a primary psychotic illness.ConclusionsPsychosis due to substance abuse is a common issue in clinical practice and the propensity to develop psychosis seems to be associated with the severity of use and dependence.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

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Bhutada, T., A. Ray, B. K. Behera, B. K. Dash, and S. Otta. "Analysis of Hospital Based Urine Drug Screening Tests over 2 Years. Does it Mirror the Actual Prevalence of Drug Abuse!" Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine 45, no. 1 (2023): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/jiafm.2023.45.1.5.

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Effect of drugs often interplays with the diagnosis and treatment of patients presenting to Emergency and critical care services of the hospital. Urine drug screen (UDS) is a qualitative toxicological screening tool which is simple, fast and has a relatively low cost providing a clue in acute care settings. The present study aims to determine the prevalence of drugs of abuse determined by UDS in suspected patients in a hospital set up and compare it to national prevalence study. It is a retrospective study conducted in the Toxicology lab in KIMS Medical College and Hospital, in Odisha over a period of 30 months where urine samples received from the hospital were included. Commonly abused substances were detected by urine drug screen by the help of a commercially available lateral flow assay kit. We received 232 samples in this study period of which 108 (46.5%) tested positive by urine drug screen.The highest positivity among the samples was noted in the age group of 21-30 (33.3%) closely followed by 11-20 (30.6%) with a male preponderance.(32.3%) cases where single drug was found in urine drug screen while 33 (14.2%) of cases had multiple drugs detected in the UDS. Most common substance of abuse was benzodiazepines in 43.2% cases. THC (29.05%) and OPI (14.2%) were the other commonly abused drugs. In poly drug abusers, commonest drug combination consisted of OPI and THC with or without BZO in 36.36 % (12 /33) cases. Thus, in spite of having many limitation of urine drug screen will help in the acute patient care set up particularly for diagnosis of poly drug abuse.

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Teo, Felicia SW, Li Yang Hsu, Khim Nian Sin Fai Lam, and A. Johan. "Tetanus in an Injecting Buprenorphine Abuser." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 36, no. 12 (December 15, 2007): 1021–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v36n12p1021.

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Introduction: Injecting drug abusers are vulnerable to many infectious complications. We describe a case of tetanus in a Singaporean who regularly abused buprenorphine. Clinical Picture: A 49-year-old male was hospitalised for progressive generalised spasms associated with dysarthria and opisthotonus. Tetanus was diagnosed clinically. Treatment: Supportive management was instituted in the intensive care unit (ICU). Toxicology samples tested positive for buprenorphine. Outcome: He recovered rapidly and was transferred out of the ICU after 8 days. Retrospective questioning confirmed parenteral abuse of buprenorphine. Conclusion: This case highlights an uncommon and potentially lethal complication of parenteral drug abuse. Key words: Clostridia, Buprenorphine, Drug abuse

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Talbott, William R. "Drug Abuse Treatment “Models”: Meehl's Lament Revisited." International Journal of the Addictions 24, no. 11 (January 1989): 1083–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826088909047330.

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