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Gaudreault, André y Philippe Gauthier. "De la filmologie à la sémiologie : figures de l’alternance au cinéma1". Hors dossier 25, n.º 2-3 (23 de marzo de 2016): 159–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1035777ar.
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Dans ses premiers travaux sémiologiques, Christian Metz s’est penché sur les divers mécanismes du montage cinématographique, ce dont rend bien compte son fameux tableau de la « grande syntagmatique ». Il s’agit dans cet article d’essayer de comprendre le rôle de ces travaux dans l’histoire de la théorie sur le montage, plus précisément en ce qui a trait aux figures de l’alternance (soit, essentiellement, le montage alterné et le montage parallèle). Les auteurs dressent d’abord un portrait de la « situation définitionnelle » des figures de l’alternance dans les écrits de théoriciens ou d’historiens français des années 1950 et du début des années 1960 (dont Étienne et Anne Souriau, Henri Agel, André Bazin et Jean Mitry), pour mettre ensuite en lumière la manière dont les propositions de Metz ont levé une part importante de l’ambiguïté qui prévalait dans la définition de ces figures de montage, ouvrant ainsi la voie à l’écriture d’une histoire renouvelée du montage alterné.
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Teays, T. J. y E. G. Schmidt. "Cepheid Temperatures Derived from Energy Distributions". International Astronomical Union Colloquium 82 (1985): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100108991.
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A number of previous studies of the relation between observed colors and temperatures of Cephelds have been done (Kraft 1961; Johnson 1966; Parsons 1971; Bohm-Vitense 1972; Schmidt 1972; Pel 1978). It was the discrepancies between these various temperature scales, especially at the cooler end, that led us to undertake the present recalibration. We felt some improvement on the previous work would result from our access to better scan data, reddening information, and model atmospheres. The results presented here are preliminary, as they represent only a sample of the data we have obtained.
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Di Giacomo, Domenico, E. Robert Engdahl y Dmitry A. Storchak. "The ISC-GEM Earthquake Catalogue (1904–2014): status after the Extension Project". Earth System Science Data 10, n.º 4 (16 de octubre de 2018): 1877–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1877-2018.
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Abstract. We outline the work done to extend and improve the ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue, a dataset which was first released in 2013 (Storchak et al., 2013, 2015). In its first version (V1) the catalogue included global earthquakes selected according to time-dependent cut-off magnitudes: 7.5 and above between 1900 and 1918 (plus significant continental earthquakes 6.5 and above); 6.25 between 1918 and 1959; 5.5 between 1960 and 2009. Such selection criteria were dictated by time and resource limitations. With the Extension Project we added both pre-1960 events below the original cut-off magnitudes (if enough station data were available to perform relocation and magnitude recomputation) and added events with magnitude 5.5 and above from 2010 to 2014. The project ran over a 4-year period during which a new version of the ISC-GEM Catalogue was released each year via the ISC website (http://http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/, last access: 10 October 2018). For each year, not only have we added new events to the catalogue for a given time range but also revised events already in V1 if additional data became available or location and/or magnitude reassessments were required. Here we recall the general background behind the production of the ISC-GEM Catalogue and describe the features of the different periods in which the catalogue has been extended. Compared to the 2013 release, we eliminated earthquakes during the first 4 years (1900–1903) of the catalogue (due to lack of reliable station data), added approximately 12 000 and 2500 earthquakes before 1960 and between 2010 and 2014, respectively, and improved the solution for approximately 2000 earthquakes already listed in previous versions. We expect the ISC-GEM Catalogue to continue to be one of the most useful datasets for studies of the Earth's global seismicity and an important benchmark for seismic hazard analyses, and, ultimately, an asset for the seismological community as well as other geoscience fields, education and outreach activities. The ISC-GEM Catalogue is freely available at https://doi.org/10.31905/D808B825.
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Smolyaninov, Roman Viktorovich, Aleksey Aleksandrovich Kulichkov y Elizaveta Sergeevna Yurkina. "Materials of the early Neolithic of the Yarlukovskaya Protoka site (point 222) on the Upper Don". Samara Journal of Science 8, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2019): 220–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201982218.
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This paper analyzes materials located in the floodplain of the Matyra River (left tributary of the Voronezh River) of the Yarlukovskaya Protoka (point 222) in the Gryazinsky District of the Lipetsk Region. It was investigated in 1963, 1964, 1967 and 1968 by Vsevolod Levenok. The materials of three early Neolithic cultures of VI Millennium BC were revealed here. The materials of the Yelshanskaya culture are represented by corollas and bottoms of 12 vessels. Almost all dishes, except one bottom and several walls, have no ornament, with the exception of one or two rows of conical pit. All ceramics are well smoothed. Ceramics were made from silty clay. The location of materials in the cultural layer confirms the earlier occurrence of the Yelshanskaya culture ceramics. The ceramics of the Karamyshevo culture is represented by fragments from three vessels. The dishes are predominantly decorated with small oval pricks composed in horizontal and vertical rows. Ceramics were made from silty clay. Ceramics of the Srednedonskaya culture are represented by corollas and rounded bottoms of 15 vessels. It is decorated with triangular prick or small comb prints. Ceramics were made from silty clay. At Yarlukovskaya Protoka site 304 stone artifacts were discovered, mainly of flint. This industry could be described as flake-blade technique. The monument is a mixed complex - stratigraphic and planigraphic readable observations of stone inventory location could not be done.
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TIMM, TARMO y MARK J. WETZEL. "In MemoriamTamara L. Poddubnaya (1930–2011)—Oligochaetologist". Zoosymposia 9, n.º 1 (12 de junio de 2014): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.9.1.4.
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Dr. Tamara Leont'evna Poddubnaya (nee Protopopova) was born 18 February 1930 in Rostov-na-Donu, a large city on the Don River in Southern Russia. After graduating the Rostov University in 1953 she joined the Biological Station in Borok, which later became the Institute for Biology of Inland Waters at Rybinsk Reservoir, located on the Upper Volga River in Northern Russia. Here she spent the remaining 57 years of her lifetime, working in the same research institute. In 1962, she received her Cand. Biol. Sci. (= Ph.D.) degree in Moscow; her thesis (in Russian) was entitled, "Studies on the biology of mass species of tubificids (Limnodrilus newaensis Mich. and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri Clap.) of the Rybinsk Reservoir”.
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Calvert, Jane y Arie Rip. "“Things Can Be Done Here That Cannot So Easily Be Done Elsewhere”: Jane Calvert Talks with Arie Rip". Engaging Science, Technology, and Society 4 (12 de julio de 2018): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.17351/ests2018.225.
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In this interview, Arie Rip talks to Jane Calvert about his life in STS and the history and future of the field. He begins in the late 1960s, when he started teaching a course in “chemistry and society.” He then gives a first-hand account of the formation of the European Association for the Study of Science and Technology (EASST) and the Society for the Social Studies of Science (4S), and the growth of research in the “melting pot” that STS became. He goes on to discuss recent work on new and emerging technologies and responsible research and innovation. His narrative shows the connections, historically and in the present, between the different strands of STS, including sociological work, science policy and innovation studies. He argues that we are seeing a “mainstreaming” of STS as it permeates other academic disciplines and arenas such as government agencies and charities. He suggests that this mainstreaming may mean STS will disappear as an independent discipline. In her reflection following the interview, Jane Calvert focuses on Rip’s point that STS is both a social movement and an academic discipline. She argues that this raises questions about what type of work we want to do as STS researchers, and how much freedom we have to choose.
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Cotnam, Jacques. "Henri Brochet et le R.P. Émile Legault, c.s.c. 1 : rencontre et correspondance". Tangence, n.º 78 (14 de diciembre de 2005): 45–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/011941ar.
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Cet article propose l’édition de 16 lettres qu’échangèrent le R.P. Émile Legault, c.s.c., et Henri Brochet, entre le 31 janvier 1938 et le 4 mai 1946. Ces lettres nous fournissent des renseignements intéressants sur le séjour d’Émile Legault en France, au lendemain de la visite de Henri Ghéon à Montréal, et sur les débuts des Compagnons de Saint-Laurent 2. Auteur prolifique de pièces de théâtre chrétien, acteur, metteur en scène, directeur des Compagnons de Jeux — dont s’inspirent les Compagnons de Saint-Laurent —, et ami de Henri Ghéon, Henri Brochet était aussi le fondateur de la revue Jeux, Tréteaux et Personnages, dont le premier numéro parut le 15 octobre 1930 et qu’il dirigea jusqu’à la fin.
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Belzeaux, P. "Place du Langage dans la conception de l’Homme pour Henri Ey". European Psychiatry 29, S3 (noviembre de 2014): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.09.176.
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Les écrits du phénoménologue Adolfo Fernandez Zoïla comme les écrits du poète et commentateur d’art Yves Bonnefoy (en particulier à propos des peintures noires de Goya) donnent l’occasion d’illustrer et de revenir sur la conception du langage chez H. Ey (1900–1977) telle qu’il la développe dans ses Études psychiatriques en particulier à propos de la psychose, son Traité des Hallucinations et surtout dans son ouvrage « La conscience (Étude phénoménologique de l’être et du devenir conscient) ». Il s’agit d’une conception de l’être en couches hiérarchisées, une architechtonie, qui s’ancre dans le « sentir » infraverbal le plus essentiel de lui-même, s’incarne dans le corps, passe par les images représentatives du monde intérieur, jusqu’à remonter aux organisations langagières très élaborées du monde social dans lequel le Sujet trouve l’ordre dont il dépend et par lequel il va pouvoir être reconnu et aussi se reconnaître pour adopter enfin sa propre voie définissant ainsi sa personne. On comprendra donc que pour Ey, le langage soit le « milieu de l’être conscient » en tant que le langage est pour Ey la structuration même de l’être. De même pour Ey, c’est le langage qui structurera en retour son inconscient pulsionnel. De cette place centrale du langage dans le « corps psychique » procède pour lui le fondement de toute psychothérapie qu’elle soit existentielle ou psychanalytique.
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Burman, Christo. "Facing the Foreign: The Aftermath of World War II and Estonian as Otherness in Two Films by Ingmar Bergman". Baltic Screen Media Review 6, n.º 1 (1 de diciembre de 2018): 4–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsmr-2018-0001.
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Abstract Drawing on a few concepts of postcolonialism, including Edward Said’s idea of Orientalism and Stuart Hall’s theory on representation, this article explores the representations of Estonian culture and language in two films by Ingmar Bergman, This Can’t Happen Here (Sånt händer inte här, Sweden, 1950; also known as High Tension) and The Silence (Tystnaden, Sweden, 1963). Through a descriptive textual analysis of the Estonian representational elements in these films, the article suggests that Bergman uses Estonian language and culture to establish a certain kind of Otherness, marking a cultural hegemony and exotifying a new foreign element in post-war Sweden. An additional aim of the article is to present and contextualise the exiled Estonian actors that starred in This Can’t Happen Here, as this has not been done in a scholarly context, and since the film ended up being their only cinematic appearance in their new adopted country.
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Falk, Julia S. "Turn to the History of Linguistics: Noam Chomsky and Charles Hockett in the 1960s". Historiographia Linguistica International Journal for the History of the Language Sciences 30, n.º 1-2 (2003): 129–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.30.1-2.05fal.
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SUMMARY In the 1940s and 1950s, the leading proponents of American synchronic linguistics showed little interest in the history of linguistics. Some attention to historiography occurred in subfields of linguistics closest to the humanities — linguistic anthropology, historical linguistics, modern European languages — but the ‘science of language’ developed by Leonard Bloomfield and his descriptivist followers demanded autonomy from other disciplines and from the past. Increasing American contact with European linguistics during the 1950s culminated in the 1962 Ninth International Congress of Linguists in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Here Noam Chomsky presented a plenary session paper that appeared in print in four versions between 1962 and 1964, each version incorporating an increasing amount of discussion of the early 20th-century precursors to the descriptivists and a number of 17th- and 19th-century studies of language and mind. Charles Hockett responded by organizing his 1964 presidential address to the Linguistic Society of America as a history of linguistics, emphasizing periods, figures, and ideas not included in Chomsky’s work. Historiographers of the time recognized a surge of American interest in the history of linguistics beginning in the early 1960s and most attributed it largely to Chomsky’s work. Historiographic publication increased significantly among the descriptivists; at the same time it emerged among the generativists, most of whom followed Chomsky in exploring pre-20th-century philosophical ideas or reconsidering concepts and practices of the descriptivists’ forerunners. The resulting visibility and impetus to the history of linguistics contributed to the foundation upon which linguistic historiography matured in North America in the later decades of the 20th century.RÉSUMÉ Durant les années quarante et cinquante, les chercheurs les plus importants en linguistique synchronique américaine ne manifestèrent que peu d ‘intérêt envers l’histoire de la linguistique. On accorda une certaine attention à l’historiographie au sein de sous-domaines de la linguistique liés plus intimement aux sciences humaines, tels que l’anthropologie linguistique, la linguistique historique ou les langues européennes modernes, mais la ‘science du langage’ qui avait vu le jour sous Leonard Bloomfield et ses disciples descriptivistes se devait d ‘être autonome face aux autres domaines d’études comme face au passé. La croissance des liens entre linguistes américains et européens durant les années cinquante culmina lors du neuvième congrès internationaldes linguistes, à Cambridge, au Massachusetts, en 1962. Noam Chomsky y fit une présentation de session plénière qui apparaîtra en quatre versions écrites entre 1962 et 1964, chaque nouvelle version soulevant de plus en plus de points liés aux précurseurs, au début du XXe siècle, des descriptivistes, ainsi qu’à un nombre d’études, datant du XVIIe au XIXe siècle, traitant de la langue et de la pensée. En réponse à cela, Charles Hockett, dans son discours présidentielde 1964 à la Linguistic Society of America, présenta une histoire de la linguistique, soulignant les époques, les individus marquants et les idées dont ne tenait compte Chomsky dans ses travaux. Les historiographes de l’époque constatèrent un vif intérêt américain vis-à-vis l’histoire de la linguistique au début des années soixante, et, pour la plupart, l’attribuèrent aux travaux de Chomsky. De la part des descriptivistes on assista à une croissance du nombre d’écrits traitant d’historiographie, comme de la part des générativistes, dont la plupart suivirent Chomsky en ce qu’ils exploraient des idées philosophiques antérieures au vingtième siècle ou portaient un regard nouveau sur les concepts et la réalité des précurseurs des descriptivistes. La visibilité et la poussée de l’avant données ainsi à l’histoire de la linguistique ont contribué à la base d’où on verra croître l’historiographie linguistique en Amérique du Nord lors des dernières décennies du XXe siècle.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In den 1940er und 1950er Jahren zeigten die führenden Vertreter der amerikanischen synchronischen Linguistik wenig Interesse für die Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft. In einigen Nebenbereichen der Sprachforschung, die mit den Geisteswissenschaften verbunden waren, z.B. in der sprachwissenschaftlichen Anthropologie, der historischen Sprachwissenschaft oder der moderne europäischen Sprachforschung, schenkte man der Geschichtsschreibung Aufmerksamkeit, aber die von Leonard Bloomfield etablierte ‘Wissenschaft der Sprache’ und seine deskriptivistischen Nachfolger verlangten Unabhängigkeit von weiteren und älteren Wissensgebieten. Zunehmende amerikanische Beziehungen mit europäischen Sprachwissenschaftlern in den 1950er Jahren erreichten den Höhepunkt bei dem 9. Internationalem Linguisten-Kongress der in Cambridge, Massachusetts, im August 1962 statt fand. Hier hat Noam Chomsky in der Plenarsitzung seine wissenschaftliche Abhandlung vorgelegt, die zwischen 1962 und 1964 in vier verschiedenen Fassungen veröffentlicht wurde. Jede Version enthielt weitere Erörterungen der deskriptivistischen Vorläufer des frühen 20. Jahrhunderts, sowohl wie einige Studien zum Thema ‘Sprache und Geist’ des 17. und 19. Jahrhunderts. Charles Hockett erwiderte darauf, in dem er in seinem Vortrag d.J. 1964 als Präsident der Linguistic Society of America die Geschichte der Linguistik die Zeitspannen, Persönlichkeiten und Begriffe, die nicht in Chomskys Darstellung vorkamen, hervorhob. Die damaligen Historiographen erkannten hierin einen plötzlichen Anstieg des amerikanische Interesses für die Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft, das die meisten hauptsächlich auf Chomskys Abhandlung zurückführten. Historigraphische Arbeiten vermehrten sich bedeutend bei den Deskriptivisten; zur gleichen Zeit traten sie auch bei den Generativisten hervor, die Chomsky in der Untersuchung der philosophischen Gedanken der Zeit vor dem 20. Jahrhundert folgten oder die Ideeen und Arbeiten der deskriptivistischen Vorgänger von neuem erwägten. Dieses Interesse trug schließlich zur Stärkung der Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft bei, so daß die linguistische Historiographie in Nordamerika sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten des 20. Jahrhunderts voll entwickeln konnte.
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André, Charles. "Evolving story: trepanation and self-trepanation to enhance brain function". Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 75, n.º 5 (mayo de 2017): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20170040.
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ABSTRACT Trepanation has been performed by people interested in enhancing mental power and well-being since the early 1960s. The pioneers and main proponents of the procedure are described here. The phenomenon appeared in Europe after a Dutch former medical student published a psychoactive drug-friendly scroll suggesting trepanation as a form of permanently increasing cerebral blood volume and function. He trepanned himself in 1965. Three of his friends became enthusiasts. They also submitted themselves to the procedure and published films and books describing their experiences. Two of them coauthored papers, in collaboration with Russian researchers, and created institutions to promote discussion on trepanation. One of these institutions organized trips to Central and South America to get the operation done. Dozens of people nowadays look for trepanation as a method of spiritualization and increasing well-being and mental power. The phenomenon has an uncertain future, however, as the main proponents and supporters are aging.
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Feferman, Solomon. "Reflecting on incompleteness". Journal of Symbolic Logic 56, n.º 1 (marzo de 1991): 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2274902.
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To what extent can mathematical thought be analyzed in formal terms? Gödel's theorems show the inadequacy of single formal systems for this purpose, except in relatively restricted parts of mathematics. However at the same time they point to the possibility of systematically generating larger and larger systems whose acceptability is implicit in acceptance of the starting theory. The engines for that purpose are what have come to be called reflection principles. These may be iterated into the constructive transfinite, leading to what are called recursive progressions of theories. A number of informative technical results have been obtained about such progressions (cf. Feferman [1962], [1964], [1968] and Kreisel [1958], [1970]). However, for some years I had hoped to give a more realistic and perspicuous finite generation procedure. This was first done in a rather special way in Feferman [1979] for the characterization of predicativity, which may be regarded as that part of mathematical thought implicit in our acceptance of elementary number theory. What is presented here is a new and simple notion of the reflective closure of a schematic theory which can be applied quite generally.Two examples of schematic theories in the sense used here are versions of Peano arithmetic and Zermelo set theory.
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White, Chantelle L., Kevin Chiem, Daniel R. Perez, Jefferson Santos, Stivalis Cardenas Garcia, Aitor Nogales y Luis Martínez-Sobrido. "A New Master Donor Virus for the Development of Live-Attenuated Influenza B Virus Vaccines". Viruses 13, n.º 7 (30 de junio de 2021): 1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13071278.
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Influenza B viruses (IBV) circulate annually, with young children, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals being at high risk. Yearly vaccinations are recommended to protect against seasonally influenza viruses, including IBV. Live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) provide the unique opportunity for direct exposure to the antigenically variable surface glycoproteins as well as the more conserved internal components. Ideally, LAIV Master Donor Viruses (MDV) should accurately reflect seasonal influenza strains. Unfortunately, the continuous evolution of IBV have led to significant changes in conserved epitopes compared to the IBV MDV based on B/Ann Arbor/1/1966 strain. Here, we propose a recent influenza B/Brisbane/60/2008 as an efficacious MDV alternative, as its internal viral proteins more accurately reflect those of circulating IBV strains. We introduced the mutations responsible for the temperature sensitive (ts), cold adapted (ca) and attenuated (att) phenotype of B/Ann Arbor/1/1966 MDV LAIV into B/Brisbane/60/2008 to generate a new MDV LAIV. In vitro and in vivo analysis demonstrated that the mutations responsible of the ts, ca, and att phenotype of B/Ann Arbor/1/1966 MDV LAIV were able to infer the same phenotype to B/Brisbane/60/2008, demonstrating its potential as a new MDV for the development of LAIV to protect against contemporary IBV strains.
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AUSLOOS, MARCEL. "ANOTHER ANALYTIC VIEW ABOUT QUANTIFYING SOCIAL FORCES". Advances in Complex Systems 16, n.º 01 (marzo de 2013): 1250088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525912500889.
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Montroll [Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA75 (1978) 4633–4637] had considered a Verhulst evolution approach for introducing a notion he called "social force", to describe a jump in some economic output when a new technology or product outcompetes a previous one. In fact, Montroll's adaptation of Verhulst equation is more like an economic field description than a "social force". The empirical Verhulst logistic function and the Gompertz double exponential law are used here in order to present an alternative view, within a similar mechanistic physics framework as done in [Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA75 (1978) 4633–4637]. As an example, a "social force" modifying the rate in the number of temples constructed by a religious movement, the Antoinist community, between 1910 and 1940 in Belgium is found and quantified. Practically, two temple inauguration regimes are seen to exist over different time spans, separated by a gap attributed to a specific "constraint", a taxation system, but allowing for a different, smooth, evolution rather than a jump. The impulse force duration is also emphasized as being better taken into account within the Gompertz framework. Moreover, a "social force" can be as here, attributed to a change in the limited need for capacity of some population, coupled to some external field, in either Verhulst or Gompertz equation, rather than resulting from already acquired but competing goods as in [Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA75 (1978) 4633–4637].
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Drewes, Jan y Horst Kurt Schminke. "Number of Families within Bathynellacea (Malacostraca) and Year of Publication of their Names, with Redescription of Baicalobathynella Magna (Bazikalova, 1954) from Lake Baikal". Crustaceana 84, n.º 11 (2011): 1377–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/001121611x590120.
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AbstractThere is a debate about the systematic status of Leptobathynellidae Noodt, 1965. Are they a highly specialized offshoot of Parabathynellidae or do they deserve separate familial status? The arguments for the latter point of view are critically evaluated and as a result it is suggested to merge Leptobathynellidae with Parabathynellidae as had already been done earlier. Separate familial status for Leptobathynellidae would leave Parabathynellidae as a paraphyletic rest. The probably most plesiomorphic species within Bathynellidae is Baicalobathynella magna (Bazikalova, 1954), which belongs to the first Bathynellacea ever described. Its redescription presented here adds important new details. The morphological differences between Bathynellidae and Parabathynellidae are listed. There is some confusion about the year of publication of their names. The correct citations are: Bathynellidae Grobben, 1905 and Parabathynellidae Noodt, 1965.
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Brady, Ross T. "Gentzenizations of relevant logics without distribution. I". Journal of Symbolic Logic 61, n.º 2 (junio de 1996): 353–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2275666.
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The history of the Gentzenization of relevant logics goes back to Kripke [17], who in 1959 Gentzenized R→ and went on to prove its decidability. Formulae were separated by commas on the left side of the turnstile, the commas just representing nested implications. Kripke employed just a singleton formula to the right of the turnstile. He also considered adding negation, as well as other connectives, but it was not until 1961 that Belnap and Wallace, in [5], Gentzenized and proved its decidability, though their Gentzenization employed commas on both sides of the turnstile. Subsequently, in 1966, the logic R without distribution, now called LR (for lattice R), was Gentzenized in a similar style by Meyer in [20]. He also went on to show decidability for LR by extending Kripke's argument. Later, in 1969, Dunn Gentzenized R+ (published in [1], pp. 381–391) using two structural connectives (commas and semicolons) to the left of the turnstile, and with a single formula to the right. Here, the commas represent conjunction and the semicolons represent an intensional conjunction, called “fusion”. This is all nicely set out in McRobbie [19], where he also introduces left-handed Gentzenizations and analytic tableaux for a number of fragments of relevant logics. In 1979, further work on distributionless logic was done by Grishin, in a series of papers, including [16], in which he produced a Gentzenization of quantified RW without distribution (which we will call LRWQ), and used it to prove the decidability of this quantified logic.
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TAN, MING KAI, SERGEY YU STOROZHENKO, WEI SONG HWANG y RUDOLF MEIER. "Integrative taxonomy reveals two sympatric species of the genus Eucriotettix Hebard, 1930 (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae)". Zootaxa 4268, n.º 3 (17 de mayo de 2017): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4268.3.4.
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Limno-terrestrial pygmy grasshoppers are mostly recognised using morphology but characters used are not always clear-cut for species identification. From a faunistic survey in Singapore, Eucriotettix were collected and two new species are identified and described here: E. guentheri sp. nov. and E. simulans sp. nov. This was done by iteratively incorporating morphological, molecular, morphometric, and ecological data. Mitochondrial COI trees, COI cluster analysis, microhabitat preference, and morphometric analyses provide strong enough indirect evidence that the specimens comprise a pair of species. A key to species of Eucriotettix from Singapore is also provided.
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Beven, Keith. "‘Here we have a system in which liquid water is moving; let's just get at the physics of it’ (Penman 1965)". Hydrology Research 45, n.º 6 (11 de febrero de 2014): 727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2014.130.
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This paper is based on the 2012 Penman Lecture delivered at the 11th National Symposium of the British Hydrological Society. The title is taken from a 1965 interview by Howard Penman when hydrological modelling was just really starting. In the period since then, the idea that we might easily move towards ‘physically based’ representations of hydrological processes has proven problematic. It is argued that this might best be done within a hypotheses testing framework, where the hypotheses are the model representations of processes over some discrete elements of a catchment, integrating the small-scale variability within those elements. This might still require some distribution function to reflect that variability, since the extremes of the variability might be important in controlling the response. Hypotheses will need to be formulated that reflect the interaction of the water flow pathways and the biota. Testing of those hypotheses will require a proper account of the uncertainties inherent in the study of hydrological systems, including a recognition that many sources of uncertainty are epistemic in nature rather than simple random variability. Such uncertainties will only be significantly reduced by the development of new measurement techniques that provide useful information at the element scales of interest.
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BORAH, DIPANKAR, RAJEEV KUMAR SINGH, PURANJOY MIPUN y DEIJI NARAH. "Rediscovery of Pseudobartsia glandulosa (Orobanchaceae), a little known, critically endangered herb after 179 years from India, and first report from Eastern Himalayan state Arunachal Pradesh". Phytotaxa 451, n.º 1 (1 de julio de 2020): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.451.1.10.
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The monotypic genus Pseudobartsia Hong (1979: 406) is represented by Pseudobartsia glandulosa (Bentham) Yu & Li in Yu et al. (2015: 197) occurring in China and India (Yu et al. 2015, POWO 2020). In China, the species was collected in 1940 from Longtanying, Songming, Yunnan and since then this species was never collected or reported from these localities, hence it is believed to have gone extinct from here (Dong et al. 2013, Yu et al. 2015). In India, this species is known only by the type collection form Shivli, Uttarakhand in the year 1840 by Edgeworth (Khanna et al. 1999). Bentham (1846) described Euphrasia glandulosa based on specimens collected by Edgeworth in 1840 from Shivli, Uttarakhand, India. Later, Hooker (1884) made a combination for Euphrasia glandulosa Bentham (1846: 555) under the genus Phtheirospermum Bunge ex Fischer & Meyer (1835: 35). The genus Pseudobartsia was established by Hong (1979) with one species, Pseudobartsia yunnanensis Hong (1979: 406). Based on the study of the type specimens of Euphrasia glandulosa and Pseudobartsia yunnanensis, Tao (1993, 1996) found that Pseudobartsia yunnanensis cannot be distinguished from Phtheirospermum glandulosum (≡ Euphrasia glandulosa), therefore he treated Pseudobartsia as a synonym of Phtheirospermum and synonymized Pseudobartsia yunnanensis under Phtheirospermum glandulosum. However, recent phylogenetic studies (Dong et al. 2013; McNeal et al. 2013), pollen morphological evidence (Lu et al. 2007) and seed characters (Dong et al. 2013), support Pseudobartsia as distinct and independent genus. Because the name Euphrasia glandulosa as priority over Pseudobartsia yunnanensis, Yu & Li in Yu et al. (2015) made a new combination Pseudobartsia glandulosa to replace the latter in the genus Pseudobartsia.
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Corrigan, Philip. "On Visualisation as Power". Sociological Review 35, n.º 1_suppl (mayo de 1987): 255–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1987.tb00089.x.
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Meanings Offering three texts-as-images (to illustrate photogrammar), a sketch is made of analogies between Foucault's pastoral powers and the grammar of the picturesque and the picturable as part of an investigation of the dialexis of Authority and Difference. Picturing, it is argued, works not only in the depicting but in the photogrammar of what and whom is shown how, they thus encourage ways of seeing and saying more general than any one re-presentation. Critique begins with the stress on these selecting and dividing practices but must then move to a study of orthogonality (who is projecting whom) as a particular form of Authority in relation to Difference. Comme toujours, distanciation that makes this feature of cartography clear begins with making strange what is obvious (hence innocence, naivété) and being a little gauche (hence stupidity). Memories We forget, or at least I do. In close analogy with W. B. Yeats' poem for ‘Unknown Instructors’, I acknowledge here the influence of Jean Luc Godard and, in part through him, Ludwig Wittgenstein. Reviewing Godard's work, in a retrospective in Toronto (February-March, 1988) I was struck by the meanings and questions and methods I had taken from his work, especially from Les Carabiniers (1962) in the closing scene where these Rifle- men return with their booty: their postcards acting as the real; equally from the Godard-Gorin Letter to Jane (1972), how the struggle for new questions instead of old answers has to be a difference done differently. But, sentimentally, nothing surpasses (and in this reviewing I wept again) Alphaville (1965) for its insight into Authority as grammar, and as Terror. Thank you.
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Mouralis, Bernard. "L’histoire et son traitement dans l’oeuvre d’Henri Lopes". Études littéraires africaines, n.º 45 (27 de septiembre de 2018): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1051612ar.
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À la différence de Mongo Beti ou de Tchicaya U Tam’si, Henri Lopes, dans ses romans, n’a pas cherché à retracer une histoire avec la périodisation qu’un tel projet implique. Dans un premier temps, on examinera l’intérêt que Lopes porte à l’écriture d’une chronique sociale nettement insérée dans le contexte de l’Afrique des années 1960-1970, avec le recueil de nouvelles Tribaliques (1971), La Nouvelle Romance (1976) et Sans tam-tam (1977). Puis, avec Le Pleurer-rire (1982), il sort du cadre strict de la chronique en proposant, dans la lignée de Rabelais et M.A. Asturias, le portrait d’un dictateur, truculent, cruel, obscène. L’article s’interroge enfin sur la façon dont Lopes ne cesse d’entrelacer l’histoire et l’Histoire, en s’appuyant notamment sur le cas de Marie-Ève, l’héroïne peintre de Sur l’autre rive (1992), et sur des textes plus nettement autobiographiques (Ma grand-mère bantoue et mes ancêtres les Gaulois, 2003) ou relevant de l’autofiction (Le Méridional, 2015).
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Evans, Lloyd T. "Sir Otto Herzberg Frankel. 4 November 1900 — 21 November 1998". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 45 (enero de 1999): 165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.1999.0012.
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Sir Otto Frankel-whom I shall refer to as Otto because that is how we all addressed him-was a geneticist by training, a plant breeder by occupation, a cytologist by inclination and a genetic conservationist by acclaim. Apart from his personal research, Otto was a highly effective builder and leader of research groups, a Socratic gadfly to the scientific establishment, and a high prophet of the genetic resources conservation movement. His career in science was unusual in that his most widely acclaimed work was done after his official retirement. A man of inexhaustible variety of opinions, he had a complex personality that could be rough or kindly, bored or engaged, impossible or altogether charming by turns, and he did not wish this memoir to paint him otherwise. Otto refused to write an autobiographical sketch, and did not keep many records. However, two interviews with him about his career were recorded, by Gavan McCarthy (McCarthy 1985) and by Max Blythe (Blythe 1993). Much of the information and views quoted here are from records of discussions that I had with him over many years.
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Patterson, Joshua y Andrzej Korzeniowski. "M/M/1 Model With Unreliable Service and a Working Vacation". International Journal of Statistics and Probability 8, n.º 2 (14 de enero de 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijsp.v8n2p1.
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We derive an explicit closed form of the stationary distribution of an M/M/1 queue with unreliable service and a working vacation. We also show that the work in (Patterson & Korzeniowski, 2018) can be obtained as a special case of this model. Future work remains to be done; specifically, it may be possible to use the explicit stationary distribution given here to decompose the queue length into the sum of independent random variables. Consequently, it may then be possible to utilize Little’s Law (Little, 1961) to decompose the customer waiting time as well.
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Tu, Do Van, Dang Van Dong, Le Van Tho y Phan Doan Dang. "Review of two genera of freshwater crabs, Larnaudia Bott, 1966 and Neolarnaudia Türkay & Naiyanetr, 1987 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Potamidae) with redescription Neolarnaudiaphymatodes (Kemp, 1923) from Southern Vietnam". TAP CHI SINH HOC 39, n.º 4 (21 de enero de 2018): 398–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7160/v39n4.8464.
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ABSTRACT: The occurrence of Larnaudia Bott, 1966 in southern Vietnam remains obscure. Although some previous studies described the presence of Larnaudialarnaudii A. Milne-Edwards, 1869 in Vietnam, our analysis of freshwater crab specimens collected at many locations in southern Vietnam revealed that Neolarnaudia Türkay Naiyanetr, 1987, but not Larnaudia Bott, 1966, is present in southern Vietnam. In this study, we recorded two species of Neolarnaudia, N. phymatodes (Kemp, 1923) and N. botti Türkay & Naiyanetr, 1987 in southern Vietnam. Neolaurnaudia phymatodes was poorly knownsince the original description, and is, thus, re-described here. This species can be distinguished from all other Neolarnaudia species by a suite of characters; carapace broader, frontal area with many granules, supraorbital margingranulated, suborbital and pterygostomian regions and merus of third maxillipedcovered with many granules, terminal segment of Gonopod 1 strongly curved inwards and covered with many pubescences, lateral margin of telsonstrongly concaved. Citation: Do Van Tu, Dang Van Dong, Le Van Tho, Phan Doan Dang, 2017. Review of two genera of freshwater crabs, Larnaudia Bott, 1966 and Neolarnaudia Türkay & Naiyanetr, 1987 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Potamidae) with redescription Neolarnaudiaphymatodes (Kemp, 1923) from Southern Vietnam. Tap chi Sinh hoc, 39(4): 398-405. DOI: 10.15625/0866-7160/v39n4.8464.*Corresponding author: dovantu.iebr@gmail.com, dovantu@iebr.vast.vnReceived 19 September 2017, accepted 12 December 2017
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Welke, Barbara Y. "Unreasonable Women: Gender and the Law of Accidental Injury, 1870-1920". Law & Social Inquiry 19, n.º 02 (1994): 369–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1994.tb00763.x.
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At the wheels of railroads and streetcars, the law of accidental personal injury, known as negligence, became a discrete body of law between 1870 and 1920. The defining component of negligence was “fault”–the notion that the individuals (injured and injurer) must have failed to act according to some minimal standard of caution. Theorists of the history of negligence have explained that the conduct of all was measured against what a “reasonable man” would have done under the circumstances. The author here challenges this fundamental assertion. Through trial records, lawyer's written arguments, and appellate opinions, she reconstructs the critical role of gender in shaping the law of accidental injury. As she argues, in 19th- and 20th-century America, injury was a gendered event. The fact that courts in these years held men and women to different standards of care undermines theorists' arguments that economic considerations drove the law of accidental injury. Moreover, the reification of gender nm in private law, in turn, vitally affected the experience of gender in turn-of-the-century America.
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Braccini, J. A. L., S. V. Amaral y A. M. Leal-Zanchet. "Microturbellarians (Platyhelminthes and Acoelomorpha) in Brazil: invisible organisms?" Brazilian Journal of Biology 76, n.º 2 (8 de marzo de 2016): 476–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.21514.
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Abstract Microturbellarians typically belong to the benthos and may occur in a wide variety of environments. They are abundant in freshwater and marine ecosystems and may occur in moist terrestrial habitats. However, turbellarians are seldom taken into account in studies of biodiversity. Most studies on Brazilian microturbellarians had taxonomical purposes and were done in the years 1940-1950. Thus, information on their occurrence and ecological aspects are dispersed throughout several papers. We intend here to summarize the biogeographical distribution and ecological aspects of microturbellarians recorded for Brazil, indicating the main gaps in their knowledge and possible actions to enhance studies on this group. There are 239 species of microturbellarians registered for Brazil, with records distributed in 12 states. However, just three states located in southern Brazil have records of 94% of microturbellarian species. Thus, knowledge on the systematics and geographical distribution of Brazilian microturbellarians clearly reflect the scientific activity over many years or decades in two states of southeastern and southern Brazil. Considering the scant information on this group in Brazil, which is also the situation of the Neotropical microturbellarians in general, some actions should be proposed. First, it would be necessary to sample in the diverse biomes, as well as in the various river and sea basins, based on standardized sampling protocols. Second, it would be necessary to encourage diverse research groups to include microturbellarians and/or turbellarians in general into biodiversity inventories and studies on community structure of invertebrates. Third, it is necessary to increase the number of research groups on microturbellarians, in order to augment the studies on their morphology, systematics, and ecology. Considering their abundance, species richness and ecological importance in aquatic environments, despite some peculiarities regarding their sampling, sorting and identification procedures, the challenge to study microturbellarians and enhance knowledge about them in Brazilian ecosystems should be faced.
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López-Pereira, Miguel A. "Impacto de la investigación en mejoramiento de maíz en Centroamérica y el Caribe: 1966-97." Agronomía Mesoamericana 10, n.º 2 (1 de julio de 2006): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/am.v10i2.17988.
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Results of a CIMMYT study to determine the impacts of maize breeding research in Latin America in 1966-97 are presented, specifically in this case for Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama) and the Caribbean (Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic). This study is part of a worldwide effort by CIMMYT to update a similar study done in 1992. Results are presented here on the number and characteristics of all the maize varieties and hybrids released by public research programs since 1966; investment in maize research by public and private organizations; the volume of maize seed sold in recent years, maize seed prices; maize area planted to improved seed and the estimated value of the surplus maize production due to the use of improved seed; and legal and regulatory aspects of maize seed industries in the region. The relationship between the national maize research programs and CIMMYT is also addressed especially how these organizations have worked together over the years to advance the knowledge and the development of new improved maize technologies.
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ZHANG, LIANG y LI-BING ZHANG. "Leptochilus sarawakensis nom. nov. (Polypodiaceae) from Malaysia". Phytotaxa 379, n.º 3 (29 de noviembre de 2018): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.379.3.6.
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Recent molecular work has found that the fern genera Colysis C. Presl (1849: 146), Kontumia S.K. Wu & K.L. Phan (2005: 245), and Paraleptochilus Copeland (1947: 198) should be subsumed under Leptochilus Kaulfuss (1824: 147) (Dong et al. 2008, Kreier et al. 2008, Kim et al. 2012, Zhang et al. in press) so that Leptochilus can be maintained as monophyletic. The newly defined Leptochilus is then characterized by having an epiphytic habit, simple sterile leaves (except in Kontumia), and much contracted fertile leaves fully covered (except in Kontumia) with sori (acrostichoid sori). Following the results of a new molecular phylogeny (Zhang et al. in press) and morphological study nine new combinations in Leptochilus were made recently (Zhang et al. 2018) including L. fluviatilis (Lauterbach 1910: 507) Liang Zhang & Li Bing Zhang in Zhang et al. (2018: 173). However, the epithet “fluviatilis” is not available when Polypodium fluviatile Lauterbach in Winkler (1910: 507) is transferred to Leptochilus. Here we provide a new name for Polypodium fluviatile in Leptochilus.
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MACHADO, ANGELO B. M. y DÉBORAH S. SOLDATI LACERDA. "Revalidation of Platystigma Kennedy, 1920, with a synopsis of the quadratum species group and the description of three new species (Odonata: Pseudostigmatidae)". Zootaxa 4242, n.º 3 (13 de marzo de 2017): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4242.3.4.
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The genus Platystigma Kennedy, 1920 is revalidated based mainly on the third segment of the penis that is plate-like, whereas in the other Pseudostigmatidae it is a flagellum. Dijkstra et al (2014) have merged this family into the Coenagrionidae. However, we prefer to maintain the long-used name Pseudostigmatidae until more detailed phylogenetic studies with more sampling are done. Eight species are here considered in the genus, three of which are described as new: P. humaita, P. minimum and P. quadratum. The genus is divided in two species group, jocaste and quadratum, the latter studied here. The hitherto unknown male of P. martinezi (Machado 1985) is described for the first time. Evidence for exophytic oviposition is presented in at least one species of the genus. A key is provided for the species of the quadratum group.
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Meul, S., S. Oberländer-Hayn, J. Abalichin y U. Langematz. "Nonlinear response of modeled stratospheric ozone to changes in greenhouse gases and ozone depleting substances in the recent past". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, n.º 6 (27 de marzo de 2015): 9253–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-9253-2015.
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Abstract. In the recent past, the evolution of stratospheric ozone (O3) was affected by both increasing ozone depleting substances (ODSs) and greenhouse gases (GHGs). The impact of the single forcings on O3 is well known. Interactions between the simultaneously increased GHG and ODS concentrations, however, can occur and lead to nonlinear O3 changes. In this study, we investigate if nonlinear processes have affected O3 changes between 1960 and 2000. This is done with an idealized set of timeslice simulations with the chemistry–climate model (CCM) EMAC. Nonlinearity leads to a net reduction of ozone decrease throughout the stratosphere, with a maximum of 1.2% at 3 hPa. The total ozone column loss between 1960 and 2000 that is mainly attributed to the ODS increase is mitigated in the extra-polar regions by up to 1.1% due to nonlinear processes. A separation of the O3 changes into the contribution from chemistry and transport shows that nonlinear interactions occur in both. In the upper stratosphere a reduced efficiency of the ClOx-catalysed O3 loss chiefly causes the nonlinear O3 increase. An enhanced formation of halogen reservoir species through the reaction with methane (CH4) reduces the abundance of halogen radicals significantly. The temperature induced deceleration of the O3 loss reaction rate in the Chapman cycle is reduced, which leads to a nonlinear O3 decrease and counteracts the increase due to ClOx. Nonlinear effects on the NOx abundance cause hemispheric asymmetric nonlinear changes of the O3 loss. Nonlinear changes in O3 transport occur in particular in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) during the months September to November. Here, the residual circulation is weakened in the lower stratosphere, which goes along with a reduced O3 transport from the tropics to high latitudes. Thus, O3 decreases in the SH polar region, but increases in the SH midlatitudes.
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Curatolo, Bruno. "Marc Bernard, le « Goncourt » et le populisme". Études littéraires 44, n.º 2 (14 de marzo de 2014): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1023762ar.
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L’auteur de Zig-Zag, son premier roman paru en 1929 chez Gallimard, avait, en raison de ses origines sociales, vocation à fonder, au début des années 1930, le groupe des écrivains prolétariens avec, entre autres, Henri Poulaille, Eugène Dabit ou Louis Guilloux, et à adopter des positions politiques proches du communisme. Toutefois, dans les mêmes années, il fut l’ami de certains poètes surréalistes, peu enclins à suivre la ligne et dont l’inspiration était parfois voisine de la sienne. À travers ses articles de presse (Monde, Le Figaro) et des archives inédites, c’est la complexité de Marc Bernard en matière d’esthétique littéraire que veut refléter cette étude depuis ses premiers essais jusqu’à la consécration du Goncourt.
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Givati, Amir y Daniel Rosenfeld. "Separation between Cloud-Seeding and Air-Pollution Effects". Journal of Applied Meteorology 44, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 2005): 1298–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam2276.1.
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Abstract Enhancement of precipitation by cloud-seeding operations has been reported in many studies around the world in the last several decades. On the other hand, suppression of rain and snow by urban and industrial air pollution recently has been documented and quantified. Here it is shown that the two effects are the opposite sides of the same coin, demonstrating the sensitivity of clouds to anthropogenic aerosols of different kinds. This is done by analyzing the rainfall amounts in northern Israel during the last 53 years and explaining the changes there as the combined opposite effects of precipitation suppression by air pollution and enhancement by glaciogenic cloud seeding. Time series based on precipitation from rain gauges were analyzed for seeded and nonseeded days and periods in the experimental control and the target areas. The response variable is Ro, the orographic enhancement factor, which is the ratio of gauge-measured rainfall in inland hilly areas (500–1000 m) to the rainfall at the upwind coasts and plains. The results show that for the whole period of 1950–2002 the Ro of the hilly areas decreased by 15%. In the early nonseeded period (1950–60) Ro was found to be higher than the nonseeded days of the following period, which was the randomized experimental period (1961–74). This result apparently shows the effect of the increasing pollution. Factor Ro had an identical decreasing trend during the seeded days of the experimental period and through the subsequent fully operationally seeded period (1975–2002). However, the trend line of Ro was shifted upward by 12%–14% for the seeded rain time series in comparison with the unseeded time series. Thus, the opposite effects of air pollution and seeding appear to have nearly canceled each other in recent years, leading to the false impression that cloud seeding is no longer effective. However, the findings here suggest that if the operational seeding were to stop, Ro would decrease further by about 12%–14%. The sensitivity of Ro to both seeding and pollution effects was greatest in the areas with the greatest natural orographic enhancement factor and was practically nonexistent in areas in which Ro is near unity. This result suggests that the orographic clouds are the most sensitive to air pollution as well as to cloud-seeding effects on clouds and precipitation, in agreement with the large susceptibility of precipitation from such short-living shallow clouds to aerosols. Based on previous studies and on the results of this paper, it is suggested that the proposed mechanism is the most likely explanation to the observations, and no alternative explanations such as long-term trends in the cross-mountain moisture flux were found probable. It is certain that additional research is required.
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Serup, Helle. "Plantekoner og priklebørn – kvinder og børn som arbejdskraft ved hedens forvandling, ca. 1880-1930". Kulturstudier 1, n.º 1 (30 de noviembre de 2010): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ks.v1i1.3883.
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<p>Det er artiklens primære målsætning at påvise eksistensen af kvinde- og børnearbejde i skoven. Mange fotografier og erindringer henviser til dette arbejde, men vi ved reelt intet om omfanget. Her er gjort et forsøg på at beskrive og kvantificere<br />kvinders og børns arbejde ved produktionen af planter på Hedeselskabets planteskole i Birkebæk i perioden fra 1890 til 1932 ud fra betalingslisterne i planteskolens regnskaber. Oplysningerne heri er suppleret med erindringsbeskrivelser<br />og fotografier.Resultatet af undersøgelsen er et større kendskab til arbejdsfordelingen mellem kønnene. Kvinder og børn har udgjort en meget vigtig arbejdskraft i planteproduktionen, men det reelle omfang er stadig ukendt, da tallene heri udelukkende<br />viser en lokal situation.</p><p>Producing Plants – Women and Children as a Workforce during<br />the Transformation of the Jutland Heathlands, ca. 1880-1930<br />It is the aim of this study to document the existence of women and children working in the forest. A number of photos and memoirs mention this kind of work, but in reality we do not have much knowledge of the type and extent of this<br />work. Here, a qualified attempt is made at describing and quantifying the work of women and children in producing forest plants at a nursery in Birkebæk, owned by Hedeselskabet (The Danish Heath Society) during the period 1890-1932. This<br />is done by examining the wage accounts. Women and children are not mentioned specifically by name, but their share of the work may be gauged by looking at the wage levels. The days and hours enumerated at low pay represent the amount<br />of work performed by women and children. To ensure that this was actually the case, wages in the accounts were compared to the few scraps of local information available and to the statistical information on wage levels. From the accounts may be seen that the work was strictly divided on the basis<br />of sex and age. Men did the heavy work, such as handling the horses (ploughing, harrowing and transport work) and preparing the soil (digging and fertilizing), whilst the main tasks for women and children was weeding out and transplanting the small plants, tasks that included monotonous work in very bad working postures and requiring small hands and lots of patience. This is also borne out by contemporary photos: Women and children down on their knees weeding out<br />while men are performing the same job but in an upright position, using a hoe or a rake. The results of the study confirm that women and children have been important<br />as a workforce in the nurseries. Unfortunately, the true extent of their workhas yet to be discovered. Other studies will have to show if the situation was the same in most nurseries all over Denmark in this period – which by the author’s recollection is the most likely.</p>
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Lord, Michel. "Pour une relecture des Légendes canadiennes de Casgrain". Voix et images 22, n.º 2 (29 de agosto de 2006): 240–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/201300ar.
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Résumé Pendant près d'un siècle, l'institution littéraire a tenu en haute estime les Légendes canadiennes (1860-1861) de Henri-Raymond Casgrain. Mais autour des années 1960, commence à diminuer la fortune de ces textes, qui se voulaient fondateurs de la littérature canadienne par le truchement de la récupération des vieilles histoires que le peuple se racontait. Après une revue de la réception critique des Légendes canadiennes, Michel Lord propose une relecture des trois textes de Casgrain. Il met l'accent sur les stratégies discursives très personnelles mises en oeuvre par Casgrain dans la construction des « légendes », des figures du Canadien et de l'Indien, et dans l'organisation de la croyance au surnaturel. L'article a pour but de montrer que, sous le couvert d'une forme simple (la légende), Casgrain manipule savamment le discours narratif, sans pour autant qu'il en résulte un effet de richesse dialogique, mais plutôt une forme de monologisme conforme à l'idéologie unificatrice (ultramontaine) de l'époque, dont Casgrain se fait le défenseur acharné. Les Légendes canadiennes de Casgrain apparaissent ainsi moins comme le résultat d'une entreprise vouée à la sauvegarde des vieilles légendes, que comme une illustration du modèle exemplaire de ce que devait alors être la littérature canadienne.
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Baker, Vernon G. "Historical Archeology at Minute Man National Historical Park, Massachusetts, 1963–1980: Comments on the use of Retrieved Data". North American Archaeologist 6, n.º 2 (octubre de 1985): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/1ku3-8xcc-j833-fn2f.
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Between 1963 and 1980, seventeen historic archeological sites were excavated in Minute Man National Historical Park (MIMA), located in Lexington, Lincoln, and Concord, Massachusetts. The sites date to the 17th–19th centuries, and the majority are located on Battle Road, the route taken by British and Colonial forces on the eventful day of April 19, 1775. Except for one tavern and two roads, all sites are farm or homesteads. Since none of the research reports on these sites has been published, researchers interested in comparative data generally are unaware of what is available. Unfortunately, this situation prevails for many North American historic sites excavated prior to the early 1970s—the period when most of the research at the Minute Man Park was done. This article summarizes and evaluates the research done on the Minute Man sites, and identifies areas for which the excavated data have comparative value. An annotated bibliography of the reports on the seventeen sites also is provided. Detailed information on the results presented here is based on and can be found in Baker (1980).
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Andrès, Bernard. "L’humour des Poilus canadiens durant la Grande Guerre (première partie)". Les Cahiers des dix, n.º 69 (14 de marzo de 2016): 215–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1035601ar.
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Malgré la crise de la conscription de 1917 et les tensions entre anglophones et francophones, au sujet de l’engagement du Canada dans la Grande Guerre, plus de 30 000 Canadiens français partent pour le front. Ils s’illustreront notamment aux batailles d’Ypres, de Courcelette et de Vimy. Chez ces francophones dont la plupart se battent sous le drapeau britannique, on note une certaine ambivalence face « la » patrie (le Canada ? l’Angleterre ? la France ?). Défiance également envers la hiérarchie militaire et les autorités coloniales britanniques. De rares témoignages de première main publiés en français entre 1914 et 1920 permettent d’apprécier sous un angle nouveau —l’humour— cet épisode de l’histoire québécoise. Face à la censure de guerre et pour conjurer la mort, les récits recourent à ces stratégies d’évitement ou de subversion que sont l’humour, l’ironie et le sarcasme. On observe ces modes d’écriture dans les témoignages de quelques « Poilus » canadiens publiés entre 1914 et 1920. La majorité d’entre eux servent sous l’uniforme anglais : Henri Chassé, Claudius Corneloup, Arthur J. Lapointe, A. et W. Audette, Joseph A. Lavoie et Moïse E. Martin. Paul Caron (le seul à mourir au front), s’est engagé, lui, dans l’Armée française : cet ardent nationaliste affirmait se battre pour la France et s’opposer au « navalisme et à l’impérialisme britanniques ».
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Carvalho, Alexsandro M., Sebastián Gonçalves, Janaína Ruffoni y José Roberto Iglesias. "Macroscopic and microscopic perspectives for adoption of technologies in the USA". PLOS ONE 15, n.º 12 (3 de diciembre de 2020): e0242676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242676.
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Adoption of a new technology depends on many factors. Marketing, advertising, social interactions, and personal convictions are relevant features when deciding to adopt, or not, a new technology. Thus, it is very important to determine the relative weight of these factors when introducing a new technology. Here we discuss an agent based model to investigate the behavior of agents exposed to advertising and social contacts. Agents may follow the social pressure, or maybe contrarians, acting against the majority, to decide if they adopt or not a new technology. First, we solve analytically the model that relies on the above quoted factors. Then, we compare the theoretical results with empirical data concerning the adoption of innovations by American households during the 20th century. The analysis of the diffusion dynamics process is done either for the whole period, or by periods based on the so-called technical-economic paradigms, according to Freeman and Perez. Three different periods are considered: before 1920, from 1920 to 1970, and after 1970. We study the evolution of the model parameters for each technical-economic period. Finally, by adjusting the key parameters we are able to collapse all the data into a universal curve that describes all the adoption processes.
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Chenard, Marc y Jean-Jacques Nattiez. "Table ronde de 1963, journées des 16, 18 et 23 juillet". Circuit 15, n.º 3 (1 de febrero de 2010): 23–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/902368ar.
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Transcription inédite de trois tables rondes ayant eu lieu à Darmstadt en juillet 1963, dont les intervenants étaient Luciano Berio, Pierre Boulez et Henri Pousseur. Chaque compositeur annonce les thèmes qu’il va aborder dans le cadre de ses cours. En débattant entre eux et en répondant aux questions de la salle, ces trois compositeurs abordent des questions fondamentales telles celles du métier, de la technique, du geste, du langage et de la syntaxe, de la forme, et de l’esthétique. Au-delà des réponses provisoires qu’ils avancent, cette transcription offre une vue sur le fonctionnement ordinaire du débat esthétique et technique à Darmstadt vers la fin de la période qu’on pourrait nommer « héroïque » — avec ses enjeux idéologiques, ses rivalités et avec sa façon toute particulière de déterminer les problèmes de la création musicale contemporaine.
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Meul, S., S. Oberländer-Hayn, J. Abalichin y U. Langematz. "Nonlinear response of modelled stratospheric ozone to changes in greenhouse gases and ozone depleting substances in the recent past". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, n.º 12 (24 de junio de 2015): 6897–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6897-2015.
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Abstract. In the recent past, the evolution of stratospheric ozone (O3) was affected by both increasing ozone depleting substances (ODSs) and greenhouse gases (GHGs). The impact of the single forcings on O3 is well known. Interactions between the simultaneously increased GHG and ODS concentrations, however, can occur and lead to nonlinear O3 changes. In this study, we investigate if nonlinear processes have affected O3 changes between 1960 and 2000. This is done with an idealised set of time slice simulations with the chemistry-climate model EMAC. Due to nonlinearity the past ozone loss is diminished throughout the stratosphere, with a maximum reduction of 1.2 % at 3 hPa. The total ozone column loss between 1960 and 2000 that is mainly attributed to the ODS increase is mitigated in the extra-polar regions by up to 1.1 % due to nonlinear processes. A separation of the O3 changes into the contribution from chemistry and transport shows that nonlinear interactions occur in both. In the upper stratosphere a reduced efficiency of the ClOx-catalysed O3 loss chiefly causes the nonlinear O3 increase. An enhanced formation of halogen reservoir species through the reaction with methane (CH4) reduces the abundance of halogen radicals significantly. The temperature-induced deceleration of the O3 loss reaction rate in the Chapman cycle is reduced, which leads to a nonlinear O3 decrease and counteracts the increase due to ClOx. Nonlinear effects on the NOx abundance cause hemispheric asymmetric nonlinear changes of the O3 loss. Nonlinear changes in O3 transport occur in particular in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) during the months September to November. Here, the residual circulation is weakened in the lower stratosphere, which goes along with a reduced O3 transport from the tropics to high latitudes. Thus, O3 decreases in the SH polar region but increases in the SH midlatitudes. The existence of nonlinearities implies that future ozone change due to ODS decline slightly depends on the prevailing GHG concentrations. Therefore the future ozone evolution will not simply be a reversal of the past.
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Tanghe, Koen B., Lieven Pauwels, Alexis De Tiège y Johan Braeckman. "Interpreting the History of Evolutionary Biology through a Kuhnian Prism: Sense or Nonsense?" Perspectives on Science 29, n.º 1 (febrero de 2021): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00359.
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Traditionally, Thomas S. Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) is largely identified with his analysis of the structure of scientific revolutions. Here, we contribute to a minority tradition in the Kuhn literature by interpreting the history of evolutionary biology through the prism of the entire historical developmental model of sciences that he elaborates in The Structure. This research not only reveals a certain match between this model and the history of evolutionary biology but, more importantly, also sheds new light on several episodes in that history, and particularly on the publication of Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species (1859), the construction of the modern evolutionary synthesis, the chronic discontent with it, and the latest expression of that discontent, called the extended evolutionary synthesis. Lastly, we also explain why this kind of analysis hasn’t been done before.
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Oorschot, Leo. "Dutch Hybrid Neighbourhoods of 1860–1910 in Heat Transition: The Case Study of Zeeheldenkwartier in The Hague". Energies 13, n.º 20 (10 de octubre de 2020): 5255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205255.
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This paper explores the typo-morphologic characteristics of late 19th century hybrid neighbourhoods in urban regions of The Netherlands and possibilities of a feasible climate neutral energy system in the future. The Zeeheldenkwartier neighbourhood in The Hague is used as a case study. Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) are involved to ensure access to affordable and clean energy (SDG 7) and make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable (SDG 11). With the 2019 Dutch-Climate-Agreement The Netherlands decided on a neighbourhood approach to the transition from natural gas to a climate neutral energy supply in buildings. Implicit homogeneity in most buildings of neighbourhoods is presupposed, in contrast to older neighbourhoods that were laid out before World War I. These are nowadays heterogenic, attractive, mixed and often protected neighbourhoods because of the quality of the architecture. Establishing a generic energy plan here is a challenge. The foremost important conclusion is the recognition of the architectural and urban quality and features of these kinds of neighbourhoods and to develop specific legislation and rules about insulation, service and energy systems. Another conclusion about the strategy is that one should not rely on a single generic solution but rather apply multiple forms of heat supply over a longer period of time. There is lack of heat and construction capacity. Box-in-box-renovation is best done when people are moving and the house is uninhabited. The tenants of a neighbourhood should oganise, not building owners, and implement legislation and framework for rental apartments. Insulation should be done to mandatory Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) label B or C, adding sound and energy production of heat pumps and district heating.
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Ubiparip, Zorica, Marc De Doncker, Koen Beerens, Jorick Franceus y Tom Desmet. "β-Glucan phosphorylases in carbohydrate synthesis". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 105, n.º 10 (mayo de 2021): 4073–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11320-z.
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Abstract β-Glucan phosphorylases are carbohydrate-active enzymes that catalyze the reversible degradation of β-linked glucose polymers, with outstanding potential for the biocatalytic bottom-up synthesis of β-glucans as major bioactive compounds. Their preference for sugar phosphates (rather than nucleotide sugars) as donor substrates further underlines their significance for the carbohydrate industry. Presently, they are classified in the glycoside hydrolase families 94, 149, and 161 (www.cazy.org). Since the discovery of β-1,3-oligoglucan phosphorylase in 1963, several other specificities have been reported that differ in linkage type and/or degree of polymerization. Here, we present an overview of the progress that has been made in our understanding of β-glucan and associated β-glucobiose phosphorylases, with a special focus on their application in the synthesis of carbohydrates and related molecules. Key points • Discovery, characteristics, and applications of β-glucan phosphorylases. • β-Glucan phosphorylases in the production of functional carbohydrates.
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Matthews, J. B. y J. B. R. Matthews. "Possible signals of poleward surface ocean heat transport, of Arctic basal ice melt, and of the twentieth century solar maximum in the 1904-2012 Isle of Man daily timeseries". Ocean Science Discussions 11, n.º 1 (3 de enero de 2014): 47–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-11-47-2014.
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Abstract. This is the second of two papers on observational timeseries of top of ocean heat capture. The first reports hourly and daily meridional central tropical Pacific top 3 m timeseries showing high Southern Hemisphere evaporation (2.67 m yr−1) and Northern Hemisphere trapped heat (12 MJ m−2 day−1). We suggested that wind drift/geostrophic stratified gyre circulation transported warm water to the Arctic and led to three phases of Arctic basal ice melt and fluxes of brackish nutrient-rich waters to north Atlantic on centennial timescales. Here we examine daily top metre 1904–2012 timeseries at Isle of Man west coast ~54° N for evidence of tropical and polar surface waters. We compare these to Central England (CET) daily land-air temperatures and to Arctic floating ice heat content and extent. We find three phases of ocean surface heating consistent with basal icemelt buffering greenhouse gas warming until a regime shift post-1986 led to the modern surface temperature rise of ~1 °C in 20 yr. Three phases were: warming +0.018 °C yr−1 from 1904–1939, slight cooling −0.002 °C yr−11940–86 and strong warming +0.037 °C yr−1 1986–2012. For the same periods CET land-air showed: warming +0.015 °C yr−1, slight cooling −0.004 °C yr−1, about half SST warming at +0.018 °C yr−1. The mid-century cooling and a 1959/1963 hot/cold event is consistent with sunspot/solar radiation maximum 1923–2008 leading to record volumes of Arctic ice meltwater and runoff that peaked in 1962/3 British Isles extreme cold winter. The warming Arctic resulted in wind regime and surface water regime shifts post 1986. This coincides with the onset of rapid Arctic annual ice melt. Continued heat imbalance is likely to lead to tidewater glacier basal icemelt and future sealevel rise after remaining relatively stable over 4000 yr. Our work needs confirmation by further fieldwork concentrating on the dynamics and thermodynamics of ocean top 3 m that controls the 93 % anthropogenic global warming in the oceans. This may be done most cost-effectively through focussed multidisciplinary scientific research adaptively managed and funded.
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Mattingly, Harold B. "The Practice of Ostracism at Athens". Antichthon 25 (1991): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066477400000599.
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I have long been tempted by the vast haul of ostraka from the Kerameikos excavations of 1966-8 to review afresh the whole history of ostracism at Athens. Though they have still been only summarily published, enough is now known to make the enterprise worthwhile. I leave aside the question whether Kleisthenes introduced the institution as part of his legislative programme, possibly in a form that involved only his new Council and not the people as a whole. This intriguing topic does not affect the history of ostracism as we know it. Scholars agree that the first victim was Hipparchos Charmou in 487 B.C., but the Kerameikos ostraka tell us nothing of this occasion. Nor do they help with the ostracisms of Xanthippos and Aristeides and, since nothing can really be done with the Agora ostraka here, I shall omit these also from my survey. But the ostracism of Megakles has been brilliantly illuminated.
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Friedman, Susan Stanford. "Alternatives to Periodization: Literary History, Modernism, and the “New” Temporalities". Modern Language Quarterly 80, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2019): 379–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00267929-7777780.
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Abstract Can literary history be done without the conventional reliance on linear periodization? What might a literary history of modernism look like without the usual periodization of roughly 1890–1940? This essay reviews the arguments for and against periodization and then argues that the new time studies—based in nonlinear concepts of time for the study of the contemporary—offers alternatives to the Eurocentric periodization of modernism. These new temporalities were anticipated by early twentieth-century Euro-American modernism, presented in the essay with an account of the dramatic debate between Albert Einstein and Henri Bergson in 1922 and a discussion of Virginia Woolf’s experiments with the relationality of space and time in her fiction. Multidimensional, layered, and disjunctive concepts of time are better suited for the study of planetary modernisms that incorporate the colonial and postcolonial modernities. Kabe Wilson’s multimedia installation based on a remix of A Room of One’s Own and selected criticism on modernism are used to illustrate alternatives to linear periodization.
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Clarke, G. P., M. Clarke y A. G. Wilson. "Reexamining Old Problems with New Methods: Portbury Revisited". Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 4, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1986): 353–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c040353.
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It is now twenty years since the Ministry of Transport examined the feasibility of constructing new harbour facilities at Portbury, Bristol. Part of that analysis was based on the use of a gravity model. Since 1966 significant progress has been made in many aspects of urban and regional modelling. There is now a basic competence in many aspects of modelling which could not have been envisaged in the early days. So far, however, there have been few empirical applications of these latest techniques. The original Portbury problem and its associated data sets provide an excellent opportunity to examine the new set of models in a real public-planning context. The aim here is not to assess critically the original Portbury decision per se—this is done in a number of other studies—but more to use the models in an illustrative way showing how improvements to existing appraisal methods can be made with careful thought and application.
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Lizano, Omar G. "Distribución espacio-temporal de la temperatura, salinidad y oxígeno disuelto alrededor del Domo Térmico de Costa Rica". Revista de Biología Tropical 64, n.º 1 (2 de marzo de 2016): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v64i1.23422.
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<p>The Costa Rica Thermal Dome (CRTD) is an oceanographic phenomenon in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP). This is a region of very high biological productivity, resulting in high concentrations of phytoplankton, sea birds, and large pelagics, such as tunas, dolphins and whales. Few publications have looks at the station variability of the water column of the CRTD. Here, horizontal and vertical distribution of some oceanic parameters was analyzed to show the dynamics of ETP, its influence on the CRTD, climatic variations and relationships that justify their distributions. Climatological monthly mean data of Ocean Data View (ODV) from 1900 to 2009 were used to compile profiles of the water column’s temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen, and their spatial distributions around the Costa Rica Thermal Dome (CRTD). Monthly variations of these parameters depend on the intensity and extent of ocean-meteorological phenomena in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP), which are related to the north-south migration of Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The monthly climatic variation of these variables is analyzed down to 200 m depth. Increased climate variability is found in the water column at stations north and east of the CRTD. The two stations north of the CRTD, closer to the coast, are the ones most affected by the wind in front of the Gulf of Papagayo and where the greatest monthly upwelling variation occurs in this region. The distribution and concentration of dissolved oxygen depends on the ocean-atmospheric dynamics. Oxygen is consumed by respiration and organic matter oxidation around CRTD. Moreover, this is one of the regions of the tropical oceans where an Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) exist, which is related also to poor water circulation or lack ocean ventilation. Sources of dissolved oxygen are linked with sub-surface currents coming from the west and from the south of the geographic equator.</p><div> </div>
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West, James M. "Ethics of Liver Transplantation: The Role of the Anesthesiologist". Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 22, n.º 2 (14 de marzo de 2018): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1089253218763815.
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Anesthesiologists have clearly established their place in the history of medical ethics. Our involvement goes back to 1966 when Henri Beecher published his landmark paper on research and informed consent. Participation in the ethics of transplantation is no less important than our previous work. Organ transplant has been life saving for many but also has given rise to many misunderstandings not just from the public but also among our own colleagues. These include methods of allocation and donation, the role that affluence may play in receiving an organ, the definition of death and donation after circulatory death. As perioperative physicians and important members of the transplant team, anesthesiologists are expected to participate in all aspects of care including ethical judgments. This article discusses some of the issues that seem to cause the most confusion and angst for those of us involved in both liver transplantation and in the procurement of organs. It will discuss the definition of death, donation after circulatory death, the anesthesiologists’ role on the selection committee, living donor liver transplantation, and transplantation of patients with alcohol-related liver disease.
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Conrad, David C. "Bold Research During Troubled Times in Guinea: The Story of the Djibril Tamsir Niane Tape Archive". History in Africa 37 (2010): 355–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2010.0023.
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The basic purpose here is to offer an archival report about historical and ethnographic material collected partly in Mali but mostly in Guinea, when such efforts in the latter country were contrary to official government policy and in some cases could be hazardous to undertake. Owing to the risks involved in some intellectual activities in Guinea between 1958 and 1984, as well as the importance of the material recorded on reel-to-reel tapes in this archive, the research accomplished by Djibril Tamsir Niane in the 1960s that culminated in the 1969-1971 expeditions to Baga villages, was itself historically significant. Moreover, the fact that once the research had been done the recorded information survived ensuing decades of potentially destructive climatic conditions and political events is remarkable. Therefore, as a prologue to introducing the archival material in the process of preservation at the time of this writing, it seems appropriate to begin this report with a description of the circumstances under which the recordings were made and how they survived to the present day.
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Wang, Yilong, Shangrong Han, Haiqiang Qin, Huaguang Zheng, Bin Jiang, Yong Cao, Yuan Gao et al. "Chinese Stroke Association guidelines for clinical management of cerebrovascular disorders: executive summary and 2019 update of the management of high-risk population". Stroke and Vascular Neurology 5, n.º 3 (13 de agosto de 2020): 270–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/svn-2020-000385.
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AimCerebrovascular disease is the leading cause of death and disability in China, causing a huge burden among patients and their families. Hence, stroke prevention is critical, especially in the high-risk population. Here, we present the evidence-based guideline suitable for the Chinese population.MethodsLiterature search of PubMed and Cochrane library (from January 1964 to June 2019) was done. After thorough discussion among the writing group members, recommendations were listed and summarised. This guideline was reviewed and discussed by the fellow writing committees of the Chinese Stroke Association’s Stroke.ResultsThis evidence-based guideline was written in three parts: controlling the risk factors of stroke, utilisation of antiplatelet agents and assessing the risks of first-ever stroke. All recommendations were listed along with the recommending classes and levels of evidence.ConclusionsThis guideline provides recommendations for primary prevention of cerebrovascular disease among high-risk population in China. Controlling related risk factors, appropriately using antiplatelet agents, assessing the risk of developing first-ever stroke should help reduce the rate of cerebrovascular disease in China.