Tesis sobre el tema "Données rares"
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Alamé, Melissa. "Intégration de données et caractérisation du microenvironnement tumoral de tumeurs rares". Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTT046.
Texto completoThe development of high-throughput technologies, especially Next Generation Sequencing, has triggered considerable advances in tumor understanding and molecular classification. Patient subgroups for a same tumor have been defined and characterized. Those subgroups are typically associated with a particular prognosis or eligible to a specific targeted therapy. These progresses paved the way towards personalized medicine.The understanding of the contribution of the tumor microenvironment (TME) to disease aggressiveness, progression, and therapy resistance is another revolution in cancer biology and patient care. The contribution of the aforementioned high-throughput technologies was essential. At the era of immunotherapy, the sub-classification of tumors based on their TME composition identified patient subgroups correlated to survival and to their response to this particular class of drugs. Despite a formidable community effort, the molecular and immunological classification of tumors has not been completed for every cancer, some rare and aggressive entities still require thorough characterization. Moreover, most TME studies have focused on the cellular composition and they neglected the mapping of the intercellular communications networks occurring in neoplasms. The advent of single-cell technologies is filling this gap, but with a strong focus on the most frequent cancers.In my thesis, I have both deployed advanced data integration methods and a novel approach to infer ligand-receptor networks relied on a database (LRdb), which is developed by the Colinge Lab, to characterize the TME of two rare tumors, Salivary Duct Carcinoma (SDC) and Primary Central Nervous System Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (PCNSL). I have combined classical – yet advanced – bioinformatic and multivariate statistics methods integrating bulk transcriptomics and proteomics data, including fresh and TCGA data. Those computational techniques were supplemented with immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry coupled with digital imaging to obtain experimental validations. To accommodate limited patient cohorts, I have searched for highly coherent messages at all the levels of my analyses. I also devoted important efforts relating our findings with the literature to put them in a clinical perspective. In particular, our approach revealed TME groups of tumors with particular prognosis, immune evasion and therapy resistance mechanisms, several clinical biomarkers, and new therapeutic perspectives
Falip, Joris. "Structuration de données multidimensionnelles : une approche basée instance pour l'exploration de données médicales". Thesis, Reims, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REIMS014/document.
Texto completoA posteriori use of medical data accumulated by practitioners represents a major challenge for clinical research as well as for personalized patient follow-up. However, health professionals lack the appropriate tools to easily explore, understand and manipulate their data. To solve this, we propose an algorithm to structure elements by similarity and representativeness. This method allows individuals in a dataset to be grouped around representative and generic members who are able to subsume the elements and summarize the data. This approach processes each dimension individually before aggregating the results and is adapted to high-dimensional data and also offers transparent, interpretable and explainable results. The results we obtain are suitable for exploratory analysis and reasoning by analogy: the structure is similar to the organization of knowledge and decision-making process used by experts. We then propose an anomaly detection algorithm that allows complex and high-dimensional anomalies to be detected by analyzing two-dimensional projections. This approach also provides interpretable results. We evaluate these two algorithms on real and simulated high-dimensional data with up to thousands of dimensions. We analyze the properties of graphs resulting from the structuring of elements. We then describe a medical data pre-processing tool and a web application for physicians. Through this intuitive tool, we propose a visual structure of the elements to ease the exploration. This decision support prototype assists medical diagnosis by allowing the physician to navigate through the data and explore similar patients. It can also be used to test clinical hypotheses on a cohort of patients
Maaroufi, Meriem. "Interopérabilité des données médicales dans le domaine des maladies rares dans un objectif de santé publique". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066275/document.
Texto completoThe digitalization of healthcare is on and multiple e-health projects are unceasingly coming up. In the rare diseases context, a field that has become a public health policy priority in France, e-health could be a solution to improve rare diseases epidemiology and to propose a better care for patients. The national data bank for rare diseases (BNDMR) offers the centralization of these epidemiological studies conduction for all rare diseases and all affected patients followed in the French healthcare system. The BNDMR must grow in a dense and heterogeneous digital landscape. Developing the BNDMR interoperability is the objective of this thesis’ work. How to identify patients, including fetuses? How to federate patients’ identities to avoid duplicates creation? How to link patients’ data to allow studies’ conduction? In response to these questions, we propose a universal method for patients’ identification that meets the requirements of health data protection. Which data should be collected in the national data bank? How to improve and facilitate the development of interoperability between these data and those from the wide range of the existing systems? In response to these questions, we first propose the collection of a standardized minimum data set for all rare diseases. The implementation of international standards provides a first step toward interoperability. We then propose to move towards the discovery of mappings between heterogeneous data sources. Minimizing human intervention by adopting automated alignment techniques and making these alignments’ results reliable and exploitable were the main motivations of our proposal
Garcelon, Nicolas. "Problématique des entrepôts de données textuelles : dr Warehouse et la recherche translationnelle sur les maladies rares". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB257/document.
Texto completoThe repurposing of clinical data for research has become widespread with the development of clinical data warehouses. These data warehouses are modeled to integrate and explore structured data related to thesauri. These data come mainly from machine (biology, genetics, cardiology, etc.) but also from manual data input forms. The production of care is also largely providing textual data from hospital reports (hospitalization, surgery, imaging, anatomopathologic etc.), free text areas in electronic forms. This mass of data, little used by conventional warehouses, is an indispensable source of information in the context of rare diseases. Indeed, the free text makes it possible to describe the clinical picture of a patient with more precision and expressing the absence of signs and uncertainty. Particularly for patients still undiagnosed, the doctor describes the patient's medical history outside any nosological framework. This wealth of information makes clinical text a valuable source for translational research. However, this requires appropriate algorithms and tools to enable optimized re-use by doctors and researchers. We present in this thesis the data warehouse centered on the clinical document, which we have modeled, implemented and evaluated. In three cases of use for translational research in the context of rare diseases, we attempted to address the problems inherent in textual data: (i) recruitment of patients through a search engine adapted to textual (data negation and family history detection), (ii) automated phenotyping from textual data, and (iii) diagnosis by similarity between patients based on phenotyping. We were able to evaluate these methods on the data warehouse of Necker-Enfants Malades created and fed during this thesis, integrating about 490,000 patients and 4 million reports. These methods and algorithms were integrated into the software Dr Warehouse developed during the thesis and distributed in Open source since September 2017
Garret, Philippine. "Approches bioinformatiques innovantes pour l’analyse de données de séquençage à haut-débit appliquées à l’étude de pathologies génétiques rares avec anomalies du développement". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCK020.
Texto completoIn the last years, the advent of exome sequencing (ES) in diagnosis and in research led to the identification of the genetic bases of many Mendelian disorders, allowing many diagnostic wavering cases to be solved. Nevertheless, ES data analysis only leads to the identification of pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in 30 to 45 % of the undiagnosed cases. Indeed, some limits exist, both at clinical, molecular and bioinformatic levels. The constant evolution of the clinical knowledge, of the number of genes involved in human diseases, and of the clinical-biological correlations, has a significant impact on data analysis, leading to a progressive improvement in diagnostic research. Limits of the current technologies, especially not covered regions, exist, but have been significantly reduced in the recent years. Although genome sequencing will solve some undiagnosed cases, especially in case of non-coding or structural variants, there is still a lot of information to be extracted and analyzed from ES data. Finally, beyond SNV and CNV analyzes, other genetic events can be involved in rare disorders, requiring a bioinformatic development to optimize results.The aim of the project was therefore to improve bioinformatic approaches of ES data analysis in order to identify new molecular mechanisms involved in rare genetic disorders and reduce diagnostic wavering.Several strategies were established. The first one consisted in reanalysing ES data from 80 undiagnosed patients, who were sequenced by the Laboratoire CERBA (CIFRE thesis). It led to the identification of 2 new candidate genes involved in ID, especially OTUD7A gene (article 1). The second strategy was the development of a bioinformatic pipeline in order to extract mitochondrial DNA data from ES data. The mitochondrial genome is not targeted by exome capture kits but can be extracted from off-target data, giving the opportunity to analyze it from preexisting ES data. From the GAD exomes cohort of undiagnosed patients, 2 causal variations were identified in 2 individuals out of 928, affected with neuro-developmental disorder. It thus solved the diagnostic wavering in 0.2 % of patients without diagnosis (article 2). The third strategy consisted in the development of a bioinformatic pipeline to identify mobile elements insertion within ES data, with the expectation that about 0.03 % of the pathogenic variants originate from de novo mobile element insertion. From the GAD exomes cohort of 3322 undiagnosed patients, this step led to the identification of two Alu element insertions in FERMT1 and GRIN2B gene exons (article 3, in process).This PhD permitted to push out some ES limits. Other perspectives exist, and are explored by the GAD team, in connection with the European Solve-RD project
Himoudi, Abdelilah. "Simulation numérique de la cinétique des ions dans les gaz rares faiblement ionisés : détermination des données de base". Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30171.
Texto completoNambot, Sophie. "Exploration pangénomique des anomalies du développement de causes rares". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCI012.
Texto completoTitle : Genome-wide exploration of congenital anomalies of rare causesKey words : congenital anomalies, exome sequencing, data-sharing, reverse phenotypingCongenital anomalies are a group of diseases that are both clinically and molecularly heterogeneous. They include more than 3,000 monogenic diseases, but only a third of them have a known molecular cause. Although advances in sequencing techniques have identified hundreds of new genes in recent years, many patients remain undiagnosed. The vast genetic heterogeneity of these conditions challenges the conventional diagnostic approach that typically includes clinical expertise, a pan-genomic microarray study and/or targeted analysis of known genes and, recently, exome sequencing targeting the genes already associated with human disease. Until genome sequencing becomes more affordable and the interpretation of its data for diagnostic use is better perceived, we have chosen to explore new strategies to optimize the identification of new molecular bases through exome sequencing.The first article aimed to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of annual reanalysis of negative exome sequencing data in a diagnostic setting. Patients eligible for the study had developmental anomalies, but no molecular cause was established after a standard diagnostic procedure including DNA chromosome analysis and diagnostic exome analysis. This first study yielded a significant number of additional diagnoses, but also identified candidate variants for which we used international data-sharing and reverse phenotyping to establish cohorts of genotypic and/or phenotypic replication and genotype-phenotype correlations. These strategies allowed us to meet the ACMG criteria necessary to establish the pathogenicity of these variants.With this experience, and because we wished to go further in identifying new molecular bases for our patients, we continued the reanalysis project within a research framework. This was the focus of the second article of this thesis. The reanalysis project led to the identification of 17 new genes associated with congenital anomalies. Data-sharing has led to the development of numerous international collaborations and functional studies carried out by specialized teams.The third article illustrated the application of these tools in a syndromic form of ultra-rare intellectual disability. Following a considerable collaborative effort, we were able to accurately describe the phenotype of 25 unreported patients in the literature with pathogenic variants in the TBR1 gene, a candidate gene in autism spectrum disorders associated to intellectual disability.These various studies demonstrate how innovative strategies can be effective for identifying new molecular bases in patients with congenital anomalies. These strategies include exome data reanalysis, reverse phenotyping, and international data-sharing. For patients and their families, knowing the molecular basis of the disease makes it possible to understand the origin of the condition and to put an end to diagnostic wandering. In addition, they are able to learn more about the prognosis and developmental progression, and they can obtain appropriate care management. This information is also essential for reliable genetic counseling, and may offer the possibility of prenatal or even pre-implantation diagnosis. These new diagnoses also give geneticists a chance to understand new physiopathological processes, to develop new diagnostic tests and even to discover new therapeutic targets
Chennen, Kirsley. "Maladies rares et "Big Data" : solutions bioinformatiques vers une analyse guidée par les connaissances : applications aux ciliopathies". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ076/document.
Texto completoOver the last decade, biomedical research and medical practice have been revolutionized by the post-genomic era and the emergence of Big Data in biology. The field of rare diseases, are characterized by scarcity from the patient to the domain knowledge. Nevertheless, rare diseases represent a real interest as the fundamental knowledge accumulated as well as the developed therapeutic solutions can also benefit to common underlying disorders. This thesis focuses on the development of new bioinformatics solutions, integrating Big Data and Big Data associated approaches to improve the study of rare diseases. In particular, my work resulted in (i) the creation of PubAthena, a tool for the recommendation of relevant literature updates, (ii) the development of a tool for the analysis of exome datasets, VarScrut, which combines multi-level knowledge to improve the resolution rate
Brard, Caroline. "Approche Bayésienne de la survie dans les essais cliniques pour les cancers rares". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS474/document.
Texto completoBayesian approach augments the information provided by the trial itself by incorporating external information into the trial analysis. In addition, this approach allows the results to be expressed in terms of probability of some treatment effect, which is more informative and interpretable than a p-value and a confidence interval. In addition, the frequent reduction of an analysis to a binary interpretation of the results (significant versus non-significant) is particularly harmful in rare diseases.In this context, the objective of my work was to explore the feasibility, constraints and contribution of the Bayesian approach in clinical trials in rare cancers with a primary censored endpoint. A review of the literature confirmed that the implementation of Bayesian methods is still limited in the analysis of clinical trials with a censored endpoint.In the second part of our work, we developed a Bayesian design, integrating historical data in the setting of a real clinical trial with a survival endpoint in a rare disease (osteosarcoma). The prior incorporated individual historical data on the control arm and aggregate historical data on the relative treatment effect. Through a large simulation study, we evaluated the operating characteristics of the proposed design and calibrated the model while exploring the issue of commensurability between historical and current data. Finally, the re-analysis of three clinical trials allowed us to illustrate the contribution of Bayesian approach to the expression of the results, and how this approach enriches the frequentist analysis of a trial
Rida, Hania. "Nouvelles données sur les systèmes graphite-lithium-europium et graphite-lithium-calcium". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10019/document.
Texto completoThe molten alloy solid-liquid method containing lithium has recently enabled the synthesis of several bulk graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) in graphite-lithium-alkaline earth metal systems. As part of this thesis, this synthesis method was extended to graphite-lithium-lanthanide systems, with an additional difficulty which is the lack of knowledge of lithium-lanthanide binary phase diagrams whose data are crucial for determining the temperature range and chemical composition of alloys that may lead to GICs.The immersion of pyrographite platelets in some europium-lithium alloys wisely chosen led to a binary EuC6 compound as well as a graphite-lithium-europium first stage ternary compound.Kinetics study of EuC6 compound was followed by ex situ X-ray diffraction in order to understand the different reaction steps and identify intermediate phases leading to the thermodynamically stable final compound. This mechanism revealed a reaction process more "cooperative" than that leading to CaC6 binary compound and was described by a succession of steps that contribute to the bulk insertion of europium.The elementary composition of the ternary compound was determined by ions beam analysis allowing the simultaneous quantification of the three elements lithium, carbon and europium. The refinement of these analyses led to the chemical formula Li0,25Eu1,95C6 for the ternary compound. EuC6 has also been studied by nuclear microprobe analysis, and especially the C/Eu atomic ratio equal to 6 has been confirmed.Structural studies have been undertaken for binary and ternary compounds. On one hand, it was possible to fully resolve the three-dimensional structure of the binary EuC6, which crystallizes in a hexagonal unit cell with P63/mmc space group. On the other hand, the c axis stacking sequence of the poly-layered intercalated sheet of the ternary compound was modeled by combining structural data with information from the ions beam analysis. The graphite intercalation compounds are low-dimensional solids that are ideal for the study of structure-properties relations. Thus in graphite-lithium-calcium system, superconducting character has been studied for CaC6 and Li3Ca2C6 compounds by muons spin spectroscopy ([mu]SR). For the graphite-lithium-europium system, previous magnetic measurements have been continued and supplemented by [mu]SR analysis (for Li0,25Eu1,95C6 and EuC6) and by low temperature 151Eu Mössbauer spectroscopy (for Li0,25Eu1,95C6)
Pellier, Karine. "La dynamique structurelle et spatiale des systèmes de brevets". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON10025.
Texto completoAt the behest of Schumpeter's seminal works, innovation is now positioned at the heart of economic analysis. However, since these pioneering works, not enough innovation studies have been devoted to the uses of patent over time. Starting from this assertion, the present thesis aims first and foremost at providing - in addition to good quality empirical information and new statistical series - a new interpretation of patents in their structural and spatial dimensions, based on a cliometric approach. Our first contribution is to present the organisation of a new database on the evolution over a long period of time of patents in 40 countries from the XVIIth century up to 1945 and in over 150 countries from 1945 to the present time. We show in a second step that rare but nevertheless significant events conditioned the heartbeat of the economic history of patents. Wars, the promulgation of laws, the opening or closing of offices, but also purely statistical effects standardized over the long term the existence of patent systems through the application and granting of the series under study. Furthermore we determine the periodicity of our patent series using a spectral and co-spectral analysis. Finally we propose a more contemporary insight - in terms of convergence - into structural and more specifically spatial dynamics at work in the European countries patent systems
Szathmary, Laszlo. "Méthodes symboliques de fouille de données avec la plate-forme Coron". Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00336374.
Texto completoLes contributions principales de cette thèse sont : (1) nous avons développé et adapté des algorithmes pour trouver les règles d'association minimales non-redondantes ; (2) nous avons défini une nouvelle base pour les règles d'associations appelée “règles fermées” ; (3) nous avons étudié un champ de l'ECBD important mais relativement peu étudié, à savoir l'extraction des motifs rares et des règles d'association rares ; (4) nous avons regroupé nos algorithmes et une collection d'autres algorithmes ainsi que d'autres opérations auxiliaires d'ECBD dans une boîte à outils logicielle appelée Coron.
Scélo, Ghislaine. "Facteurs de risque de trois cancers rares : le cancer de l'intestin grêle, le mélanome oculaire, et le carcinome nasopharyngé. Utilisation de données existantes recueillies en routine". Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA11T027.
Texto completoBayar, Mohamed Amine. "Randomized Clinical Trials in Oncology with Rare Diseases or Rare Biomarker-based Subtypes". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS441.
Texto completoLarge sample sizes are required in randomized trials designed to meet typical one-sided α-level of 0.025 and at least 80% power. This may be unachievable in a reasonable time frame even with international collaborations. It is either because the medical condition is rare, or because the trial focuses on an uncommon subset of patients with a rare molecular subtype where the treatment tested is deemed relevant. We simulated a series of two-arm superiority trials over a long research horizon (15 years). Within the series of trials, the treatment selected after each trial becomes the control treatment of the next one. Different disease severities, accrual rates, and hypotheses of how treatments improve over time were considered. We showed that compared with two larger trials with the typical one-sided α-level of 0.025, performing a series of small trials with relaxed α-levels leads on average to larger survival benefits over a long research horizon, but also to higher risk of selecting a worse treatment at the end of the research period. We then extended this framework with more 'flexible' designs including interim analyses for futility and/or efficacy, and three-arm adaptive designs with treatment selection at interim. We showed that including an interim analysis with a futility rule is associated with an additional survival gain and a better risk control as compared to series with no interim analysis. Including an interim analysis for efficacy yields almost no additional gain. Series based on three-arm trials are associated with a systematic improvement of the survival gain and the risk control as compared to series of two-arm trials. In the third part of the thesis, we examined the issue of randomized trials evaluating a treatment algorithm instead of a single drugs' efficacy. The treatment in the experimental group depends on the mutation, unlike the control group. We evaluated two methods based on the Cox frailty model to estimate the treatment effect in each mutation: Maximum Integrated Partial Likellihood (MIPL) using package coxme and Maximum H-Likelihood (MHL) using package frailtyHL. MIPL method performs slightly better. In presence of a heterogeneous treatment effect, the two methods underestimate the treatment effect in mutations where the treatment effect is large, and overestimates the treatment effect in mutations where the treatment effect is small
Moreau, Juliette. "Propriétés thermodynamiques, données structurales et mécanismes de formation des complexes de l'acide 1,4,7,10-tétraazacyclododécane - 1,4,7,10-tétraacétique et de son dérivé tétracarboxyethyl avec Eu3+, Gd3+ et Tb3+". Reims, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REIMS017.
Texto completoThe thermodynamic stability of lanthanide ions (Eu3+, Gd3+ et Tb3+) complexes with two tetraazacyclododecane polycarboxylic ligands (DOTA and tetracarboxyethylDOTA) was studied by potentimetry. This study confirmed the important stability of this compounds and showed that the kinetic of thier formation was very slow. Several reorganisation steps involving intermediates species are necesseray to obtain the thermodynamic stable compounds. In order to characterize these complexes, luminescence and EXAFS spectroscopy studies were carried out, leading to the determination of the mean number of water molecules coordinated to the lanthanide cations. This last method, applied to complexesallowed us to precise the nature of the donor atoms that surround the metal and the corresponding binding lengths. This results have allowed us to propose a reactional mechanism for each ligand, starting from the hydrated lanthanide ion and leading in three steps to the final stable complexes
Bouzouita-Bayoudh, Inès. "Etude et extraction des règles associatives de classification en classification supervisée". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20217.
Texto completoWithin the framework of this thesis, our interest is focused on classification accuracy and the optimalité of the traversal of the search. we introduced a new direct associative classification method called IGARC that extracts directly a classifier formed by generic associative classification rules from a training set in order to reduce the number of associative classification rules without jeopardizing the classification accuracy. Carried out experiments outlined that IGARC is highly competitive in comparison with popular classification methods.We also introduced a new classification approach called AFORTIORI. We address the problem of generating relevant frequent and rare classification rules. Our work is motivated by the long-standing open question of devising an efficient algorithm for finding rules with low support. A particularly relevant field for rare item sets and rare associative classification rules is medical diagnosis. The proposed approach is based on the cover set classical algorithm. It allows obtaining frequent and rare rules while exploring the search space in a depth first manner. To this end, AFORTIORI adopts the covering set algorithm and uses the cover measure in order to guide the traversal of the search space and to generate the most interesting rules for the classification framework even rare ones. We describe our method and provide comparisons with common methods of associative classification on standard benchmark data set
Turati, Pietro. "Méthodes de simulation adaptative pour l’évaluation des risques de système complexes". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLC032/document.
Texto completoRisk assessment is conditioned on the knowledge and information available at the moment of the analysis. Modeling and simulation are ways to explore and understand system behavior, for identifying critical scenarios and avoiding surprises. A number of simulations of the model are run with different initial and operational conditions to identify scenarios leading to critical consequences and to estimate their probabilities of occurrence. For complex systems, the simulation models can be: i) high-dimensional; ii) black-box; iii) dynamic; and iv) computationally expensive to run, preventing the analyst from running the simulations for the multiple conditions that need to be considered.The present thesis presents advanced frameworks of simulation-based risk assessment. The methods developed within the frameworks are attentive to limit the computational cost required by the analysis, in order to keep them scalable to complex systems. In particular, all methods proposed share the powerful idea of automatically focusing and adaptively driving the simulations towards those conditions that are of interest for the analysis, i.e., for risk-oriented information.The advantages of the proposed methods have been shown with respect to different applications including, among others, a gas transmission subnetwork, a power network and the Advanced Lead Fast Reactor European Demonstrator (ALFRED)
Cirigliano, Daniela. "Observation et diagnostic des protubérances solaires à partir des données de la mission SOHO". Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA112193.
Texto completoSolar prominences, known as singular perturbations of the solar corona, are complex structures confining a dilute and cold plasma, immersed in the hot corona plasma medium. Many different methods of spectroscopy analysis allow measuring the physical plasma parameters in solar prominences which are, in turn, the basis and constrains to the construction of any theoretical model. The answers to critical questions of mass support and stability strongly depend of their thermodynamic and magnetic conditions. The aim of this thesis work is, with the help of observations from SOHO (Solar Heliospheric Observatory) satellite, to measure several plasma parameters, like temperature, density and electronic pressure. We have registered solar prominence spectra in the UV / EUV domain. For this, we have observed line profiles from a large number of chemical elements in different ionisation states. The information we have obtained from the observed features allow us to perform the diagnostic of certain parameters such as emission measure, Doppler velocities, material fluxes and electronic density. The velocities of non-resolved motions in prominences give us a signature about an energy transport made by magnetohydrodynamic or Alfvén waves. We have proposed a magnetic flux tube model to represent the prominence morphology and we find some clues about the magnetic field lines behaviour with temperature. The set of observational data we have obtained is a unique occasion to test existent theories and encourage the study of active phenomena such as eruptive prominences
Mariniere, Judith. "Amélioration des modèles prédictifs de séismes pour le PSHA grâce aux données géodésiques : application en Equateur". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALU019.
Texto completoProbabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA) relies on long-term earthquake forecasts, and ground-motion models. Up to now, geodetic data has been rather under-used in PSHA, although it provides unique and unprecedented information on the deformation rates of tectonic structures from local to regional scales. The aim of this PhD thesis is to improve earthquake recurrence models by quantitatively including the information derived from geodetic measurements, with an application to Ecuador, a country exposed both to shallow crustal earthquakes and megathrust subduction events. The second chapter presents the building of a probabilistic seismic hazard model for Ecuador, using historical and contemporary seismicity, recent knowledges about active tectonics, geodynamics, and geodesy. I contributed to this collective effort in two ways: 1) the building of earthquake catalogs from global seismic datasets; 2) the establishment of average slip rates on a set of simplified crustal faults, from GPS velocities. The hazard calculations led at the country scale indicate that uncertainties are largest for sites on the northern coast and along the faults in the Cordillera. The second chapter of this PhD focuses on the determination of the seismic potential of the Quito fault system. Quito city lies on the hanging wall of this ∼60-km-long reverse active fault, representing significant risks due to the high population density. We constrain the present-day strain accumulation associated with the fault system with GPS data and Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PS-InSAR) analysis. 3-D spatially variable locking models show that a large part of the fault is presently experiencing shallow creep, hence reducing the energy available for future earthquakes, which has a significant impact for hazard calculation. In the third part of this PhD, we evaluate the ability of geodetic data to constrain earthquake recurrence models for the subduction zone in northern Ecuador. We quantify the annual rate of moment deficit accumulation at the interface using interseismic coupling models, and identify the uncertainties related to the conversion in terms of total seismic moment release. Based on a newly-developed earthquake catalog, we propose to establish recurrence models that match both the catalog-based seismicity rates and the geodetic moment budget. We set up a logic tree for exploring the uncertainties on the seismic rates and on the geodetic moment budget to be released in earthquakes. The exploration of the logic tree leads to a distribution of possible maximal magnitudes Mmax bounding the earthquake recurrence model; we extract only those models that lead to Mmax values compatible with the extent of the interface segment according to earthquake scaling laws. This new method allows 1) to identify which magnitude-frequency form is adapted for the Ecuadorian subduction; 2) to generate a distribution of moment-balanced recurrence models representative of uncertainties and propagate this uncertainty up to the uniform hazard spectra; and 3) to evaluate a range for the aseismic component of the slip on the interface. Considering the recent availability of massive quantity of geodetic data, this new approach could be used in other regions of the world to develop recurrence models consistent both with past seismicity and measured tectonic deformation
Diallo, Ibrahima Amadou. "Exchange rates policy and productivity". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CLF10405/document.
Texto completoThis dissertation investigates how the real effective exchange rate (REER) and its associated asurements (REER volatility and REER misalignment) affect total factor productivity growth (TFPG). It also analyzes the channels through which the REER and its associated measurements act on total factor productivity (TFP). The first part studies how the REER itself, on the one hand, and the REER volatility, on the other hand, influence productivity. An analysis of the link between the level of REER and TFP in chapter 1 reveals that an exchange rate appreciation causes an increase of TFP. But this impact is also nonlinear: below the threshold, real exchange rate influences negatively productivity while above the threshold it acts positively. The results of chapter 2 illustrate that REER volatility affects negatively TFPG. We also found that REER volatility acts on TFP according to the level of financial development. For moderately financially developed countries, REER volatility reacts negatively on productivity and has no effect on productivity for very low and very high levels of financial development. The second part examines the channels through which the REER and its associated measurements influence productivity. The results of chapter 3 illustrate that the exchange rate volatility has a strong negative impact on investment. This outcome is robust in low income and middle income countries, and by using an alternative measurement of exchange rate volatility. Chapter 4 show that both real exchange rate misalignment and real exchange rate volatility affect negatively exports. It also demonstrates that real exchange rate volatility is more harmful to exports than misalignment. These outcomes are corroborated by estimations on subsamples of Low- ncome and Middle-Income countries
Seppecher, Manon. "Mining call detail records to reconstruct global urban mobility patterns for large scale emissions calculation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LYSET002.
Texto completoRoad traffic contributes significantly to atmospheric emissions in urban areas, a major issue in the fight against climate change. Therefore, joint monitoring of road traffic and related emissions is essential for urban public decision-making. And beyond this kind of procedure, public authorities need methods for evaluating transport policies according to environmental criteria.Coupling traffic models with traffic-related emission models is a suitable response to this need. However, integrating this solution into decision support tools requires a refined and dynamic char-acterization of urban mobility. Cell phone data, particularly Call Detail Records, are an interesting alternative to traditional data to estimate this mobility. They are rich, massive, and available worldwide. However, their use in literature for systematic traffic characterization has remained limited. It is due to low spatial resolution and temporal sampling rates sensitive to communication behaviors.This Ph.D. thesis investigates the estimation of traffic variables necessary for calculating air emis-sions (total distances traveled and average traffic speeds) from such data, despite their biases. The first significant contribution is to articulate methods of classification of individuals with two distinct approaches of mobility reconstruction. A second contribution is developing a method for estimating traffic speeds based on the fusion of large amounts of travel data. Finally, we present a complete methodological process of modeling and data processing. It relates the methods proposed in this thesis coherently
Rafaranalisoa, Esther. "Donnees nouvelles sur la hibonite (ca a112 o19) de madagascar". Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066502.
Texto completoOuld, El Kebir Mohamed Vall. "Etudes biologique et biochimique (acides gras) sur trois espèces de raies de l'Atlantique Est Tropical : Dasyatis marmorata, Rhinobatos cemiculus et Rhinoptera marginata". Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30052.
Texto completoBiological study of population structure, growth and reproduction cycle of three species of rays, Dasyatis marmorata, Rhinobatos cemiculus and Rhinoptera marginata, collected near the Mauritanian cost has been investigated. This work gives the first fiable scientific data which can be used for a rational important economic resource, but until now, not well known. The analysis of fatty acid compositions using gas chromatography (CG) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CG/MS) allowed the identification of fifty molecules in the muscles, livers and gonads of these three ray species. These lipidic fractions contained high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (up to 30% of the total), mainly composed of docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid, eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid and eicosa-5,8,11,14,17- pentaenoic acid. Among them, 12 new molecules were characterized including 5 fatty acids with a non malonic chain (7,15-20:2; 7,13-20:2, 6,14-22:2 and 7,13-22:2) and 15 other rare fatty acids which have never been described in rays. .
Rollinde, de Beaumont Emmanuel. "La structure des milieux intergalactiques et interstellaires sondée par les spectres d'absorption". Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA112003.
Texto completoThe first part of the thesis presents the results obtained from the application of a bayesian inverse method on absorption spectra to obtain constraints on the physical properties and spatial structure of the intergalactic medium. The inverse methods are especially adapted to analysing continuous fields in the framework of an a priori model. Using several dark matter simulations, the advantages and limitations of this method have been investigated on several questions: reconstructing the topology of the intergalactic medium, constraining the temperature-density relation and recovering the velocity field. The analysis of the absorption spectrum of the quasar HE 1122-1628 allowed us to determine the mean temperature of the intergalactic medium at z = 2. Moreover, the spatial distribution of metals in strong lines of H I has been investigated. In addition, the direct correlation of the Lyman-α forest seen in the spectra of pairs or groups of z ~ 2 quasars, observed with FORS at the VLT, have been analysed. The comparison of transverse and longitudinal correlation lengths constrains the cosmological parameters (as a modified version of the Alcock & Paczynski test). The second part of this work is concerned with the AU-scale structure of the molecular interstellar medium. Between 1999 and 2002, four spectra of the star AE Aur have been obtained in the UV with FUSE (H2) and nine visible spectra with the spectrograph Elodie at the OHP (CH and CH+). In addition, nine other visible spectra, obtained between 1990 and 2002 have been analysed. These data reveal an increase of 20 % of the column density of CH over 200 UA, as well as erratic correlated variations of small amplitude (a few %) for CH and CH+ over 1-10 UA. An upper limit of 5% on the variations of N(H2) over ~50 UA have been derived
Bui, Thi Thien Trang. "Modèle de régression pour des données non-Euclidiennes en grande dimension. Application à la classification de taxons en anatomie computationnelle". Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ISAT0021.
Texto completoIn this thesis, we study a regression model with distribution entries and the testing hypothesis problem for signal detection in a regression model. We aim to apply these models in hearing sensitivity measured by the transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) data to improve our knowledge in the auditory investigation. In the first part, a new distribution regression model for probability distributions is introduced. This model is based on a Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space (RKHS) regression framework, where universal kernels are built using Wasserstein distances for distributions belonging to \Omega) and \Omega is a compact subspace of the real space. We prove the universal kernel property of such kernels and use this setting to perform regressions on functions. Different regression models are first compared with the proposed one on simulated functional data. We then apply our regression model to transient evoked otoascoutic emission (TEOAE) distribution responses and real predictors of the age. This part is a joint work with Loubes, J-M., Risser, L. and Balaresque, P..In the second part, considering a regression model, we address the question of testing the nullity of the regression function. The testing procedure is available when the variance of the observations is unknown and does not depend on any prior information on the alternative. We first propose a single testing procedure based on a general symmetric kernel and an estimation of the variance of the observations. The corresponding critical values are constructed to obtain non asymptotic level \alpha tests. We then introduce an aggregation procedure to avoid the difficult choice of the kernel and of the parameters of the kernel. The multiple tests satisfy non-asymptotic properties and are adaptive in the minimax sense over several classes of regular alternatives
Basile, Deana. "Speechio delle rare e virtuose donne, the role of the female interlocutor in the sixteenth-century dialogues on love". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0010/NQ59103.pdf.
Texto completoModeley, Derek. "Etude des états doublement excités de H- et des processus de seuil dans les collisions H-/gaz rare par spectroscopie électronique à zéro degré". Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066458.
Texto completoRosenmann, Laurence. "Etudes théorique et expérimentale de l'élargissement par collisions des raies de CO2 perturbé par CO2, H2O, N2 et O2 : constitution d'une base de données infrarouge et Raman appliquée aux transferts thermiques et à la combustion". Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ECAP0071.
Texto completoSkiribou, Camelia. "Canal de propagation 5G et mécanisme de contrôle d'intégrité : application à la localisation sûre des rames dans un tunnel". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS343.
Texto completoSystem level simulations are crucial in the development phase of any emerging wireless technology. It allows to identify the key factors that affect the transmission quality and to define the network limits. The used simulators must then be based on accurate and realistic channel models to better predict the system performances. In this context, several researches had been interested to the development of new models that take into account the emerging propagation scenarios introduced by the fifth generation of mobile communications (5G) that will be commercialized by 2020. In order to optimize the spectral and energetic resources use, the mobile terminals of this next generation should be constantly aware of their environment. This relies on the implementation of a location system, especially in constrained environments where satellite positioning systems are not available. In the field of transport, a rather recurrent example of these scenarios is that of tunnels. Although they are indoor environments, this type of environment is characterized by the phenomenon of wave guiding due to its geometric structure and the properties of the materials of its walls. Thus, an extension of the propagation models developed for the 5G systems is then necessary, in order to take into account this use case. We propose in this thesis a hybrid approach to reproduce the effect of the channel in a localization system. First, we calculate the propagation parameters by a ray-tracing simulator. It accurately describes the behavior of the radio waves inside the tunnel; nevertheless, it is expensive in terms of computing time. Then we analyze the obtained deterministic data to identify their statistical laws, and we store both of them in a database to stochastically generate the channel coefficients needed for our ranging system, namely the amplitude and the delay relative to each path. The impulse response of the channel will finally be used to estimate the distance between the two transmission antennas. Depending on the propagation conditions as well as the position of the receiver, three sources of error can compromise the accuracy of this distance. For a ranging system based on the time metric, they are related to the bandwidth, the detection threshold, and the obstruction of the direct path. The implementation of an integrity control mechanism seems to be a promising solution to improve the performance of our system. It then consists of identifying the outliers that do not meet the constraints imposed by the application, then excluding or correcting them according to the strategy adopted by the receiver. In this context, we propose to exploit the spatial diversity of a SIMO (Single Input Multiple Output) system with two reception antennas in order to identify the propagation conditions of the channel. The first step of our approach aims to increase the temporal resolution of the two impulse responses of the system. Being sparse, they are reconstructed in the frequency domain over a very wide band using a compressed sensing technique. Then we classify them according to a temporal criterion, which represents the time difference of propagation of the signal in each channel, and we obtain it by the inter-correlation of reconstructed impulse responses. The proposed approach not only improves the reliability of the ranging information in the tunnel, but also reduces the error related to the limited bandwidth of the system and the obstruction of the direct path. An experimental implementation of the ranging system based on OFDM signals gives rise to distance estimation errors at least six times lower than those reported by the classical approach, or even to those issued from other identification techniques based on statistical tests. This algorithm and the hybrid model of the channel are then the two major contributions of this thesis work [...]
Hassan, Mohsen. "Knowledge Discovery Considering Domain Literature and Ontologies : Application to Rare Diseases". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0092/document.
Texto completoEven if they are uncommon, Rare Diseases (RDs) are numerous and generally sever, what makes their study important from a health-care point of view. Few databases provide information about RDs, such as Orphanet and Orphadata. Despite their laudable effort, they are incomplete and usually not up-to-date in comparison with what exists in the literature. Indeed, there are millions of scientific publications about these diseases, and the number of these publications is increasing in a continuous manner. This makes the manual extraction of this information painful and time consuming and thus motivates the development of semi-automatic approaches to extract information from texts and represent it in a format suitable for further applications. This thesis aims at extracting information from texts and using the result of the extraction to enrich existing ontologies of the considered domain. We studied three research directions (1) extracting relationships from text, i.e., extracting Disease-Phenotype (D-P) relationships; (2) identifying new complex entities, i.e., identifying phenotypes of a RD and (3) enriching an existing ontology on the basis of the relationship previously extracted, i.e., enriching a RD ontology. First, we mined a collection of abstracts of scientific articles that are represented as a collection of graphs for discovering relevant pieces of biomedical knowledge. We focused on the completion of RD description, by extracting D-P relationships. This could find applications in automating the update process of RD databases such as Orphanet. Accordingly, we developed an automatic approach named SPARE*, for extracting D-P relationships from PubMed abstracts, where phenotypes and RDs are annotated by a Named Entity Recognizer. SPARE* is a hybrid approach that combines a pattern-based method, called SPARE, and a machine learning method (SVM). It benefited both from the relatively good precision of SPARE and from the good recall of the SVM. Second, SPARE* has been used for identifying phenotype candidates from texts. We selected high-quality syntactic patterns that are specific for extracting D-P relationships only. Then, these patterns are relaxed on the phenotype constraint to enable extracting phenotype candidates that are not referenced in databases or ontologies. These candidates are verified and validated by the comparison with phenotype classes in a well-known phenotypic ontology (e.g., HPO). This comparison relies on a compositional semantic model and a set of manually-defined mapping rules for mapping an extracted phenotype candidate to a phenotype term in the ontology. This shows the ability of SPARE* to identify existing and potentially new RD phenotypes. We applied SPARE* on PubMed abstracts to extract RD phenotypes that we either map to the content of Orphanet encyclopedia and Orphadata; or suggest as novel to experts for completing these two resources. Finally, we applied pattern structures for classifying RDs and enriching an existing ontology. First, we used SPARE* to compute the phenotype description of RDs available in Orphadata. We propose comparing and grouping RDs in regard to their phenotypic descriptions, and this by using pattern structures. The pattern structures enable considering both domain knowledge, consisting in a RD ontology and a phenotype ontology, and D-P relationships from various origins. The lattice generated from this pattern structures suggests a new classification of RDs, which in turn suggests new RD classes that do not exist in the original RD ontology. As their number is large, we proposed different selection methods to select a reduced set of interesting RD classes that we suggest for experts for further analysis
Bajja, Ali. "Nouvelles données pétrographiques et géochimiques sur les formations volcaniques précambriennes du Djebel Saghro (anti-atlas marocain), basaltes en coussins du P II et volcanites de la série de Ouarzazate (P III)". Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10130.
Texto completoVan, de Steen Cyril. "Modélisation des propriétés de transport des ions moléculaires de krypton et xénon pour l'optimisation des générateurs de plasma froids utilisant les gaz rares". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30264/document.
Texto completoThe use of cold plasmas based on rare gases (Rg) in biomedical applications as well as in space propulsion is clearly evolving. To optimize these plasma reactors, a fine understanding of the processes taking place in these reactors is necessary. This thesis aims to provide the missing data in the literature (transport coefficients and reaction rates) through mesoscopic data (cross-sections) obtained from microscopic data (interaction potentials) for xenon and krypton in their parent gas. Only cold plasmas composed of a single type of atom are considered. As krypton and xenon are rare gases, and so have, in the neutral state little / no interaction between them. Therefore, only ion - atom collisions will be considered. Due to the low ion energies in the cold plasma, only the first 6 excited states of the Rg2+ pair will be taken into account. These 6 states will be classified in two groups, 2P1/2 and 2P3/2. In this work, two different interaction potentials available in the literature are used and compared for the Kr+/Kr and Xe+/Xe collision systems in the calculation of cross-sections. For collisions involving ionic dimers (Kr2+/Kr and Xe2+/Xe), the interaction potentials are calculated from the DIM model (Diatomics In Molecules) which is a combination of the atomic potentials of neutral - neutral and ionic - neutral interactions. The cross-sections required to obtain the missing mesoscopic data are calculated from three different methods. The first method is the quantum method which allows, by a resolution of the Schrödinger equation, to obtain exactly the cross-sections from the interaction potentials. This exact method, which consumes a lot of computation time, is used as a reference to validate the two other approximate methods. The second method, called semi-classical, is based on the same expression as the quantum cross section but uses an approximate phase shift (JWKB approximation), induced by the interaction potential, between the scattered wave and the incident wave. [...]
Rosenmann, Laurence. "Etudes théorique et expérimentale de l'élargissement par collisions des raies de CO perturbé par CO,HO N et O constitution d'une base de données infrarouge et Raman appliquée aux transferts thermiques et à la combustion /". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37618263z.
Texto completoZgheib, Rania. "Tests non paramétriques minimax pour de grandes matrices de covariance". Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1078/document.
Texto completoOur work contributes to the theory of non-parametric minimax tests for high dimensional covariance matrices. More precisely, we observe $n$ independent, identically distributed vectors of dimension $p$, $X_1,ldots, X_n$ having Gaussian distribution $mathcal{N}_p(0,Sigma)$, where $Sigma$ is the unknown covariance matrix. We test the null hypothesis $H_0 : Sigma =I$, where $I$ is the identity matrix. The alternative hypothesis is given by an ellipsoid from which a ball of radius $varphi$ centered in $I$ is removed. Asymptotically, $n$ and $p$ tend to infinity. The minimax test theory, other approaches considered for testing covariance matrices and a summary of our results are given in the introduction.The second chapter is devoted to the case of Toeplitz covariance matrices $Sigma$. The connection with the spectral density model is discussed. We consider two types of ellipsoids, describe by polynomial weights and exponential weights, respectively. We find the minimax separation rate in both cases. We establish the sharp asymptotic equivalents of the minimax type II error probability and the minimax total error probability. The asymptotically minimax test procedure is a U-statistic of order 2 weighted by an optimal way.The third chapter considers alternative hypothesis containing covariance matrices not necessarily Toeplitz, that belong to an ellipsoid of parameter $alpha$. We obtain the minimax separation rate and give sharp asymptotic equivalents of the minimax type II error probability and the minimax total error probability. We propose an adaptive test procedure free of $alpha$, for $alpha$ belonging to a compact of $(1/2, + infty)$.We implement the tests procedures given in the previous two chapters. The results show their good behavior for large values of $p$ and that, in particular, they gain significantly over existing methods for large $p$ and small $n$.The fourth chapter is dedicated to adaptive tests in the model of covariance matrices where the observations are incomplete. That is, each value of the observed vector is missing with probability $1-a$, $a in (0,1)$ and $a$ may tend to 0. We treat this problem as an inverse problem. We establish the minimax separation rates and introduce new adaptive test procedures. Here, the tests statistics are weighted by constant weights. We consider ellipsoids of Sobolev type, for both cases : Toeplitz and non Toeplitz matrices
El, Romh Jamila. "Spectroscopie laser des isotopologues de la molécule d’ammoniac dans le proche infrarouge". Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10128/document.
Texto completoThe ammonia molecule is one of the most abundant species in the atmosphere of solar planets and isotopic ratio 14N/15N is an important parameter to measure. Spectroscopy of ammonia was recently updated for 14NH3 by Sung et al [JQSRT, vol. 113, 11,1066 2012] in the range 6300-7000 cm−1 and included in HITRAN 2012 database.For the 15NH3 isotopologue, Lees et al [JMS, 251, no. 1-2, 241–251, 2008] assigned some transitions belonging to ν1 + ν3, ν1 + 2ν4 et ν3 + 2ν4 in the range 6412 to 6819 cm−1.Furthermore few line positions and strengths of transitions have been measured by Linsand al [App.Phy. B,102, 293–301, 2011.] with the goal of isotopic ratio measurement. In our work the spectroscopy of 14NH3 and 15NH3 have been extended with the help of an External Cavity Diode Tunable Laser spectrometer (ECDTLS) in the range 6369 to 6578 cm−1 and recordings at four temperatures (150K, 180K, 220K,296K).The spectra has been calibrated and each transition fitted to Voigt profile. Lines positions and strengths have been measured. The intensity ratio temperature dependence have been used to derive the energy of lower state for each transition. A specific treatment has been developed considering pairs of transitions intensities removing pressure dependence.For 14NH3 a transition list has been proposed including line position, strength and lower stateenergy. Compared with Sung et al 's work, the knowledge is increased by one third. For 15NH3 compared to the Lees et al 's work (240 lines), a line list including position and strength for 2604 transitions at room temperature has been proposed for the first time
Chabiron, Aliouka. "Les gisements d'uranium de la caldeira de Streltsovka (Transbaikalie, Russie)". Nancy 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NAN10069.
Texto completoTchana, betnga Wilfried. "Développement d'instrumentation pour une spectroscopie simultanée THz et IR : application à l'équilibre de HONO". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UNIP7134.
Texto completoMeasuring trace gases having a notable impact on human health, climate and the stability of the ozone layer constitutes an extremely important challenge. In the coming years, new, higher sensitivity satellite instruments will improve atmospheric sounding only if the necessary spectral parameters are available. For some species of atmospheric interest such as nitrous acid (HONO) and hypobromous acid (HOBr), spectroscopic data are incomplete or almost non-existent. The challenge in this thesis is to get quantitative spectroscopic parameters for these species. To achieve this objective, an innovative instrumental set-up involving the simultaneous use of two instruments, an IR/THz dual beam experiment, has been built: a thermostatically controlled cell (200-350K) made of inert materials, glass and Teflon, capable of accommodating a 0.1-1.1 THz spectrometer and coupled to a high resolution (HR) Fourier Transform spectrometer (FTS) in the IR range. The THz spectrometer allows to select rotational lines of the target molecule for partial pressure determination, and the FTS enables simultaneous measurement of the rovibrational spectrum in an IR atmospheric window for quantification of the species of interest. The adopted strategy relies on the fact that the intensities of the rotational spectra simply depend on the permanent dipole moment of the molecule of interest, determined with high accuracy from Stark effect measurements. In the case of HONO, which only exists in laboratory conditions in the form of an equilibrium mixture with other species like H2O, NO and NO2, the lack of knowledge of the partial pressure in the gas mixture leads to serious difficulties for quantitative measurements. In addition, HONO exists in two conformer forms, and the height of the conformer barrier between cis- and trans-HONO DeltaCis-Trans is still poorly known, which affects lines positions and especially lines intensities. To improve the determination of the energy difference between the ground vibrational state of the cis- and trans-HONO conformers of HONO, high resolution spectra were recorded in the 50-200 cm-1 spectral region at three different temperatures (240, 270 and 296 K), using the synchrotron radiation of the AILES beamline at SOLEIL. Precise modelling has been performed and were used to determine the height of the conformer barrier DeltaCis-Trans = 95.8 ± 9.2 cm-1. Our value is in good agreement with the previous determination by Sironneau et al (99 ± 25 cm-1), but we have improved the accuracy of this determination by a factor of 2.6. We used this new value of DeltaCis-Trans and the dipole moment parameters for a synthetic spectrum calculation. A precise line list in the far-IR region (0 - 200 cm-1), including positions and absolute lines intensities was generated and, proved to be more robust for an improved detection of HONO in astrophysical objects. To determine absolute intensities in the mid-IR region where HONO is currently detected, simultaneous IR/THz spectra were recorded at LISA using innovative instrumentation developed during this thesis. A first modelling of these spectra is presented in this thesis, and in fine will lead to a much more precise line list for HONO in the 730 - 920 cm-1 region, which will be provided to the scientific community via the HITRAN and GEISA databases and used in the analysis of satellite observations. Regarding HOBr, the aim will be to generate a spectroscopic database in the IR region around 8.6 um, to be used by IASI-NG and FORUM for detection and quantification in the Earth's atmosphere. HOBr plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry and, only exists in laboratory conditions in a mixture characterized by chemical equilibrium: H2O + Br2O = 2(HOBr). The methodology and experimental tools developed during this thesis will be an advantage for implementation of this project, which constitutes the outlook for this work
Malek, Mansour Jeoffrey H. G. "Three essays in international economics". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210878.
Texto completoRegarding the approach pursued to tackle these problems, we have chosen to strictly remain within the boundaries of empirical (macro)economics - that is, applied econometrics. Though we systematically provide theoretical models to back up our empirical approach, our only real concern is to look at the stories the data can (or cannot) tell us. As to the econometric methodology, we will restrict ourselves to the use of panel data analysis. The large spectrum of techniques available within the panel framework allows us to utilize, for each of the problems at hand, the most suitable approach (or what we think it is).
Doctorat en sciences économiques, Orientation économie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Desmet, Alain. "Ophiolites et séries basaltiques crétacées des régions caraïbes et nordandines : bassins marginaux, dorsales ou plateaux océaniques ?" Nancy 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NAN10313.
Texto completoEl, Korbi Amell. "Identification de caractéristiques communes et rares dans les ARN structurés dans la base de données Rfam". Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13798.
Texto completoNoncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are RNA transcripts that are not translated into proteins yet they play important functional roles in the cell including gene regulation, transcription and translation. Among the many categories of ncRNAs that were discovered, we find the well-known ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), snoRNA and microRNAs (miRNA). The functions of ncRNAs are tightly linked to their structural features. Thus, understanding and predicting RNA structure as well as developing methods to search for new ncRNAs help to gain insight into these molecules. Technological advances have made available abundant sequence information accessible in databases such as Rfam, which provides alignments and structural information of many ncRNA families. In this research project, we retrieved the information from the Rfam database about the sequences of all secondary structures such as hairpin loops, internal loops, bulges, etc. in all RNA families. A local database, RNAstem, was created to facilitate the use and manipulation of information about secondary structure motifs. We analyzed hairpin loops, bulges and internal loops using the compiled data about the frequencies of occurrence of each loop or bulge and calculated a frequency score. The frequency score is aimed to be an indicator for the abundance of a specific secondary structure motif. While minimizing the bias caused by the high redundancy of some RNA classes as ribosomal RNAs, the frequency score allowed us to identify the rare motifs in each category as well as the common ones. Our findings about the abundant motifs confirm what is already known from previous studies (ex. abundant GNRA or UNCG tetraloops). We found very large gaps between the most abundant and rare RNA structural features. Moreover, we discovered that "A" and "U" dominate single stranded RNA regions, whether they are bulges or loops. We further explored the possibility of using this data to improve current prediction tools for ncRNAs by applying a filter to new candidates. We developed a score system, RNAscore, that evaluates RNAs depending on their motif contents and we tested the program with many different controls.
Catto, Lionel. "La réduction des impacts environnementaux des technologies de l’information par le droit". Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18628.
Texto completoInformation and communication technologies (ICT) are far from being intangible goods and do have an environmental impact during their entire life cycle. Green IT stands at the crossroads of sustainable development and ICT. Green IT law consists of a set of rules governing the relations between information technologies and environment. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the European and North American legal standards regulating the environment impacts of ICT throughout the three phases of their life cycle. In the first part, the design phase of ICT is examined. At this stage, existing regulations on eco-design, the use of rare earth elements, and the interdiction of planned obsolescence are of particular relevance. The thesis then studies how companies are trying to reduce the use-phase energy consumption of ICT, notably through the Corporate Social Responsability. The issue of the multiplication of data centres, due to an ever-growing demand, is also discussed. In the end, the thesis considers the end-of-life phase of ICT and the directives created by the European Union that affect recycling and waste reduction management at an international level.
Bendakir, Narimel. "RARE : un système de recommandation de cours basé sur les régles d'association". Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16732.
Texto completoPerevalov, Boris. "Le spectre d'absorption du dioxyde de carbone dans le proche infrarouge (1.4-1.7 µm) : Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy, modélisation globale et bases de données". Phd thesis, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00600074.
Texto completoAzeredo, Teixeira Ana Cristina. "Mesure de la mortalité des médecins au Québec à partir de données administratives". Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10392.
Texto completoThe goal of this research is to obtain an approximate measurement of the mortality of male physicians in the province of Quebec who are considered under this study. Physicians’ mortality rates were analyzed in terms of changes between the years 1993-1998, 1999-2004 and 2005-2010, as well as being compared with the mortality rates of Quebec men at large. In addition, the mortality rates of male general practitioners were compared to those of physicians practicing a medical specialty. The data used in the production of this paper is derived from an administrative file provided by the Collège des médecins du Québec, which contains information on a certain number of physicians who had previously obtained a permit to practice medicine in the province, irrespective of their status within the Collège at the time that the file was released. This data was not collected for statistical purposes and therefore, the file presents certain constraints that restrict our mortality analysis, in particular due to the absence of information regarding the population at risk of death in each of the periods studied here. That said, while we were conscious of the bias that could result from this, we have produced two estimates of these physicians' exposure to risk of death, in order to try to compensate for the file's limitations, in as much as possible. By using the first method of calculation, we have assessed mortality rates for quinquennial age groups of physicians between the ages of 40 and 75 that are currently part of the membership roll. Using the second method of calculation, we obtained mortality rates for physicians belonging to the same age groups, except that this time, registered physicians of all statuses were considered. We believe the mortality measurements for male physicians are acceptable as long as any analysis thereof doesn’t overlook the limitations of the data. The results obtained demonstrated a reduction in mortality among male physicians from one period to the next, but the differences were only significant for groups above the age of 60, especially upon comparing the periods of 1993-1998 and 2005-2010. In addition, during every period studied, mortality rates among the province's entire male population proved to be higher than the mortality rates among the registered male physicians present in the file; this result was obtained for both methods of calculation of the exposure to risk of death. Finally, this study did not demonstrate a significant difference between mortality among general practitioners and specialists.
Mc, Duff Emeline. "Apprentissage et productivité lors de la saisie de données chez des adultes présentant une déficience intellectuelle". Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20323.
Texto completoXu, Mengting. "Subject response rates in case-control studies of cancer : time trends, study design determinants, and quality of reporting". Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16305.
Texto completoObjectives: To examine the time trends, study design determinants, and quality of reporting of response rates in published case-control studies of cancer over the past 30 years. Methods: A review was conducted of case-control studies of cancer. Inclusion criteria required publications in 15 major journals, during four publication periods spanning three decades (1984-86, 1995, 2005 and 2013). 370 studies were selected and reviewed. Information on study base ascertainment, data collection methods, population characteristics, response rates, and reasons for non-participation was extracted. Quality of response rate reporting was assessed based on the amount of information reported. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the quality of the reporting, time trends and the determinants of response rates; linear regression models were used to analyse time trends and determinants of response rates. Results: Overall, the quality of reporting of response rates and reasons for non-participation was very poor, especially for control series. Participation has declined over the past 30 years, and this decline was steeper in studies conducted after 2000. When comparing the response rates in recent studies to that in studies conducted during 1971-1980, there was a greater decline of this rate in population controls (-17.04%, 95% CI: -23.17%, -10.91%) than in cases (-5.99%, 95% CI: -11.50%, -0.48%). Statistically significant determinants of response rates among cases were: cancer type examined, location of the study population, and mode of data collection. The only statistically significant determinant of response rates among medical source controls was location of the study population. The only statistically significant determinant of response rates among population controls was type of respondent (self only or self and proxy) accepted by studies. Conclusion: Response rates in case-control studies of cancer seem to have declined and this decline has accelerated in recent studies. In order to appreciate the true level of non-participation and its determinants, as well as the impact of non-participation on validity of studies, there is a need for more transparent reporting and standardized calculation of response rates in published studies.