Artículos de revistas:

1

SALLADAY, SUSAN A. "Training cadaver dogs". Nursing 34, n.º 4 (abril de 2004): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-200404000-00025.

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2

Johnson, Richard. "Training cats and dogs". New Scientist 205, n.º 2743 (enero de 2010): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(10)60116-9.

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3

Greenebaum, Jessica B. "Training Dogs and Training Humans: Symbolic Interaction and Dog Training". Anthrozoös 23, n.º 2 (junio de 2010): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175303710x12682332909936.

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4

Inkilä, Leena, Heli K. Hyytiäinen, Anna Hielm-Björkman, Jouni Junnila, Anna Bergh y Anna Boström. "Part I of Finnish Agility Dog Survey: Training and Management of Competition-Level Agility Dogs". Animals 12, n.º 2 (17 de enero de 2022): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12020212.

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Knowledge regarding training, competition, and management routines of agility dogs is lacking. Through a retrospective online questionnaire, Finnish owners and handlers of 745 competition-level agility dogs provided information on training routines and management of these dogs during one year free of agility-related injuries. Competition routines were collected from the national competition results database. Most dogs trained agility 1–2 times a week, with a median active training time of 18 min a week. Dogs competed in a median of 2.1 runs per month at a speed of 4.3 m/s. Common field surfaces were different types of artificial turfs and dirt surface. Warm-up and cool-down were established routines, and 62% of dogs received regular musculoskeletal care. Moreover, 77% of dogs underwent conditioning exercises, but their frequency was often low. Additionally, dogs were walked for a median of 1.5 h daily. Pearson’s chi-squared and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used to evaluate the association between a dog’s competition level and training and competition variables. A dog’s competition level was associated with competition (p < 0.001) and training frequency (p < 0.001); dogs at higher levels compete more but train less than dogs at lower levels. This study provides information on training, competition, and management routines of competing agility dogs.

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5

HOROSZEWICZ, Elżbieta, Marta IWANIUK y Roman NIEDZIÓŁKA. "SELECTED TRAINING SYSTEMS FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF WORKING DOGS". Folia Pomeranae Universitatis Technologiae Stetinensis Agricultura, Alimentaria, Piscaria et Zootechnica 345, n.º 48 (31 de diciembre de 2018): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/aapz2018.48.4.07.

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6

Lazarowski, Lucia, Melissa Singletary, Bart Rogers y Paul Waggoner. "Development and Training for Working Dogs". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 51, n.º 4 (julio de 2021): 921–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.04.009.

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7

OWREN, T. "Training dogs based on behavioural methods". Journal of Small Animal Practice 28, n.º 11 (noviembre de 1987): 1009–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1987.tb01325.x.

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8

Stellato, Jajou, Dewey, Widowski y Niel. "Effect of a Standardized Four-Week Desensitization and Counter-Conditioning Training Program on Pre-Existing Veterinary Fear in Companion Dogs". Animals 9, n.º 10 (7 de octubre de 2019): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9100767.

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Many dogs show signs of fear during veterinary appointments. It is widely recommended to use desensitization and counter-conditioning training to reduce this fear. However, the efficacy of this method for reducing veterinary fear has not been examined. We assessed the effect of a standardized four-week training program on behavioural and physiological signs of fear in dogs with pre-existing veterinary fear. Owned dogs were randomly allocated to receive training (n = 15) or no training (n = 22; Control). Owners of dogs in the training group were instructed to perform exam-style handling on their dog and to visit the veterinary clinic weekly. Owners of control dogs were given no instructions. Fear responses were assessed before and after the training period by a blinded observer during clinic arrival and examination. Despite motivated owners volunteering to participate in the current study, 44% of owners were non-compliant to this training program. During examination, control dogs had higher odds (95% confidence Interval (CI)) of reduced posture compared to trained dogs (Odds ratio (OR): 3.79, CI: 1.03–16.3). Fear scores for trained dogs lowered during the second examination (p = 0.046), and 86.7% of dog owners reported a reduction in their dog’s fear levels across the training period (p = 0.007). When entering the clinic (p = 0.002) and during examination (p = 0.002), trained female dogs had a higher rate of lip licking than control females. The training program did not influence temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, avoidance, trembling, vocalizations, or willingness and encouragement to step on the scale. Results suggest that this four-week training program was mildly effective at reducing veterinary fear in dogs. Further research is necessary to explore the efficacy of longer, more intensive, and individualized training programs.

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9

Stigall, Alexander R., Brian D. Farr, Meghan T. Ramos y Cynthia M. Otto. "A Formalized Method to Acclimate Dogs to Voluntary Treadmill Locomotion at Various Speeds and Inclines". Animals 12, n.º 5 (24 de febrero de 2022): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12050567.

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The land treadmill is a multipurpose tool with a unique set of behavioral and physical benefits for training and assessing active dogs. Habituation to voluntary treadmill locomotion is crucial for training a dog or accurately assessing a dog’s fitness on a treadmill. Therefore, a treadmill acclimation program was developed and evaluated with working dogs in training or working dogs performing detection research. Seven of eight naive dogs became acclimated to the treadmill using the protocol developed. Two previously experienced dogs successfully conducted an acclimation assessment to test for habituation to the treadmill. A muscle soreness protocol was created to evaluate the soreness developed during the acclimation program. This detailed protocol was successful in acclimating dogs to the treadmill at various safe speeds and inclines.

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10

Vieira de Castro, Ana Catarina, Ângelo Araújo, André Fonseca y I. Anna S. Olsson. "Improving dog training methods: Efficacy and efficiency of reward and mixed training methods". PLOS ONE 16, n.º 2 (19 de febrero de 2021): e0247321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247321.

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Dogs play an important role in our society as companions and work partners, and proper training of these dogs is pivotal. For companion dogs, training helps preventing or managing dog behavioral problems—the most frequently cited reason for relinquishing and euthanasia, and it promotes successful dog-human relationships and thus maximizes benefits humans derive from bonding with dogs. For working dogs, training is crucial for them to successfully accomplish their jobs. Dog training methods range widely from those using predominantly aversive stimuli (aversive methods), to those combining aversive and rewarding stimuli (mixed methods) and those focusing on the use of rewards (reward methods). The use of aversive stimuli in training is highly controversial and several veterinary and animal protection organizations have recommended a ban on pinch collars, e-collars and other techniques that induce fear or pain in dogs, on the grounds that such methods compromise dog welfare. At the same time, training methods based on the use of rewards are claimed to be more humane and equally or more effective than aversive or mixed methods. This important discussion, however, has not always been based in solid scientific evidence. Although there is growing scientific evidence that training with aversive stimuli has a negative impact on dog welfare, the scientific literature on the efficacy and efficiency of the different methodologies is scarce and inconsistent. Hence, the goal of the current study is to investigate the efficacy and efficiency of different dog training methods. To that end, we will apply different dog training methods in a population of working dogs and evaluate the outcome after a period of training. The use of working dogs will allow for a rigorous experimental design and control, with randomization of treatments. Military (n = 10) and police (n = 20) dogs will be pseudo-randomly allocated to two groups. One group will be trained to perform a set of tasks (food refusal, interrupted recall, dumbbell retrieval and placing items in a basket) using reward methods and the other group will be trained for the same tasks using mixed methods. Later, the dogs will perform a standardized test where they will be required to perform the trained behaviors. The reliability of the behaviors and the time taken to learn them will be assessed in order to evaluate the efficacy and efficiency, respectively, of the different training methods. This study will be performed in collaboration with the Portuguese Army and with the Portuguese Public Security Police (PSP) and integrated with their dog training programs.

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11

Piotti, Patrizia, Dóra Szabó, Lisa Wallis, Zsófia Bognár, Bianka Stiegmann Stiegmann, Anna Egerer, Pauline Marty y Enikő Kubinyi. "The effect of age on visuo-spatial short-term memory in family dogs". Pet Behaviour Science, n.º 4 (15 de diciembre de 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/pbs.v0i4.10130.

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Decline in the visuo-spatial memory domain may be an early marker for cognitive decline and has a relevant impact on animal welfare. Current research on visuo-spatial memory in family dogs is often limited byfactors such as the need of extensive pre-training, limited attention to co-occurring medical conditions, a focus on laboratory dogs, or low sample size. Therefore, we aimed to develop a test that relies on visuospatialshort-term memory, may be performed in a short time, and does not require explicit training. We tested a large sample of young and old dogs, finding that young dogs were more likely to perform correctly, although performance decreased with consecutive trials in both age groups. However, groups did not vary in the severity of mistakes. This task represents the first measure of dogs’ age-related decline of short-term spatial memory that does not require explicit training. The test could potentially be used in veterinary behaviour contexts to monitor cognitive changes in ageing dogs, utilizing a simple binary measure ofsuccess.

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12

Bretan, Onivaldo, Emanuel Araújo Nogueira, Eriverton Ferreira da Silva y Sérgio Henrique K. Trindade. "Training the osteoplastic flap technique in dogs". Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 71, n.º 2 (marzo de 2005): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1808-8694(15)31301-x.

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13

Knight, Robert P. "Working Dogs - Training for Sheep and Cattle". Australian Veterinary Journal 75, n.º 5 (mayo de 1997): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1997.tb15710.x.

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14

Chiandetti, Cinzia, Silvia Avella, Erica Fongaro y Francesco Cerri. "Can clicker training facilitate conditioning in dogs?" Applied Animal Behaviour Science 184 (noviembre de 2016): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2016.08.006.

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15

Lines, J. A., K. van Driel y J. J. Cooper. "Characteristics of electronic training collars for dogs". Veterinary Record 172, n.º 11 (12 de enero de 2013): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.101144.

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16

Riepl, Mathias. "Characteristics of electronic training collars for dogs". Veterinary Record 172, n.º 9 (1 de marzo de 2013): 242.3–243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.f1332.

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17

Weiss, Emily. "Selecting Shelter Dogs for Service Dog Training". Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 5, n.º 1 (enero de 2002): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327604jaws0501_4.

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18

Liczner, Amanda R., Victoria J. MacPhail, Deborah A. Woollett, Ngaio L. Richards y Sheila R. Colla. "Training and usage of detection dogs to better understand bumble bee nesting habitat: Challenges and opportunities". PLOS ONE 16, n.º 5 (12 de mayo de 2021): e0249248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249248.

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Bumble bees are among the most imperiled pollinators. However, habitat use, especially nest site selection, remains relatively unknown. Methods to locate nests are invaluable to better understand habitat requirements and monitor wild populations. Building on prior study findings, we report constraints and possibilities observed while training detection dogs to locate bumble bee nests. Three conservation detection dogs were initially trained to three species of bumble bee nest material, first within glass jars concealed in a row of cinder blocks, then placed in the open or partially hidden for area searches. The next intended training step was to expose the dogs to natural nests located by community science volunteers. However, significant effort (> 250 hrs), yielded only two confirmed, natural nests suitable for dog training purposes. Although the dogs did not progress past the formative training stage valuable insight was gained. Maximum observed detection distance for bumble bee nest material during initial controlled training was 15 m, which decreased significantly (< 1 m) once training progressed to buried samples and natural nests. Three main considerations around future training and usage of detection dogs were identified. First, dogs might benefit from transitional training via exposures to known natural nests, regardless of species. However, it may be too difficult for people to find natural nests for this, and prior work demonstrated the ability of dogs to generalize and find natural nests after testing to artificially-buried nest material. Second, confirming a dog’s nest find, via resident bee presence, is nuanced. Third, future study design and objectives must harness strengths, and reflect limitations of detection dog surveys and search strategies, as extensively discussed in this paper. Prospective studies involving detection dogs for locating bumble bee nests would benefit from considering the drawbacks and opportunities discussed and can mitigate limitations through incorporating these considerations in their study design.

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19

Mellor, Nerys, Sebastian McBride, Emma Stoker y Sarah Dalesman. "Impact of Training Discipline and Experience on Inhibitory Control and Cognitive Performance in Pet Dogs". Animals 14, n.º 3 (29 de enero de 2024): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14030428.

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Training experience has been shown to enhance a dog’s cognitive performance when comparing highly trained working or sporting dogs with untrained dogs. However, whether the type or level of training a pet dog receives can alter their performance in cognitive tasks requiring inhibitory control has not been assessed. Here, we tested whether pet dogs trained in scent work, agility, and obedience differ in cognitive performance. The impact of primary training discipline and combined training experience was assessed using two well-defined tasks that require inhibitory control: (1) the A-not-B task, in which dogs must inhibit a previously learned response in favour of an alternative response; and (2) the detour task, in which dogs must inhibit a direct approach to food to gain a reward. Dogs trained in scent work demonstrated higher levels of inhibitory control and persistence across the two tasks, but this did not affect individual task performance. Increased combined training experience improved learning in the A-not-B task training phase, but did not alter performance during the test phase, whereas it had no effect on success in the detour task. Overall, dogs that performed better in the A-not-B task were also more likely to succeed in the detour task, showing a relationship in the cognitive ability underpinning performance in the two tasks. The effect of the primary discipline on the behavioural phenotype shows that this should be accounted for in future studies, rather than applying the practice of partitioning dogs into highly trained vs. untrained groups.

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20

Moser, Ariella Y., Lewis Bizo y Wendy Y. Brown. "Olfactory Generalization in Detector Dogs". Animals 9, n.º 9 (19 de septiembre de 2019): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9090702.

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Generalizing to target odor variations while retaining specificity against non-targets is crucial to the success of detector dogs under working conditions. As such, the importance of generalization should be considered in the formulation of effective training strategies. Research investigating olfactory generalization from pure singular compounds to more complex odor mixtures helps to elucidate animals’ olfactory generalization tendencies and inform ways to alter the generalization gradient by broadening or narrowing the range of stimuli to which dogs will respond. Olfactory generalization depends upon both intrinsic factors of the odors, such as concentration, as well as behavioral and cognitive factors related to training and previous experience. Based on the current research, some training factors may influence generalization. For example, using multiple target exemplars appears to be the most effective way to promote elemental processing and broaden the generalization gradient, whereas increasing the number of training instances with fewer exemplars can narrow the gradient, thereby increasing discrimination. Overall, this research area requires further attention and study to increase our understanding of olfactory generalization in dogs, particularly detector dogs, to improve training and detection outcomes.

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21

Davis, MS, EC McKenzie, CM Royer, KK Williamson, M. Payton y SL Nelson. "Effect of training and recovery on airway inflammation in an animal model of ‘ski asthma’". Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology 2, n.º 2 (mayo de 2005): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ecp200558.

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AbstractRepeated strenuous exercise while breathing cold air is believed to induce chronic airway inflammation and hyperreactivity, a condition referred to in humans as ‘ski asthma’. However, the time course of development and resolution of ski asthma is unknown. We have previously shown that multi-day aerobic exercise induces airway inflammation and hyperreactivity in racing sled dogs. In the present study, a similar group of subjects was examined at multiple times during training to test the hypothesis that ski asthma spontaneously resolves during seasonal detraining, but is re-induced during training in the cold weather. At the beginning of training, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from detrained elite sled dogs (n = 16) had higher concentrations of lymphocytes (median 53.63 vs. 8.30 cells μl−1) and neutrophils (median 23.03 vs. 1.10 cells μl−1) compared with normal laboratory dogs (n = 5). However, there was no significant effect of training on BALF nucleated cell concentrations from exercised sled dogs (n = 11) compared with sedentary sled dogs (n = 8). In contrast to our hypothesis, our data support the contention that cold weather exercise-induced airway inflammation can persist through seasonal detraining, but that routine training does not cause significant worsening of the condition.

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22

Gabrielsen, Ane Møller. "Training Technologies. Science, Gender and Dogs in the Age of Positive Dog Training." Nordic Journal of Science and Technology Studies 5, n.º 1 (10 de agosto de 2017): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5324/njsts.v5i1.2251.

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<p>The practices of dog training influence the lives of numerous dogs and dog owners, but have not received much academic attention in terms of empirical studies. Both humans and dogs are shaped through these practices, but as the conditions are partly determined by already established networks, it is not simply a matter of the trainer’s personal choice. In order to explore the entanglements of technology, gender, humans, and dogs in dog training practices, this article applies a material semiotic perspective inspired by John Law and Donna Haraway. Taking the changes towards "positive training" and the technology of clicker training as its point of departure, the article explores the emergence and effects of different training practices and the networks that provide their conditions. </p>

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23

Koda, Naoko y Sadakazu Shimoju. "Human-Dog Interactions in a Guide-Dog Training Program". Psychological Reports 84, n.º 3_suppl (junio de 1999): 1115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3c.1115.

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We analyzed dyadic interactions between 12 neutered dogs (6 females and 6 males) and 44 humans (20 women, 14 men, and 10 girls) who were unfamiliar with each other. We also examined the effect of sex differences in dogs and humans as well as age differences in humans on human-dog interactions in a guide-dog turning program. Female dogs more actively regulated their distance from humans than male dogs. Dogs made contact with women more frequently than with men, and men nude contact with dogs more frequently than women. Girls initiated interactions with dogs more frequently than women; girls formed reciprocal interactions with dogs less frequently than women.

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24

Pustova, N. V., T. Y. Potapenko y K. V. Seleman. "METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF TRAINING OF OFFICIAL DOGS". Scientific and Technical Bulletin оf State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medical Products and Fodder Additives аnd Institute of Animal Biology 22, n.º 2 (7 de octubre de 2021): 300–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.36359/scivp.2021-22-2.35.

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Training of official dogs takes place in a result from the action of certain methods, methodologies, techniques, receptions and complex of methods on the organism of dog from early age and in particular on the nervous system, that together with the inherited signs forms for the puppy-dog of basis of activity of the nervous system on necessary to the trainer internalss and skills. The aim of our researches was to define the basic methods of training of official dogs in the cynologistic center of the Khmelnytsk area. Due to a selection and selection a man formed desirable internalss at the different breeds of dogs, sometimes nature strengthened properties of certain orientation, for today to the basic breeds of official dogs belong: the German, Caucasian and Belgian shepherds, doberman, rottweiler and other. During researches studied the purchased experience of the use of the marked breeds of official dogs at implementation by them such tasks: to the search and watching, being of explosive, drugs, weapon and others like that. Analysing the got results of implementation of tasks the different breeds of official dogs (in accompaniment with a cynologist) it was educed that taking into account genetic potential and individual features of every animal determine an official dog will work in what direction. The methods of training of dogs in a cynologistic center apply such: mechanical, encouraging, contrasting, inheritance. Taking into account the different methods and techniques of training of official dogs in their basis, making of pavlovian reflexes lies on certain irritants, however in basis of training there is encouragement (delicious, by a toy, stroking, and others like that) : did right - got a reward, wrong - got nothing. Training of official dogs conduct, in an order to produce the special skills for a dog. Not depending on a breed official dogs are able to watch and detain criminals, find a weapon, explosive and drugs, search disappearing people and many other different tasks. Direction an official dog will work after that is determined by his nature and temperament.

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25

Sokolenko, L. V., T. M. Sokolenko, Yu L. Yagupolskii, V. I. Kalchenko, Yu V. Veresenko, O. V. Nenia, Yu D. Kuchynskyi et al. "Narcotic Drug Smell Mimics for Dog Training at Cynological Departments: Composition, Principle of Action, and Legal Frame work of their Use". Science and innovation 16, n.º 5 (30 de octubre de 2020): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/scine16.05.071.

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Introduction. Involvement of cynological departments to narcotics identification is widely used due to high sensitivity of canine olfaction. Problem Statement. Currently, cynological departments of the MIA of Ukraine can use the samples of original narcotics in detector dogs learning and training for the purpose of developing or maintaining of the corresponding skill. However, narcotics are the substances under control; therefore, special normative procedures for their obtaining, usage, storage, and utilization exist. This order greatly complicates dogs training. The use of original narcotics is reasonable in special cynological schools during basic learning of detector dogs. Further training in departments is oriented to maintain skills and, as a rule, is carried out using pseudo narcotic scents, which does not contain original narcotics and does not possess narcotic activity. Majority of such pseudo narcotic scents is of foreign production and are expensive. This fact does not allow to provide with training aids all the cynological departments of the MIA of Ukraine. Moreover, these pseudo narcotic scents are of limited range. Purpose. The purpose of this research is to develop domestic pseudo narcotic scents with extended range, which would not possess narcotic activity, but have similar odor properties like original narcotics and are cheaper in comparison to foreign counterparts. Materials and Methods. Pseudo narcotic scents of cocaine, heroin, marijuana, methamphetamine, opium, and poppy straw were developed. These training aids consist of inert carrying agent and volatile organic impurities from narcotics. These training aids were tested with involvement of 12 detector dogs of the cynological departments of the National Policy of Ukraine and State border service of Ukraine. Results. Pseudo narcotic canine training aids for cocaine, heroin, marijuana, methamphetamine, opium, and poppy straw were created and tested with detector dogs. It was shown that odorological profile of pseudo scents agreed with original narcotics. Conclusions. Pseudo narcotic scents which are perspective for introduction into production and further usage as canine training aids in cynological departments have been established.

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Willoughby, Carol B. "DOGS WITH A PURPOSE SAINT FRANCIS SERVICE DOGS: ASSISTING PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES". Medical Science Pulse 14, SUPPLEMENT 1 (30 de junio de 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6946.

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Formed in 1996, Saint Francis Service Dogs is a non-profit organization working to improve the lives of children and adults with disabilities through partnership with a service dog. The organization is also committed to promoting the use and acceptance of service dogs through public and professional education, providing advocacy for service dog partners, and supporting the growth of the service dog industry on a national level. The organization’s training center is located in Roanoke, Virginia USA, and is the largest service dog organization in the state. The Saint Francis Training Center includes a state-of-the-art kennel facility to house young dogs that are going through the training program. A recently-established program places service dogs with United States military veterans who have combat-related injuries. Co-founder Carol Willoughby credits her first service dog, Booker, with changing her life. He ultimately inspired her to form Saint Francis Service Dogs so that others in need could benefit from professionally trained service dogs. Today, Carol’s life is brightened by her Saint Francis Service Dog, Midas. While providing valuable assistance, Midas also helps Carol promote awareness and appreciation for service dogs and the amazing difference they make in so many lives.

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27

Acebes, Félix, Juan Luis Pellitero, Clara Muñiz-Diez y Ignacio Loy. "Development of Desirable Behaviors in Dog-Assisted Interventions". Animals 12, n.º 4 (15 de febrero de 2022): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12040477.

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Dog-assisted interventions (DAI) are those that include specially trained dogs in human health services. Often, the training methods employed to train animals for DAI are transmitted between trainers, so the latest scientific research on dog learning and cognition is not always taken into account. The present work aims to evaluate the impact that the main theories on the evolution of the dog have had both in promoting different training methods and in the relevance of behavior in the evolution of the skills of actual dogs. Then, an integrative method for the training of dogs is presented. This method takes into account the research on dog learning mechanisms and cognition processes, and effectively promotes the development of desirable behaviors for DAI during the dog’s ontogeny.

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28

Vieira de Castro, Ana Catarina, Danielle Fuchs, Gabriela Munhoz Morello, Stefania Pastur, Liliana de Sousa y I. Anna S. Olsson. "Does training method matter? Evidence for the negative impact of aversive-based methods on companion dog welfare". PLOS ONE 15, n.º 12 (16 de diciembre de 2020): e0225023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225023.

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Dog training methods range broadly from those using mostly positive punishment and negative reinforcement (aversive-based) to those using primarily positive reinforcement (reward-based). Although aversive-based training has been strongly criticized for negatively affecting dog welfare, there is no comprehensive research focusing on companion dogs and mainstream techniques, and most studies rely on owner-reported assessment of training methods and dog behavior. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of aversive- and reward-based training methods on companion dog welfare within and outside the training context. Ninety-two companion dogs were recruited from three reward-based schools (Group Reward, n = 42), and from four aversive-based schools, two using low proportions of aversive-based methods (Group Mixed, n = 22) and two using high proportions of aversive-based methods (Group Aversive, n = 28). For evaluating welfare during training, dogs were video recorded for three sessions and six saliva samples were collected, three at home (baseline levels) and three after training (post-training levels). Video recordings were used to examine the frequency of stress-related behaviors (e.g., lip lick, yawn) and the overall behavioral state of the dog (e.g., tense, relaxed), and saliva samples were analyzed for cortisol concentration. For evaluating welfare outside the training context, dogs participated in a cognitive bias task. Results showed that dogs from Group Aversive displayed more stress-related behaviors, were more frequently in tense and low behavioral states and panted more during training, and exhibited higher post-training increases in cortisol levels than dogs from Group Reward. Additionally, dogs from Group Aversive were more ‘pessimistic’ in the cognitive bias task than dogs from Group Reward. Dogs from Group Mixed displayed more stress-related behaviors, were more frequently in tense states and panted more during training than dogs from Group Reward. Finally, although Groups Mixed and Aversive did not differ in their performance in the cognitive bias task nor in cortisol levels, the former displayed more stress-related behaviors and was more frequently in tense and low behavioral states. These findings indicate that aversive-based training methods, especially if used in high proportions, compromise the welfare of companion dogs both within and outside the training context.

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29

Valandro, M. A., J. P. E. Pascon, D. T. P. Pereira y M. L. A. Mistieri. "Exercise training of dogs with myxomatous valve disease". Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 69, n.º 2 (abril de 2017): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-9230.

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ABSTRACT The present study has the objective of evaluating the effects of exercise training, using moderate intensity walking (60 to 80% of maximum heart rate), from 30 to 50 minutes, three times a week, in alternate days, during eight weeks, on heart rate variability in dogs with myxomatous valve disease (MVD). For that, 20 dogs in stages B1 (1), B2 (14) and C2 (5) of MVD (ACVIM classification) were divided into untrained control group (CG, n=9) and training group (TG, n=11), and assessed at baseline (T0), after four (T1) and eight weeks (T2). Only one B1 and five B2 dogs completed the training program. In the time domain, the rMSSD was greater in TG in T1 (155,5+42,07) and T2 (199,8+83,54) than CG (T1:91,17+35,79 and T2:88,17+57,51). In the frequency domain, the variable High Frequency (HF) increased in TG in T1 (30950+25810) and T2 (40300+33870) when compared to the CG (T1:19090+23210 and T2:18810+22200) and within the group TG in T2 in relation to T0 (29340+20950). The proposed walking protocol is concluded to have increased the rMSSD and HF variables in TG, representing an increase of the parasympathetic tonus, justifying the indication of this therapy in B1 and B2 stages of MVD.

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Barrera, Gabriela, Alessandra Alterisio, Anna Scandurra, Mariana Bentosela y Biagio D’Aniello. "Training improves inhibitory control in water rescue dogs". Animal Cognition 22, n.º 1 (12 de noviembre de 2018): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-018-1224-9.

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31

Rowley, Thomas. "'Pet scans': training dogs to sniff out disease". Lab Animal 42, n.º 2 (22 de enero de 2013): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/laban.224.

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Matviichuk, V. P., A. M. Domeniuk y І. M. Dvornichena. "CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF SERVICE DOGS FOR TRAINING IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE SEARCH SERVICE". Scientific Herald of Sivershchyna. Series: Education. Social and Behavioural Sciences 2023, n.º 2 (12 de mayo de 2023): 136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjeducation.2023.02.136.

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The article highlights the criteria for selecting service dogs of the State Criminal and Exsecutive Service of Ukraine for training in the framework of the search service. Defects, diseases and deficiencies with which service dogs of all types of training cannot be admitted to training as part of the department’s cynology teams are characterized. Recommendations are provided for determining the suitability of service dogs for training of the search service. The method of establishing the nature of the predominant reactions of the behavior of service dogs is characterized. For training, it is advisable to select dogs that are energetic, active, brave, mobile and quite excitable, i.e. choleric and sanguine. Phlegmatics and melancholics are not suitable for training. A refined technique with the help of which the nature of the prevailing reactions of the behavior of service dogs is established and their suitability or unsuitability for training according to the direction of the search service is determined. According to this criterion, service dogs are considered suitable for training if they have a predominant active-defense reaction, uniform development of orientational and active-orientational reactions, and uniform development of food and active-defense reactions. When determining the suitability of a service dog for training, the commission must examine it in a state of rest, and then in motion, establish its age, physical qualities, state of health, assess the acuity of smell, sight, and hearing and, in accordance with the specified methodology, establish the nature of the prevailing behavioral reactions. Therefore, the criteria used to determine the suitability of service dogs to undergo training as part of cynology teams of the search service are compliance with the established requirements regarding age, state of health, standards of constitution and exterior of the relevant breeds, the presence of a certain type of higher stressful activity and the necessary prevailing reactions of the body’s behavior, which are determined using the specified method. Taking into account the above criteria, during the selection of service dogs for training, in combination with educational training activities, will allow to achieve the educational goals of primary professional training of cynology teams with search dogs, in particular, and to bring the state of cynology support of the department into compliance with the specified requirements, as a whole. Key words: initial professional training, junior dog inspectors, criteria, selection, training, search dogs.

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Liu, Shih-Feng, Hung-I. Lu, Wei-Lien Chi, Guan-Heng Liu y Ho-Chang Kuo. "Sniffer Dogs Diagnose Lung Cancer by Recognition of Exhaled Gases: Using Breathing Target Samples to Train Dogs Has a Higher Diagnostic Rate Than Using Lung Cancer Tissue Samples or Urine Samples". Cancers 15, n.º 4 (15 de febrero de 2023): 1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15041234.

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Introduction: Sniffer dogs can diagnose lung cancer. However, the diagnostic yields of different samples and training methods for lung cancer remain undetermined. Objective: Six dogs were trained in three stages with the aim of improving the diagnostic yield of lung cancer by comparing training methods and specimens. Methods: The pathological tissues of 53 lung cancer patients and 6 non-lung cancer patients in the Department of Thoracic Surgery of Kaohsiung Chang Gung Hospital were collected, and the exhaled breath samples and urine samples were collected. Urine and exhaled breath samples were also collected from 20 healthy individuals. The specimens were sent to the Veterinary Department of Pingtung University of Science and Technology. Results: The dogs had a very low response rate to urine target samples in the first and second stages of training. The experimental results at the second stage of training found that after lung cancer tissue training, dogs were less likely to recognize lung cancer and healthy controls than through breath target training: the response rate to exhaled breathing target samples was about 8–55%; for urine target samples, it was only about 5–30%. When using exhaled air samples for training, the diagnosis rate of these dogs in lung cancer patients was 71.3% to 97.6% (mean 83.9%), while the false positive rate of lung cancer in the healthy group was 0.5% to 27.6% (mean 7.6%). Compared with using breathing target samples for training, the diagnosis rate of dogs trained with lung cancer tissue lung cancer was significantly lower (p < 0.05). The sensitivity and specificity of lung cancer tissue training (50.4% and 50.1%) were lower than the exhaled breath target training (91.7% and 85.1%). There is no difference in lung cancer diagnostic rate by sniff dogs among lung cancer histological types, location, and staging. Conclusion: Training dogs using breathing target samples to train dogs then to recognize exhaled samples had a higher diagnostic rate than training using lung cancer tissue samples or urine samples. Dogs had a very low response rate to urine samples in our study. Six canines were trained on lung cancer tissues and breathing target samples of lung cancer patients, then the diagnostic rate of the recognition of exhaled breath of lung cancer and non-lung cancer patients were compared. When using exhaled air samples for training, the diagnosis rate of these dogs in lung cancer patients was 71.3% to 97.6% (mean 83.9%), while the false positive rate of lung cancer in the healthy group was 0.5% to 27.6% (mean 7.6%). There was a significant difference in the average diagnosis rate of individual dog and overall dogs between the lung cancer group and the healthy group (p < 0.05). When using lung cancer tissue samples for training, lung cancer diagnosis rate of these dogs among lung cancer patients was only 15.5% to 40.9% (mean 27.7%). Compared with using breathing target samples for training, the diagnosis rate of dogs trained with lung cancer tissue lung cancer was significantly lower (p < 0.05). The sensitivity and specificity of lung cancer tissue training (50.4% and 50.1%) were lower than the exhaled breath target training (91.7% and 85.1%). The diagnostic rate of lung cancer by sniffer dogs has nothing to do with the current stage of lung cancer, pathologic type, and the location of tumor mass. Even in stage IA lung cancer, well-trained dogs can have a diagnostic rate of 100%. Using sniffer dogs to screen early lung cancer may have good clinical and economic benefits.

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Chi-Pérez, W. D., J. A. Ríos-Martínez, F. A. Madera-Ramírez y J. J. Estrada-López. "Wearable System for Intelligent Monitoring of Assistance and Rescue Dogs". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2699, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2024): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2699/1/012001.

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Abstract Dogs are remarkable animals that can form strong social bonds with humans and excel in various sensory abilities. These qualities make them suitable for training in different domains such as assistance, search, and rescue. However, current training methods are complex, costly, and lengthy because they depend on the trainer’s subjective interpretation of the dog’s behaviour. A more objective and efficient way to train dogs would be to monitor their vital signs and use artificial intelligence to infer their adaptation and progress. In this paper, we propose a wearable system that measures the dog’s vital signs and motion and wirelessly transmits the data to a computer. We test and analyse the performance of our system prototype and discuss its implications for dog training.

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Kang, Ok-Deuk. "Effects of Sociality Level on Companion Dog Training through Food Reinforcement". Animals 10, n.º 12 (17 de diciembre de 2020): 2413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122413.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sociality level in dogs using food reinforcement. The companion dogs living mostly inside (IS) and those living mostly outside (OS) groups were further classified into high sociality (HS) and low sociality (LS) groups using a social test. The data were analyzed by observing videos of the dogs and recording nine categories of sociality. Passive; activity; and communication tasks were measured in terms of the time the dog first contacted the trainer; the time it took for the dog to approach within 1 m of the trainer, and the time the dog remained in contact. The IS and OS groups showed no significant differences in any category; except for close to trainer within 1 m of the active phase. However, in a comparison between the overall HS and LS groups; significant positive changes were observed in all items except for the first contact time to the trainer of the passive and active phase. This is an important result of the sociality level; as positive results can be predicted not only in a dog’s ability to adapt to the environment but also in the communication and training exchanges between dogs and humans

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Constable, P. D., K. W. Hinchcliff, J. Olson y R. L. Hamlin. "Athletic heart syndrome in dogs competing in a long-distance sled race". Journal of Applied Physiology 76, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1994): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.76.1.433.

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The cardiac effects of endurance training were evaluated by cardiac auscultation and electrocardiographic examination of 48 heavily trained sled dogs (3,000–5,000 km of training), 18 lightly trained sled dogs (300–800 km of training), 19 untrained sled dogs, and 14 mongrel dogs. A grade I-II/VI early- to midsystolic cardiac murmur was auscultated with increasing frequency as training level increased. The QRS duration (66.1 +/- 7.4 ms) and QT interval (236 +/- 20 ms) were significantly (P < 0.05) longer in heavily trained sled dogs than in mongrel dogs (QRS, 60.6 +/- 4.6; QT, 219 +/- 11 ms). A long QT interval (> 250 ms) was observed in 8 (16.7%) heavily trained dogs but not in the other groups. A significant rightward shift in the mean electrical axis of ventricular depolarization in the frontal plane was observed in heavily trained sled dogs. The auscultatory and electrocardiographic findings in heavily trained sled dogs were remarkably similar to those reported in elite human endurance athletes, suggesting that endurance-trained sled dogs provide a naturally occurring model for the athletic heart syndrome.

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37

Berntsen, Terje Groth. "Global training centre of mine detection dogs in Bosnia: Breeding and training program". Journal of Veterinary Behavior 4, n.º 6 (noviembre de 2009): 245–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2009.05.003.

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Matviichuk, V. P., O. V. Vynohrad y V. V. Zhulkovskyi. "THE ESSENCE AND CONTENT OF THE TRAINING OF JUNIOR CYNOLOGY INSPECTORS FOR THE FORMATION OF OBEDIENCE SKILLS IN SEARCH DOGS". Scientific Herald of Sivershchyna. Series: Education. Social and Behavioural Sciences 1, n.º 9 (27 de abril de 2023): 136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjeducation.2023.01.136.

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The Strategy for Reforming the Penitentiary system until 2026 states that during the specified period, it is necessary to ensure, among other things, the formation of an effective model of training and activity of the personnel of the penitentiary system. In order to create an effective model of training and activity of the department’s personnel, the scientific and pedagogical staff of the department of cynology at the Territorially Separate Branch «Khmelnytskyi Branch of the Academy of the State Penitentiary Service» based on the analysis of the state of cynology support of the units of execution of punishments system, made changes to the educational and methodological support of educational activities. Among the tasks assigned to the cynology service by the leadership of the State Criminal and Executive Service is the task of improving training methods and tactics for the use of service dogs in the security system of penitentiary institutions and detention centers. To fulfill the specified task, the scientific and pedagogical staff of the department of cynology prepared and introduced changes in the methodology of training service dogs in various areas of training, taking into account the specifics of the service activity of the structural divisions of the penitentiary system, the training of special dogs to search for narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances was started, and the preparation for training cynology dogs was completed teams with attacking dogs. The article is addresses to highlighting the peculiarities of teaching the educational discipline «Methodology and technique of training service dogs» at the Department of Cynology in general, and methodical aspects of conducting a training course with junior cynology inspectors on the formation and improvement of obedience skills in search dogs assigned to them, in particular. In the context of the tasks defined by the guidelines for search dogs, changes to the set of obedience skills exercises for the training course are proposed and their general characteristics are given. It was determined that the basis of the effective conduct of the training course is mastery of the theoretical aspects of training by dog trainers, knowledge and use of methodical techniques and mastery of the technique of error-free execution of training exercises to form the complex of necessary skills in service dogs. Key words: technique, obedience skills, training, junior cynology inspector, service dogs.

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Fischer-Tenhagen, Carola, Dorothea Johnen, Wolfgang Heuwieser, Roland Becker, Kristin Schallschmidt y Irene Nehls. "Odor Perception by Dogs: Evaluating Two Training Approaches for Odor Learning of Sniffer Dogs". Chemical Senses 42, n.º 5 (21 de abril de 2017): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjx020.

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40

Софіян, Дмитро, Сергій СЕРХОВЕЦЬ, Анатолій Афанасьєв, Сергій Клепацький y Олег КОВАЛЬЧУК. "METHODS OF TRAINING INSPECTORS-CYNOLOGISTS WITH SERVICE DOGS TO SEARCH FOR EXPLOSIVES, WEAPONS AND AMMUNITION". Збірник наукових праць Національної академії Державної прикордонної служби України. Серія: педагогічні науки 34, n.º 3 (15 de diciembre de 2023): 257–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32453/pedzbirnyk.v34i3.1483.

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The article presents a variant of the methodology of training inspectors-cynologists with service dogs to search for explosives, weapons and ammunition, which is implemented during the training of future border guard officers at the National Academy of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine. The authors present the method of training service dogs for the detection of explosives, weapons and ammunition as a scientifically based system with the following main components: specific skills that ensure the use of service dogs for the search for explosives, weapons and ammunition; tasks and standards of training service dogs according to the stages of their training (initial, main and final); features of developing skills separately or in combination with others; the mode of training service dogs, taking into account their individual characteristics of behavior; possible mistakes of trainers, which cause formation of unwanted conditioned reflexes of service dogs, as well as ways to prevent them; structural and logical scheme of introduction of complications to the methodology of developing necessary skills of service dogs. The method of training service dogs to search for explosives, weapons and ammunition involves development of relevant skills in a certain sequence during within three periods of training. The main components of the specified stages (periods) are: preparatory exercises; development of a search system and a marking system (recording a characteristic reaction of behavior when finding explosives, weapons and ammunition); complicating options for finding explosives, weapons and ammunition. The training of inspectors-cynologists consists of two parts: theoretical and practical, as well as improvement of their acquired knowledge and skills in border guard units in conditions as close as possible to future professional activity.

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Shaffer, Lisa G., Christina J. Ramirez, Patricia Phelps, Maya Aviram, Marta Walczak, Gila Kahila Bar-Gal y Blake C. Ballif. "An International Genetic Survey of Breed-Specific Diseases in Working Dogs from the United States, Israel, and Poland". Cytogenetic and Genome Research 153, n.º 4 (2017): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000486774.

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Genetic diseases occur in breeds used for law enforcement. As important team members, dogs are expected to operate at peak performance for several years and are significant investments for both the initial purchase and extensive, specialized training. Previous studies have not focused on causes for retirement or euthanasia as genetic (inherited) versus acquired (environmental). We performed direct mutational analysis for breed-specific conditions on samples from 304 dogs including 267 law enforcement (122 US, 87 Israeli, and 58 Polish) and 37 search and rescue dogs. Genetic testing identified 29% (n = 89) of the dogs tested to be carriers of a genetic mutation and 6% (n = 19) to be at risk for a debilitating inherited condition that may eventually impair the dog's ability to work. At-risk dogs included Labrador Retrievers (n = 4) with exercise-induced collapse, Bloodhounds (n = 2) with degenerative myelopathy (DM), and German Shepherd dogs with DM (n = 12) or leukocyte adhesion deficiency, type III (n = 1). A substantial number of working dogs were shown to be at risk for genetic conditions that may shorten the dog's career. The loss of dogs, due to early retirement or euthanasia, as a result of preventable genetic conditions has an emotional cost to handlers and financial cost to service organizations that can be avoided with genetic screening prior to breeding, buying, or training.

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Billman, George E., Monica Kukielka, Robert Kelley, Moustafa Moustafa-Bayoumi y Ruth A. Altschuld. "Endurance exercise training attenuates cardiac β2-adrenoceptor responsiveness and prevents ventricular fibrillation in animals susceptible to sudden death". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 290, n.º 6 (junio de 2006): H2590—H2599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01220.2005.

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Enhanced cardiac β2-adrenoceptor (β2-AR) responsiveness can increase susceptibility to ventricular fibrillation (VF). Exercise training can decrease cardiac sympathetic activity and could, thereby, reduce β2-AR responsiveness and decrease the risk for VF. Therefore, dogs with healed myocardial infarctions were subjected to 2 min of coronary occlusion during the last minute of a submaximal exercise test; VF was observed in 20 susceptible, but not in 13 resistant, dogs. The dogs were then subjected to a 10-wk exercise-training program ( n = 9 susceptible and 8 resistant) or an equivalent sedentary period ( n = 11 susceptible and 5 resistant). Before training, the β2-AR antagonist ICI-118551 (0.2 mg/kg) significantly reduced the peak contractile (by echocardiography) response to isoproterenol more in the susceptible than in the resistant dogs: −45.5 ± 6.5 vs. −19.2 ± 6.3% . After training, the susceptible and resistant dogs exhibited similar responses to the β2-AR antagonist: −12.1 ± 5.7 and −16.2 ± 6.4%, respectively. In contrast, ICI-118551 provoked even greater reductions in the isoproterenol response in the sedentary susceptible dogs: −62.3 ± 4.6%. The β2-AR agonist zinterol (1 μM) elicited significantly smaller increases in isotonic shortening in ventricular myocytes from susceptible dogs after training ( n = 8, +7.2 ± 4.8%) than in those from sedentary dogs ( n = 7, +42.8 ± 5.8%), a response similar to that of the resistant dogs: +3.0 ± 1.4% ( n = 6) and +3.2 ± 1.8% ( n = 5) for trained and sedentary, respectively. After training, VF could no longer be induced in the susceptible dogs, whereas four sedentary susceptible dogs died during the 10-wk control period and VF could still be induced in the remaining seven animals. Thus exercise training can restore cardiac β-AR balance (by reducing β2-AR responsiveness) and could, thereby, prevent VF.

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Moser, Ariella Y., Wendy Y. Brown, Lewis A. Bizo, Nigel R. Andrew y Michelle K. Taylor. "Biosecurity Dogs Detect Live Insects after Training with Odor-Proxy Training Aids: Scent Extract and Dead Specimens". Chemical Senses 45, n.º 3 (10 de enero de 2020): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa001.

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Abstract Detector dogs could be trained to find invasive insect pests at borders before they establish in new areas. However, without access to the live insects themselves, odor training aids are needed to condition dogs to their scent. This proof-of-concept study assessed 2 potential training aids for insect detection: a scent extract and dead specimens of the target species. Using Musgraveia sulciventris (Hemiptera: Tessaratomidae) as an experimental model, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were carried out to compare the chemical headspaces that make up the odors of live specimens and these 2 training aids. This was then followed by canine scent-detection testing to investigate biosecurity detector dogs’ (n = 4) responses to training in an ecologically valid context. Both the scent extract and the dead specimens shared the majority of their volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with live insects. Of the dogs trained with scent extract (n = 2), both were able to detect the live insects accurately, and of those trained with dead specimens (n = 2), one detected the live insects accurately. These findings lend support for these training aids as odor-proxies for live insects—particularly scent extract, which is a relatively novel product with the potential for broad application to facilitate and improve insect-detection training.

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Zhaldybin, V. V., P. V. Savinov y A. Y. Demchenko. "PECULIARITIES OF TRAINING OF SERVICE DOGS BY DOG SPECIALISTS". Ecology and Animal World, n.º 1 (30 de mayo de 2022): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.47612/2224-1647-2022-1-51-56.

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The article considered a comparative characteristic of the compatibility of temperaments of cynologists and service dogs for training in a cynological center. The results of studies on the study of types of higher nervous activity in cynologists and service dogs are presented in order to determine the effectiveness of their training.

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Stepien, R. L., K. W. Hinchcliff, P. D. Constable y J. Olson. "Effect of endurance training on cardiac morphology in Alaskan sled dogs". Journal of Applied Physiology 85, n.º 4 (1 de octubre de 1998): 1368–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.85.4.1368.

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The cardiac morphology of 77 conscious Alaskan sled dogs before and after 5 mo of endurance training (20 km/day team pulling a sled and musher) was studied using two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography. Subgroups included dogs with at least one season of previous training (“veterans”) and dogs undergoing their first season of training (“rookies”). Training resulted in a significant ( P< 0.05) decrease in resting heart rate (−15%) and significant increases in interventricular septal thickness (systole, 15%; diastole, 13%), left ventricular (LV) internal dimension in diastole (LVIDd, 4%), LV free wall thickness in systole (9%) and diastole (LVWd, 9%), and left atrial diameter (5%) in all dogs, but the increase in LVWd was greater in rookies (16%) than in veterans (7%). Training increased end-diastolic volume index (8%), LV mass index (24%), and heart weight index (24%) and decreased the LVIDd-to-LVWd ratio (−6%) but did not alter cardiac index. We conclude that increased LV mass attributable to LV dilation and hypertrophy is associated with endurance training in Alaskan sled dogs. Disproportionate LV wall thickening accompanying LV dilation suggests that cardiac morphological changes are due to volume and pressure loading. These training-induced changes are similar to those documented in human athletes undergoing combined isometric and isotonic training and differ from studies of dogs trained on treadmills.

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van Houtert, Emmy A. E., Nienke Endenburg, T. Bas Rodenburg y Eric Vermetten. "Do Service Dogs for Veterans with PTSD Mount a Cortisol Response in Response to Training?" Animals 11, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 2021): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030650.

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Only a few studies have investigated the welfare of animals participating in animal-assisted interventions (AAIs). Most of these studies focus on dogs in therapeutic settings. There are, however, also dogs—service dogs—that are employed to continuously support a single human. Because the welfare of these service dogs is important for the sustainability of their role, the aim of this study was to investigate their stress response to service dog training sessions. To do this, we took repeated salivary cortisol samples from dogs who participated in a training session (n = 19). Samples were taken just after arrival at the training ground, before training, after training, and after a period of free play. Our results showed that mean cortisol levels in all samples were relatively low (between 1.55 ± 1.10 and 2.73 ± 1.47 nmol/L) compared to similar studies. Analysis further showed that samples taken before and after participation in the training’s session did not differ from one another. Mean cortisol levels in both situations were additionally lower than those upon arrival at the training site and after a period of free play. This led to the conclusion that the dogs in our study did not seem to experience training as stressful.

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Csepregi, Melitta y Márta Gácsi. "Factors Contributing to Successful Spontaneous Dog–Human Cooperation". Animals 13, n.º 14 (23 de julio de 2023): 2390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13142390.

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Dogs’ ability to cooperate with humans is widely acknowledged, but the factors influencing their spontaneous cooperative tendencies are largely unknown. We investigated whether breed function, training experience, and owner-reported social motivation level contribute to spontaneous dog–owner cooperation. Family dogs (N = 100) of three breed groups (non-working dogs, cooperative/independent working breeds) with various training experiences were tested in an ‘out–of–reach’ task with their owners as their partners, who never directly asked for help during the test. We measured dogs’ behaviour along three main components of successful cooperation: paying attention, understanding the problem, and willingness to cooperate. Breed groups had no significant effect on dogs’ behaviour. No factor was associated with the behavioural variables related to not understanding the task. Dogs with high training levels and high social motivation showed more attention-related behaviours and were more likely to help the owner (training level and social motivation were not correlated with each other). Our results highlight the importance of training experience and social motivation in dogs’ attentiveness and spontaneous cooperativity. This also points to the need for careful sample balancing and experimental procedures that do not rely on specific trained skills.

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Marshall-Pescini, Sarah, Paola Valsecchi, Irena Petak, Pier Attilio Accorsi y Emanuela Prato Previde. "Does training make you smarter? The effects of training on dogs’ performance (Canis familiaris) in a problem solving task". Behavioural Processes 78, n.º 3 (julio de 2008): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2008.02.022.

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Leonardi, Rebecca J., Sarah-Jane Vick y Hannah M. Buchanan-Smith. "Participation in a Prison-Based Training Programme Is Beneficial for Rescue Dogs". Animals 14, n.º 11 (22 de mayo de 2024): 1530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14111530.

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Dogs are often relinquished because of behavioural issues which may be exacerbated in rehoming centres. Prison-based dog training programmes (DTPs) may enhance outcomes for rescue dogs by providing socialisation and training opportunities to improve behaviour, welfare and likelihood of rehoming. We assessed whether dogs benefitted from participation, 1–3 times per week, in a prison-based DTP in which male young offenders learn how to train and care for dogs waiting to be rehomed. Within DTP sessions, there was significant improvement on a range of training tasks (n = 42 dogs). Analyses of videos (n = 17 dogs) in the kennels and a training barn pre- and post-DTP participation showed improvement in some positive behaviours, but no significant change in other behaviours. Subjective ratings by staff of the dogs’ behaviour were made (n = 20 dogs). Desirable behaviours (e.g., playful/friendly) increased, and most undesirable behaviours (e.g., frustrated and noisy) decreased. Participation in the DTP did not mitigate all negative behaviours. However, improvements are consistent with enhanced welfare and likelihood of successful rehoming. Prison-based DTPs can be effective in supporting the work of animal rescue organisations to improve outcomes for dogs, while offering people in custody an opportunity to engage in purposeful activity and provide a community service.

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Miller, Benjamin F., Sarah E. Ehrlicher, Joshua C. Drake, Frederick F. Peelor, Laurie M. Biela, Shannon Pratt-Phillips, Michael Davis y Karyn L. Hamilton. "Assessment of protein synthesis in highly aerobic canine species at the onset and during exercise training". Journal of Applied Physiology 118, n.º 7 (1 de abril de 2015): 811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00982.2014.

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Canis lupus familiaris, the domesticated dog, is capable of extreme endurance performance. The ability to perform sustained aerobic exercise is dependent on a well-developed mitochondrial reticulum. In this study we examined the cumulative muscle protein and DNA synthesis in groups of athletic dogs at the onset of an exercise training program and following a strenuous exercise training program. We hypothesized that both at the onset and during an exercise training program there would be greater mitochondrial protein synthesis rates compared with sedentary control with no difference in mixed or cytoplasmic protein synthesis rates. Protein synthetic rates of three protein fractions and DNA synthesis were determined over 1 wk using 2H2O in competitive Alaskan Huskies and Labrador Retrievers trained for explosive device detection. Both groups of dogs had very high rates of skeletal muscle protein synthesis in the sedentary state [Alaskan Huskies: Mixed = 2.28 ± 0.12, cytoplasmic (Cyto) = 2.91 ± 0.10, and mitochondrial (Mito) = 2.62 ± 0.07; Labrador Retrievers: Mixed = 3.88 ± 0.37, Cyto = 3.85 ± 0.06, and Mito = 2.92 ± 0.20%/day]. Mitochondrial (Mito) protein synthesis rates did not increase at the onset of an exercise training program. Exercise-trained dogs maintained Mito protein synthesis during exercise training when mixed (Mixed) and cytosolic (Cyto) fractions decreased, and this coincided with a decrease in p-RpS6 but also a decrease in p-ACC signaling. Contrary to our hypothesis, canines did not have large increases in mitochondrial protein synthesis at the onset or during an exercise training program. However, dogs have a high rate of protein synthesis compared with humans that perhaps does not necessitate an extra increase in protein synthesis at the onset of aerobic exercise training.

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