Artículos de revistas: "Double electron transfer (DET)"

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Mukerjee, Sanjeev, Benjamin William Kaufold, Sijia Dong, Parisa Nematollahi, Bernardo Barbiellini, and Dirk Lamoen. "(Invited) Plasmonic Enhancement of Electrochemical Reactions Using LSPR Phenomenon." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 30 (2023): 1798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01301798mtgabs.

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Using Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Effect for Enhancing Electrochemical reactions has been reported earlier both in terms of direct electron injection/transfer (DET) in outer-sphere reductive processes as well as charge injection into semiconductors via plasmon-induced resonant electron transfer processes (PIRE). While the former (DET) is mostly influenced by the lifetimes of the ejected hot electrons and their rapid cooling at the interface. For inner sphere reductive processes via the LSPR phenomenon, direct charge injection into the LUMO states of the adsorbed species is required. In this regard, it is imperative to distinguish between the inter-band charge transfer of the adsorbed species because of exposure to photons. In contrast to these charge injection into semiconductors via plasmon-induced resonant electron transfer processes (PIRE) is less understood and more complex. In this presentation, we will use the well-known endothermic anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline pH to showcase fundamental aspects of charge injection and its effect on the hole-driven OER mechanism. For this well know OER catalyst, layered double hydroxides of Ni with Fe and Co dopants will be used. Electrochemical enhancement of OER will be explained based on detailed structural motifs of the semiconductors its band structure and the resonance effect of Au induced by the LSPR effect. The presence of direct and Indirect bandgaps will be discussed in the context of three possible mechanisms: (i) Charge carriers are directly injected via LSPR into the semiconductor. The conduction band of the semiconductor is usually (-0.1 to 0.0 eV vs. NHE) and the valence band is between (2.00 and 3.5 eV) which corresponds to electron energy between -2.00 to 3.5 eV vs NHE. For LSPR nanoparticles SPR energy is between 1.0 and 4.0 eV. Also, the Fermi energy of LSPR is usually 0.0 vs. NHE. Hence LSPR only enables energetic electrons to be transferred from metals to semiconductors. It is the interface between LSPR and the semiconductor which is important. Charge injection is more prevalent when metal LSPR is of lower energy than the semiconductor. Direct electron transfer (DET). (ii) Transfer not involving direct electron injection but via (a) near field electromagnetic and (b) resonant photon scattering mechanism. This has been shown to work by adding a thin dielectric material between the LSPR and semiconductor. This would be most likely in the case of OER where surface localized plasmons will be the most important determinant as opposed to recombination events in the bulk of the semiconductor. This is most important for OER as it depends on the surface hole concentration. It should be noted that larger nanoparticles (>50 nm) have increased resonant photon scattering. Such a mechanism is more prevalent when we have an overlap between metal LSPR and semiconductor bands leading to plasmon induced resonant electron transfer (PIRET). (iii) When metal LSPR is in direct contact with the semiconductor all three phenomenon could be active.

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Chen, Ling, Yue Lu, Manman Duanmu, et al. "Stably Improving the Catalytic Activity of Oxygen Evolution Reactions via Two-Dimensional Graphene Oxide-Incorporated NiFe-Layered Double Hydroxides." Catalysts 14, no. 4 (2024): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal14040278.

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NiFe-layered double hydroxides (NiFe-LDH) have been reported to possess exceptional oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity. However, maintaining the stability of high activity over a long time remains a critical challenge that needs to be addressed for their practical application. Here, we report a custom-sized deep recombination of 2D graphene oxide with NiFe-LDH (NiFe-LDH/GO/NF) through a simple electrodeposition method that improves OER activity and achieves excellent stability. The excellent performance of the catalyst mainly comes from the three-phase interface and electron transport channel dredged by the three-dimensional structure constructed by the deep composite, which can not only significantly reduce its charge and electron transfer resistance, improving the material conductivity, but it also effectively increases the specific surface area, inhibits aggregation, and exposes rich active sites. In addition, GO with good conductivity not only supports NiFe-LDH well but also increases the heterogeneous interface, putting the NiFe-LDH/GO composites in close contact with Ni foam and increasing the electrocatalytic stability of the NiFe-LDH/GO/NF. The experimental results show that the overpotential of NiFe-LDH/20,000GO/NF is only 295 mV at a current density of 100 mA cm−2; the Tafel slope is 52 mV dec−1, and the charge transfer resistance (Rct) is only 0.601 Ω in 1 M KOH. This indicates that GO has excellent potential to assist in constructing geometric and electronic structures of NiFe-LDH in long-term applications.

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Wu, Hsing-Ju, and Cheng-Chung Chang. "Fabrication of Double Emission Enhancement Fluorescent Nanoparticles with Combined PET and AIEE Effects." Molecules 25, no. 23 (2020): 5732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235732.

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The major challenge in the fabrication of fluorescent silica nanoparticles (FSNs) based on dye-doped silica nanoparticles (DDSNs) is aggregation-caused fluorescence quenching. Here, we constructed an FSN based on a double emission enhancement (DEE) platform. A thio-reactive fluorescence turn-on molecule, N-butyl-4-(4-maleimidostyryl)-1,8-naphthalimide (CS), was bound to a silane coupling agent, (3-mercaptopropyl)-trimethoxysilane (MPTMS), and the product N-butyl-4-(3-(trimethoxysilyl-propylthio)styryl)-1,8-naphthalimide (CSP) was further used to fabricate a core–shell nanoparticle through the Stöber method. We concluded that the turn-on emission by CSP originated from the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) between the maleimide moiety and the CSP core scaffold, and the second emission enhancement was attributed to the aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) in CSP when encapsulated inside a core–shell nanoparticle. Thus, FSNs could be obtained through DEE based on a combination of PET and AIEE effects. Systematic investigations verified that the resulting FSNs showed the traditional solvent-independent and photostable optical properties. The results implied that the novel FSNs are suitable as biomarkers in living cells and function as fluorescent visualizing agents for intracellular imaging and drug carriers.

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Wang, Ze, Qianyu Zhou, Yanni Zhu, et al. "NiFeMn-Layered Double Hydroxides Linked by Graphene as High-Performance Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction." Nanomaterials 12, no. 13 (2022): 2200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12132200.

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Currently, precious metal group materials are known as the efficient and widely used oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts. The exorbitant prices and scarcity of the precious metals have stimulated scale exploration of alternative non-precious metal catalysts with low-cost and high performance. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are a promising precursor to prepare cost-effective and high-performance catalysts because they possess abundant micropores and nitrogen self-doping after pyrolysis, which can accelerate the electron transfer and serve as active sites for efficient OER. Herein, we developed a new highly active NiFeMn-layered double hydroxide (NFM LDH) based electrocatalyst for OER. Through building NFM hydroxide/oxyhydroxide heterojunction and incorporation of conductive graphene, the prepared NFM LDH-based electrocatalyst delivers a low overpotential of 338 mV at current density of 10 mA cm−2 with a small Tafel slope of 67 mV dec−1, which are superior to those of commercial RuO2 catalyst for OER. The LDH/OOH heterojunction involves strong interfacial coupling, which modulates the local electronic environment and boosts the kinetics of charge transfer. In addition, the high valence Fe3+ and Mn3+ species formed after NaOH treatment provide more active sites and promote the Ni2+ to higher oxidation states during the O2 evolution. Moreover, graphene contributes a lot to the reduction of charge transfer resistance. The combining effects have greatly enhanced the catalytic ability for OER, demonstrating that the synthesized NFM LDH/OOH heterojunction with graphene linkage can be practically applied as a high-performance electrocatalyst for oxygen production via water splitting.

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Chen, Zhuo, Qiang Qu, Xinsheng Li, Katam Srinivas, Yuanfu Chen, and Mingqiang Zhu. "Room-Temperature Synthesis of Carbon-Nanotube-Interconnected Amorphous NiFe-Layered Double Hydroxides for Boosting Oxygen Evolution Reaction." Molecules 28, no. 21 (2023): 7289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28217289.

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The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a key half-reaction in electrocatalytic water splitting. Large-scale water electrolysis is hampered by commercial noble-metal-based OER electrocatalysts owing to their high cost. To address these issues, we present a facile, one-pot, room-temperature co-precipitation approach to quickly synthesize carbon-nanotube-interconnected amorphous NiFe-layered double hydroxides (NiFe-LDH@CNT) as cost-effective, efficient, and stable OER electrocatalysts. The hybrid catalyst NiFe-LDH@CNT delivered outstanding OER activity with a low onset overpotential of 255 mV and a small Tafel slope of 51.36 mV dec−1, as well as outstanding long-term stability. The high catalytic capability of NiFe-LDH@CNT is associated with the synergistic effects of its room-temperature synthesized amorphous structure, bi-metallic modulation, and conductive CNT skeleton. The room-temperature synthesis can not only offer economic feasibility, but can also allow amorphous NiFe-LDH to be obtained without crystalline boundaries, facilitating long-term stability during the OER process. The bi-metallic nature of NiFe-LDH guarantees a modified electronic structure, providing additional catalytic sites. Simultaneously, the highly conductive CNT network fosters a nanoporous structure, facilitating electron transfer and O2 release and enriching catalytic sites. This study introduces an innovative approach to purposefully design nanoarchitecture and easily synthesize amorphous transition-metal-based OER catalysts, ensuring their cost effectiveness, production efficiency, and long-term stability.

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Zhang, Zhichao, Jiahao Guo, Yuhan Sun, et al. "Sulfur-Doped Nickel–Iron LDH@Cu Core–Shell Nanoarrays on Copper Mesh as High-Performance Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction." Journal of Composites Science 7, no. 12 (2023): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs7120486.

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The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a slow step in electrocatalytic water splitting. NiFe layered double hydroxides (LDH) have shown promise as affordable OER electrocatalysts, but their performance is hindered by poor charge transfer and sluggish kinetics. To address this, we doped NiFe LDH with sulfur (S) using an in situ electrodeposition method. By growing S-doped NiFe LDH on Cu nanoarrays, we created core–shell structures that improved both the thermodynamics and kinetics of OER. The resulting S-NiFe LDH@Cu core–shell nanoarrays exhibited enhanced activity in water oxidation, with a low potential of 236 mV (at 50 mA cm−2) and a small Tafel slope of 50.64 mV dec−1. Moreover, our alkaline electrolyzer, based on these materials, demonstrated remarkable activity, with a low voltage of 1.56 V at 100 mA cm−2 and excellent durability. The core–shell nanoarray structures provided a larger electroactive surface area, facilitated fast electron transport, and allowed for effective gas release. These findings highlight the potential of S-NiFe LDH@Cu core–shell nanoarrays as efficient OER electrocatalysts.

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Wiedemeier, Allison M. D., Jan E. Judy-March, Charles H. Hocart, Geoffrey O. Wasteneys, Richard E. Williamson, and Tobias I. Baskin. "Mutant alleles of Arabidopsis RADIALLY SWOLLEN 4 and 7 reduce growth anisotropy without altering the transverse orientation of cortical microtubules or cellulose microfibrils." Development 129, no. 20 (2002): 4821–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.20.4821.

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The anisotropic growth of plant cells depends on cell walls having anisotropic mechanical properties, which are hypothesized to arise from aligned cellulose microfibrils. To test this hypothesis and to identify genes involved in controlling plant shape, we isolated mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana in which the degree of anisotropic expansion of the root is reduced. We report here the characterization of mutants at two new loci, RADIALLY SWOLLEN 4 (RSW4) and RSW7. The radial swelling phenotype is temperature sensitive, being moderate (rsw7) or negligible (rsw4) at the permissive temperature, 19°C, and pronounced at the restrictive temperature, 30°C. After transfer to 30°C, the primary root’s elongation rate decreases and diameter increases, with all tissues swelling radially. Swelling is accompanied by ectopic cell production but swelling is not reduced when the extra cell production is eliminated chemically. A double mutant was generated, whose roots swell constitutively and more than either parent. Based on analytical determination of acid-insoluble glucose, the amount of cellulose was normal in rsw4 and slightly elevated in rsw7. The orientation of cortical microtubules was examined with immunofluorescence in whole mounts and in semi-thin plastic sections, and the orientation of microfibrils was examined with field-emission scanning electron microscopy and quantitative polarized-light microscopy. In the swollen regions of both mutants, cortical microtubules and cellulose microfibrils are neither depleted nor disoriented. Thus, oriented microtubules and microfibrils themselves are insufficient to limit radial expansion; to build a wall with high mechanical anisotropy, additional factors are required, supplied in part by RSW4 and RSW7.

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Solangi, Muhammad Yameen, Abdul Hanan Samo, Abdul Jaleel Laghari, Umair Aftab, Muhammad Ishaque Abro, and Muhammad Imran Irfan. "MnO2@Co3O4 nanocomposite based electrocatalyst for effective oxygen evolution reaction." Sukkur IBA Journal of Emerging Technologies 5, no. 1 (2022): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30537/sjet.v5i1.958.

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For large-scale energy applications, conceiving low-cost and simple earth-abundant electrocatalysts are more difficult. By using an aqueous chemical technique, MnO2 was added into Co3O4 with varying concentrations to prepare MnO2@Co3O4 nanocomposite (CM). In an aqueous solution of 1 M KOH, the electrocatalyst with a greater concentration of MnO2 outperforms in terms of OER. To confirm the composition, crystalline structure, and morphology of the electrocatalyst, analytical methods such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used. At 20 mA/cm2 current density, the electrocatalyst had a lowest overpotential of 310 mV verses Reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). The CM-0.4 electrocatalyst has a small Tafel slope value and charge transfer resistance of approximately 72 mV/dec and 74 Ω which confirm its high catalytic activity. The electrocatalyst reveals a double layer capacitance (Rct) of 18 µF/cm2 and an electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) of 450 cm2, demonstrating that addition of MnO2 impurities into Co3O4 enhances the active catalyst sites. These findings contribute to the knowledge of these kind of catalysts, that will assist in the development of novel electrocatalysts which are feasible for prospective energy generation technologies.

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Adachi, Taiki, Yuki Kitazumi, Osamu Shirai, and Kenji Kano. "Direct Electron Transfer-Type Bioelectrocatalysis of Redox Enzymes at Nanostructured Electrodes." Catalysts 10, no. 2 (2020): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10020236.

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Direct electron transfer (DET)-type bioelectrocatalysis, which couples the electrode reactions and catalytic functions of redox enzymes without any redox mediator, is one of the most intriguing subjects that has been studied over the past few decades in the field of bioelectrochemistry. In order to realize the DET-type bioelectrocatalysis and improve the performance, nanostructures of the electrode surface have to be carefully tuned for each enzyme. In addition, enzymes can also be tuned by the protein engineering approach for the DET-type reaction. This review summarizes the recent progresses in this field of the research while considering the importance of nanostructure of electrodes as well as redox enzymes. This review also describes the basic concepts and theoretical aspects of DET-type bioelectrocatalysis, the significance of nanostructures as scaffolds for DET-type reactions, protein engineering approaches for DET-type reactions, and concepts and facts of bidirectional DET-type reactions from a cross-disciplinary viewpoint.

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Schachinger, Franziska, Hucheng Chang, Stefan Scheiblbrandner, and Roland Ludwig. "Amperometric Biosensors Based on Direct Electron Transfer Enzymes." Molecules 26, no. 15 (2021): 4525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154525.

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The accurate determination of analyte concentrations with selective, fast, and robust methods is the key for process control, product analysis, environmental compliance, and medical applications. Enzyme-based biosensors meet these requirements to a high degree and can be operated with simple, cost efficient, and easy to use devices. This review focuses on enzymes capable of direct electron transfer (DET) to electrodes and also the electrode materials which can enable or enhance the DET type bioelectrocatalysis. It presents amperometric biosensors for the quantification of important medical, technical, and environmental analytes and it carves out the requirements for enzymes and electrode materials in DET-based third generation biosensors. This review critically surveys enzymes and biosensors for which DET has been reported. Single- or multi-cofactor enzymes featuring copper centers, hemes, FAD, FMN, or PQQ as prosthetic groups as well as fusion enzymes are presented. Nanomaterials, nanostructured electrodes, chemical surface modifications, and protein immobilization strategies are reviewed for their ability to support direct electrochemistry of enzymes. The combination of both biosensor elements—enzymes and electrodes—is evaluated by comparison of substrate specificity, current density, sensitivity, and the range of detection.

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Ratautas, Dalius, and Marius Dagys. "Nanocatalysts Containing Direct Electron Transfer-Capable Oxidoreductases: Recent Advances and Applications." Catalysts 10, no. 1 (2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10010009.

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Direct electron transfer (DET)-capable oxidoreductases are enzymes that have the ability to transfer/receive electrons directly to/from solid surfaces or nanomaterials, bypassing the need for an additional electron mediator. More than 100 enzymes are known to be capable of working in DET conditions; however, to this day, DET-capable enzymes have been mainly used in designing biofuel cells and biosensors. The rapid advance in (semi) conductive nanomaterial development provided new possibilities to create enzyme-nanoparticle catalysts utilizing properties of DET-capable enzymes and demonstrating catalytic processes never observed before. Briefly, such nanocatalysts combine several cathodic and anodic catalysis performing oxidoreductases into a single nanoparticle surface. Hereby, to the best of our knowledge, we present the first review concerning such nanocatalytic systems involving DET-capable oxidoreductases. We outlook the contemporary applications of DET-capable enzymes, present a principle of operation of nanocatalysts based on DET-capable oxidoreductases, provide a review of state-of-the-art (nano) catalytic systems that have been demonstrated using DET-capable oxidoreductases, and highlight common strategies and challenges that are usually associated with those type catalytic systems. Finally, we end this paper with the concluding discussion, where we present future perspectives and possible research directions.

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Sitler, Collin, Michael Lustik, Gary Levy, and Bruce Pier. "Single Embryo Transfer Versus Double Embryo Transfer: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in a Non-IVF Insurance Mandated System." Military Medicine 185, no. 9-10 (2020): e1700-e1705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usaa119.

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ABSTRACT Introduction Because of increased morbidity seen in multiple gestations, the American Society of Reproductive Medicine recommends transfer of blastocysts one at a time for most patients. While cost-effectiveness models have compared single embryo transfer (SET) versus double embryo transfer (DET), few incorporate maternal and neonatal morbidity, and none have been performed in U.S. Military facilities. The purpose of this study was to determine the cost effectiveness of sequential SET versus DET in a U.S. Military treatment facility. Materials and Methods A cost-effectiveness model was created based on 250 patients between the ages of 20–44 who previously underwent in vitro fertilization (IVF) at our facility. The model consisted of patients pursuing either SET or DET with two total embryos. Cycle outcomes were determined using the published SARTCORS success calculator. Neonatal and obstetrical outcomes were simulated based on singleton and twin IVF pregnancies. Neonatal and obstetrical cost estimates were based on internal data as well. Results If 250 model patients pursue SET, 140 live births would occur, with total cost of $5.7 million, and cost per delivery of $40,500. If the model patients pursued DET, 117 live births would occur, with total cost of $9.2 million and a cost per delivery of $77.700. DET would lead to more total infants (207 vs. 143 in SET cohort). Personal costs are higher in SET versus DET cohorts ($23,036 vs. $20,535). Conclusions SET in a system with no infertility coverage saves approximately $3.5 million per 250 patients. Higher personal costs as seen with SET may incentivize patients to seek DET. The total savings should encourage alteration to practice patterns with the U.S Military Healthcare System.

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Kwek, Lee Koon, Seyed Ehsan Saffari, Heng Hao Tan, Jerry KY Chan, and Sadhana Nadarajah. "Comparison between Single and Double Cleavage-Stage Embryo Transfers, Single and Double Blastocyst Transfers in a South East Asian In Vitro Fertilisation Centre." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 47, no. 11 (2018): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v47n11p451.

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Introduction: This study investigated the differences in clinical pregnancy rate (CPR), live birth rate (LBR) and multiple pregnancy rate (MPR) between double cleavage-stage embryo transfers compared to single and double blastocysts stage embryo transfers in a single academic medical centre. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study performed at the KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital In Vitro Fertilisation (KKIVF) Centre of all women who underwent fresh-cycle in vitro fertilisation/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) cycles over a 5-year period. The outcome measures were CPR, LBR and MPR. The study included 5294 cycles, of which 539 patients underwent single embryo transfer (SET); 4533 patients underwent double embryo transfer (DET); 84 patients underwent double blastocyst transfer (DBT); and 65 patients underwent single blastocyst transfer (SBT). Results: The mean age of patients undergoing single blastocysts stage embryo transfer was lower than the other 2 groups. The DET, single and double blastocysts stage embryo transfer groups achieved similar LBR (33.9%, 38.7%, 35.4%, P >0.05) and CPR (42.4%, 46.2%, 46.9%). Conclusion: We found that single blastocysts stage embryo transfer is associated with similar LBR and CPR compared to double blastocysts stage embryo transfer and DET, with lower MPRs, and should be offered as standard practice, where possible. Key words: Infertility, Pregnancy outcomes

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Poimenidis, Ioannis, Nikandra Papakosta, Panagiotis A. Loukakos, George E. Marnellos, and Michalis Konsolakis. "Highly Efficient Cobalt Sulfide Heterostructures Fabricated on Nickel Foam Electrodes for Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Water Electrolysis Cells." Surfaces 6, no. 4 (2023): 493–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/surfaces6040033.

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Non-noble metal electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) have recently gained particular attention. In the present work, a facile one-step electrodeposition method is applied in situ to synthesize cobalt sulfide nanostructures on nickel foam (NF) electrodes. For the first time, a systematic study is carried out on the impact of the Co/S molar ratio on the structural, morphological, and electrochemical characteristics of Ni-based OER electrodes by employing Co(NO3)2·6 H2O and CH4N2S as Co and S precursors, respectively. The optimum performance was obtained for an equimolar Co:S ratio (1:1), whereas sulfur-rich or Co-rich electrodes resulted in an inferior behavior. In particular, the CoxSy@NF electrode with Co/S (1:1) exhibited the lowest overpotential value at 10 mA cm−2 (0.28 V) and a Tafel slope of 95 mV dec−1, offering, in addition, a high double-layer capacitance (CDL) of 10.7 mF cm−2. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements confirmed the crucial effect of the Co/S ratio on the charge-transfer reaction rate, which is maximized for a Co:S molar ratio of 1:1. Moreover, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were conducted to gain insights into the impact of the Co/S ratio on the structural and morphological characteristics of the electrodes. Notably, the CoxSy@NF electrocatalyst with an equimolar Co:S ratio presented a 3D flower-like nanosheet morphology, offering an increased electrochemically active surface area (ESCA) and improved OER kinetics.

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Yanase, Takumi, Junko Okuda-Shimazaki, Ryutaro Asano, Kazunori Ikebukuro, Koji Sode, and Wakako Tsugawa. "Development of a Versatile Method to Construct Direct Electron Transfer-Type Enzyme Complexes Employing SpyCatcher/SpyTag System." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3 (2023): 1837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24031837.

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The electrochemical enzyme sensors based on direct electron transfer (DET)-type oxidoreductase-based enzymes are ideal for continuous and in vivo monitoring. However, the number and types of DET-type oxidoreductases are limited. The aim of this research is the development of a versatile method to create a DET-type oxidoreductase complex based on the SpyCatcher/SpyTag technique by preparing SpyCatcher-fused heme c and SpyTag-fused non-DET-type oxidoreductases, and by the in vitro formation of DET-type oxidoreductase complexes. A heme c containing an electron transfer protein derived from Rhizobium radiobacter (CYTc) was selected to prepare SpyCatcher-fused heme c. Three non-DET-type oxidoreductases were selected as candidates for the SpyTag-fused enzyme: fungi-derived flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), an engineered FAD-dependent d-amino acid oxidase (DAAOx), and an engineered FMN-dependent l-lactate oxidase (LOx). CYTc-SpyCatcher (CYTc-SC) and SpyTag-Enzymes (ST-GDH, ST-DAAOx, ST-LOx) were prepared as soluble molecules while maintaining their redox properties and catalytic activities, respectively. CYTc-SC/ST-Enzyme complexes were formed by mixing CYTc-SpyCatcher and SpyTag-Enzymes, and the complexes retained their original enzymatic activity. Remarkably, the heme domain served as an electron acceptor from complexed enzymes by intramolecular electron transfer; consequently, all constructed CYTc-SC/ST-Enzyme complexes showed DET ability to the electrode, demonstrating the versatility of this method.

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Thanh, Tran Ha Lan, Pham Hoang Huy, Do Thi Linh, et al. "Effectiveness of elective single versus double frozen embryo transfer in good prognosis IVF patients." Biomedical Research and Therapy 8, no. 1 (2021): 4203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15419/bmrat.v8i1.658.

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Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of elective single embryo transfer (eSET) versus double embryo transfer (DET) in frozen embryo transfer cycles following in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment in good prognosis patients. The outcome would provide medical data for the multiple pregnancy rate reduction in IVF treatment. Methods: This multicenter retrospective cohort study was performed in patients undergoing the first frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles at IVF centers which belonged to the IVFMD Group, Vietnam, from January 2018 to May 2020. Patients were divided into four groups, based on the number of embryos transferred, as follows: Group 1: one good quality day-3 embryo (eSET D3), Group 2: one good quality day-5 embryo (eSET D5), Group 3: two good quality day-3 embryos (DET D3), and Group 4: two good quality day-5 embryos (DET D5). The primary outcome of the study was live birth rates (LBR) after the first FET. Secondary outcomes were also analyzed, including pregnancy outcomes (β-hCG positive, clinical pregnancy, miscarriage < 12 weeks, ongoing pregnancy 12 weeks, miscarriage < 20 weeks, and multiple birth rates [MBR]), as well as neonatal outcomes (birth weight and gestational age at birth). Results: There were 819 patients, of which 819 FET cycles were analyzed, including 132 eSET D3, 278 eSET D5, 140 DET D3, and 269 DET D5. LBR and MBR values were significantly lower in the eSET D3 group than in the DET D3 group (LBR: 22.7% vs 39.3%, p = 0.002; MBR: 3.3% vs 29.1%, p < 0.001, respectively). MBR was also significantly lower in eSET D5 compared with DET D5 (9.6% vs 38.3%, p < 0.001), while LBR was comparable between the two groups (41.4% vs 42.8%, p < 0.74). Birth weight and gestational age at birth were similar between eSET and DET, regardless of day-3 or day-5 embryo transfer. Conclusions: Among infertile, good prognosis women undergoing FET, the eSET significantly decreased multiple birth rates compared with double embryo transfer, while still sustaining an acceptable rate of live birth as well as pregnancy and neonatal outcomes.

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Xia, Hongqi, and Jiwu Zeng. "Rational Surface Modification of Carbon Nanomaterials for Improved Direct Electron Transfer-Type Bioelectrocatalysis of Redox Enzymes." Catalysts 10, no. 12 (2020): 1447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10121447.

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Interfacial electron transfer between redox enzymes and electrodes is a key step for enzymatic bioelectrocatalysis in various bioelectrochemical devices. Although the use of carbon nanomaterials enables an increasing number of redox enzymes to carry out bioelectrocatalysis involving direct electron transfer (DET), the role of carbon nanomaterials in interfacial electron transfer remains unclear. Based on the recent progress reported in the literature, in this mini review, the significance of carbon nanomaterials on DET-type bioelectrocatalysis is discussed. Strategies for the oriented immobilization of redox enzymes in rationally modified carbon nanomaterials are also summarized and discussed. Furthermore, techniques to probe redox enzymes in carbon nanomaterials are introduced.

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Rao, Jinpeng, Feng Qiu, Shen Tian, et al. "Clinical outcomes for Day 3 double cleavage-stage embryo transfers versus Day 5 or 6 single blastocyst transfer in frozen–thawed cycles: a retrospective comparative analysis." Journal of International Medical Research 49, no. 12 (2021): 030006052110624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03000605211062461.

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Objective This study aimed to compare the clinical outcomes for transfer of Day 3 (D3) double cleavage-stage embryos and Day 5/6 (D5/6) single blastocysts in the frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycle to formulate a more appropriate embryo transplantation strategy. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 609 FET cycles from 518 women from April 2017 to March 2021. All FETs were assigned to the D3-DET group (transfer of a Day 3 double cleavage-stage embryo), D5-SBT group (transfer of a Day 5 single blastocyst), or D6-SBT group (transfer of a Day 6 single blastocyst). Clinical outcomes were comparatively analyzed. Results There were no significant differences in the biochemical pregnancy rate, clinical pregnancy rate, or ongoing pregnancy rate between the D3-DET and D5-SBT groups, but these rates in the two groups were all significantly higher compared with those in the D6-SBT group. The implantation rate in the D5-SBT group was significantly higher than that in the D3-DET group. The twin pregnancy rate in the D5-SBT and D6-SBT groups was significantly lower than that in the D3-DET group. Conclusion This study suggests that D5-SBT is the preferred option for transplantation. D6-SBT reduces the pregnancy rate, making it a more cautious choice for transfer of such embryos.

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Mohanty, J., H. Pal, S. K. Nayak, S. Chattopadhyay, and A. V. Sapre. "Photoinduced dissociative electron transfer (DET) interactions in methoxycalixarene–chloroalkane systems." Chemical Physics Letters 370, no. 5-6 (2003): 641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(03)00179-9.

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Aldemir, Oya, Runa Ozelci, Emre Baser, et al. "Impact of Transferring a Poor Quality Embryo Along with a Good Quality Embryo on Pregnancy Outcomes in IVF/ICSI Cycles: a Retrospective Study." Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 80, no. 08 (2020): 844–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1213-9164.

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Abstract Background The number and the quality of embryos transferred are important predictors of success in in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. In the presence of more than one good quality embryo on the transfer day, double-embryo transfer (DET) can be performed with these embryos, but generally, different quality embryos are present in the available transfer cohort. We aimed to investigate the effect of transferring a poor quality embryo along with a good quality embryo on IVF outcomes. Methods In this study, 2298 fresh IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles with two good quality embryos (group A), one good and one poor quality embryo (group B), and single good quality embryo (group C) transfers were examined. All groups were divided into two subgroups according to the transfer day as cleavage or blastocyst stage. Clinical pregnancy and live birth rates were the primary outcomes. Results In the cleavage stage transfer subgroups, the clinical pregnancy rates were lower in the single-embryo transfer (SET) subgroup compared with DET subgroups, but the difference was not statistically significant compared with DET with mixed quality embryos. The live birth rates were comparable between the three groups. In the blastocyst transfer subgroups, the clinical pregnancy and live birth rates were significantly higher in DET with two good quality embryos than DET with mixed quality embryos and SET groups. Multiple pregnancy rates were higher in both DET groups in terms of transfer day (p = 0.001). Conclusion DET with mixed quality embryos results with lower clinical pregnancy and live birth rates compared with DET with two good quality embryos at the blastocyst stage. At cleavage stage transfer, there is no difference in live birth rates between the two groups.

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Yan, Xiaomei, Jing Tang, David Tanner, Jens Ulstrup, and Xinxin Xiao. "Direct Electrochemical Enzyme Electron Transfer on Electrodes Modified by Self-Assembled Molecular Monolayers." Catalysts 10, no. 12 (2020): 1458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10121458.

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Self-assembled molecular monolayers (SAMs) have long been recognized as crucial “bridges” between redox enzymes and solid electrode surfaces, on which the enzymes undergo direct electron transfer (DET)—for example, in enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs) and biosensors. SAMs possess a wide range of terminal groups that enable productive enzyme adsorption and fine-tuning in favorable orientations on the electrode. The tunneling distance and SAM chain length, and the contacting terminal SAM groups, are the most significant controlling factors in DET-type bioelectrocatalysis. In particular, SAM-modified nanostructured electrode materials have recently been extensively explored to improve the catalytic activity and stability of redox proteins immobilized on electrochemical surfaces. In this report, we present an overview of recent investigations of electrochemical enzyme DET processes on SAMs with a focus on single-crystal and nanoporous gold electrodes. Specifically, we consider the preparation and characterization methods of SAMs, as well as SAM applications in promoting interfacial electrochemical electron transfer of redox proteins and enzymes. The strategic selection of SAMs to accord with the properties of the core redox protein/enzymes is also highlighted.

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Suzuki, Nanami, Jinhee Lee, Noya Loew, et al. "Engineered Glucose Oxidase Capable of Quasi-Direct Electron Transfer after a Quick-and-Easy Modification with a Mediator." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 3 (2020): 1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21031137.

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Glucose oxidase (GOx) has been widely utilized for monitoring glycemic levels due to its availability, high activity, and specificity toward glucose. Among the three generations of electrochemical glucose sensor principles, direct electron transfer (DET)-based third-generation sensors are considered the ideal principle since the measurements can be carried out in the absence of a free redox mediator in the solution without the impact of oxygen and at a low enough potential for amperometric measurement to avoid the effect of electrochemically active interferences. However, natural GOx is not capable of DET. Therefore, a simple and rapid strategy to create DET-capable GOx is desired. In this study, we designed engineered GOx, which was made readily available for single-step modification with a redox mediator (phenazine ethosulfate, PES) on its surface via a lysine residue rationally introduced into the enzyme. Thus, PES-modified engineered GOx showed a quasi-DET response upon the addition of glucose. This strategy and the obtained results will contribute to the further development of quasi-DET GOx-based glucose monitoring dedicated to precise and accurate glycemic control for diabetic patient care.

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23

Henao-Pabon, Gilberto, Ning Gao, K. Sudhakara Prasad, and XiuJun Li. "Direct Electron Transfer of Glucose Oxidase on Pre-Anodized Paper/Carbon Electrodes Modified through Zero-Length Cross-Linkers for Glucose Biosensors." Biosensors 13, no. 5 (2023): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13050566.

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A disposable paper-based glucose biosensor with direct electron transfer (DET) of glucose oxidase (GOX) was developed through simple covalent immobilization of GOX on a carbon electrode surface using zero-length cross-linkers. This glucose biosensor exhibited a high electron transfer rate (ks, 3.363 s−1) as well as good affinity (km, 0.03 mM) for GOX while keeping innate enzymatic activities. Furthermore, the DET-based glucose detection was accomplished by employing both square wave voltammetry and chronoamperometric techniques, and it achieved a glucose detection range from 5.4 mg/dL to 900 mg/dL, which is wider than most commercially available glucometers. This low-cost DET glucose biosensor showed remarkable selectivity, and the use of the negative operating potential avoided interference from other common electroactive compounds. It has great potential to monitor different stages of diabetes from hypoglycemic to hyperglycemic states, especially for self-monitoring of blood glucose.

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Mancuso, A. C., A. E. Sparks, H. E. Duran, B. J. Van Voorhis, and J. Kapfhamer. "Elective single embryo transfer (ESET) versus double embryo transfer (DET) following failed mandatory single embryo transfer (MSET)." Fertility and Sterility 110, no. 4 (2018): e192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.07.562.

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Wang, Ruijie, Xiaoshuai Wu, Chang Liu, et al. "Hierarchical Porous Carbon Fibers for Enhanced Interfacial Electron Transfer of Electroactive Biofilm Electrode." Catalysts 12, no. 10 (2022): 1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12101187.

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The nanoporous carbon fiber materials derived from electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers doped with zeolitic imidazolate framework are developed here and applied in the microbe fuel cell anode for enhanced interfacial electron transfer. Zeolitic imidazolate fram-8 (ZIF-8) could introduce a large number of mesopores into fibers, which significantly promote indirect electron transfer mediated by flavins (IET). Moreover, it is noted that thinner fibers are more suitable for cytochromes-based direct electron transfer (DET). Furthermore, the enlarged fiber interspace strengthens the amount of biofilm loading but a larger interspace between thick fibers would hinder the formation of continuous biofilm. Consequently, the nanoporous carbon fiber derived from PAN/ZIF-8 composite with a 1:1 wt ratio shows the best performance according to its suitable mesoporous structure and optimal fiber diameter, which delivers a 10-fold higher maximum power density in microbial fuel cells compared to carbon fabric. In this work, we reveal that the proportion of IET and DET in the interfacial electron transfer process varies with different porous structures and fiber diameters, which may provide some insights for designing porous fiber electrodes for microbial fuel cells and also other devices of bioelectrochemical systems.

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26

Jacquet, Margot, Małgorzata Kiliszek, Silvio Osella, et al. "Molecular mechanism of direct electron transfer in the robust cytochrome-functionalised graphene nanosystem." RSC Advances 11, no. 31 (2021): 18860–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra02419a.

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Molecular mechanism of DET between graphene and cytochrome c depends on the metal in the bio-organic interface: Co enhances the cathodic current via electron hopping from graphene to haem, whereas Ni exerts the opposite effect via tunnelling.

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27

Kelly, Amelia G., Andria G. Besser, Emily Michelle Weidenbaum, Jamie A. Grifo, and Jennifer K. Blakemore. "DOUBLE EMBRYO TRANSFER (DET) WITH MOSAIC EMBRYOS HAVE EQUIVALENT LIVE BIRTH AND MULTIPLE PREGNANCY RATES AS EUPLOID DET." Fertility and Sterility 120, no. 4 (2023): e185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.08.541.

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Bräuning, H., H. Helm, J. S. Briggs,, and E. Salzborn. "Double electron transfer in H-+ H+collisions." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 88 (November 1, 2007): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/88/1/012033.

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Bollella, Paolo, and Evgeny Katz. "Enzyme-Based Biosensors: Tackling Electron Transfer Issues." Sensors 20, no. 12 (2020): 3517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123517.

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This review summarizes the fundamentals of the phenomenon of electron transfer (ET) reactions occurring in redox enzymes that were widely employed for the development of electroanalytical devices, like biosensors, and enzymatic fuel cells (EFCs). A brief introduction on the ET observed in proteins/enzymes and its paradigms (e.g., classification of ET mechanisms, maximal distance at which is observed direct electron transfer, etc.) are given. Moreover, the theoretical aspects related to direct electron transfer (DET) are resumed as a guideline for newcomers to the field. Snapshots on the ET theory formulated by Rudolph A. Marcus and on the mathematical model used to calculate the ET rate constant formulated by Laviron are provided. Particular attention is devoted to the case of glucose oxidase (GOx) that has been erroneously classified as an enzyme able to transfer electrons directly. Thereafter, all tools available to investigate ET issues are reported addressing the discussions toward the development of new methodology to tackle ET issues. In conclusion, the trends toward upcoming practical applications are suggested as well as some directions in fundamental studies of bioelectrochemistry.

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30

Yamashita, Yuki, Inyoung Lee, Noya Loew, and Koji Sode. "Direct electron transfer (DET) mechanism of FAD dependent dehydrogenase complexes ∼from the elucidation of intra- and inter-molecular electron transfer pathway to the construction of engineered DET enzyme complexes∼." Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 12 (December 2018): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2018.07.013.

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31

Ramanavicius, Simonas, and Arunas Ramanavicius. "Charge Transfer and Biocompatibility Aspects in Conducting Polymer-Based Enzymatic Biosensors and Biofuel Cells." Nanomaterials 11, no. 2 (2021): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11020371.

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Charge transfer (CT) is a very important issue in the design of biosensors and biofuel cells. Some nanomaterials can be applied to facilitate the CT in these bioelectronics-based devices. In this review, we overview some CT mechanisms and/or pathways that are the most frequently established between redox enzymes and electrodes. Facilitation of indirect CT by the application of some nanomaterials is frequently applied in electrochemical enzymatic biosensors and biofuel cells. More sophisticated and still rather rarely observed is direct charge transfer (DCT), which is often addressed as direct electron transfer (DET), therefore, DCT/DET is also targeted and discussed in this review. The application of conducting polymers (CPs) for the immobilization of enzymes and facilitation of charge transfer during the design of biosensors and biofuel cells are overviewed. Significant attention is paid to various ways of synthesis and application of conducting polymers such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). Some DCT/DET mechanisms in CP-based sensors and biosensors are discussed, taking into account that not only charge transfer via electrons, but also charge transfer via holes can play a crucial role in the design of bioelectronics-based devices. Biocompatibility aspects of CPs, which provides important advantages essential for implantable bioelectronics, are discussed.

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32

Martinez, A. E., R. Gayet, J. Hanssen, and R. D. Rivarola. "Thomas two-step mechanisms for double electron transfer." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 27, no. 14 (1994): L375—L382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/27/14/012.

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33

Kelley, S. O. "Electron Transfer Between Bases in Double Helical DNA." Science 283, no. 5400 (1999): 375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.283.5400.375.

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Dorenbos, P., A. J. J. Bos, and N. R. J. Poolton. "Electron transfer processes in double lanthanide activated YPO4." Optical Materials 33, no. 7 (2011): 1019–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2010.08.016.

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35

Maie, Kenji, Kazuyuki Miyagi, Tadao Takada, Mitsunobu Nakamura, and Kazushige Yamana. "RNA-Mediated Electron Transfer: Double Exponential Distance Dependence." Journal of the American Chemical Society 131, no. 37 (2009): 13188–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja902647j.

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36

Tergiman, Y. S., and M. C. Bacchus-Montabonel. "Double-electron capture processes in charge transfer reactions." International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 99, no. 5 (2004): 628–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.10843.

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37

Priyadarshy, Satyam, David N. Beratan, and Steven M. Risser. "DNA double-helix-mediated long-range electron transfer." International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 60, no. 8 (1996): 1789–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-461x(1996)60:8<1789::aid-qua6>3.0.co;2-u.

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38

Pyun, Su-Il. "Thermodynamic and electro-kinetic analyses of direct electron transfer (DET) and mediator-involved electron transfer (MET) with the help of a redox electron mediator." Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 24, no. 11-12 (2020): 2685–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-020-04780-2.

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39

SHLEEV, Sergey, Andreas CHRISTENSON, Vladimir SEREZHENKOV, et al. "Electrochemical redox transformations of T1 and T2 copper sites in native Trametes hirsuta laccase at gold electrode." Biochemical Journal 385, no. 3 (2005): 745–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20041015.

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Mediatorless, electrochemically driven, redox transformations of T1 (type 1) and T2 copper sites in Trametes hirsuta laccase were studied by cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemical redox titrations using bare gold electrode. DET (direct electron transfer) between the electrode and the enzyme was observed under anaerobic conditions. From analysis of experimental data it is concluded that the T2 copper site is in DET contact with gold. It was found that electron transfer between the gold surface and the T1 copper site progresses through the T2 copper site. From EPR measurements and electrochemical data it is proposed that the redox potential of the T2 site for high-potential ‘blue’ laccase is equal to about 400 mV versus NHE (normal hydrogen electrode) at pH 6.5. The hypothesis that the redox potentials of the T2 copper sites in low- and high-potential laccases/oxidases from totally different sources might be very similar, i.e. approx. 400 mV, is discussed.

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40

Wang, Shixin, Xiaoming Zhang, and Enrico Marsili. "Electrochemical Characteristics of Shewanella loihica PV-4 on Reticulated Vitreous Carbon (RVC) with Different Potentials Applied." Molecules 27, no. 16 (2022): 5330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165330.

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The current output of an anodic bioelectrochemical system (BES) depends upon the extracellular electron transfer (EET) rate from electricigens to the electrodes. Thus, investigation of EET mechanisms between electricigens and solid electrodes is essential. Here, reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) electrodes are used to increase the surface available for biofilm formation of the known electricigen Shewanella loihica PV-4, which is limited in conventional flat electrodes. S. loihica PV-4 utilizes flavin-mediated EET at potential lower than the outer membrane cytochromes (OMC), while at higher potential, both direct electron transfer (DET) and mediated electron transfer (MET) contribute to the current output. Results show that high electrode potential favors cell attachment on RVC, which enhances the current output. DET is the prevailing mechanism in early biofilm, while the contribution of MET to current output increased as the biofilm matured. Electrochemical analysis under starvation shows that the mediators could be confined in the biofilm. The morphology of biofilm shows bacteria distributed on the top layer of honeycomb structures, preferentially on the flat areas. This study provides insights into the EET pathways of S. loihica PV-4 on porous RVC electrodes at different biofilm ages and different set potential, which is important for the design of real-world BES.

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41

Poulsen, PB, HJ Ingerslev, U. Kesmodel, et al. "PIH7 COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF SINGLE-EMBRYO-TRANSFER (SET) VERSUS DOUBLE-EMBRYO-TRANSFER (DET) STRATEGIES IN IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION." Value in Health 9, no. 6 (2006): A254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1098-3015(10)63365-7.

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42

Saunders, P. A., A. Ison, L. Irwin, M. Cruz, and S. Hamilton. "Single embryo transfer (SET) at blastocyst stage is as successful as double embryo transfer (DET) at cleavage stage." Fertility and Sterility 100, no. 3 (2013): S251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.07.1187.

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Quintero-Saumeth, Jorge, David A. Rincón, Markus Doerr, and Martha C. Daza. "Concerted double proton-transfer electron-transfer between catechol and superoxide radical anion." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 38 (2017): 26179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp03930a.

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Lee, K. H., A. D. Greentree, J. P. Dinale, C. C. Escott, A. S. Dzurak, and R. G. Clark. "Modelling single electron transfer in Si:P double quantum dots." Nanotechnology 16, no. 1 (2004): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/16/1/016.

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Isosomppi, Marja, Nikolai V. Tkachenko, Alexander Efimov, and Helge Lemmetyinen. "Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Double-Bridged Porphyrin−Fullerene Triads." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 109, no. 22 (2005): 4881–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp051011n.

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Isosomppi, Marja, Nikolai V. Tkachenko, Alexander Efimov, et al. "Photoinduced electron transfer of double-bridged phthalocyanine–fullerene dyads." Chemical Physics Letters 430, no. 1-3 (2006): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2006.08.107.

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Fournier, P. G., G. Comtet, J. Fournier, et al. "Double-ionization energies ofCCl4by double-charge-transfer and x-ray Auger-electron spectroscopies." Physical Review A 40, no. 1 (1989): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.40.163.

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48

Ren, Guanghua, Qingchi Meng, Jinfeng Zhao, and Tianshu Chu. "Molecular Design for Electron-Driven Double-Proton Transfer: A New Scenario for Excited-State Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 122, no. 47 (2018): 9191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.8b09264.

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Bangle, Rachel E., Jenny Schneider, Eric J. Piechota, Ludovic Troian-Gautier, and Gerald J. Meyer. "Electron Transfer Reorganization Energies in the Electrode–Electrolyte Double Layer." Journal of the American Chemical Society 142, no. 2 (2019): 674–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b11815.

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Krok, F., H. Tawara, I. Yu Tolstikhina, et al. "Double electron transfer in slow, highly charged ion-molecule collisions." Physica Scripta T73 (January 1, 1997): 264–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/1997/t73/085.

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