Tesis sobre el tema "Dispositions environnementales"
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Mahamat, Nasser Hassane. "Les lois pétrolières en Afrique centrale, les dispositions environnementales : efficacité et harmonisation". Nantes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NANT4004.
Texto completoKuhfuss, Laure. "Contrats agro-environnementaux : évaluation et dispositifs innovants en France". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON10026/document.
Texto completoTerritorialized agri-environmental measures (MAEt) were introduced in France for the 2007-2013 Common Agricultural Policy program. The forthcoming CAP reform is an opportunity to improve the design of existing agri-environmental schemes. The first part of this thesis assesses this scheme (MAEt), with special attention paid to water pollution issues. In the first chapter we analyse theadvantages and limits of the partial decentralization of decision-making in the setting-up of agrienvironmentalprojects and of improved targeting through the identification of eligible priority areas.This analysis is illustrated by the results of a national survey conducted with eligible farmers andagents in charge of the implementation of the scheme and by two case studies conducted in Eure etLoir and Languedoc-Roussillon. These surveys help us to identify the reasons for the too low adoptionrates of pesticides reduction measures by farmers. In the second chapter, we estimate the impact ofherbicide reduction measures adopted by winegrowers in the Languedoc-Roussillon region using atreatment effects approach. The second part of the thesis proposes two innovative designs aiming atincreasing the acceptability of agri-environmental measures by farmers. In chapter 3 we study theintroduction of a collective dimension in the contracts. This collective dimension relies on a monetary‘bonus’ paid to each farmer who has signed a contract, provided that the proportion of landcollectively enrolled in the agri-environmental scheme reaches a predefined threshold. We finallyanalyse in chapter 4 the possible use of reverse auctions for the allocation of agri-environmentalcontracts, on the basis of the pilot experiment implemented by the Water Agency in Artois-Picardie.This mechanism enables farmers to adapt the practices they commit to and the payment that they receive to their own willingness to accept
Gueneau, Stéphane. "Vers une évaluation des dispositifs de prise en charge du problème du déclin des forêts tropicales humides". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2011. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03690042.
Texto completoDocument 1: Presentation of the doctoral research dossierThis document presents the general framework of the doctoral research dossier. It intends to briefly explain the research methodology, in order to better understand the dual approach adopted and the structure of this doctoral research. On the one hand, the dossier is based on several articles published on the issue of forest certification schemes political transformations. On the other hand, the dossier includes a research on the issue of environmental effectiveness of rainforest management devices. This first document introduces the critical stand, the issues addressed and the disciplines involved in these two approaches. Finally, the prospects offered by this research are mentioned.Document 2: Political transformations induced by the development of forest management certification: the case of FSC.This document analyses the political impact of a forest management certification device: the Forest Steward Council (FSC). It integrates five articles published in academic/scientific books and journals between 2007 and 2011, which were published in the framework of the NORMES research project “Regulation by standards : the instruments of regulations in the governance of sustainable development”, financed by the French National Agency of Research (ANR). The publications are preceded by a framing text which presents the background and the working of the FSC-instrument, and then introduces the texts succinctly.The research activities permit to enhance the understanding of political transformations, induced by the FSC. The institutional innovations which were produced by the FSC will be emphasized, as well as the reach and the limits of this voluntary instrument, the behavorial changes it brings about, and the side-effects it generates, in particular in terms of equity between the concerned players in this field.Finally, the analysis of the public-private relations shows that, far from being a private and isolated instrument, the FSC exerts a certain influence on the elaboration of public politics, and, reciprocally, its development is conditioned by a certain degree of governmental intervention.Document 3: Laying the bases of a benchmark for assessing the devices which corner the deforestation and rainforest degradation problems.This document concentrates on the issue of effectiveness of the devices which tackle the problems of deforestation and rainforest degradation. The starting point of this work is the problem-solving difficulties, despite repeated international statements and devices adopted in recent decades.Based on these observations, the research focuses on evaluation frameworks that would assess the environmental effectiveness of such devices. It starts with a critical analysis of the theoretical framework used to address global environmental issues, specifically the effectiveness of global environmental regimes theories (Underdal, 1992, Young, 1998). Then, an extensive literature review on the rainforest management issues is presented, showing the complexity of the problem. The research pointed out the failures of the current approaches implemented to tackle the deforestation and rainforest degradation. Finally, by using the framework of the Strategic analysis of environmental management (Mermet 1992, 1998, Mermet & a, 2005, 2010), this study demonstrated that despite the complexity of the deforestation and rainforest degradation problem, it is legitimate, useful and possible to construct a referential for evaluation focused on environmental challenges that forests are facing. The basis of this framework is laid out, by detailing the principal elements that will be able to frame the evaluation of the effectiveness of the management of these forests
Boyer-Bernard, Sylvie. "Contribution à la définition de dispositifs d'évitement des centrales hydroélectriques pour les juvéniles de poissons migrateurs". Toulouse, INPT, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPT010A.
Texto completoSampaio, Sarah Hallelujah Vicentini de. "Matéria efêmera: pedra,transformação e deslocamento como dispositivos para uma poética visual". Programa de Pós- Graduação em Artes Visuais da UFBA, 2011. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/9822.
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Esta pesquisa propõe uma reflexão sobre o processo de construção poética que opera com as idéias de efêmero, transitório, transformação e perda. O objetivo de construir trabalhos que evidenciasse o desaparecimento e transformação envolve o uso da cerâmica enquanto diálogo com a matéria e tempo, essas características foram, inicialmente, deflagradoras no desenrolar desse estudo. Junto às reflexões de transformação se instala a etapa processual de expandir para outras linguagens, como a realização de intervenções ambientais e ações registradas em vídeo e fotografia. Os conceitos que permeiam todo o trabalho reflexivo estão indicados na aproximação que se estabelece a partir de três direções: com a filosofia da imaginação material bachelardiana e sua teoria emblemática dos quatro elementos aristotélicos, refletidos aqui como constituintes do processo da cerâmica; com as concepções de território e fronteira, da geografia paradigmática de Milton Santos, temas aprofundados nas intervenções ambientais; e com as derivas conceituais de Deleuze & Guattari sobre desterritorialização e reterritorialização, que envolve as ações que resultaram na exposição Matéria Efêmera. Analisa-se os procedimentos artísticos que tratam o corpo do artista como suporte e mote de trabalhos. O texto investiga obras de artistas contemporâneos que apresentam semelhança com os procedimentos artísticos adotados. As escolhas pelas ações, intervenções e registros discutidos nesse estudo refletem os principais conceitos e caminhos revelados significativos no decorrer do processo.
Salvador
Elie, Luc. "Diversité des capitalismes et dispositifs institutionnels environnementaux". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0625/document.
Texto completoThis thesis contributes to the diachronic and synchronic analysis of the linksbetween the forms of capitalism and their environment. The first chapter proposes to highlightthe manner in which the coevolution between capitalism and the environment was carried outby crossing the theoretical and empirical contributions of the régulation school withenvironmental history and ecological economics studies. We reveal that the differenthistorical forms of capitalism have led to extensive and differentiated environmentalconsequences. Conversely, it turns out that the relationship with the environment has had amajor influence on the forms of capitalism, especially through institutional environmentaldevices (EID). The second chapter aims at deciphering in which extent these devices undergoa process of differentiated adoption depending on the contemporary forms of capitalismwithin which they take place. In this framework, some degree of correlation appears betweenour EID based typology of countries and the typology of capitalism. Finally, the third chapterfocuses on how levels of inequality, which are largely dependent on different forms ofcapitalism, can influence the adoption of EID. By means of an econometric analysis, weattempt to determine which mechanisms are most likely to explain this phenomenon
Debourdeau, Ariane. "PRENDRE EN COMPTE L'ENVIRONNEMENT DANS LA SPHERE DU PRODUIRE. Normalisation par les dispositifs socio-techniques en réseau et formes d'engagement environnemental". Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00818915.
Texto completoDebourdeau, Ariane. "Prendre en compte l'environnement dans la sphère du produire : normalisation par les dispositifs socio-techniques en réseau et formes d’engagement environnemental". La Rochelle, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00818915.
Texto completoThis research deals with standardization through different sociotechnical agencements and with the normalization and the regulation of environmental discourses and practices within the sphere of producing (Jonas). It concerns more specifically the firms and their environmental and sustainable development’s politics (management systems, reporting, labelization, a. S. O. ). This dissertation describes finely the concerned networks, and especially mediations provided by a multitude of texts, written and conveyed by heterogeneous actors. This “architexture” is translated into the firm’s environmental practices – a translation corresponding to the new networks’ extensions. Our methodological point of view is ethnographic; accounting for three different kinds of companies environmental politics. We wanted to understand if and how environment can contribute to a politicization of the Sphere of production, to question the instruments serving as a proof of the firm’s commitment to the environment. This research focuses on hybrid forms of environmental public policies, on the development of compromises between rationality economic (economic rationality), scientific and technical innovation and (the) construction of indicator in order to make the environment quantifiable and measurable. This study supposed a large “technical enquiry”, which dealt with statistics on one hand, and technical objects’ way of living on the other hand. The co-production of markets and environment(s) appeared finally as a pragmatic of the “less evil”, which left minimal compromise as for the possibility of an ecological ethics of the Sphere of producing
Madrigal, Monarrez Ismael. "Rétention de pesticides dans les sols des dispositifs tampon, enherbés et boisés : rôle des matières organiques". Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2004. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001214.
Texto completoChahine, Cendrella. "Développement de techniques de planification multi-agent basées sur la modélisation des processus et l'analyse des risques : le cas des dispositifs d'intervention face aux crises environnementales et humanitaires". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse, INPT, 2022. https://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/29685/1/CHAHINE.pdf.
Texto completoToday’s society is increasingly seeking to ensure the constant safety of its inhabitants, for their lives, their health, their material goods and for the maintenance of common infrastructures. The objective of crisis management is to limit the impact of an event and to restore the conditions corresponding to a nominal situation. In this context, we will focus on the management of emergency services in crises such as terrorist attacks, earthquakes, etc. Response plans are available in a textual format defining the actors involved and their roles. In order to provide a global view of the collaboration between emergency services, we have established models distinguishing between decisional, operational and informational task sets. These models were built using the BPMN (Business Process Model and Notation) standard. On the basis of this representation, a dysfunctional analysis was carried out from a FMEA (Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis) in order to identify and better anticipate the events likely to disrupt the intervention plan. The rest of the work is in the field of planning and scheduling under temporal uncertainties. The existing intervention plans are intended to guarantee the mobilization of resources and the operational organization of the rescue. In this field, it is also important to distinguish the preparation phase upstream of the intervention plans, which will try to anticipate most of the possible situations, from the plans execution which will have to be able to adapt to the unforeseen events of the real situation, and thus envisage degraded modes. We focus our efforts on proactive, reactive and progressive approaches that seem to fit well in this context. The first one takes into account the uncertainties from the offline construction phase. In the second approach, a predictive plan, built off-line without accounting for uncertainties, will be completed by different reactive algorithms executed online to correct inconsistencies in the initial plan inducing a re-planning. In the third approach, the plan is generated in the short term, which allows the plan to be planned and executed online.Generally, in planning the number of actions needed to reach the goal is unknown. In scheduling, we know exactly how many tasks to execute. In our project, we are between the two because we can have a global idea of the plan size and we don’t know at the beginning what we will execute. Each actor in an emergency plan has a library of standard plans. We use a plan insertion algorithm to select from the standard plans the ones that can be used to achieve the objective. The multi-agent system is a decision support tool that allows us to simulate our scenario in both semi-centralized and decentralized aspects in order to compare the behavior of the agents by giving them a level of autonomy.In this thesis, we aim to test distributed strategies to generate and execute emergency plans in a terrorist attack scenario. In this context, we propose a dynamic multi-agent planning system that focuses on the response phase in a rescue plan where the reaction must be fast and efficient as much as possible in order to minimize human losses
Mousselmal, Hadj Daoud. "Conception de dispositifs piézoélectriques de récupération d’énergie utilisant des structures multidirectionnelles et nanostructurés". Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0124.
Texto completoThis thesis work focuses on the development of new piezoelectric energy recovery systems from environmental mechanical vibration. The goal is to provide solutions to some strong constraints on the miniaturization of these systems, their integration in MEMS technology. The 2 major lines followed in this work are: (i) the nanostructuring by porosification silicon substrate. This method allows to create functionalized areas having local properties of density and lower rigidity than those of the silicon substrate. This allows on the one hand to improve the overall electromechanical coupling coefficient of the structure and, secondly, to maintain the resonant frequency of the operational mode in a low frequency range (< 1KHz) compatible with the spectrum of Many conventional vibratory sources. A series of finite element modeling of a type converter (beam with seismic mass) established the optimum dimensional parameters of nanostructured area. The effectiveness of this localized nanostructuring method was then evaluated experimentally on silicon membranes. It was observed a reduction of the resonance frequency of the fundamental mode, while minimizing losses by a judicious choice of the location and the width of the porous zone. (Ii) The development of recovery devices multidirectional sensitivity. These devices allow to recover energy regardless of the direction of the external load. They use 3 different eigenmodes bending each solicited by a particular component (ax, ay and az) vector solicitation characteristic acceleration. These devices based on a planar structure type double orthogonal beams with central seismic mass can be easily integrated and can be broken down to centimeter scale at the millimeter scale using in this case the MEMS technologies. A simple analytical model was first updated energy mechanisms that enable a constant amount of energy when the device is subjected to a bias vector in any direction. The optimization of the electromechanical coupling coefficient of each functional mode, and the adjustment of their resonance frequency were obtained using a finite element model. All these theoretical results has been experimentally validated using centimeter prototypes
Busca, Didier. "Agriculture et environnement : la mise en oeuvre négociée des dispositifs agri-environnementaux : effets d'organisation, enjeux de territoire et dynamique d'appropriation stratégique". Toulouse 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU20067.
Texto completoThe consequences of intensive agriculture on environment are subject to increasing public intervention since the 90's. These agri-environmental policies are confronted with agricultural interests and their efficiency is often criticized. This leads to question oneself on how they are implemented. This thesis studies the implementation of an agri-environmental regulation (the Program for Control of Agriculture-Originated Pollution) and an encouraging policy (Ferti-Mieux) in the Adour-Garonne region. Backed up with thorough interviews, the negotiated exchanges between public agents, agriculture professional organizations and the designated farmers are analyzed. Moreover, a quantitative approach analyzes the impact of local situations on the implementation of policies. The proposed argument is that the environmental objectives of the policies are adapted by negotiated arrangements on the implementation means. This adaptation process is the consequence of an dynamics of strategic appropriation of the policies, individually by the farmers and collectively by the professional organizations. Some modulations are noticed due to local agriculture and tourism stakes
Girard, Sabine. "La territorialisation de la politique de l'eau est-elle gage d'efficacité environnementale ? : Analyse diachronique de dispositifs de gestion des eaux dans la vallée de la Drôme (1970-2011)". Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00737165.
Texto completoDjebbi, Mohamed Amine. "Les Hydroxydes Doubles Lamellaires au coeur de la biotechnologie : évaluation des applications médicales et environnementales". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1049/document.
Texto completoDHs are a class of synthetic anionic clays whose structure is based on brucite-like layers Mg(OH)2 inwhich some of the divalent cations have been replaced by trivalent ions giving positively-charged sheets.This charge is balanced by intercalation of anions in the hydrated interlayer regions. The identities andratios of the di- and trivalent cations and the interlayer anion may be varied over a wide range, giving rise toa large class of isostructural materials. The parent material of this class is the naturally occurring mineralhydrotalcite and LDHs are consequently also known as hydrotalcite-like materials. Although the basicfeatures of the structure are well understood, detailed structural aspects have been the subject of somecontroversy in the literature. In this thesis, we have selected two types of LDH, MgAl and ZnAl, which havebeen widely introduced in various applications, such as sorption of molecules of biological interest (enzymeand drug) and the development of electrodes. The specificity of this work lies on the immobilization of amodel enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase in both matrices as well as an anti-bacterial drug, berberine, inorder to study the interactions between these two biomolecules and the introduced LDH phase and tobetter address their challenges of applications in the medical field. Second, we have tried to study the twophases mentioned above more and more accurately in terms of structure, morphology and electrochemicalprofile in order to use them as electrode materials for microbial fuel cell device
Riot, Jeanne. "Le management de l’environnement à travers ses instruments : De la diffusion d’outils à la construction de dynamiques d’action collective pour l’innovation environnementale". Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENMP0085/document.
Texto completoFirms reduce their environmental impacts thanks to a series of environmental assessment tools such as LCA and Bilan Carbone (the latter being a specific form of carbon footprint assessment tool). which are supposed to act as decision support tools. However, even if these tools are widely spread among companies, the question of their performativity, or the way they effectively change managerial practice, remains. In other words several of these assessment tools do not become ipso facto management instruments. Research on environmental sciences link the difficulties of assessment tools appropriation to the tools' inherent properties (ergonomics, scientific models' robustness) and are subject to a to constant revision work. In this thesis, we explore the organisational and cognitive dimensions of this appropriation; in particular the emergence of epistemic and practice communities structured around the instruments, which constitute a receptive environment for their deployment.Based on a field work in an environmental consultancy agency, this thesis examines for six empirical case studies the process and the conditions under which the instruments trigger a sustained collective action. Beyond the basic instrument level, we study the features that are implemented in the course of collective actions and their unexpected effects. This research project highlights the existence of a variety elaborate devices, which affect firms learning capabilities. The characterisation of these devices helps identifying new managerial figures and intermediate communities, integrated to a greater or lesser extent to the company, playing a key role in the dynamics of collective action
Riot, Jeanne. "Le management de l'environnement à travers ses instruments : De la diffusion d'outils à la construction de dynamiques d'action collective pour l'innovation environnementale". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-01022741.
Texto completoBoillot, Guillaume. "La proportionnalité dans le contentieux de la légalité du parti d'aménagement adopté : Constatation phénoménologique sous l'empire des dispositifs normatifs applicables aux POS et PLU". Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON10011.
Texto completoGuedidi, Insaf. "Global value chains and deep trade agreements". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PA01E026.
Texto completoIn recent years, the phenomenon of producing “Made in the World” goods has increased dramatically, leading to a progressive economic transformation of the way we understand production processes (Antràs 2020). The present thesis considers a variety of research questions: Do maritime connectivity and border procedures affect the same way trade in final goods and trade in intermediate inputs? How important it is to adopt internet to Global Value Chains (GVCs) participation? What is the impact of the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) on international trade and, specifically, on GVC trade? How does GVC participation affect air pollution and what is the importance of environmental provisions in trade agreements when analyzing the environmental implications of GVCs? This thesis aims to define and analyze two drivers (in chapter 2) and two consequences (in chapters 3 and 4) of participation in GVCs. Chapter 2 examines the effect of trade facilitation on trade, more particularly on Global Production Networks (GPNs). It shows that maritime connectivity matters for trade under GPNs. In particular, exporting intermediate goods is highly encouraged by more efficient maritime routes which connect various participants of GPNs. Furthermore, shipping goods without delays, low costs, and simpler procedures are key elements of participation in GPNs. In addition, Chapter 2 analyses the impact of the internet on GVCs in Africa. It investigates the effect of internet adoption on forward participation and backward participation in GVCs at the country level and the firm level. Results show that internet use and internet infrastructure are important for Africa in terms of forward GVC participation. The chapter argues that African countries and firms need to improve internet infrastructure to make the best of integration into GVCs. High integration levels in GVCs can change the way we interpret REER response on gross exports and GVC trade in Tunisia. Thus, chapter 3 shows the importance of calculating a new measure of REER based on the sectoral value-added terms to account for the rising importance of GVCs. Results show that REER effects on GVC trade differ from its impact on traditional trade. It is found that foreign value-added (FVA) share in gross exports dampens the response of REER to exports. Moreover, accounting for sectoral heterogeneity is important to determine trade competitiveness because Tunisian sectors take part in GVCs at different levels. Chapter 4 focuses on the relationship between air pollutant emissions, environmental provisions in Regional Trade Agreements, and GVCs. Examining the effects of participation in GVCs on environmental quality, chapter 4 found an inverted U-shaped relation between the level of participation in GVCs and air pollutant emissions. The chapter proves that signing more trade agreements with environmental laws reduces pollution. However, including environmental provisions in trade agreements does not guarantee environmental quality in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region
Ndong, Angoue Christophe. "L'appropriation d'une question socialement vive environnementale portant sur l'exploitation de l'uranium par des enseignantes et enseignants de sciences de la vie et de la terre du secondaire au Gabon : rapport à l'expertise scientifique et aux sciences, dispositions à l'enseignement". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26322.
Texto completoThe purpose of this doctoral thesis is to study Gabonese Science teachers’ relationship to scientific expertise and to sciences in general, when faced with analysing and environmental socio-scientific issue (ESSI) that has galvanized the scientific community, such as the health and environmental consequences of mining uranium in Gabon. This study also seeks to discover how inclined Gabonese science teachers teach such issues. From a didactic and socio-epistemological perspective, this study follows on from previous research on socio-scientific issues (SSI), which seek to gain insights into contemporary issues on the various uses of scientific expertise and how societal issues are being approached at school. The theoretical framework of this thesis also uses a socio-anthropologic perspective on the relationship to knowledge in order to examine teachers’ conceptions of scientific experts’ positions on a particular controversial issue. A thematic analysis of qualitative data was used to study how five (5) teachers approached the ESSI provided during the two-part one-on-one interviews (for a total of 10 interviews). The first interview consisted of identifying the teachers’ initial conceptions of scientific expertise, the teaching of the theme being studied and the scientific expertise invested in the ESSI being studied. The second interview enabled the research to continue on the basis of mapping the various positions of the main experts and key players in this controversy. The resulting epistemological profiles revealed that, whenever the teachers were asked to describe their relationship to scientific expertise and the sciences in the context of a specific issue, they tended to value the position of certain experts rather than others, all the while assuming a more realistic view of sciences. Moreover, although the great majority of these teachers were readily willing to teach the ESSI, they however seemed to fall under various constraints (busy schedules, lack of resources…) that kept them from developing an effective approach for teaching them. In this way the results from the research were able to shed a rich and nuanced light on how teachers, when faced with having to teach a particular ESSI, were able to better grasp the role of scientific experts in governing how controversial issues are presented in society, as well as their own role in teaching ESSI.
Dechezleprêtre, Quentin-Guilhem. "Evaluation économique des dispositifs de soutenabilité : l'Agenda 21 Local dans les communes françaises". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV061/document.
Texto completoThe economic evaluation of the implementation of sustainable development encounters many difficulties including the diversity of conceptions of sustainability, the heterogeneity and the lack of single definition of its initiatives, but also the intangible nature of both generated and protected values provided by a truly sustainable development. We first develop an analysis in terms of reference frames, inspired by political science, so as to take both reference frames of action addressed to a sustainable development and reference frames for evaluating it into account. This first analysis underlies our "capital" approach to sustainability as well as the choice of our study object, Local Agenda 21. Under the assumptions of weak sustainability (capital substitutability), we then perform an evaluation of Local Agenda 21 at the French municipal level using, on the one hand, the total wealth indicator (developed by the World Bank) and on the other hand an impact estimate of the adoption of Local Agenda 21 within municipalities on per capita income. This assessment is thus performed within a decoupling (between a stock indicator and a flow indicator) that questions the relationship between the implementation of sustainable development and income growth. At the same time, an analytical work enables us to propose a requalification of the sustainable development initiatives in terms of knowledge in the economic sense of Machlup. Finally, since the hypotheses of weak sustainability do not necessarily keep income flows or well-being unchanged over time, we alternatively consider strong sustainability assumptions (capital complementarity, irreversibility). Empirically, it implies searching for threshold effects for the different assets being part of total wealth. In the context of our empirical study and under its assumptions, we demonstrate that the implementation of sustainable development has not been at the expense of growth. On the contrary, the adoption of Local Agenda 21 is shown to translate into an improvement in per capita income at the local French level. Among the components of total wealth, we find threshold effects for natural and human capital
Pradal, Nathalie. "Synthèses, mise en forme et caractérisations de luminophores nanostructurés pour une nouvelle génération de dispositifs d'éclairage sans mercure". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF22258.
Texto completoLighting market is a widespread distribution mass market undergoing radical transformation faced with new environmental restrictions. It fits into an environmental protection approach with a European will to reduce by 20% its energy consumption by 2020. Phosphors play a key role on performances of lighting devices where, combined with LEDs (blue or UV) or plasma (Xe-Ne) excitations, they provide visible light. In this work, we have focused on the generation of white light. In order to obtain a color closest to ideal white and meeting with the specifications of domestic lighting, it is necessary to improve the performances of traditional phosphors. Two aluminates have been investigated: Ce3+ doped Y3Al5O12 (YAG :Ce) and Eu2+ doped BaMgAl10O17 (BAM :Eu). On the one hand, innovation is based on unconventional synthesis methods allowing the preparation of nanostrutured phosphors (solvothermal and microwave induced solution combustion syntheses respectively) and on the other hand on their shaping (composite coatings « phosphors/polymer »). Structural and morphological features have been studied by means of several tools (XRD, IR, Mössbauer, magnetization, SEM, TEM,…). Finally, the optical properties of phosphors recorded upon blue, UV and/or VUV excitations have evidenced that they are suitable for applications in new lighting devices: their combination with other phosphors (red for YAG:Ce; red and green for BAM:Eu) in appropriate proportions allows producing white light with the required specifications
Nicolle, Sandra. "Les espaces naturels protégés en forêt amazonienne. des doctrines de gestion aux dispositifs : quelle efficacité pour la protection de l’environnement ? : étude comparative France (Guyane) / Brésil (Amapa)". Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0744/document.
Texto completoNowadays, natural protected areas are one of the main public policies implemented at the international level in order to prevent the destruction of ecosystems. During the last decades, they became very numerous, and mobilized more and more diversified modes of action. However, natural ecosystems continue to deteriorate, and the effectiveness of protected areas is often questioned. The aim of this thesis was to analyse the factors influencing the effectiveness of protected areas in a context of Amazonian ecosystems that are still well preserved. We observed the implementation of environmental management arrangement (protected areas) that are based on various doctrines: (i) the strong limitation of all harmful human activities through legislation; (ii) the management of resources by local or traditional populations; and (iii) the implementation of sustainable forest management on public lands. We adopted a comparative approach between Guyana (France) and Amapá (Brazil), territories that share a common border, mainly identifiable by the Oyapock River. These two territories present quite similar ecological and geographical conditions, and both have an exceptional coverage of protected areas. Therefore this international comparison allowed us to observe the influence of the historical and socio-political context on the implementation of protected areas. We used a constructivist approach, mainly based on qualitative data (semi-structured interviews, document analysis, participant observation...). We effected a critical deconstruction of "protected areas" management arrangements in order to make their environmental objectives intelligible, and we analysed the environmental effectiveness of the strategies implemented. This analysis was based on a diachronic and multiscalar lecture of management processes. We show that the establishment of protected areas in Guiana and Amapá was led by coalitions of actors structured around management doctrines, i.e. shared conceptions of "good environmental management". Management arrangements created inherited the strategic resources of action and the legitimacy of these coalitions. In Amapá, coalitions were strongly articulated with wider social and environmental movements of the Brazilian Amazon, especially in the case of socio-environmental claims rising at the end of the dictatorship. In French Guiana, the natural protected areas are mainly the result of compromise between the French willingness to serve as an example in the Amazon region, and the minimisation of conflicts with local politicians
Bergua, Fabien. "Réglementations des émissions et trajectoires de l'industrie automobile". Bordeaux 4, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR40044.
Texto completoThe thesis aims to examine the government regulations about automobile emission in order to understand innovative activities of car industry. According to environmental economics, manufacturers and suppliers have to cope with emission standards from the sixties'. However, under environmental pressure and facing the critics regarding command and control regulations, the regulatory context had to change their direction and governments turned to more flexible approaches. Car manufacturers and suppliers were encouraged to develop environmental innovations in order to produce low emission vehicles. Moreover, the change of public policy had incited car industry to turn to more efficient engine technologies than internal combustion
Delfy, Aladin. "paramètres et dispositifs dans la construction de l'habitat durable : le cas de l'écoquartier de Bonne à Grenoble". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG042.
Texto completoOur research addresses the general issue of urban development and how to design sustainable cities through architecture and town planning. Our analysis focused on a study of caserne de Bonne, an ecodistrict located in Grenoble, which is an emblematic city from an ecological viewpoint. Our task was to significantly reduce CO2 gas emissions, limit the greenhouse effect, and preserve biodiversity. We developed our hypothesis to devise satisfactory solutions to fight pollution, reduce the use of fossil fuels, and create innovative ways to employ renewable energy. Our program will start locally, then expand on a regional and national level. We observed that in residential districts, remedies such as reducing transportation generated pollution, conserving energy, treating household waste, and other parameters,can be scaled up and implemented regionally and nationally. As architect and urban planner, we wanted to contribute to this field by providing an analysis of Bonne ecodistrict
Lo, Prete Mariantonia. "Port de commerce et environnement, une relation en évolution : ce que nous apprennent les recours contentieux dans les ports français et italiens en mer Méditerranée". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1178.
Texto completoPorts are inevitably the site of litigation born out of environmental issues. Our research aims to understand how the environment is taken into account in port development. For that purpose, we analysed litigation where public and private players went to court over environmental issues. To do so, we created a method based on a geo-law grid that we used to read and analyse judgements on environmental issues linked to ports, and to grasp the variety of characteristics of these judgements on which we can base a quantitative and qualitative analysis. Our thesis is unique in using a legal approach to study port development. Using the prism of litigation provides valuable information to understand the relationships between private and public players involved in the development of ports as they face environmental issues. As a contribution to this purpose, we provide profiles of how the environment has been taken into account in port development. These port profiles can help us better understand new environmental disputes, and help us find better ways to take the environment into account in port development
Delfy, Aladin. "paramètres et dispositifs dans la construction de l'habitat durable : le cas de l'écoquartier de Bonne à Grenoble". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG042.
Texto completoOur research addresses the general issue of urban development and how to design sustainable cities through architecture and town planning. Our analysis focused on a study of caserne de Bonne, an ecodistrict located in Grenoble, which is an emblematic city from an ecological viewpoint. Our task was to significantly reduce CO2 gas emissions, limit the greenhouse effect, and preserve biodiversity. We developed our hypothesis to devise satisfactory solutions to fight pollution, reduce the use of fossil fuels, and create innovative ways to employ renewable energy. Our program will start locally, then expand on a regional and national level. We observed that in residential districts, remedies such as reducing transportation generated pollution, conserving energy, treating household waste, and other parameters,can be scaled up and implemented regionally and nationally. As architect and urban planner, we wanted to contribute to this field by providing an analysis of Bonne ecodistrict
Pradal, Nathalie. "Synthèses, mise en forme et caractérisations de luminophores nanostructurés pour une nouvelle génération de dispositifs d'éclairage sans mercure". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00775908.
Texto completoSaifane, Manal. "Le pilotage de la politique publique de la biodiversité, vers son expérimentation au Liban : transposition des dispositifs français facilitant l'évolution des pratiques en matière de planification urbaine". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL125.
Texto completoWith the aim of supporting Lebanese decision makers in the choice of public environmental policy reforms to take into account biodiversity in urban projects, the ambition of this research is to study the opportunity of transferring existing mechanisms of sustainable development in France to Lebanon. Thus, the purpose of this thesis is to analyze the progressive integration of biodiversity in the planning system. It is about identifying transferable actions to Lebanon with the Benchmarking method. This approach is complemented by an observation of institutional reforms and the implementation modalities of public action. The transposition of mechanisms to Lebanon requires the implementation of diagnosis shared by all stakeholders because the Lebanese context is different : many constraints limit the development of sustainable and efficient planning. Nevertheless, defining a co-led project requires decision makers to adopt a strategic vision of the urban project. This process goes through a concerted phase where a citizen participation involved. As for the mobilization of the stakeholders, it is based on the proposal of innovative approaches that were formulated theoretically and empirically. On the one hand, we introduced the concept of green index allowing stakeholders to assess the environmental quality of a project. On the other hand, we have modeled a city concept, called Soft City, where nature is everywhere in the city, with a view to applying it in Beirut. To facilitate its experimentation, methodological guides and monitoring and evaluation frameworks were developed for the concerned stakeholders in order to encourage them to implement the innovative tools and concepts
Rousseau, Thomas. "Politiques et techniques de l’éclairage public pour répondre aux enjeux du développement durable en France : Acteurs, mutations et impacts urbains". Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0101.
Texto completoThe importance of having a nocturnal look on the city and of integrating artificial lighting into the urban landscape is growing at the same time as the need for a more pleasant environment in the city favouring social cohesion. At the same time, the particularly difficult social and economic climate and the ever stronger environmental considerations are forcing society and town councils to change faced with the stakes and new paradigms which are essential. In this context, urban lighting requires new approaches in the same way as the optimization of public policies devoted to transport, waste or water management. The nocturnal development in the cities cristallizes the multiple stakes and needs for change concerning the development of cultural heritage, consideration of practices, the comfort of public space, the support for cultural events, urban marking, the cost control of plans or preserving the night sky. To meet the needs and better articulate street lighting, it is imperative to take into consideration the stakes concerning the durability of street lighting. Local authorities have to find less functionalist and more qualitative approaches. It is a case of moving from street lighting to the development of urban lighting. This brings up certain questions. What are the policies and techniques of street lighting set up to meet the requirements of sustainable development ? What are the stakes ? In what way is it important to take them into account in the current socioeconomic context ? What approaches and strategies are being put into action ? Who are the key players to meet these stakes ? Are they the same ones over the whole country? Do they meet the requirements of long-term lighting ? Based on a survey of around one hundred towns in metropolitan France, our work aims at a better understanding of the consideration of durability in the public policies of lighting which seem mainly guided by economic strategies and the will to meet the requirements of the « economic » section of sustainable development. At the same time, the human and social dimension of sustainability in public lighting seems to be developing with an ever growing consideration for practices in the cities. We shall see that the tendencies of public policies on lighting are changing. What new ideas are spreading around ? What are the impacts on the city and the way of developing it ? This work also allows us to remind ourselves of the importance of lighting management in public policies and of the place of the users. The tendencies accepted by the town councils do not seem to be dictated either by the technical offer and the manufacturers or by the price of energy but rather by a combined mix of nocturnal issues depending on the size of the town, urban policies and the geographical, cultural and economic context
Lo, Prete Mariantonia. "Port de commerce et environnement, une relation en évolution : ce que nous apprennent les recours contentieux dans les ports français et italiens en mer Méditerranée". Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1178.
Texto completoPorts are inevitably the site of litigation born out of environmental issues. Our research aims to understand how the environment is taken into account in port development. For that purpose, we analysed litigation where public and private players went to court over environmental issues. To do so, we created a method based on a geo-law grid that we used to read and analyse judgements on environmental issues linked to ports, and to grasp the variety of characteristics of these judgements on which we can base a quantitative and qualitative analysis. Our thesis is unique in using a legal approach to study port development. Using the prism of litigation provides valuable information to understand the relationships between private and public players involved in the development of ports as they face environmental issues. As a contribution to this purpose, we provide profiles of how the environment has been taken into account in port development. These port profiles can help us better understand new environmental disputes, and help us find better ways to take the environment into account in port development
Rousseau, Thomas. "Politiques et techniques de l’éclairage public pour répondre aux enjeux du développement durable en France : Acteurs, mutations et impacts urbains". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0101.
Texto completoThe importance of having a nocturnal look on the city and of integrating artificial lighting into the urban landscape is growing at the same time as the need for a more pleasant environment in the city favouring social cohesion. At the same time, the particularly difficult social and economic climate and the ever stronger environmental considerations are forcing society and town councils to change faced with the stakes and new paradigms which are essential. In this context, urban lighting requires new approaches in the same way as the optimization of public policies devoted to transport, waste or water management. The nocturnal development in the cities cristallizes the multiple stakes and needs for change concerning the development of cultural heritage, consideration of practices, the comfort of public space, the support for cultural events, urban marking, the cost control of plans or preserving the night sky. To meet the needs and better articulate street lighting, it is imperative to take into consideration the stakes concerning the durability of street lighting. Local authorities have to find less functionalist and more qualitative approaches. It is a case of moving from street lighting to the development of urban lighting. This brings up certain questions. What are the policies and techniques of street lighting set up to meet the requirements of sustainable development ? What are the stakes ? In what way is it important to take them into account in the current socioeconomic context ? What approaches and strategies are being put into action ? Who are the key players to meet these stakes ? Are they the same ones over the whole country? Do they meet the requirements of long-term lighting ? Based on a survey of around one hundred towns in metropolitan France, our work aims at a better understanding of the consideration of durability in the public policies of lighting which seem mainly guided by economic strategies and the will to meet the requirements of the « economic » section of sustainable development. At the same time, the human and social dimension of sustainability in public lighting seems to be developing with an ever growing consideration for practices in the cities. We shall see that the tendencies of public policies on lighting are changing. What new ideas are spreading around ? What are the impacts on the city and the way of developing it ? This work also allows us to remind ourselves of the importance of lighting management in public policies and of the place of the users. The tendencies accepted by the town councils do not seem to be dictated either by the technical offer and the manufacturers or by the price of energy but rather by a combined mix of nocturnal issues depending on the size of the town, urban policies and the geographical, cultural and economic context
Vimal, Ruppert. "Des aires protégées aux réseaux écologiques : science, technique et participation pour penser collectivement la durabilité des territoires". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20246/document.
Texto completoNature conservation strategies evolve from the strict protection of isolated and devoid of human activity spaces, to the integration of biodiversity issues in territory development. This change in perspective requires the development of a collective management of complexity and a collective conception of nature and highlights the developing relationship between science, policy and society.Based on a multidisciplinary approach, the objective of this thesis was the elaboration of recommendations for integrated conservation. In the context of the advent of ecological network strategies in France, our research concerns both the spatial methods and the socio-technical process which are in charge of the conservation planning. The analysis of these two issues has produced results pertinent to each theme and more general reflection concerning the role of technical expertise in the development of such new issues. We show how an overly technical approach, which notably aims to spatially identify the network, tends to limit the collective sharing of major issues and thus the adherence of the stakeholders to conservation goals, and also provide a reductive and partial vision of conservation issues. In contrast, a position of expertise which accompanies the dialogue on territory favors social learning and leads to a framework for public action which more fully integrates both the uncertainty and complexity of the natural world. The participative process could thus allow tfor a transition from technical to collective expertise as the foundation of public action, which ensures the inclusion of general knowledge and know-how. In this way, the issue is not of a compromise between science, technique and social debate, but of the way that they can complement each other through interaction and how this interaction may be conducted