Tesis: "DISTRIBUTED GENERATION PLANNING"

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Huang, Yalin. "Electricity Distribution Network Planning Considering Distributed Generation". Licentiate thesis, KTH, Elektriska energisystem, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-141482.

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One of EU’s actions against climate change is to meet 20% of our energy needs from renewable resources. Given that the renewable resources are becoming more economical to extract electricity from, this will result in that more and more distributed generation (DG) will be connected to power distribution. The increasing share of DG in the electricity networks implies both increased costs and benefits for distribution system operators (DSOs), customers and DG producers. How the costs and benefits will be allocated among the actors will depend on the established regulation. Distribution networks are traditionally not designed to accommodate generation. Hence, increasing DG penetration is causing profound changes for DSOs in planning, operation and maintenance of distribution networks. Due to the unbundling between DSOs and electricity production, DSOs can not determine either the location or the size of DG. This new power distribution environment brings new challenges for the DSOs and the electric power system regulator. The DSOs are obliged to enable connection of DG meanwhile fulfilling requirements on power quality and adequate reliability. Moreover, regulatory implications can make potential DG less attractive. Therefore regulation should be able to send out incentives for the DSOs to efficiently plan the network to accommodate the increasing levels of DG. To analyze the effects of regulatory polices on network investments, risk analysis methods for integrating the DG considering uncertainties are therefore needed. In this work, regulation impact on network planning methods and network tariff designs in unbundled electricity network is firstly analyzed in order to formulate a realistic long-term network planning model considering DG. Photovoltaic (PV) power and wind power plants are used to demonstrate DG. Secondly, this work develops a deterministic model for low-voltage (LV) networks mainly considering PV connections which is based on the worst-case scenario. Dimension the network using worst-case scenario is the convention in the long-term electricity distribution network planning for the reliability and security reason. This model is then further developed into a probabilistic model in order to consider the uncertainties from DG production and load. Therefore more realistic operation conditions are considered and probabilistic constrains on voltage variation can be applied. Thirdly, this work develops a distribution medium-voltage (MV) network planning model considering wind power plant connections. The model obtains the optimal network expansion and reinforcement plan of the target network considering the uncertainties from DG production and load. The model is flexible to modify the constraints. The technical constraints are respected in any scenario and violated in few scenarios are implemented into the model separately. In LV networks only PV connections are demonstrated and in MV networks only wind power connections are demonstrated. The planning model for LV networks is proposed as a practical guideline for PV connections. It has been shown that it is simple to be implemented and flexible to adjust the planning constraints. The proposed planning model for MV networks takes reinforcement on existing lines, new connection lines to DG, alternatives for conductor sizes and substation upgrade into account, and considers non-linear power flow constraints as an iterative linear optimization process. The planning model applies conservative limits and probabilistic limits for increasing utilization of the network, and the different results are compared in case studies. The model’s efficiency, flexibility and accuracy in long-term distribution network planning problems are shown in the case studies.

QC 20140217

Elforsk Risknanlys II

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2

Liang, Wen-Ting. "Optimal Planning of the Distribution Network with Distributed Generation". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/15526.

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The deregulation of electricity market created a competitive market environment. For Distribution companies (DISCOs), how to maximize its profit is the primary purpose of this planning and operations. Therefore, to achieve the best economic and technical benefits, a DISCOs should determine where and how much DG units allow to install in the system. Distributed generation is a key component in the power market. There is a brief introduction of DG in this thesis including: the definition of DG, size and several often used DG types. The benefit and risk of DG which may bring to the power system also have been appropriately evaluated in this study. The review of literature of optimal size and location of DG in distribution system have shown that a number of economic and technical impacts have been considered in DG planning. The selection of the best places and the preferable size of DG units for installation in the distribution system is a complex combinatorial optimization problem. The various solution techniques along with various objective function and constraints for the optimal solution of the problem of size and location problem of DG are discussed and compared in this work. With the increasing of load demand, distributed generation becomes an attractive alternative method to supply the power in the distribution system. DG can not only help to defer the T&D investment but also bring benefits to environment protection. The technical benefit which can bring to the distribution system also cannot be ignored. Such as power loss reduction, voltage profile and power quality improvement. The impact of DG units on voltage stability has become significant. A review of the indices refers to voltage stability has been shown in this work and an index named voltage collapse proximity index (VCPI) was introduced and used in this work. This study proposed a planning framework for effective planning of DG units in the distribution system due to minimize total cost and enhance the voltage stability of the system. To achieve the purpose of minimizing the total cost and maximize the technical benefit of DG units to voltage stability, a multi-objective methodology to decide optimal locations and size of DG units. The total cost in the proposed planning model includes investment cost, operation and maintenance cost except the revenue from the utility grid. VCPI which is given in this study have been used in this model to identify the voltage stability of this system. The uncertainties associated with the load value, and generated power of renewable energy DG units also take a part in this study. A Monte Carlo simulation method has been introduced in this work to calculate the uncertainty because of probabilistic nature of renewable DG unit (WTs, PVs). The Pareto optimal set is found by using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm method and the final result is chosen by using the max-min method. An IEEE 33-bus distribution system with DG installation has been used to achieve the goals of minimum total cost and improvement of voltage stability.

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3

Su, Wencong. "Microgrid Modeling, Planning and Operation". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35843.

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As distributed generations and renewable energy are becoming the fastest growing segment of the energy industry, the technical issues and environmental impacts have to be studied and understood. The large number of small-scale Microgrid components with their own characteristics is a big challenge for Microgrid modeling, simulation, planning and operation.

The major goal of this thesis is to build a library of various Microgrid components. First of all, the thesis is going to present a detailed description of Microgrid models with moderate complexity. Next, it will present the modeling of loads, utility grid and transmission lines. Then, the paper will discuss the distributed generation models that have been developed in Matlab/Simulink including Diesel Engine, Fuel Cell, Micro Gas Turbine, Wind Turbine, Photovoltaic Cell, along with the detailed modeling of short-term storage (Battery, Pumped Hydro Storage, Flywheel, and Supercapacitor). In addition to steady-state study, the thesis will also discuss the hybrid sample systems that are built to investigate their transient responses.

To enhance the simulation performance, some improvements on modeling and simulation will be introduced as well. To accommodate the high demand of renewable energy and the environment policy, the planning and operation the of Micro-source generators has been studied using HOMER. Simulation results show a case study of an optimal microgrid configuration on Ontario area in Canada. Sensitivity variables are specified to examine the effect of uncertainties, especially in a long-term planning. Also, demand side management plays an important role in the operation of Microgrid. Based on raw data, case studies are carried out to investigate and validate the demand response methods. Finally, the philosophy for Microgrid protection, especially Time-delay overcurrent protection, will be briefly introduced in both gird-connected and islanding modes.
Master of Science

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4

Zamani, Iman. "Optimal distributed generation planning based on NSGA-II and MATPOWER". Thesis, Brunel University, 2015. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/11483.

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The UK and the world are moving away from central energy resource to distributed generation (DG) in order to lower carbon emissions. Renewable energy resources comprise a big percentage of DGs and their optimal integration to the grid is the main attempt of planning/developing projects with in electricity network. Feasibility and thorough conceptual design studies are required in the planning/development process as most of the electricity networks are designed in a few decades ago, not considering the challenges imposed by DGs. As an example, the issue of voltage rise during steady state condition becomes problematic when large amount of dispersed generation is connected to a distribution network. The efficient transfer of power out or toward the network is not currently an efficient solution due to phase angle difference of each network supplied by DGs. Therefore optimisation algorithms have been developed over the last decade in order to do the planning purpose optimally to alleviate the unwanted effects of DGs. Robustness of proposed algorithms in the literature has been only partially addressed due to challenges of power system problems such multi-objective nature of them. In this work, the contribution provides a novel platform for optimum integration of distributed generations in power grid in terms of their site and size. The work provides a modified non-sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA) based on MATPOWER (for power flow calculation) in order to find a fast and reliable solution to optimum planning. The proposed multi-objective planning tool, presents a fast convergence method for the case studies, incorporating the economic and technical aspects of DG planning from the planner‟s perspective. The proposed method is novel in terms of power flow constraints handling and can be applied to other energy planning problems.

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5

Alnaser, Sahban Wa'el Saeed. "Control of distributed generation and storage : operation and planning perspectives". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/control-of-distributed-generation-and-storage-operation-and-planning-perspectives(a937e071-4e6b-4a07-a196-031c3b23655f).html.

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Transition towards low-carbon energy systems requires an increase in the volume of renewable Distributed Generation (DG), particularly wind and photovoltaic, connected to distribution networks. To facilitate the connection of renewable DG without the need for expensive and time-consuming network reinforcements, distribution networks should move from passive to active methods of operation, whereby technical network constraints are actively managed in real time. This requires the deployment of control solutions that manage network constraints and, crucially, ensure adequate levels of energy curtailment from DG plants by using other controllable elements to solve network issues rather than resorting to generation curtailment only. This thesis proposes a deterministic distribution Network Management System (NMS) to facilitate the connections of renewable DG plants (specifically wind) by actively managing network voltages and congestion in real time through the optimal control of on-load tap changers (OLTCs), DG power factor and, then, generation curtailment as a last resort. The set points for the controllable elements are found using an AC Optimal Power Flow (OPF). The proposed NMS considers the realistic modelling of control by adopting one-minute resolution time-series data. To decrease the volumes of control actions from DG plants and OLTCs, the proposed approach departs from multi-second control cycles to multi-minute control cycles. To achieve this, the decision-making algorithm is further improved into a risk-based one to handle the uncertainties in wind power throughout the multi-minute control cycles. The performance of the deterministic and the risk-based NMS are compared using a 33 kV UK distribution network for different control cycles. The results show that the risk-based approach can effectively manage network constraints better than the deterministic approach, particularly for multi-minute control cycles, reducing also the number of control actions but at the expense of higher levels of curtailment. This thesis also proposes energy storage sizing framework to find the minimum power rating and energy capacity of multiple storage facilities to reduce curtailment from DG plants. A two-stage iterative process is adopted in this framework. The first stage uses a multi-period AC OPF across the studied horizon to obtain initial storage sizes considering hourly wind and load profiles. The second stage adopts a high granularity minute-by-minute control driven by a mono-period bi-level AC OPF to tune the first-stage storage sizes according to the actual curtailment. The application of the proposed planning framework to a 33 kV UK distribution network demonstrates the importance of embedding real-time control aspects into the planning framework so as to accurately size storage facilities. By using reactive power capabilities of storage facilities it is possible to reduce storage sizes. The combined active management of OLTCs and power factor of DG plants resulted in the most significant benefits in terms of the required storage sizes.

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6

Jones, Gavin Wesley. "Distribution system operation and planning in the presence of distributed generation technology". Diss., Rolla, Mo. : University of Missouri-Rolla, 2007. http://scholarsmine.umr.edu/thesis/pdf/Jones_09007dcc803b193d.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri--Rolla, 2007.
Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed November 16, 2007) Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-74).

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7

Ault, Graham W. "A planning and analysis framework for evaluating distributed generation and utility strategies". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2000. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21142.

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The numbers of smaller scale distributed power generation units connected to the distribution networks of electricity utilities in the UK and elsewhere have grown significantly in recent years. Numerous economic and political drivers have stimulated this growth and continue to provide the environment for future growth in distributed generation. The simple fact that distributed generation is independent from the distribution utility complicates planning and operational tasks for the distribution network. The uncertainty relating to the number, location and type of distributed generating units to connect to the distribution network in the future makes distribution planning a particularly difficult activity. This thesis concerns the problem of distribution network and business planning in the era of distributed generation. A distributed generation strategic analysis framework is proposed to provide the required analytical capability and planning and decision making framework to enable distribution utilities to deal effectively with the challenges and opportunities presented to them by distributed generation. The distributed generation strategic analysis framework is based on the best features of modem planning and decision making methodologies and facilitates scenario based analysis across many utility strategic options and uncertainties. Case studies are presented and assessed to clearly illustrate the potential benefits of such an approach to distributed generation planning in the UK electricity supply industry.

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8

Hagström, Emil. "Grid planning with a large amount of small scale solar power". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-199060.

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With an increasing interest for renewable power, photovoltaics (PV) have becomemore and more common in the distribution network. If a customer wants to install aPV system, or another type of distributed generation (DG), the distribution systemoperators (DSO) needs a good way to determine if it the grid can handle it or not. InSweden, a guideline to aid the DSO was published in 2011. However, this guidelineonly considers one connection without considering other DG units. This project isabout developing new guidelines for DG connections in grids with a large number ofDG units. Based on a literature study it has been concluded that one of the mostcritical issue is over-voltage, which is the main focus of this project. Two new methods have been developed; the first proposed method is based onneglecting reactance and losses in the grid, a simple linear relationship between thevoltage level, the resistance in the lines, and the installed power is obtained. Thisrelationship is then used to calculate the voltage level at critical points in the grid. Thesecond method is to find the weakest bus, with a connected DG unit. By assumingthat all power is installed at that point we get a very simple guideline; it is veryconservative but can be used before the first method. A simulation tool has been developed in order to analyze the voltage level in grids forvarious cases with connected DG units. The simulated results have proven that theproposed guidelines are, when considering voltage issues, very reliable and can beuseful. However, further work needs to be done to ensure that other problems donot occur.

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9

Wang, David Tse-Chi. "Incorporating distributed generation into distribution network planning : the challenges and opportunities for distribution network operators". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4621.

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Diversification of the energy mix is one of the main challenges in the energy agenda of governments worldwide. Technology advances together with environmental concerns have paved the way for the increasing integration of Distributed Generation (DG) seen over recent years. Combined heat and power and renewable technologies are being encouraged and their penetration in distribution networks is increasing. This scenario presents Distribution Network Operators (DNOs) with several technical challenges in order to properly accommodate DG developments. However, depending on various factors, such as location, size, technology and robustness of the network, DG might also be beneficial to DNOs. In this thesis, the impact of DG on network planning is analysed and the implications for DNOs in incorporating DG within the network planning process are identified. In the first part, various impacts of DG to the network, such as network thermal capacity release, security of supply and on voltage, are quantified through network planning by using a modified successive elimination method and voltage sensitivity analysis. The results would potentially assist DNOs in assessing the possibilities and effort required to utilise privately-owned DG to improve network efficiency and save investment. The quantified values would also act as a fundamental element in deriving effective distribution network charging schemes. In the second part, a novel balanced genetic algorithm is introduced as an efficient means of tackling the problem of optimum network planning considering future uncertainties. The approach is used to analyse the possibilities, potential benefits and challenges to strategic network planning by considering the presence of DG in the future when the characteristics of DG are uncertain.

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10

Madrazo, Vega Fernando. "Breaking barriers : an examination and recommendations regarding the role of clean distributed electricity generation in Mexico". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/113806.

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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 146-149).
Through the 2013 Energy Reform, the Law of Energy Transition, and the General Law of Climate Change, the policy makers in Mexico have aimed to lower electricity tariffs, generate 35% of electricity from clean energy sources by 2024, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 30% in 2020 and 50% in 2050 compared to greenhouse gas emissions in 2000. Furthermore, the 2013 Energy Reform aims to promote economic development and reduce electricity subsidies. In an effort to achieve these goals, policy makers have tried to diversify the country's electricity generation profile, including the promotion of clean distributed generation (DG) technologies. A broad cross section of governmental and non-governmental stakeholders has publicly supported these objectives; however, low domestic electricity prices, high system acquisition costs, and a lack of financing have and will continue to limit the deployment of clean DG systems in Mexico. Furthermore, deep penetration of clean distributed generation under current net metering policies and electricity tariff structures may actually undercut the effective operation of Mexico's electricity market by increasing operation costs and adding technical complexities to the electricity network. In this thesis, I make three short-term and one long-term recommendations to the Ministry of Energy and the Energy Regulatory Commission to promote the deployment of clean DG technologies beyond current barriers to entry and without adding economic and technical strain to the electricity industry. I recommend that these organizations (1) add clean DG to grid planning and develop a distributed energy resources strategy, (2) execute community-scale clean DG capacity auctions, (3) increase investment and financing opportunities for the public, and (4) modify electricity tariff structures and net metering policies. I hope these recommendations to the Ministry of Energy and the Energy Regulatory Commission will help the State achieve its energy policy and greenhouse gas emission reduction goals.
by Fernando Madrazo Vega.
M.C.P.

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11

Weerasinghe, Handuwala Dewage Dulan Jayanatha. "Planning optimal load distribution and maximum renewable energy from wind power on a radial distribution system". Diss., Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/28714.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Electrical and Computer Engineering
Ruth D. Miller
Optimizing renewable distributed generation in distribution systems has gained popularity with changes in federal energy policies. Various studies have been reported in this regard and most of the studies are based on optimum wind and/or solar generation planning in distribution system using various optimization techniques such as analytical, numerical, and heuristic. However, characteristics such as high energy density, relatively lower footprint of land, availability, and local reactive power compensation ability, have gained increased popularity for optimizing distributed wind generation (DWG) in distribution systems. This research investigated optimum distributed generation planning (ODGP) using two primary optimization techniques: analytical and heuristic. In first part of the research, an analytical optimization method called “Combined Electrical Topology (CET)” was proposed in order to minimize the impact of intentional structural changes in distribution system topology, in distributed generation/ DWG placement. Even though it is still rare, DWG could be maximized to supply base power demand of three-phase unbalanced radial distribution system, combined with distributed battery energy storage systems (BESS). In second part of this research the usage of DWG/BESS as base power generation, and to extend the ability to sustain the system in a power grid failure for a maximum of 1.5 hours was studied. IEEE 37-node, three-phase unbalanced radial distribution system was used as the test system to optimize wind turbines and sodium sulfide (NaS) battery units with respect to network real power losses, system voltage profile, DWG/BESS availability and present value of cost savings. In addition, DWG’s ability to supply local reactive power in distribution system was also investigated. Model results suggested that DWG/NaS could supply base power demand of a threephase unbalanced radial distribution system. In addition, DWG/NaS were able to sustain power demand of a three-phase unbalanced distribution system for 1.5 hours in the event of a power grid failure.

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12

Conner, Steven. "Automated distribution network planning with active network management". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28818.

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Renewable energy generation is becoming a major part of energy supply, often in the form of distributed generation (DG) connected to distribution networks. While growth has been rapid, there is awareness that limitations on spare capacity within distribution (and transmission) networks is holding back development. Developments are being shelved until new network reinforcements can be built, which may make some projects non-viable. Reinforcements are costly and often underutilised, typically only loaded to their limits for a few occasions during the year. In order to accommodate new DG without the high costs or delays, active network management (ANM) is being promoted in which generation and other network assets are controlled within the limits of the existing network. There is a great deal of complexity and uncertainty associated with developing ANM and devising coherent plans to accommodate new DG is challenging for Distribution Network Operators (DNOs). As such, there is a need for robust network planning tools that can explicitly handle ANM and which can be trusted and implemented easily. This thesis describes the need for and the development of a new distribution expansion planning framework that provides DNOs with a better understanding of the impacts created by renewable DG and the value of ANM. This revolves around a heuristic planning framework which schedules necessary upgrades in power lines and transformers associated with changes in demand as well as those driven by the connection of DG. Within this framework a form of decentralised, adaptive control of DG output has been introduced to allow estimation of the impact of managing voltage and power flow constraints on the timing and need for network upgrades. The framework is initially deployed using simple scenarios but a further advance is the explicit use of time series to provide substantially improved estimates of the levels of curtailment implied by ANM. In addition, a simplified approach to incorporating demand side management has been deployed to facilitate understanding of the scope and role this may play in facilitating DG connections.

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13

Tong, Shiqiong Miu Karen Nan. "Slack bus modeling for distributed generation and its impacts on distribution system analysis, operation and planning /". Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/1229.

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14

Cheng, Yongqiang. "Wireless mosaic eyes based robot path planning and control : autonomous robot navigation using environment intelligence with distributed vision sensors". Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4421.

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As an attempt to steer away from developing an autonomous robot with complex centralised intelligence, this thesis proposes an intelligent environment infrastructure where intelligences are distributed in the environment through collaborative vision sensors mounted in a physical architecture, forming a wireless sensor network, to enable the navigation of unintelligent robots within that physical architecture. The aim is to avoid the bottleneck of centralised robot intelligence that hinders the application and exploitation of autonomous robot. A bio-mimetic snake algorithm is proposed to coordinate the distributed vision sensors for the generation of a collision free Reference-snake (R-snake) path during the path planning process. By following the R-snake path, a novel Accompanied snake (A-snake) method that complies with the robot's nonholonomic constraints for trajectory generation and motion control is introduced to generate real time robot motion commands to navigate the robot from its current position to the target position. A rolling window optimisation mechanism subject to control input saturation constraints is carried out for time-optimal control along the A-snake. A comprehensive simulation software and a practical distributed intelligent environment with vision sensors mounted on a building ceiling are developed. All the algorithms proposed in this thesis are first verified by the simulation and then implemented in the practical intelligent environment. A model car with less on-board intelligence is successfully controlled by the distributed vision sensors and demonstrated superior mobility.

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15

Ng, Kwok-kei Simon y 吳國基. "Optimal planning and management of stochastic demand and renewable energy in smart power grid". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50434299.

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To combat global climate change, the reduction of carbon emissions in different industries, particularly the power industry, has been gradually moving towards a low-carbon profile to alleviate any irreversible damage to the planet and our future generations. Traditional fossil-fuel-based generation is slowly replaced by more renewable energy generation while it can be harnessed. However, renewables such as solar and wind are stochastic in nature and difficult to predict accurately. With the increasing content of renewables, there is also an increasing challenge to the planning and operation of the grid. With the rapid deployment of smart meters and advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), an emerging approach is to schedule controllable end-use devices to improve energy efficiency. Real-time pricing signals combined with this approach can potentially deliver more economic and environmental advantages compared with the existing common flat tariffs. Motivated by this, the thesis presents an automatic and optimal load scheduling framework to help balance intermittent renewables via the demand side. A bi-level consumer-utility optimization model is proposed to take marginal price signals and wind power into account. The impact of wind uncertainty is formulated in three different ways, namely deterministic value, scenario analysis, and cumulative distributions function, to provide a comprehensive modeling of unpredictable wind energy. To solve the problem in off-the-shelf optimization software, the proposed non-linear bi-level model is converted into an equivalent single-level mixed integer linear programming problem using the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker optimality conditions and linearization techniques. Numerical examples show that the proposed model is able to achieve the dual goals of minimizing the consumer payment as well as improving system conditions. The ultimate goal of this work is to provide a tool for utilities to consider the demand response model into their market-clearing procedure. As high penetration of distributed renewable energy resources are most likely applied to remote or stand-alone systems, planning such systems with uncertainties in both generation and demand sides is needed. As such, a three-level probabilistic sizing methodology is developed to obtain a practical sizing result for a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system. The first-level consists of three modules: 1) load demand, 2) renewable resources, and 3) system components, which comprise the fundamental elements of sizing the system. The second-level consists of various models, such as a Markov chain solar radiation model and a stochastic load simulator. The third-level combines reliability indices with an annualized cost of system to form a new objective function, which can simultaneously consider both system cost and reliability based on a chronological Monte Carlo simulation and particle swamp optimization approach. The simulation results are then tested and verified in a smart grid laboratory at the University of Hong Kong to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed model. In summary, this thesis has developed a comprehensive framework of demand response on variable end-use consumptions with stochastic generation from renewables while optimizing both reliability and cost. Smart grid technologies, such as renewables, microgrid, storage, load signature, and demand response, have been extensively studied and interactively modeled to provide more intelligent planning and management for the smart grid.
published_or_final_version
Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

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Farqui, Thiago Corrêa. "Modelo para avaliação de oportunidades de oferta de geração distribuída". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-20072011-091744/.

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A geração de energia elétrica através de grandes empreendimentos, sejam hídricos, térmicos ou nucleares demandam cada vez mais, grandes investimentos e longo período de tempo para início de operação. Em contrapartida, a demanda por este insumo básico para o desenvolvimento e manutenção da sociedade cresce cada vez a um ritmo mais acelerado. Visando atender a essa demanda, existe uma tendência global de instalar uma maior quantidade de pequenas unidades geradoras, ligadas diretamente à rede primária ou á rede secundária de distribuição. Tais unidades são usualmente denominadas de geração distribuída (GD) e dispersa (Gdd), respectivamente. Dentre as diversas vantagens obtidas por estas formas de geração poderá haver aumento da confiabilidade do sistema elétrico, a possibilidade de postergar investimentos necessários à rede de distribuição e a diversificação da matriz energética com maior possibilidade de uso de fontes renováveis de energia. A partir deste conceito foi desenvolvida uma metodologia, fundamentada na teoria de planejamento agregado, para identificar e quantificar potenciais unidades de geração distribuída na área da concessionária de distribuição de energia elétrica, avaliando os respectivos custos e benefícios de cada oportunidade. Por meio destes resultados é possível classificar e, conseqüentemente, priorizar as instalações com maior interesse tanto para o consumidor como, principalmente, para a concessionária local de distribuição de energia. De forma complementar, foram desenvolvidos modelos que possibilitem considerar a geração dispersa no planejamento da expansão dos sistemas de distribuição, bem como avaliar fatores que limitem sua expansão no Brasil. Este trabalho prioriza a análise sob ponto de vista da concessionária de energia elétrica, prática ainda não usual no Brasil, mas com grande potencial de aplicação.
The generation of electrical energy through large power plants (hydro, thermal or nuclear) demands, each time larger investments and high time to be ready for operation. In the other hand, the demand for electrical energy, that is so necessary for the development and maintenance of the society, is growing each day faster. Looking at the attendance of this demand, there is a global tendency to install a larger quantity of small generators, connected directly to the secondary or primary distribution grid of the electrical utility company. These units are known as distributed generation (GD) and dispersed generation (Gdd). Out of the many advantages through the use of distributed generation, the reliability growth in the electrical system, possibility of postpone necessary investments in the distribution network presents high importance and diversify the energetic matrix with the possibility of use renewable resources. From this concept, it was developed a routine, based on the theory of aggregated planning to identify and quantify potential units of distributed generation in the utility company area, evaluating the costs and benefits of each connection for the utility company. Through the results it will be possible the classification of the most interesting units, allowing the decision in conjoint between the consumer and the utility company. As a complement, it was developed mechanisms to make possible to consider disperse generation on the planning of distribution systems expansion. It was also made an evaluation of the factors that restrict the expansion of the disperse generation in Brazil. This thesis focus the analysis considering the utility company impacts, what is not used in Brazil but has a large potential of application.

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17

Rangel, Camilo Alberto Sepúlveda. "Modelo aproximado de sistemas de distribuição considerando geração distribuida e o efeito da tensão na carga". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/127892.

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Esta dissertação apresenta um modelo aproximado de rede desenvolvido para análise de sistemas de distribuição em regime permanente. O modelo é detalhado do ponto de vista matemático e teórico considerando a representação dos elementos em derivação da rede (cargas e geradores) e dos limites operacionais empregando aproximações lineares. A modelagem linear permite determinar de forma simples os valores das tensões e correntes do sistema, podendo ser empregada em problemas de otimização relacionados ao planejamento e expansão de sistemas de distribuição. A representação da carga considera a influência da variação da tensão, fator determinante nas redes de distribuição. Também é considerada a inclusão de geração distribuída (GD) sendo implementada para diferentes modos de operação, permitindo ainda a minimização das perdas para a barra onde a GD está alocada. Para validar a abordagem proposta, os resultados do modelo apresentado foram comparados em termos de tensões, correntes e perdas com resultados obtidos com o modelo convencional de fluxo de carga, solucionado pelo algoritmo de varredura. Os testes foram realizados em dois sistemas de distribuição conhecidos, um de 70 barras e um de 135 barras. Para o sistema de 70 barras foi avaliado o uso de diferentes modos de operação da GD. Finalmente, para o sistema de 135 barras foram comparados os resultados do modelo proposto com o fluxo de carga convencional caracterizando a GD como uma barra de tensão controlada (PV) para diversos valores de injeção ativa na barra selecionada. As conclusões confirmam a validade e as vantagens que o modelo desenvolvido neste trabalho proporciona.
This work presents an approximate model developed to the analysis of electrical distribution systems at steady state. Both mathematical and theoretical details are given considering the representation of the shunt elements (loads and generators) and the operating limits of the network, using linear approximations. The linear modeling adopted resulted in a simple way to determine the values of the voltages and currents of the system; further the model can be applied to optimization problems related to optimal operation and expansion planning of distribution systems. The load representation considers the influence of voltage variations, which play an important role in the distribution networks. This work also considers the inclusion of distributed generation (DG), which is assessed under several modes of operation, including one mode which allows to minimize the losses at the node where the DG is located. To validate the proposed approach, the results for two example networks, given in terms of voltages, currents and losses, were compared with corresponding results obtained with conventional load flow model, solved by the backward-forward sweep method. The examples networks used to test and validate the model are known distribution systems, one having 70 and the other 135 nodes. Regarding the system with 70 nodes, the inclusion of DG was studied for several operational modes. Finally, the system of 135 nodes were used to compare the results of the proposed model with the results of the conventional load flow; in this case, the GD was characterized as a controlled-voltage bar (PV) for various levels of active power injection into the bar where the GD is located. The conclusions show the validity and advantages of the proposed model.

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Ziari, Iman. "Planning of distribution networks for medium voltage and low voltage". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/46684/1/Iman_Ziari_Thesis.pdf.

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Determination of the placement and rating of transformers and feeders are the main objective of the basic distribution network planning. The bus voltage and the feeder current are two constraints which should be maintained within their standard range. The distribution network planning is hardened when the planning area is located far from the sources of power generation and the infrastructure. This is mainly as a consequence of the voltage drop, line loss and system reliability. Long distance to supply loads causes a significant amount of voltage drop across the distribution lines. Capacitors and Voltage Regulators (VRs) can be installed to decrease the voltage drop. This long distance also increases the probability of occurrence of a failure. This high probability leads the network reliability to be low. Cross-Connections (CC) and Distributed Generators (DGs) are devices which can be employed for improving system reliability. Another main factor which should be considered in planning of distribution networks (in both rural and urban areas) is load growth. For supporting this factor, transformers and feeders are conventionally upgraded which applies a large cost. Installation of DGs and capacitors in a distribution network can alleviate this issue while the other benefits are gained. In this research, a comprehensive planning is presented for the distribution networks. Since the distribution network is composed of low and medium voltage networks, both are included in this procedure. However, the main focus of this research is on the medium voltage network planning. The main objective is to minimize the investment cost, the line loss, and the reliability indices for a study timeframe and to support load growth. The investment cost is related to the distribution network elements such as the transformers, feeders, capacitors, VRs, CCs, and DGs. The voltage drop and the feeder current as the constraints are maintained within their standard range. In addition to minimizing the reliability and line loss costs, the planned network should support a continual growth of loads, which is an essential concern in planning distribution networks. In this thesis, a novel segmentation-based strategy is proposed for including this factor. Using this strategy, the computation time is significantly reduced compared with the exhaustive search method as the accuracy is still acceptable. In addition to being applicable for considering the load growth, this strategy is appropriate for inclusion of practical load characteristic (dynamic), as demonstrated in this thesis. The allocation and sizing problem has a discrete nature with several local minima. This highlights the importance of selecting a proper optimization method. Modified discrete particle swarm optimization as a heuristic method is introduced in this research to solve this complex planning problem. Discrete nonlinear programming and genetic algorithm as an analytical and a heuristic method respectively are also applied to this problem to evaluate the proposed optimization method.

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Vieira, Julio Cesar da Silva Freitas. "Planejamento de cenários adotando a metodologia Shell no setor de energia elétrica: visualizações da geração distribuída no Brasil". Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2013. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/4762.

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O futuro, com seus riscos e incertezas, pode ser apontado como um dos assuntos que mais gera receios nas organizações. Para lidar com essas situações, algumas empresas utilizam técnicas e metodologias já comprovadas pela academia, para se tornarem competitivas. Quando organizações apresentam situações de alto grau de incerteza, quantidade insuficiente de oportunidades, setor em mudança e problemas de comunição interna, a metodologia de planejamento de cenários prospectivos é a mais indicada. No referencial teórico, foram mapeadas as principais abordagens de cenários prospectivos, dando ênfase para a metodologia selecionada para a aplicação, a metodologia Shell, que possui histórico de utilização, literatura disponível pela própria Shell e poucos estudos de aplicação no Brasil. Para aplicação piloto desta metodologia, foi selecionada a empresa CEEE, que atende os mercados de geração, transmissão e distribuição de energia elétrica, fazendo parte de um setor que se encontra em mudanças no país. A área de estudos escolhidas para os cenários foi a Geração Distribuída (GD). A aplicação foi concluída com a visualização de dois cenários da Geração Distribuída em 2035, os cenários Personalidade e Alienação. Estas estórias foram inicialmente delimitadas para o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Porém no decorrer de suas construções, tiveram sua delimitação ampliada para o setor de energia elétrica brasileiro. As estórias dos cenários construídos neste estudo tiveram como principais forças motrizes as questões institucionais, ambientais e políticas, que resultaram em um cenário otimista e um pessimista. Um dos fatores críticos para o sucesso da GD no Brasil, apontado pelos cenários, é à evolução intelectual da população brasileira, uma força capaz de exigir seus direitos, melhores práticas e se opor as forças dominantes e hegemônicas no poder. Os resultados desta aplicação mostraram que a metodologia de planejamento de cenários apresentou sinais de contribuição para aprendizagem, criatividade, comunicação interna e auxílio no processo de tomada de decisões da organização, sendo indicada a utilização desta ferramenta. As análises finais desta pesquisa permitiram também a elaboração de uma lista com os Fatores Críticos para o Sucesso (FCS) da aplicação da metodologia de planejamento de cenários Shell.
The future with its risks and uncertainties could be rendered as one of the issues that generate more apprehension in organizations. In order to deal with this reality, some companies utilize academy proved techniques and methodologies in order to be competitive. When organizations face situations of high level of uncertainty, insufficient quantity of opportunities, constant changing business environment and problems with internal communication, the planning methodology for prospective scenarios is the most indicated. During the gathering of the theoretical reference, the main prospective scenarios approach came to light. The emphasis was given to the methodology selected for the application, the Shell methodology, which has a historical of utilizing such literature, which is made available by the company itself, as well as a few studies that are being applied in Brazil. As a pilot methodology exercise, the company CEEE has been selected. CEEE deals with the generation, distribution and transmission of electrical energy and is inserted in a sector facing a changing environment scenario. The study area that was chosen for the scenarios was Distributed Generation (DG). The application has completed with the visualization of two scenarios of Distributed Generation in Brazil at the 2035, Personalidade and Alienação scenarios. This stories were initially delimited to the Rio Grande do Sul state. However at the course of its buildings had extended its delimitation to the Brazilian electricity sector. The stories of the scenarios constructed in this study had as main driving forces, institutional, environmental and political issues, which resulted in an optimistic scenario and a pessimist. One of the critical factors for the success of DG in Brazil, as present at the scenarios, was the intellectual evolution of the Brazilian population, a force able to claim their rights, best practices and oppose the dominant and hegemonic forces of power. The results of the research have shown that the planning methodology for prospective scenarios showed signs to contribute to the learning, creativity stimulus and internal communication in the target company, as well as help the process of decision making in the organization, which indicates the utilization of this tool. The final analyzes of this study also contributed to the creation of a list with Critical Success Factors (CSF) influencing in the application of the Shell planning methodology for prospective scenarios.

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Araujo, Ricardo Augusto de 1982. "Algoritmos para o planejamento da operação de sistemas modernos de distribuição de energia elétrica = Algorithms for operation planning of modern electric distribution power systems". [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/259529.

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Orientador: Madson Cortes de Almeida
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação
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Resumo: O problema do planejamento da operação de redes de distribuição de energia elétrica consiste em determinar os ajustes para os taps dos transformadores e reguladores de tensão, para os bancos de capacitores e para as injeções de potências ativas e reativas dos geradores distribuídos e da subestação, obedecendo aos limites físicos e operacionais da rede, a fim de melhorar o seu desempenho. Este pode ser formulado como um problema de Fluxo de Potência Ótimo (FPO) bastante complexo, pois envolve fatores técnicos, como a regulação de tensão em regime permanente, e econômicos, como a redução de perdas e a valoração da energia fornecida por produtores independentes. Este trabalho propõe dois algoritmos para resolver o problema de planejamento da operação. No primeiro, é usado um algoritmo genético similar ao desenvolvido por Chu e Beasley, somado a um esquema especial de criação da população inicial. Este algoritmo pode prover soluções de boa qualidade e até mesmo a solução ótima global do problema. O segundo algoritmo é baseado na análise de sensibilidades e é capaz de encontrar soluções de boa qualidade a um custo computacional bastante inferior ao custo do algoritmo genético proposto. Além de poder ser aplicado no planejamento de curto-prazo da operação de modernas redes de distribuição de energia elétrica, os métodos propostos podem, por exemplo, auxiliar as concessionárias de energia elétrica na definição de condições para o estabelecimento de contratos com produtores independentes de energia. Os resultados apresentados, baseados nos sistemas de distribuição radiais de 34, 70 e 135 barras, mostram que os algoritmos propostos são promissores
Abstract: The distribution system operation planning stage is concerned with the determination of capacitor bank, transformer and voltage regulator settings. This must be accomplished considering active and reactive power injections of distributed generators and at the main substation, as well as physical and regulatory issues in order to improve the network performance. This is a quite complex Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problem because it involves technical factors such as steady state voltage regulation, economic factors such as losses reduction and energy bids from independent power producers. This work proposes two approaches to solve this operation planning problem. The first one uses a genetic algorithm similar to that developed by Chu and Beasley, however with a different strategy to create the initial population. This algorithm can provide good quality solutions and in some cases even optimal solutions. The second one is based on the use of sensitivities, where good quality solutions are obtained at low computing times, much lower than those obtained using the proposed genetic algorithm. Besides being applicable in short-term operation planning of distribution networks, the proposed methods could also assist the utility operator in setting up conditions for establishing contracts with independent power producers. The results presented here using radial distribution systems of 34, 70 and 135 buses demonstrated the potential of the proposed algorithms
Mestrado
Energia Eletrica
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

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Lima, Tayenne Dias de. "Programação estocástica aplicada ao planejamento de sistemas de distribuição considerando geração distribuída e emissões de CO2 /". Ilha Solteira, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/190794.

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Orientador: John Fredy Franco Baquero
Resumo: A presença de Geração Distribuída (GD) no Sistema de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica (SDEE) tem se incrementado nos últimos anos devido a mudanças na regulação e a incentivos governamentais, proporcionando benefícios técnicos e econômicos. Em particular, é esperado que a GD renovável (eólica ou solar) seja integrada adequadamente no SDEE, visando contribuir na redução de emissões de gases de efeito estufa. Entretanto, a presença da GD renovável, junto com suas inerentes incertezas, aumenta a complexidade no planejamento do SDEE. Diante do exposto, neste trabalho propõe-se um modelo de programação estocástica de dois estágios para o problema de planejamento da expansão do SDEE multi-período. As incertezas da geração renovável (associadas à irradiação solar e velocidade do vento) e demanda são representadas por meio de cenários. A função objetivo minimiza o valor presente líquido dos investimentos (subestações, circuitos, e alocação de GD), custo da energia, manutenção e operação, assim como o custo das emissões de CO2. A operação das unidades de GD é representada limitando a potência ativa/reativa que pode ser injetada segundo as curvas de capabilidade e restrições de fator de potência. O modelo proposto foi implementado na linguagem de modelamento AMPL e resolvido com o solver CPLEX. Testes utilizando um SDEE de 24 e 54 nós comprovam a eficiência do modelo.
Abstract: The presence of Distributed Generation (DG) in Electrical Distribution Systems (EDSs) has been increased in recent years due to changes in regulation and government incentives, leading to technical and economic benefits. In particular, renewable DG (wind or solar power) is expected to be properly integrated into the EDS, aiming to contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. However, the presence of renewable DG, along with its inherent uncertainties, increases the complexity in the planning of the EDS. In this context, this work proposes a two-stage stochastic programming model for the problem of EDSs expansion planning. The uncertainties of renewable generation (associated with solar irradiation and wind speed) and demand, are represented through scenarios. The objective function minimizes the net present value of investments (substations, circuits, and DG allocation), energy cost, maintenance and operation, as well as the cost of CO2 emissions. The operation of the DG units is represented by limiting the active/reactive power that can be injected according to capability curves and power factor constraints. The proposed model was implemented in the modeling language AMPL and solved with the solver CPLEX. Tests using a 24 and 54-nodes EDS prove the efficiency of the proposed model.
Mestre

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Benitez, Elias Emanuel. "Algoritmo heurístico construtivo aplicado ao planejamento de redes aéreas de média tensão com a alocação de geração distribuída". Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2017. http://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/3403.

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The solution to distribution networks expansion planning problem seeks to establish updates in the system so that it is able to supply the future demand obeying important criteria that represent the quality in the supply. Considering that in recent years the number of distributed generation connected to the system is increasing, contributing to the solution of some problems in the operation such as the high losses, the poor quality in the energy supplied, the low reliability that can be a reality, among others, this article presents a new algorithm to be applied to expansion planning of medium voltage overhead lines and which also has the ability to establish a plan for the connection of distributed generation in the network. Thus, the algorithm operates in two steps. In the first step of operation, a new topology is established for the network, which meets the future demand and respects the technical criteria that are necessary for electricity to be delivered to consumers with quality. In this process, the problem is represented by a nonlinear mathematical model whose objective function seeks to minimize the cost of network expansion and the constraints represent the physical laws that govern the power flow and ensure that future demand will be met with quality. In this operation step, the solution to the problem is constructed in an iterative way, where in each iteration a specialized sensitivity indicator uses the information obtained through the solution of the mathematical model to aid in decision making. This step of the algorithm ends when a radial topology for the system is determined. In the second step, the algorithm performs an evaluation in the established topology to indicate the capacity and the most interesting buses for connection of the Distributed Generation, seeking the best benefit for the operation of the network. In this process, the algorithm also takes advantage of the information obtained through the nonlinear mathematical model for the evaluation. Computacional tests with the new algorithm were performed considering data from systems available in the specialized literature to evaluate their performance. The results obtained through the simulations showed that the algorithm finds excellent solutions and a good convergence time.
A solução para o problema de Planejamento da Expansão de Redes de Distribuição busca por fazer atualizações no sistema para que este seja capaz de suprir a demanda futura obedecendo a critérios importantes que representam a qualidade do suprimento. Considerando que nos últimos anos o número de geração distribuída conectada ao sistema está aumentando, contribuindo para a solução de problemas que envolvem a operação do sistema, tais como, as perdas elétricas, a má qualidade da energia fornecida, a baixa confiabilidade, entre outros, este trabalho apresenta um novo algoritmo para ser aplicado ao problema de planejamento da expansão de linhas aéreas de média tensão e que também tem a capacidade de estabelecer um plano para a conexão de geração distribuída na rede. O algoritmo funciona em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa de execução, uma nova topologia radial é estabelecida para a rede, que atende a demanda futura e respeita os critérios técnicos necessários para que a eletricidade seja entregue aos consumidores com qualidade. Neste processo, o problema é representado por um modelo matemático não linear cuja função objetivo procura minimizar o custo de expansão da rede e as restrições representam as leis físicas que regem o fluxo de potência elétrica e garantem que a demanda futura seja atendida com qualidade, obedecendo aos limites de tensões estabelecidos para as barras e às capacidades de carregamento das linhas. Nesta etapa de execução, a solução do problema é construída de forma iterativa, onde em cada iteração um indicador de sensibilidade especializado usa a informação obtida através da solução do modelo matemático para auxiliar na tomada de decisão. Esta etapa do algoritmo termina quando uma topologia radial para o sistema é determinada. Na segunda etapa de execução, o algoritmo realiza uma avaliação na topologia estabelecida para indicar a capacidade da geração distribuída e a barra do sistema para sua conexão, buscando o melhor benefício para a operação da rede. Neste processo, o algoritmo também aproveita as informações obtidas através do modelo matemático não linear para esta avaliação. Testes computacionais com o novo algoritmo foram realizados considerando sistemas testes disponíveis na literatura especializada para avaliar o seu desempenho. Os resultados obtidos através das simulações mostraram que o algoritmo encontra excelentes soluções em tempos de convergência satisfatórios.

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Azzolin, Herton Naressi. "Mapeamento e priorização de fontes de geração distribuída como suporte ao novo planejamento da distribuição". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2015. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8562.

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Despite the growing movement of the share of renewable sources in the global energy matrix, the weight of sources such as natural gas, coal and petroleum derivatives is considerably significant. In this respect, the need for diversification of the energy matrix is evident and urgent, mainly due to the growing demand for energy, and requires appropriate planning of the matrix transition process in order to attend the growing demand on a sustainable basis and in a balanced way. Being the Distributed Generation (DG) a viable and real alternative to contribute to this scenario favorably, beyond the amount of intrinsic variables to DG that can impact positively or negatively on the electrical system, the development of methods and tools to support the usual techniques of planning need to be reviewed. In this sense, it is proposed in this study a methodology for mapping and prioritizing of DG sources from renewable resources, to support the new perspective of distribution planning. The focus is given to the wind power, photovoltaic, hydro and biomass, dealt in the current literature as the most promising for diversification of energy sources. The methodology includes the realization of a mapping of available energy resources in an enclosed area for study, indicating the most favorable places of exploitation. Documents already established concerning energy potential, such as atlas and energy balances, are used as reference information for the mapping. Once mapped the resources available, it is estimated the energy capacity that they represent, through methods and equations which consider the main variables to estimate the potential of each source. The methodology also includes a step of prioritization of mapped sources from multiple quantitative and qualitative criteria, to indicate the best form of participation of them in two different perspectives of analysis. The first one under the point of view of electric utilities, with the focus on the potential use to support the system expansion and operation, and the second one from the perspective of investors, aimed at exploitation the potential for expansion of its generation mix. For the multi-criteria approach of prioritizing the sources it is used the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The modeling is applied as a case study from the area of operation of a electric utility in the state of Rio Grande do Sul.
Apesar do movimento crescente da participação de renováveis na matriz energética global, o peso de fontes como gás natural, carvão e derivados do petróleo é consideravelmente significativo. Neste aspecto, a necessidade de diversificação da matriz elétrica é notória e urgente, principalmente pela demanda crescente por energia, e requer um planejamento adequado do processo de transição da matriz, de modo a atender o crescimento de demanda em bases sustentáveis e de forma equilibrada. Sendo a Geração Distribuída (GD) uma alternativa viável e concreta para contribuir favoravelmente com esse cenário, e ainda, considerando a quantidade de variáveis intrínsecas à GD que podem impactar positiva ou negativamente no sistema elétrico, o desenvolvimento de métodos e ferramentas para suporte às técnicas usuais de planejamento precisam ser revistos. Neste sentido, propõe-se nesse estudo uma metodologia para mapeamento e priorização de fontes de GD a partir de recursos renováveis para suporte à nova ótica de planejar a distribuição. O foco é dado para as fontes eólica, fotovoltaica, hídrica e biomassa, abordadas na literatura atual como as mais promissoras para diversificação da matriz energética. A metodologia contempla a realização de um mapeamento dos recursos energéticos disponíveis em uma área delimitada para estudo, indicando os pontos mais favoráveis de aproveitamento. Utilizam-se como referências de informações para o mapeamento, documentos já consolidados relativos ao potencial energético, tais como, atlas e balanços energéticos. Uma vez mapeado os recursos disponíveis, estima-se a capacidade energética que os mesmos representam, através de métodos e equacionamentos que consideram as variáveis principais de estimação do potencial de cada fonte. A metodologia contempla ainda a etapa de priorização das fontes mapeadas, a partir de múltiplos critérios de ordem quantitativa e qualitativa, de modo a indicar a melhor forma de participação das fontes em duas perspectivas distintas de análise. A primeira sob o ponto de vista da distribuidora, com o foco no aproveitamento do potencial para suporte à expansão e operação do sistema, e a segunda sob a ótica dos investidores, voltada para o aproveitamento do potencial para expansão do seu mix de geração. Para a abordagem multicritério de priorização das fontes utiliza-se o método Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). A modelagem é aplicada a partir de um estudo de caso desenvolvido na área de atuação de uma distribuidora de energia do estado do Rio Grande do Sul.

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Hoffman, Dana M. C. "FINANCING PUBLIC SOLAR PROJECTS: CALIFORNIA PUBLIC JURISDICTIONS’ EXPERIENCES IN ACQUIRING AND FINANCING SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC INSTALLATIONS". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1045.

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More efficient technologies, state laws as well as environmental, social, and political pressures have all contributed to placing solar acquisition on the agenda for California’s public entities over the last half decade. But a key question for these frequently cash-strapped jurisdictions is how to utilize public dollars and lands, and how to leverage incentives to obtain solar PVs. As an alternative to outright purchase, a promising financing option made available to jurisdictions in recent years is ownership by a third party, usually the solar company, including various forms of Power Purchase Agreements (PPA’s) and leasing. Due in part to state and federal incentives available between 2007 and 2012, these third-party provider (TPP) options have been used with increasing frequency; TPP arrangements accounted for “virtually all” larger and mid-size non-residential installations in 2008 (Sherwood 2008). A number of California’s early adopters of third-party financing have installations that have now been operational for several years. Consequently, there is a new opportunity to evaluate third-party financing effectiveness. This thesis reviews solar acquisition practices in California over the last six years, comparing financing options through document analysis and feedback from jurisdiction staff. It finds that directly buying installations has provided a slight advantage in direct savings and overall satisfaction for jurisdictions on average, but success generally depends upon the jurisdiction having secured upfront capital, usually from successfully accessing very low-interest loans or large grants. TPP projects have provided a good alternative to direct purchase, resulting in significant savings and positive reviews from jurisdictions, allowing them to invest in larger installation sizes, and to meet local policy goals or mandates. Additionally, this thesis makes observations about the limitations for installation sizing, impacts of siting on savings, tips for selecting a solar installer, the benefits of cooperative procurement arrangements, and the relative importance of existing and expired monetary incentives available for solar from 2006 through 2020.

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Santos, Nicholas Eduardo Lopes dos. "Planejamento da expansão de sistema de distribuição considerando redução de cenários de demanda e geração distribuída". Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2018. http://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/3909.

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Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Estado do Paraná (FA)
Traditionally, the maximum demand forecast in the planning horizon is used to determine the additions and reinforcements required for the expansion of a distribution system. The alternatives obtained with this model are considered overestimated because it considers a constant demand behavior along the planning horizon. Therefore, the search for a better representation of the demand in the planning models has been carried out, among them, the scenarios reduction based on clustering. This paper presents an analysis about the possibility of obtaining alternatives of expansion of lower cost in the planning of a distribution system representing the demand to be met and the distributed generation that can not be dispatched by more than one level. It is based on a planning model that considers a better representation of the load and generation that is solved through classical optimization techniques. The scenario reduction, used in the model, is based on levels groups that are defined and obtained whith k-means algorithm application. In addition to presenting expansion alternatives for different levels groups, it also shows that the processing times resulting from the combinatorial problem are acceptable.
Tradicionalmente, utiliza-se a demanda máxima prevista no horizonte de planejamento para determinar as adições e reforços necessários para a expansão de um sistema de distribuição. As alternativas obtidas com esse modelo são consideradas superestimadas, pois considera um comportamento de demanda constante ao longo do horizonte de planejamento. Diante disso, a busca por uma melhor representação da demanda nos modelos de planejamento tem sido realizada, dentre elas, a redução de cenários baseada em clusterização. Este trabalho apresenta uma análise sobre a possibilidade de obtenção de alternativas de expansão de menor custo no planejamento de um sistema de distribuição representando a demanda a ser atendida e a geração distribuída não despachável por mais de um patamar. Ela baseia-se em um modelo de planejamento que considera uma melhor representação da carga e da geração que seja resolvido através de técnicas de otimização clássica. A redução de cenários, utilizada no modelo, é baseada em grupos de patamares aos quais são definidos e obtidos com a aplicação do algoritmo k-médias. Além de apresentar alternativas de expansão para diferentes grupos de patamares, também mostra que os tempos de processamento, resultantes do problema combinatorial, são aceitáveis.

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Barin, Alexandre. "Metodologia para a análise dos efeitos da geração distribuída sobre as características operacionais dos sistemas de distribuição utilizando técnicas multicriteriais". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2007. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8444.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Nowadays, the Brazilian electric systems need the development of new researches and tools, in order to obtain a logic solution to maintain and improve the reliability and the quality of the power delivered to customers. Therefore, the study of the appropriate connection of distributed generation sources is an essential topic to be analyzed, since this process may provide positive impacts along the feeders. An appropriate DG site is an important aspect mentioned in the PRODIST (Proceedings of Electric Energy Distribution on Electrical National System), inside section 3. For now, the PRODIST is just an orientating tool established by the ANEEL - National Regulatory Agency of Electric Energy. It is important to observe that after the approval of PRODIST, this tool will be the standard for several processes considering planning and operation of distribution systems in Brazil. During the development of this work the main types of distributed energy sources were presented in order to observe their characteristics and their applications on distributions networks. Besides, the main effects of the DG operation inside three distribution system models were analyzed through the software DigSilent®, considering power losses and voltage levels. Moreover, this study intends to perform a multi-objective analysis defining some quantitative and qualitative parameters evaluated by specific softwares, according to the types of parameters. It is important to emphasize that the appropriate choice of these parameters is essential to support the final results, since a wrong choice or a lacking of an import parameter may provide undesirable outputs. These parameters were applied on the Bellman-Zadeh algorithm and the membership fuzzy functions, in order to find the appropriate DG site inside a distribution system model. These two methods are described separately. However, the methods are applied on a practical example together. Therefore it is possible to analyze the main characteristics of each method, emphasizing its applications on the multi-objective analysis. The developed methodology intends to provide positive effects in distribution networks and also work towards the planning of distribution systems. It is important to observe that the methodology presented in this study may be applied to distribution system feeders to find in which feeder will be the most appropriate DG location, and to any node inside a determined feeder providing a specific place for the appropriate DG site.
Avaliando o momento atual do setor elétrico brasileiro, percebe-se a crescente necessidade de se encontrar novos caminhos para o avanço dos setores de distribuição de energia elétrica. Desta forma a inserção de fontes de geração distribuída (GD) apresenta-se como uma alternativa estratégica para o desenvolvimento do sistema energético brasileiro. A adequada localização das fontes de GD é um importante aspecto citado nos Procedimentos de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica no Sistema Elétrico Nacional (PRODIST) Módulo 3, sendo este um instrumento orientativo criado pela Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL). Durante o desenvolvimento deste trabalho foram pesquisados os principais tipos de fontes de geração distribuída com o objetivo de avaliar as características e aplicações das mesmas. Além disso, foram observadas as principais conseqüências da conexão de fontes de GD em três protótipos de sistemas de distribuição, considerando perdas de potência e níveis de tensão, simulados através do software DigSilent®. Com base em uma análise multicriterial foram definidos parâmetros quantitativos e qualitativos, avaliados previamente através de softwares específicos para cada tipo de parâmetro. Deve-se observar a importância da correta escolha destes parâmetros, pois a ausência de um único parâmetro, que possua uma elevada importância para o sistema em questão, pode comprometer a validade dos resultados obtidos. Estes parâmetros foram aplicados em uma metodologia utilizando o algoritmo de Bellman-Zadeh e os conjuntos fuzzy, com o objetivo de encontrar a localização mais adequada de uma fonte de geração distribuída em um sistema de distribuição. Estes dois métodos serão descritos separadamente e avaliados de forma conjunta, visando estabelecer suas principais características a suas diferentes aplicações em análises multicriteriais. A metodologia desenvolvida neste estudo visa o correto desenvolvimento dos sistemas de distribuição de média tensão, contribuindo para futuros planejamentos deste sistema. Outro importante fato a ser observado é que a metodologia proposta neste estudo pode ser aplicada tanto na análise de um sistema de distribuição com intuito de determinar qual é o alimentador mais adequado a se instalar a fonte de GD, quanto na análise de determinados alimentadores buscando especificamente qual é o local dentro de cada alimentador onde deve ser instalada a fonte de GD.

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Home, Ortiz Juan Manuel. "Análise comparativa de um modelo de programação convexa e meta-heurística para o planejamento de redes de distribuição de energia elétrica com fontes de geração distribuída renováveis e não renováveis /". Ilha Solteira, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/180928.

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Orientador: José Roberto Sanches Mantovani
Resumo: Neste trabalho propõem-se formulações matemáticas e metodologias para resolver o problema de planejamento da expansão e operação de sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica de longo prazo com instalação de geração distribuída despachável, renovável e dispositivos armazenadores de energia, considerando as incertezas nos parâmetros e variáveis envolvidas no comportamento do sistema. No modelo de otimização desenvolvido considera- se uma formulação com espaço de busca convexo como um problema de programação cônica inteira de segunda ordem. Como primeira metodologia de solução para o modelo matemático proposto, usam-se solvers de otimização comerciais através de linguagem de programação matemática. Em segundo lugar é proposta a técnica de otimização meta-heurística VND combinada com um solver de otimização para resolver o modelo de otimização desenvolvido. Os algoritmos e modelos matemáticos de otimização usados para resolver o planejamento de sistemas de distribuição são implementados em AMPL e testados em sistemas presentes na literatura. Finalmente são comparadas as metodologias segundo a solução obtida e desempenho em tempo computacional.
Abstract: This work proposes mathematical formulations and methodologies to solve the long-term electric power distribution system operation and expansion planning with distributed renewable energy sources and energy storage devices, considering the uncertainties in the involved parameters and variables in the system behavior. In the developed optimization model, a convex formulation is considered as integer second-order conic programming problem. The first solution methodology for the proposed mathematical model, the commercial optimization solvers that uses mathematical modelling language is used. In the second way, the VND meta-heuristic optimization technique is proposed combined with the optimization solver to analyze the obtained solutions of the search through optimal neighborhoods. The mathematical optimization model and the proposed algorithm used to solver the planning of distribution systems are implemented in AMPL and tested in literature’s systems. Finally, the methodologies according to the obtained solution and computational time performance are compared.
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Chuma, Cerbantes Marcel [UNESP]. "Planejamento da operação de sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica com geradores distribuídos". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/150298.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Neste trabalho propõe-se o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta computacional para o planejamento da operação de curto prazo de sistemas de distribuição com geração distribuída (GD) considerando uma abordagem probabilística. Uma modelagem sequencial formulada com base na perspectiva das companhias de distribuição (DisCos) é proposta. As decisões operacionais da DisCo são inicialmente otimizadas no estágio de operação day-ahead (DA) e, então, na operação real-time (RT). A operação DA visa maximizar a diferença entre a energia vendida aos consumidores e as compras realizadas no mercado de eletricidade atacadista e da GD, ou seja, os lucros. No estágio RT, busca-se a minimização dos ajustes necessários para acomodar os desvios das quantidades previstas no planejamento DA. Modelos de cargas dependentes de tensão e restrições relacionadas à demanda são explicitamente formulados. A rede é representada através de equações de fluxo de potência AC completo. Propõe-se ainda a incorporação de um mecanismo para precificação nodal de potência reativa. Os modelos resultantes são caracterizados como programas de otimização matemática multiperíodo de grande porte não lineares e não convexos com variáveis contínuas e discretas. Um algoritmo pseudodinâmico baseado na meta-heurística Busca Tabu (BT) é proposto para solução do problema resultante de maneira eficaz, sem linearizações. Os resultados obtidos para alimentadores de distribuição de 69 e 135 barras ilustram a eficiência da metodologia proposta.
In this work, we propose a solution solution procedure for the short-term operation planning of distribution systems with distributed generation (DG) considering a probabilistic approach. A sequential formulation based on the distribution company's (DisCo's) perspective is presented. The DisCo’s operational decisions are optimized first in a day-ahead (DA) operation stage, and then in real-time (RT). The DA operation maximizes the difference between the energy sold to customers and the purchases from the wholesale electricity market and distributed generators. In RT, the objective is to minimize the adjustments that are required to accommodate deviations from forecasted quantities. The voltage-sensitiveness of power load injections and demand related constraints are explicitly formulated. The network is modeled using full ac power flow equations. In addition, a nodal-based reactive power pricing mechanism is proposed to be incorporated in the formulation. The resulting models are characterized as large-scale non-linear non-convex mathematical programs with continuous and discrete variables. A pseudo-dynamic Tabu Search (TS)-based solution algorithm is used to tackle the problem in an effective manner, without linearizations. Numerical results from the 69-bus and 135-bus distribution test feeders illustrate the performance of the proposed approach.
FAPESP: 2013/13070-7
FAPESP: 2014/22314-0

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Chuma, Cerbantes Marcel. "Planejamento da operação de sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica com geradores distribuídos /". Ilha Solteira, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/150298.

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Orientador: José Roberto Sanches Mantovani
Resumo: Neste trabalho propõe-se o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta computacional para o planejamento da operação de curto prazo de sistemas de distribuição com geração distribuída (GD) considerando uma abordagem probabilística. Uma modelagem sequencial formulada com base na perspectiva das companhias de distribuição (DisCos) é proposta. As decisões operacionais da DisCo são inicialmente otimizadas no estágio de operação day-ahead (DA) e, então, na operação real-time (RT). A operação DA visa maximizar a diferença entre a energia vendida aos consumidores e as compras realizadas no mercado de eletricidade atacadista e da GD, ou seja, os lucros. No estágio RT, busca-se a minimização dos ajustes necessários para acomodar os desvios das quantidades previstas no planejamento DA. Modelos de cargas dependentes de tensão e restrições relacionadas à demanda são explicitamente formulados. A rede é representada através de equações de fluxo de potência AC completo. Propõe-se ainda a incorporação de um mecanismo para precificação nodal de potência reativa. Os modelos resultantes são caracterizados como programas de otimização matemática multiperíodo de grande porte não lineares e não convexos com variáveis contínuas e discretas. Um algoritmo pseudodinâmico baseado na meta-heurística Busca Tabu (BT) é proposto para solução do problema resultante de maneira eficaz, sem linearizações. Os resultados obtidos para alimentadores de distribuição de 69 e 135 barras ilustram a eficiência da metodologia pro... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
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Machado, Larissa Andreia Wagner. "Análise do impacto de parâmetros regulatórios e de mercado no planejamento da expansão de sistemas de distribuição com geração distribuída". Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2013. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1068.

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The introduction of distributed generation (DG) in distribution systems should cause a paradigm change on the expansion planning. Few authors have been concerned about evaluating the long term impact caused by these local power sources in the distribution networks. Therefore, this paper proposes the extension of an expansion planning model for distribution systems, to include the DG problem in different regulation scenarios. The model is used to analyze the DG insertion impact in the expansion planning, as well as the impact of the regulation and market parameters associated to it. It was verified through simulation and analysis that, under the conditions established during the study, the DG may bring planning benefits, reducing the overall network expansion cost. Nevertheless, the regulation scenario and the market conditions might have a great impact on the benefits due to the DG presence.
A introdução da geração distribuída (GD) nos sistemas de distribuição deve provocar uma mudança nos paradigmas do planejamento da expansão. Poucos autores se preocuparam em avaliar qual pode ser o impacto no longo prazo da presença dessas fontes locais de potência nas redes de distribuição. Dessa forma, este trabalho propõe a ampliação de um modelo do planejamento da expansão de sistemas de distribuição, para incluir o problema da GD em diferentes cenários regulatórios. O modelo é utilizado para analisar o impacto da inserção da GD no planejamento da expansão, bem como o impacto de parâmetros regulatórios e de mercado associados a ela. Verificou-se através de simulações e análise que, sob as condições estabelecidas durante o estudo, a GD pode trazer benefícios ao planejamento, reduzindo o custo total da expansão com a rede. Porém, o cenário regulatório e as condições de mercado podem ter um grande impacto nos benefícios percebidos devido à presença da GD.

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Hernández, Tannia Karina Vindel. "Uma proposta de integração da geração distribuída, por meio das usinas virtuais, ao sistema elétrico do Estado de São Paulo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/106/106131/tde-21052015-164508/.

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Esta dissertação apresenta uma contribuição aos estudos de planejamento do sistema elétrico do Estado de São Paulo, ressaltando os benefícios que se obteria, com uma maior integração das fontes renováveis à matriz elétrica desse estado (notadamente as fontes de energia solar fotovoltaica, eólica, aproveitamento dos resíduos sólidos urbano RSU e vinhaça), visando o aumento da segurança e independência energética, redução de perdas, e benefícios ambientais. Para tanto, apresenta-se o conceito das usinas virtuais, cujo propósito é obter um melhor e maior aproveitamento dos recursos energéticos normalmente dispersos espacialmente - incluindo nesse rol a microgeração distribuída, a autoprodução e cogeração, e mesmo as fontes não renováveis que se encontram perto dos centros de consumo - com o objetivo de coordenar o seu funcionamento conjunto para satisfazer os requisitos da demanda de energia, por meio do uso da Tecnologia da Informação e Telecomunicações ou das Redes Inteligentes (Smart Grid), e, além disso, configurando a usina virtual de maneira que ela atue , no que diz respeito ao sistema interconectado de energia elétrica, rede de transmissão ou distribuição, como se fosse uma planta de geração de grande porte. Apresenta-se uma análise e projeções da operação e do suprimento do subsistema Sudeste/Centro Oeste (SE/CO), com foco especial no Sistema Elétrico do Estado de São Paulo, com suas interações com o SIN.
This Thesis presents contributions for the planning of the electrical system of São Paulo State Brazil, emphasizing benefits obtained with a better integration of renewables (mainly solar photovoltaics, wind energy, from municipal solid waste and sugarcane vinasse) aiming energy security and independence, loss reduction and environmental benefits. For this, the concept of VPP Virtual Power Plant is introduced, in which a better and broader use of energetic resources, geographically dispersed, including distributed microgeneration, autoproduction, cogeneration, and even nonrenewable sources, is facilitated. Those disperse energy resources, in general located near the consumer, are grouped and jointly managed, in order of to satisfy the demand requirements, using Smart Grid and Information and Telecommunication Technologies, and making the VPP to act, for the transmission or distribution system point of view, as a conventional large electrical power plant. An analysis and forecasts of the operation of the Brazilian Southeast/Center West (SE/CO) subsystem, with special focus on São Paulo State electrical system, and its interactions with the Brazilian Interconnected Electrical System (SIN), is presented.

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Rupolo, Diogo [UNESP]. "Planejamento integrado de redes de distribuição de energia elétrica com fontes renováveis de geração distribuída na média e baixa tensão". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151582.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Neste trabalho propõem-se metodologias para realizar o planejamento de sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica de média tensão (MT), baixa tensão (BT) e o planejamento integrado de sistemas de média e baixa tensão (MT/BT). Nos modelos de funções objetivos considerados minimizam-se os custos associados à construção, expansão, operação e confiabilidade das redes de MT, BT e MT/BT, considerando a presença de geradores distribuídos e variáveis de natureza estocástica. A geração distribuída presente no planejamento de sistemas de distribuição é avaliada através de metodologias de geração de cenários e análise de risco. Como método de busca de soluções para o problema de planejamento dos sistemas de distribuição é proposta a meta-heurística de busca em vizinhança variável GVNS (General Variable Neighborhood Search). A meta-heurística GVNS trabalha com uma série de estruturas de vizinhanças que permitem explorar o espaço de busca de forma eficiente através dos critérios de diversificação e intensificação, aumentando a probabilidade de obter soluções que não sejam ótimos locais. No planejamento integrado MT/BT, as soluções obtidas são analisadas através de um fluxo de potência integrado entre as redes de MT e BT, considerando as relações de conexão dos transformadores entre estes sistemas. Os algoritmos propostos relacionados ao planejamento de sistemas MT, BT e MT/BT são implementados em linguagem de programação C++ e testado em diferentes sistemas testes de MT (54 barras e 182 barras), BT (76 barras) e MT/BT (172 e 412 barras), sob diferentes cenários operacionais.
This work proposes methodologies for the planning of medium voltage (MV), low voltage (LV), and integrated planning of medium and low voltage (MV/LV) systems. In the objective function models are considered the costs associated with the construction, expansion, operation and reliability of MV, LV and integrated MV/LV networks. Distributed generators and stochastic variables are also considered in the models. The distributed generation present in the planning of distribution systems is evaluated through methodologies of scenario generation and risk analysis. As a method of finding solutions to the problem of distribution system planning, the GVNS metaheuristic (General Variable Neighborhood Search) is proposed. The metaheuristic GVNS works with a series of neighborhood structures that allow to explore the search space efficiently through diversification and intensification criteria, increasing the probability of obtaining solutions that are not local optimum. In integrated MV/LV planning, the solutions obtained are analyzed through an integrated power flow between the MV and LV networks, considering the connection ratios of the transformers between these systems. The proposed algorithms related to the planning of MV, LV and integrated MV/LV systems are implemented in C ++ programming language and tested in different distribution systems, MV (54 and 182 bus), LV (76 bus) and MV/LV (172 and 412 bus), under different operating scenarios.

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Rupolo, Diogo. "Planejamento integrado de redes de distribuição de energia elétrica com fontes renováveis de geração distribuída na média e baixa tensão /". Ilha Solteira, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151582.

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Orientador: Jose Sanches Mantovani
Resumo: Neste trabalho propõem-se metodologias para realizar o planejamento de sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica de média tensão (MT), baixa tensão (BT) e o planejamento integrado de sistemas de média e baixa tensão (MT/BT). Nos modelos de funções objetivos considerados minimizam-se os custos associados à construção, expansão, operação e confiabilidade das redes de MT, BT e MT/BT, considerando a presença de geradores distribuídos e variáveis de natureza estocástica. A geração distribuída presente no planejamento de sistemas de distribuição é avaliada através de metodologias de geração de cenários e análise de risco. Como método de busca de soluções para o problema de planejamento dos sistemas de distribuição é proposta a meta-heurística de busca em vizinhança variável GVNS (General Variable Neighborhood Search). A meta-heurística GVNS trabalha com uma série de estruturas de vizinhanças que permitem explorar o espaço de busca de forma eficiente através dos critérios de diversificação e intensificação, aumentando a probabilidade de obter soluções que não sejam ótimos locais. No planejamento integrado MT/BT, as soluções obtidas são analisadas através de um fluxo de potência integrado entre as redes de MT e BT, considerando as relações de conexão dos transformadores entre estes sistemas. Os algoritmos propostos relacionados ao planejamento de sistemas MT, BT e MT/BT são implementados em linguagem de programação C++ e testado em diferentes sistemas testes de MT (54 barras e 182... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
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34

Thomson, Grant. "Community small scale wind farms for New Zealand: a comparative study of Austrian development, with consideration for New Zealand’s future wind energy development". Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/961.

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In New Zealand, the development of wind energy is occurring predominantly at a large scale level with very little opportunity for local people to become involved, either financially or conceptually. These conditions are creating situations of conflict between communities and wind energy developers – and are limiting the potential of the New Zealand wind energy industry. The inception of community ownership in small scale wind farms, developed in Europe in the late 20th Century, has helped to make a vital connection between wind energy and end users. Arguably, community wind farms are able to alleviate public concerns of wind energy’s impact on landscapes, amongst a wide range of other advantages. In Austria, community wind farms have offered significant development opportunities to local people, ushered in distributed generation, and all the while increasing the amount of renewable energy in the electricity mix. This thesis investigates whether community small scale wind (SSW) farms, such as those developed in Austria, are a viable and feasible option for the New Zealand context. The approach of this thesis examines the history of the Austrian wind industry and explores several community wind farm developments. In addition, interviews with stakeholders from Austria and New Zealand were conducted to develop an understanding of impressions and processes in developing community wind energy (CWE) in the New Zealand context. From this research an assessment of the transfer of the Austrian framework to the New Zealand situation is offered, with analysis of the differences between the wind energy industries in the two countries. Furthermore, future strategies are suggested for CWE development in New Zealand with recommendations for an integrated governmental approach. This research determines that the feasibility for the transfer of the Austrian framework development of ‘grassroots’ community wind farms in the next 10 years is relatively unlikely without greater support assistance from the New Zealand Government. This is principally due to the restricted economic viability of community wind farms and also significant regulatory and policy limitations. In the mid to long term, the New Zealand government should take an integrated approach to assist the development of community wind farms which includes: a collaborative government planning approach on the issue; detailed assessment of the introduction of feed-in tariff mechanisms and controlled activity status (RMA) for community wind farms; and development of limited liability company law for community energy companies. In the short term, however, the most feasible option available for the formation of community wind farms lies in quasi community developments with corporate partnerships.

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35

Alvarez-Hérault, Marie-Cécile. "Architectures des réseaux de distribution du futur en présence de production décentralisée". Grenoble INPG, 2009. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00471172.

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L'ouverture des marchés de l'énergie et la volonté grandissante de protéger l'environnement va conduire au développement massif de la production décentralisée. Les réseaux de transport, déjà saturés, devront être soutenus par les réseaux de distribution auxquels ces nouvelles sources seront connectées. Néanmoins, l'introduction massive de productions décentralisées pourrait modifier le fonctionnement des réseaux de distribution électrique. Cette thèse illustre un meilleur moyen d'accueillir ces productions par l'introduction de nouveaux chemins pour la circulation des flux. Une nouvelle architecture, au mode d'exploitation partiellement bouclé, est ainsi proposée et validée par des études technicoéconomiques et des tests stochastiques. Cette architecture permet d'augmenter l'insertion de production décentralisée dans le réseau à un coût compétitif tout en garantissant les critères de fiabilité du distributeur
Deregulation of electricity and the increasing will of protecting environment will enhance the development of dispersed generation. Transport networks, already saturated, need to be enhanced by distribution networks where dispersed generation will be connected. But a massive introduction of dispersed generation could modify the behaviour of distribution networks. This thesis shows a better way to integrate those productions: finding new ways to switch electrical flows. A new architecture with a partially meshed operation is proposed and validated thanks to technical and economic studies and stochastic tests. This competitive architecture enables to increase the penetration of distributed generation in the network ensuring reliability criteria of the distributor

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36

Wang, Yu-Chung y 王昱中. "Distributed Generation Planning in a Standalone Power System". Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/cs7j25.

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碩士
中原大學
電機工程研究所
98
Renewable sources become important issues due to environmental concerns and limited natural resouses. Taipower builds new power resources in Taiwan and island systems to satisfy the fast economic development and raise the quality of life of people. New distributed generations should be considered for the environment, topography, oecology and future development to satisfy the demand of people. This thesis considers costs of 25kW WTG, 10kW PV and 30kW diesel generator in an isolated 150kW power system. The isolated power system is planned by reliability method. Before simulation, we have to collect weather information, load in the area and source’s FOR (Forced Outage Rate, FOR). After we collected weather information, load and source’s FOR, Monte Carlo simulation and LOLE (Loss of Load Expection, LOLE) are studied. If LOLE smaller than expected values (8.76 hour/year), total cost and average price for planning are calculated. PSCAD/EMTDC V4.2 was used for the transient study in order to examine the frequency and voltage variation due to the wind/PV/diesel generator tripping. The applicable parameter design for the under-frequency load shedding relays is explored. There is a great influence to consider weather information and topography in an isolated power system which have renewable sources. The influence is the average price. If sourses were outage, it causes frequency and voltage to have large response in an isolated power system including a lot of renewable sources.

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37

Liang, Ruo-Chen y 梁若晨. "Distributed Generation Planning Considering Cost Minimization and Reliability". Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52391297403048049271.

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碩士
中原大學
電機工程研究所
98
Due to the increase in fossil fuel prices , concerns about greenhouse effect and CO2 emissions, the use of renewable energy sources as an alternative for existing fossil-fueled power plants has been widely studied. The thesis uses Fuzzy-c-Mean (FCM), Markov model and Genetic Algorithm(GA) to study the generation expansion in a small isolated power system . The first step of the thesis, use FCM to classify wind turbine, photovoltaic and load. This step can make more accuracy in the next step, Markov model. Markov model, which makes Genetic Algorithms more efficient, is used to calculate probability, frequency and duration. Finally the reliability indices Lose Of Load Probability (LOLP) and Lose of load Expectation (LOLE), are considered. The cost of distributed generation is too high. This paper considers the diesel generator in the power system and uses Co2 constraint to limit the number of diesel generators, This help improve the reliability and reduce cost. The difference between the results of Markov Model and Time Sequence Genetic Algorithm is less than 5%. The CPU time used by the proposed method can be reduced greatly.

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38

PATHAK, OM. "OPTIMAL DISTRIBUTED GENERATION PLANNING IN RADIAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS". Thesis, 2019. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/16962.

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The objective of present dissertation is to minimize losses and at the same time maintain acceptable voltage profiles in a radial distribution system. Distributed generation (DG) is a research oriented topic nowadays because of its enumerable advantages and due to the ever increasing demands for electrical energy. Thus the proposed method optimally size and place DGs in appropriate buses in the system, making the problem such a way reducing real power losses, operating cost and enhancing the voltage stability, which becomes the objective function. Voltage profile improvement is considered as a constraint in finding the optimal placement of DG. Since the problem involves optimization of variables, a new hybrid optimization method integrating two powerful well established techniques is proposed. The prime idea of the proposed technique is to utilize the key features of both techniques to collectively and effectively search for better optimization results. The simulation results shows that reduction of power loss in distribution system is possible and all node voltages variation can be achieved within the required limit if DGs are optimally placed in the system. In modern load growth scenario uncertainty load and generation model shows that reduction of power loss in distribution system is possible and all node voltages variation can be achieved within the required limit without violating the thermal limit of the system.The proposed algorithms are applied and demonstrated on the IEEE 85-bus distribution systems. The results obtained depict the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid GA-PSO algorithm in comparison with those of GA and PSO methods when applied independently.

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39

Chang, Shab-Min y 張善閔. "Multiobjective Distribution Network Operations for Distributed Generation Interconnection Planning". Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21247374079497125068.

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碩士
國立高雄海洋科技大學
輪機工程研究所
100
One of the major problems in interconnection of distributed generation (DG) is voltage control derived from reverse power. In order that voltage variation may not degrade customer voltage supply quality, feeder voltage should be maintained within the permissible range against DG connection. In the distribution system with DG, there are many voltage control devices that can be used to maintain the feeder voltage and many operation issues that should be taken into account. To address DG planning and distribution network operation optimization, a set of analysis model for multiobjective distribution system operation for DG interconnection planning is proposed in this thesis. Various degrees of integration ranging from a simple local based control of generation to a coordinated control between distribution and generation facilities are introduced. The problem has been formulated as a multiobjective optimization problem that is solved by a Pareto genetic algorithm to simultaneously derive optimal operation strategy for voltage control devices, feeder reconfiguration, and DG voltage control capability while all technical constraints are satisfied. To demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed model, an IEEE feeder test system and a practical distribution feeder system of Taiwan Power Company (Taipower) are selected for computer simulation to explore the benefits of the coordinated voltage controls for DG interconnection planning and distribution system operation. Keywords: Distributed generation, Multiobjective optimization, Pareto genetic algorithm, Voltage/Var control, Coordinated Control.

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40

Bin, Humayd Abdullah. "Distribution System Planning with Distributed Generation: Optimal versus Heuristic Approach". Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/5917.

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Distribution system design and planning is facing a major change in paradigm because of deregulation of the power industry and with rapid penetration of distributed generation (DG) sources. Distribution system design and planning are key features for determining the best expansion strategies to provide reliable and economic services to the customer. In classical planning, the load growth is typically met by adding a new substation or upgrading the existing substation capacity along with their feeders. Today, rapid advances in DG technology and their numerous benefits have made them an attractive option to the distribution companies, power system planners and operators, energy policy makers and regulators, as well as developers. This thesis first presents a comprehensive planning framework for the distribution system from the distribution company perspective. It incorporates DG units as an option for local distribution companies (LDCs) and determines the sizing, placement and upgrade plans for feeders and substations. Thereafter, a new heuristic approach to multi-year distribution system planning is proposed which is based on a back-propagation algorithm starting from the terminal year and arriving at the first year. It is based on cost-benefit analysis, which incorporates various energy supply options for LDCs such as DG, substations and feeders and determines the size, placement and upgrade plan. The proposed heuristic approach combines a bi-level procedure in which Level-1 selects the optimal size and location of distribution system component upgrades and Level-2 determines the optimal period of commissioning for the selected upgrades in Level-1. The proposed heuristic is applied to a 32-bus radial distribution system. The first level of the distribution system planning framework is formulated as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem while the second level is a linear programming (LP) model. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach can achieve better performance than a full optimization for the same distribution system.

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41

Chiu, Shian-Chun y 邱顯淳. "Expansion Planning of Distribution Systems Considering Distributed Generation and Reliability Cost". Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/mtv89q.

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碩士
國立中山大學
電機工程學系研究所
97
This thesis investigates the capacity expansion of distribution substation of each service area considering PV system penetration to achieve the cost effectiveness of substation investment to comply with the service reliability. With the land use planning of Kaohsiung City Government, the load density of each small area for the target year is derived according to the final floor area and development strength of the land base. The load forecasting of each small area is then solved by considering the load growth of each customer class and a Markov model is applied for the forecasting of solar energy, which is then included in the expansion planning of substations. The forecasting of annual peak loadings for each area over the future 20 years is performed by the time series method based on the historical load data and load type of customers served. The forced outage rate （FOR） of main transformers in the substations is used to solve the loss of load expectation（LOLE） according to the peak loading of each service area. By this way, the capacity expansion planning of main transformers to meet the service reliability can therefore be derived. To further enhance the distribution system planning, the capacity transfer capability of main transformers and the tie line flow capacity between different areas are considered too. It is found that the expansion planning of main transformers by the proposed methodology can provide better cost effectiveness of transformer investment to satisfy the service reliability as well as the system peak loading.

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42

Wong, Steven M. "Some Aspects of Distribution System Planning in the Context of Investment in Distributed Generation". Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4618.

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A paradigm shift in distribution system design and planning is being led by the deregulation of the power industry and the increasing adoption of distributed generation (DG). Technology advances have made DG investments feasible by both local distribution companies (LDCs) and small power producers (SPPs). LDCs are interested in finding optimal long term plans that best serve their customers at the lowest cost. SPPs, as private entities, are concerned about maximizing their rates of return. Also keenly interested in distribution design and planning is the government, which, through an electricity regulator, strives to meet DG penetration and emissions reduction goals through policy implementations. This thesis first examines the distribution system planning problem from the LDC's perspective. An innovative hierarchical dynamic optimization model is proposed for the planning of distribution systems and the energy scheduling of units that is also capable of reconciling uncoordinated SPP investments in DG. The first stage of the two-stage framework consists of a siting-cum-period planning model that sets element sizing and commissioning dates. The second stage consists of a capacity-cum-production planning model that finalizes element capacities and energy import/export and production schedules. The proposed framework is demonstrated on a 32-bus radial distribution system. Four case studies encompassing different policy sets are also conducted, demonstrating that this model's usefulness also extends to predicting the impact of different energy policies on distribution system operation and economics. The analysis of different policy sets is further expanded upon through the proposal of a new mathematical model that approaches the distribution design problem from the regulator's perspective. Various case studies examining policies that may be used by the regulator to meet DG penetration and emissions goals, through DG investment, are constructed. A combination of feed-in-tariffs, CO$_2$ tax, and cap-and-trade mechanisms are among the policies studied. The results, in the context of Ontario, Canada and its Standard Offer Program, are discussed, with respect to achieving objectives in DG investment, participation by SPPs, consumer costs, and uncertainty in carbon market prices. In jurisdictions such as Ontario, the LDC cannot invest in its own DG capacity but must accommodate those of SPPs. With the successful implementation of DG investment incentives by the regulator, there is a potential for significant investments in DG by SPPs, which may exceed that of the LDCs ability to absorb. This thesis proposes a novel method that can be used by the regulator or LDC to fairly assess, coordinate, and approve multiple competing investments proposals while maintaining operational feasibility of the distribution system. This method uses a feedback between the LDC and SPPs to achieve maximum investor participation while adhering to the technical operational limits of the distribution system. The proposed scheme is successfully demonstrated on a 32-bus radial distribution system, where it is shown to increase SPP-DG investments and production, improve the system's voltage profile, and reduce losses.

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43

Zubo, Rana H. A., Geev Mokryani, Haile S. Rajamani, J. Aghaei, T. Niknam y Prashant Pillai. "Operation and planning of distribution networks with integration of renewable distributed generators considering uncertainties: a review". 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/10660.

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Yes
Distributed generators (DGs) are a reliable solution to supply economic and reliable electricity to customers. It is the last stage in delivery of electric power which can be defined as an electric power source connected directly to the distribution network or on the customer site. It is necessary to allocate DGs optimally (size, placement and the type) to obtain commercial, technical, environmental and regulatory advantages of power systems. In this context, a comprehensive literature review of uncertainty modeling methods used for modeling uncertain parameters related to renewable DGs as well as methodologies used for the planning and operation of DGs integration into distribution network.
This work was supported in part by the SITARA project funded by the British Council and the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, UK and in part by the University of Bradford, UK under the CCIP grant 66052/000000.

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44

Zubo, R. H. A., Geev Mokryani, Haile S. Rajamani, J. Aghaei, T. Niknam y Prashant Pillai. "Operation and planning of distribution networks with integration of renewable distributed generators considering uncertainties: a review". 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/10660.

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Yes
Distributed generators (DGs) are a reliable solution to supply economic and reliable electricity to customers. It is the last stage in delivery of electric power which can be defined as an electric power source connected directly to the distribution network or on the customer site. It is necessary to allocate DGs optimally (size, placement and the type) to obtain commercial, technical, environmental and regulatory advantages of power systems. In this context, a comprehensive literature review of uncertainty modeling methods used for modeling uncertain parameters related to renewable DGs as well as methodologies used for the planning and operation of DGs integration into distribution network.
This work was supported in part by the SITARA project funded by the British Council and the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, UK and in part by the University of Bradford, UK under the CCIP grant 66052/000000.

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45

Zheng, Yu. "Optimal allocation and operation of distributed generation and energy storage in distribution systems". Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1296651.

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Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Distribution systems start from the distribution substation and deliver the power to the end users. Traditionally, the planning and operation of distribution systems have received less attention than transmission system which leads to the overdesign and inefficiency of distribution systems. Fast developing energy technology together with the environmental concerns has greatly increased the complexity of power grid and distribution systems, where the desire to increase the efficiency of energy distribution and consumption is increased. Additionally, with the requirement of high quality and reliable power supply to consumers, smart grid has been identified as the next generation of electric power systems around the globe. In the context of smart grid, the modern distribution system is changing from passive to active by distributed generation, communication technology, and automation control devices. We can see the significantly increasing penetration of new power engineering technologies, such as renewable energy distributed generation, energy storage, and other factors. There is a need to fully exploit the potential advantages of these new elements in smart distribution systems. The distribution system along with smart devices, as the solution to the need for grid development, provides utilities with many benefits, including improved operational efficiency, flexibility and power quality. However, despite those benefits, the planning of smart distribution system is a problem of vital importance since it concerns how the system is designed to achieve higher efficiency and reliability. The planning methods of the existing distribution system are either inappropriate for practical use in dealing with the emerging elements or impossible to achieve the global optimal solution. As a result, in-depth research is needed to solve these emerging and difficult problems in planning and operation. Most of the existing researches focus on one type of elements in the distribution system without taking other components and their implications on the overall system performance into consideration. In addition, they seldom consider the effects of electricity market or quantify the economic value brought by the reliability of the updated distribution systems. Therefore, in order to improve the economic efficiency and sustainability of smart grids, this research develops advanced planning methods for better integration and operation of new emerging elements, especially the distributed generation and energy storage in modern distribution system. First, a novel method for optimal allocation of renewable distributed generator (DG) is proposed. The optimal allocation of DG can not only reduce power loss through the feeder, but also improve the voltage stability, which is beneficial to both the economy and security of distribution systems. Multi-objective function is applied to quantify the impact brought by the increasing penetration of renewable DGs. To be more practical and accurate, the 3-phase untransposed distribution lines and unbalanced load are considered and modelled in the proposed planning method. Meanwhile, a MPC-based wind farm operation strategy is proposed to enhance the output power quality of DG, so as to meet the grid requirement. After that, with the increasing penetration of electric vehicles, an important aspect of modern traffic system, the ancillary facilities should be properly planned. A novel planning approach based on life cycle cost (LCC) is developed for battery charging/swap stations in distribution systems. Battery swap stations and charging station are compared and optimally integrated into distribution system to meet the requirements of the increasing charging power and minimize the overall investment. At last, the battery energy storage system (BESS), which has potential to facilitate high penetration of renewable energy, is investigated. A novel operation strategy for charging/discharging batteries in distribution system and optimizing the allocation of the energy storage system (ESS) is proposed for the Distribution Company (DISCO). With the increasing penetration of renewable energy in distribution system, the net demand curve will significantly deviate from the forecast curve, resulting in high risk to the DISCO when making its energy purchasing plan. The proposed strategy, aiming at tracking the total forecast demand curve, can mitigate the risk and encourage the demand side bidding. Based on the proposed operation strategy for the BESS, the optimal allocation method is designed to determine the location and the size of BESS, in order to maximize the total profit for the DISCO. Furthermore, BESS can be mobilized to make the operation of distribution system more flexible and reliable. Hence, mobile BESS (MBESS) is modeled in this work as well. The corresponding sizing approach is developed for the sake of reliability improvement. A number of test systems have been used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed advanced planning approaches. Comparative studies on the existing approaches reported in the literature where they are applicable, have also been conducted. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed approaches have been verified by simulation results.

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46

Hejeejo, Rashid. "The electricity market operation and planning framework with renewable energy integration". Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1407542.

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Professional Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
The increases in renewable current sources, prosumers and decentralised control generation in centralised grids has increased the fluctuations in electricity costs, increased the bi-direction power flow problems and changed the operation and investment of the centralised grid. These new constraints have to be observed to manage the design of the market, the new management near the load and the new operators for the power system. In addition, Microgrids (MGs) and their enabling technologies (e.g., small-scale renewable energy generation, energy storage systems (ESSs), demand response and information and communication systems) have attracted increasing attention in the past few years as they are expected to play an important role in future sustainable energy systems. There are many techniques in how to plan and manage energy systems with developing new management techniques. The expansion planning design problem is formulated as a multi-objective optimisation problem with a range of technical constraints, such as reliability and power quality constraints, as well as including variable and fixed costs. In this thesis, an energy system expansion planning model is used to investigate the quantitative impacts of local management systems on energy system sustainability. Moreover, this thesis proposes a stochastic framework for the centralised grid with a market-based, decentralised management, bi-directional power flow of mixed generators of electrical energy. A decentralised and bi-directional market-based management system model (DBMBMS) is developed which considers the operation costs, security and reliability of the centralised grid, the spot market price, weather changes and the fluctuations in the load. A differential evolution technique with a Monte Carlo program (MCP) is used in aggregation with bi-directional power flows to find the optimal solutions, depending on the uncertainties of the centralised grid. Using a DBMBMS model, optimal load and price management are then realised, based on the decision-maker’s choices. The impacts of this new management system on the reduction of the total electricity prices of the different power sources are analysed and illustrated with practical case studies. The results confirm that local managements can significantly improve a system’s efficiency. However, this efficiency improvement is influenced by factors such as the ratio of the MG participation, the network topology and other specific power system constraints.

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47

Chang, Wen-Chun y 常文峻. "Distributed Generation Planning Considering Cost Minimization and Demand Response and Day-ahead kW Scheduling of Air-conditioning". Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/15419050763977825720.

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碩士
中原大學
電機工程研究所
104
In recent years, because the impact of global climate change on the environment is a crucial issue, research and development of distributed generation and demand response become important. In this thesis, the Fuzzy-c-Mean (FCM), Markov model, and interior point method are used for sizing renewable energy power of a small power system, and for studying the day-ahead indoor temperature scheduling problems. Using FCM, wind power, solar power, inelastic load, and outdoor temperature are clustered. The Markov model can be used to calculate their probability, frequency, and duration and thus speed up the computational speed of the internal point method. Then, the interior point method considering the comfort and demand response is used to calculate the minimum cost of renewable power generation. Finally, by applying self-adaptive algorithms and interior point method, the optimal kW-consumption scheduling of air-conditioners in a single day (summer and winter) is studied. In this thesis, a small community including 50end-users who have an individual air-conditioner was studied. The difference between the results obtained by Markov model-based and time sequence-based interior point method is less than 5%. The CPU time used by the proposed method can be less 3-5times.

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48

Algarni, Ayed. "Operational and Planning Aspects of Distribution Systems in Deregulated Electricity Markets". Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4294.

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In the current era of deregulated electricity markets, the power distribution systems have attained a very important and crucial role in the industry. A distribution company (referred to as a disco) plays an active and effective role in electricity markets, and can positively impact the market efficiency and make it more reliable, secure and beneficial to customers. Therefore, operation and planning issues of discos in such electricity market environment requires extensive analysis and research in order to improve their operational strategies both in the short-term and long-term. A generic operations framework for a disco operating in a competitive electricity market environment is presented in the thesis. The operations framework is a two-stage hierarchical model in which the first stage deals with disco’s activities in the day-ahead stage, the Day Ahead Operations Model (DAOM). The second stage deals with disco’s activities in real-time and is termed Real-Time Operations Model (RTOM). The DAOM determines the disco’s operational decisions on grid purchase, scheduling of distributed generation (DG) units owned by it, and contracting for interruptible load. These decisions are imposed as boundary constraints in the RTOM and the disco seeks to minimize its short-term costs keeping in mind its day-ahead decisions. A case-study is presented considering the well-known 33-bus distribution system and three different scenarios are constructed to analyze the disco’s actions and decision-making in this context. The thesis presents a new paradigm for distribution system operation taking into account the presence of DG sources and their goodness factors. The proposed concept of goodness factor of DG units is based on the computation of the incremental contribution of a DG unit to distribution system losses. The incremental contributions of a DG unit to active and reactive power losses in the distribution system are termed as the active / reactive Incremental Loss Indices (ILI). The goodness factors are integrated directly into the distribution system operations model. This model seeks to minimize the disco’s energy costs in the short-term taking into account the contribution (goodness factor) of each DG unit. The analysis was carried out considering an 18-bus distribution network, considering two different ownership structures of DG units, and a 69-bus distribution system considering specific characteristics of wind-DG units. The concept of goodness factors is further extended to determine a new set of goodness factors pertaining to a DG’s impact on feeder unloading by virtue of its power injection. A novel long-term planning model has been developed for the disco that considers investments in DG capacity, distribution system feeder addition / expansion and substation transformers capacity addition. The model includes the new set of goodness factors pertaining to both loss reduction and feeder unloading and arrives at an optimal set of new expansion plan, with specified locations, and year of commissioning. The work clearly demonstrates the effectiveness and contribution of DG units in distribution systems both in the short-term and long-term framework.

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49

Farag, Hany Essa Zidan. "Assessment, Planning and Control of Voltage and Reactive Power in Active Distribution Networks". Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/7311.

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Driven by economic, technical and environmental factors, the energy sector is currently undergoing a profound paradigm shift towards a smarter grid setup. Increased intake of Distributed and Renewable Generation (DG) units is one of the Smart Grid (SG) pillars that will lead to numerous advantages among which lower electricity losses, increased reliability and reduced greenhouse gas emissions are the most salient. The increase of DG units’ penetration will cause changes to the characteristics of distribution networks from being passive with unidirectional power flow towards Active Distribution Networks (ADNs) with multi-direction power flow. However, such changes in the current distribution systems structure and design will halt the seamless DG integration due to various technical issues that may arise. Voltage and reactive power control is one of the most significant issues that limit increasing DG penetration into distribution systems. On the other hand, the term microgrid has been created to be the building block of ADNs. A microgrid should be able to operate in two modes of operation, grid-connected or islanded. The successful implementation of the microgrid concept demands a proper definition of the regulations governing its integration in distribution systems. In order to define such regulations, an accurate evaluation of the benefits that microgrids will bring to customers and utilities is needed. Therefore, there is a need for careful consideration of microgrids in the assessment, operation, planning and design aspects of ADNs. Moreover, SG offers new digital technologies to be combined with the existing utility grids to substantially improve the overall efficiency and reliability of the network. Advanced network monitoring, two ways communication acts and intelligent control methods represent the main features of SG. Thus it is required to properly apply these features to facilitate a seamless integration of DG units in ADNs considering microgrids. Motivated by voltage and reactive power control issues in ADNs, the concept of microgrids, and SG technologies, three consequent stages are presented in this thesis. In the first stage, the issues of voltage and reactive power control in traditional distribution systems are addressed and assessed in order to shed the light on the potential conflicts that are expected with high DG penetration. A simple, yet efficient and generic three phase power flow algorithm is developed to facilitate the assessment. The results show that utility voltage and reactive power control devices can no longer use conventional control techniques and there is a necessity for the evolution of voltage and reactive power control from traditional to smart control schemes. Furthermore, a probabilistic approach for assessing the impacts of voltage and reactive power constraints on the probability of successful operation of islanded microgrids and its impacts on the anticipated improvement in the system and customer reliability indices is developed. The assessment approach takes into account: 1) the stochastic nature of DG units and loads variability, 2) the special philosophy of operation for islanded microgrids, 3) the different configurations of microgrids in ADNs, and 4) the microgrids dynamic stability. The results show that voltage and reactive power aspects cannot be excluded from the assessment of islanded microgrids successful operation. The assessment studies described in the first stage should be followed by new voltage and reactive power planning approaches that take into account the characteristics of ADNs and the successful operation of islanded microgrids. Feeders shunt capacitors are the main reactive power sources in distribution networks that are typically planned to be located or reallocated in order to provide voltage support and reduce the energy losses. Thus, in the second stage, the problem of capacitor planning in distribution network has been reformulated to consider microgrids in islanded mode. The genetic algorithm technique (GA) is utilized to solve the new formulation. The simulation results show that the new formulation for the problem of capacitor planning will facilitate a successful implementation of ADNs considering islanded microgrids. In the third stage, the SG technologies are applied to construct a two ways communication-based distributed control that has the capability to provide proper voltage and reactive power control in ADNs. The proposed control scheme is defined according to the concept of multiagent technology, where each voltage and reactive power control device or DG unit is considered as a control agent. An intelligent Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) model is proposed for the interior structure of each control agent. The Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents (FIPA) performatives are used as communication acts between the control agents. First, the distributed control scheme is applied for voltage regulation in distribution feeders at which load tap changer (LTC) or step voltage regulators are installed at the begging of the feeder. In this case, the proposed control aims to modify the local estimation of the line drop compensation circuit via communication. Second, the control scheme is modified to take into consideration the case of multiple feeders having a substation LTC and unbalanced load diversity. To verify the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control structure, a multiagent simulation model is proposed. The simulation results show that distributed control structure has the capability to mitigate the interference between DG units and utility voltage and reactive power control devices.

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Song, Junseok. "Energy storage sizing for improved power supply availability during extreme events of a microgrid with renewable energy sources". Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2012-08-6161.

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A new Markov chain based energy storage model to evaluate the power supply availability of microgrids with renewable energy generation for critical loads is proposed. Since critical loads require above-average availability to ensure reliable operation during extreme events, e.g., natural disasters, using renewable energy generation has been considered to diversify sources. However, the low availability and high variability of renewable energy sources bring a challenge in achieving the required availability for critical loads. Hence, adding energy storage systems to renewable energy generation becomes vital for ensuring the generation of enough power during natural disasters. Although adding energy storage systems would instantaneously increase power supply availability, there is another critical aspect that should be carefully considered; energy storage sizing to meet certain availability must be taken into account in order to avoid oversizing or undersizing capacity, which are two undesirable conditions leading to inadequate availability or increased system cost, respectively. This dissertation proposes to develop a power supply availability framework for renewable energy generation in a given location and to suggest the optimal size of energy storage for the required availability to power critical loads. In particular, a new Markov chain based energy storage model is presented in order to model energy states in energy storage system, which provides an understanding of the nature of charge and discharge rates for energy storage that affect the system's power output. Practical applications of the model are exemplified using electrical vehicles with photovoltaic roofs. Moreover, the minimal cut sets method is used to analyze the effects of microgrid architectures on availability characteristics of the microgrid power supply in the presence of renewable energy sources and energy storage. In addition, design considerations for energy storage power electronics interfaces and a comparison of various energy storage methods are also presented.
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