Artículos de revistas: "Disposal incomes"

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van der Werf, Paul, Kristian Larsen, Jamie A. Seabrook y Jason Gilliland. "How Neighbourhood Food Environments and a Pay-as-You-Throw (PAYT) Waste Program Impact Household Food Waste Disposal in the City of Toronto". Sustainability 12, n.º 17 (28 de agosto de 2020): 7016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177016.

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Household food waste has negative, and largely unnecessary, environmental, social and economic impacts. A better understanding of current household food waste disposal is needed to help develop and implement effective interventions to reduce food wasting. A four-season waste characterization study was undertaken with 200 single-family households across eight neighbourhoods in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The City of Toronto provides residents with a pay-as-you-throw (PAYT) waste program that includes a choice of four garbage cart sizes (Small [S], Medium [M], Large [L], Extra Large [XL]), with increasing annual user fees ($18.00–$411.00 CAD), as well as a green cart (organic waste) and blue cart (recycling). On average, each household disposed 4.22 kg/week of total food waste, 69.90% of which was disposed in the green cart, and disposal increased significantly (p = 0.03) by garbage cart size to L but not XL garbage carts. Of this total, 61.78% consisted of avoidable food waste, annually valued at $630.00–$847.00 CAD/household. Toronto’s PAYT waste program has been effective at diverting food waste into the green cart but not at reducing its generation. Higher median incomes were positively correlated, while higher neighbourhood dwelling and population density were negatively correlated, with total and avoidable food waste disposal. Regression analyses explained 40–67% of the variance in total avoidable food waste disposal. Higher supermarket density and distance to healthier food outlets were associated with more, while dwelling density was related to less, total and avoidable food waste disposal. Distance to fast food restaurants and less healthy food outlet density were both negatively associated with avoidable food waste disposal in the garbage and green cart, respectively. Avoidable food waste reduction interventions could include increasing garbage cart fees, weight-based PAYT, or messaging to households on the monetary value of avoidable food waste, and working with food retailers to improve how households shop for their food.

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Fazilov, Farkhod. "THE GENESIS OF MONEY LAUNDERING". Jurisprudence 1, n.º 1 (12 de marzo de 2021): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.51788/tsul.jurisprudence.1.1./qpks7411.

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This article analyzes the general concept of legalization of incomes received from criminal activities. The author drew attention to the fact that the legalization of income derived from criminal activity represents a serious threat to national interests since it is a necessary condition for the creation and functioning of organized crime in various spheres of social life. Legalization of revenue received from criminal activities is a criminal and socially dangerous act constituting transfer, conversion, or exchange of property, which has been obtained as a result of criminal activities, as well as non-disclosure or concealment of original nature, source, location, way of disposal, movement, genuine rights concerning the property or ownership thereof in the instance if such property has been obtained as a result of criminal activities.

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Ashenmiller, B. "Cash Recycling, Waste Disposal Costs, and the Incomes of the Working Poor: Evidence from California". Land Economics 85, n.º 3 (24 de junio de 2009): 539–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/le.85.3.539.

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Ghazali, Ihwan y Novita Sakundarini. "E-Waste Recycling and Why It Is Important". Bincang Sains dan Teknologi 3, n.º 01 (13 de febrero de 2024): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.56741/bst.v3i01.502.

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The exponential growth of electronic waste (e-waste) has become a pressing concern. This alarming trend is expected to persist. The study identifies falling prices as a primary driver behind the surge in e-waste, making electronic devices more affordable and accessible globally. Developing countries, particularly in Asia, bear a significant share of this burden, as a burgeoning middle class with disposable incomes contributes to increased purchases and frequent replacements of electronic goods. Asia alone accounts for more than 40 percent of the global e-waste generated. The critical need for urgent and coordinated global efforts to address the escalating challenge of e-waste. It highlights the environmental hazards posed by improper disposal and the socio-economic impact on developing regions. As electronic consumption continues to rise, effective strategies must be implemented to mitigate the adverse effects of e-waste, emphasizing sustainable practices, responsible manufacturing, and international collaboration.

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Freu, Christel. "Labour status and economic stratification in the Roman world: the hierarchy of wages in Egypt". Journal of Roman Archaeology 28 (2015): 161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759415002445.

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The hierarchy of workers’ incomes and wages in the Roman world has long drawn the attention of scholars. The series of workers’ wages we have at our disposal comes mostly from Roman and Byzantine Egypt: account books, labour contracts, and orders or receipts of payment on papyri and ostraca. Since the 1930s, lists of wages and prices have been compiled, firstly, to study the purchasing power of the working population and, secondly, to classify the trades according to the workers’ qualifications and to the location of employment.

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Ntaganira, E., NK Taremwa, E. Majiwa, F. Niyitanga y P. Uwimana. "Impact of contract farming on the income of smallholder dairy farmers from Nyagatare district in the Eastern Province of Rwanda". African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 23, n.º 5 (31 de mayo de 2023): 23465–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.120.22745.

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The demand for dairy milk and its products is projected to increase significantly in the developing countries by the year 2030. Globally, close to 6 billion people consume milk and other dairy products due to rising earnings, population expansion, urbanization, and dietary changes. The projected increase in demand for dairy milk and its products thus requires enhanced productivity by the dairy farmers. However, dairy farming is relatively capital intensive which requires dairy farmers to have disposal income to run the venture. Contract farming is gradually being embraced in Rwanda as a viable option to help farmers increase dairy productivity. The impact of contract farming on dairy farmers’ incomes is however not well documented in the Rwandan context. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the impact of contract farming on smallholder dairy farmers’ income in Rwanda among smallholders’ dairy farmers in Nyagatare District. Following the stratification and purposive sampling of two sectors, random sampling of two villages from each of those sectors allowed for the systematic and purposive sampling of representative households and farmers. Data from 214 smallholder dairy farmers were collected using structured interviews and document reviews. The multivariate logistic analysis and propensity score matching was used for data analysis in Stata Version 15. The findings showed that smallholder dairy farmers adopting contract farming earned on average 135,000 RWF (135$) more than their non-adopter counterparts. Further, contract farming was found to have a significant positive impact on income among smallholder dairy farmers in Nyagatare district. However, the impact of contract farming on farmer incomes could be further augmented by increasing the heads of cattle owned per farmer, to at least more than 30. Government intervention is one way to achieve this. The government, in collaboration with businesses like Heifer International, can give heifers to small-scale dairy farmers. Key words: Contract farming, Income, Smallholder dairy farmers, Impact, Rwanda

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Fitria, Nada, Jakiatin Nisa y Syairul Bahar. "Dampak Sosial Ekonomi Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPA) Sampah Cipeucang Bagi Pemulung Sekitar". Sosio-Didaktika: Social Science Education Journal 11, n.º 1 (15 de julio de 2024): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sd.v11i1.38611.

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Cipeucang landfill has become a place where waste collects which has a direct impact on local scavengers. The proximity of the scavenger community's residential location in Serpong Subdistrict to the landfill site means that the scavenger community is vulnerable to coming into contact with waste. This research aims to determine the socio-economic impact of the Cipeucang waste final disposal site (TPA) on local scavengers. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative approach. with this type of phenomenological research. The object of this research is society. scavengers who are around the Cipeucang TPA and who are the subjects are the scavenger community of RT 06 RW 04 who live and are in direct contact with the TPA. The data collection technique used in this research was observation interviews. and documentation. The results of the analysis show that there are positive and negative impacts on the scavenger community around the Cipeucang landfill. Among them is the positive impact of the large number of local scavenger communities whose main income is from scavenger work with very varied incomes, where the income earned by the The negative impact is that the residences occupied by scavengers are still inadequate because the residences they occupy in terms of the physical condition of the building are still considered vulnerable to potential danger, apart from that, in terms of education among the scavenger community, it is still relatively low, because many of them are the children of scavengers. who dropped out of school again because of financial constraints.

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Zhu, Kongming. "Consumer Characteristics and Behavior in the Era of Covid Epidemic". Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 5, n.º 1 (27 de abril de 2023): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/5/20220086.

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A pandemic brings change to health and quality of life, it may also adversely impact financial and food security. These changes also alter how humans react to the situation, sometimes in a very contrasting way from their normal behaviors. Consumer behavior is not general human behavior, it is rather a very specific behavior directed toward the search, purchase, sale, or disposal of goods or services. In times of crisis, consumer behavior can go through a three-step cycle of reacting, coping, and long-term adaptation. The pandemic can also impact food consumption in the face of shrinking income, closure of food service, and managing the household as a unit of consumption in the face of any uncertain shortages. The pandemic has impacted consumer behavior by impacting the shopping habits of people. During the pandemic, impulsive buying was caused by the emotion of fear. These studies used the theory of fear appeal to explain the three important concepts of perceived efficacy, threat, and fear. This theory suggests that fear generates an emotional reaction from customers. Covid-19 has brought extreme challenges for governments, businesses, and societies across the world. These challenges have affected psychological, social, and economic changes. Unemployment without an alternate employment option available during the pandemic has impacted household finances severely. Along with its financial impact it has also caused stress and changed consumer behavior. With the uncertainty that existed and shrinking incomes, the way consumers buy, shop, and consume items changed.

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Cannie, Shailla. "A Systemic Review of an Untold Story: The Financial Abuse". Global Academic Journal of Medical Sciences 4, n.º 2 (13 de marzo de 2022): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/gajms.2022.v04i02.005.

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Introduction: When most people think of domestic violence, the first thing that comes to mind is most likely verbal abuse as well as physical assault or assaulting a spouse or partner. Nevertheless, according to research, financial abuse occurs just as frequently in toxic relationships as other forms of violence. Unfortunately, the frequency of poverty among women is higher than the general population (United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA], 2005). Women constitute 70% of the world's 1.5 billion impoverished, according to the World Bank (Chen, 2005). As a result, economic violence is a form of prejudice that is particularly harmful to women. Method: A systematic search was conducted with PRISMA guidelines. The search was completed by examining peer reviewed literature databases using PubMed, Research gate, Medline and identified potential studies for inclusion. Results: All participants in the mentioned studies have suffered from varying degrees of financial abuse and even people who have incomes access to their own income at their disposal. The women accounts included four kinds of economic abuse apperceived in current literature: such as Preventing the acquisition of economic resources, Preventing the use of resources, Reluctant to contribute, Exploiting women's resources and/or engendering economic costs; and two unique abuse, Exploiting women’s customary marriage gifts including Jahez/dahej, meher, wari and Jeopardising women's long-term finances, for example, through transnational investment. Conclusion: Comparing financial abuse to other forms of abuse, the researchers found that its size has grown. Aside from that, it has been discovered that the victims' behaviour continues to be affected even after rehabilitation.

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Ratnasari, Emma Dwi, Indah Susilowati y Nugroho Sumarjiyanto Benedictus Maria. "Analysis of the Vulnerability of Farmers' Livelihoods as a Impact of Shifting Slow Variables and Fast Variables: Livelihood Vulnerability Index and Photovoice Approaches". Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 17, n.º 8 (8 de agosto de 2023): e03648. http://dx.doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v17n8-007.

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Purpose: This study aims to study the vulnerability of farmers' livelihoods as a result of shifts in slow and fast variables. Method: In this study, the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) approach and the Photovoice method were used to comprehensively describe and analyze the vulnerability of farmers' livelihoods. The Livelihood Vulnerability Index LVI method will provide a deeper understanding of the level of vulnerability of farmers to these changes. In addition, the Photovoice method is used to obtain a visual perspective from the farmers themselves. Results and conclusion: The results of this study reveal that the vulnerability of farming households in coastal areas is in two aspects. First, through the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI), it can be seen that land conversion has resulted in a decrease in the productivity of the agricultural sector, farmer incomes, and loss of livelihoods for vulnerable local farmers. The sensitivity of farmers is also evident through their high dependence on the agricultural sector and their reluctance to leave their homes. Second, using the Photovoice method, the sources of vulnerability faced by farm households are illustrated, such as water and soil contamination by shrimp pond waste and decreased productivity and income due to careless disposal of waste. Research implication: The vulnerability of farmers' livelihoods is also affected by limited capital and lack of compliance with agricultural governance regulations, increasing the vulnerability of farmers in the coastal areas of Kebumen. Originality/value: Livelihood vulnerability is an important concept in understanding the extent to which farmers are vulnerable to social, economic and ecological changes.

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Plakhtii, Tetiana, Lidiia Fedoryshyna y Olena Tomchuk. "SOCIO-ECONOMIC COMPONENT OF PREFERENTIAL TAXATION OF INDIVIDUAL INCOME". Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, n.º 2 (13 de mayo de 2019): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-2-171-175.

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The purpose of the article is to study the socio-economic component of the preferential taxation of individuals. It is shown that the Tax Social Benefit is the ability of the taxpayer to reduce the calculated total monthly taxable income in the form of wages. Methodology. The object of taxation is determined according to the status of the payer. So, for a resident – is: the total monthly (annual) taxable income; income from the source of their origin, which are finally taxed when they are charged (payment, provision), and foreign incomes – income (profit) received from sources outside. The object of taxation of a non-resident is: the total monthly (annual) taxable income from the source of its origin and income from the source of their origin in Ukraine, which are finally taxed during their calculation (payment, provision). Results. The basis of taxation is the total taxable income – any taxable income accrued (paid, provided) in favour of the taxpayer during the reporting tax period. Imagine the structure of the aggregate resources of households, which in the overwhelming majority are subject to tax. Individual Income Tax is fiscally significant for budgets of all levels, since after the distribution through the budget system the lion’s share remains at the disposal of local budgets Practical implications. Although Ukraine is a market economy country, in our opinion, observance of these recommendations will have only a positive effect both on activating the regulatory function of the Individual Income Tax and on the level of income differentiation of the population as a result. Value/ originality. In view of a large number of studies of domestic scientists on this issue, it is necessary to systematize tax deductions from Individual Income Tax in accordance with the concept of tax expenditures, taking into account the specifics of tax legislation. The established indicators for the tax social benefit are calculated according to the following algorithm: the maximum amount for the application of the tax social benefit: the subsistence minimum for an able-bodied person on January 1 of the reporting tax year, multiplied by 1.4 and rounded to the nearest 10 hryvnias. The size of the tax social benefit is equal to 50% of the subsistence minimum for an able-bodied person (per month), established by law on January 1 of the reporting tax year.

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Sarinova, Alfiya Zhumabayevna. "Comparative analysis of the implementation of forms of property in Russia and Kazakhstan". Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ekonomika, n.º 59 (2022): 342–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19988648/59/22.

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The article analyzes the origins and causes of social inequality, and labor incomes of the population. In the conditions of economic development, a set of measures is required to overcome social proportions. The article compares statistical indicators of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan in terms of fixed assets, the average annual number of people employed in the economy by form of ownership, as well as the distribution of enterprises and organizations by form of ownership. The study focuses on the above-mentioned statistical indicators of foreign ownership in both countries. The data of official statistics on the distribution of the authorized capital (fund) of organizations by types of economic activity by shareholders (founders) are analyzed; comparative characteristics are given in the context of spheres of activity. The indicators of the fund's shares are compared, and the following areas of activity are affected: mining, extraction of crude oil and natural gas, extraction of metal ores, extraction of other minerals, provision of services in the field of mining, manufacturing, food production, beverage production, tobacco production, textile production, clothing production, manufacturing leather and leather products, wood processing and production of wood and cork products, production of straw products and materials for weaving, production of machinery and equipment not included in other groupings, production of other vehicles and equipment, provision of electric energy, gas and steam; air conditioning, production, transmission and distribution of electricity, production and distribution of gaseous fuels, production of paper and paper products, printing and copying of media, production of coke and petroleum products, production of chemicals and chemical products, production of rubber and plastic products, production of medicines and materials used for medical purposes, production of other non-metallic mineral products, metallurgical production, production of finished metal products, in addition to machinery and equipment, manufacture of computers, electronic and optical products, manufacture of electrical equipment, manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers, manufacture of furniture, production, transmission and distribution of steam and hot water, air conditioning, water supply; wastewater disposal, waste collection and disposal, pollution elimination activities, water intake, purification and distribution, waste water collection and treatment, waste collection, treatment and disposal, processing of secondary raw materials, services in the field of pollution elimination, and other services.

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Dregulo, Andrei M. y Alexander M. Khodachek. "Waste Management Reform In Regions Of The Russian Federation: Implementation Issues On The Way To Sustainable Development". GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 15, n.º 1 (11 de enero de 2022): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2021-078.

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Disposal of production and consumption waste is a worldwide problem. Despite the experience of foreign countries, waste disposal practice in the Russian Federation remains at the level of the 1970s. The method of waste burial at landfill sites prevails, leading to a loss of secondary resources and the appearance of sites of accumulated environmental damage, which is connected with the lack of a clear legal framework for waste management activities. Analysis of waste accumulation standards for apartment buildings in 20 regions of the Russian Federation showed that the difference in accumulation standards can vary by 2.32 times (from 0.125 m3 in the Kursk region to 0.279 m3 in the Voronezh region). At the same time, the difference in the cost of solid waste removal services can be varied by 2.74 times from 51.55 rubles in the Altai Territory (on average in the region) to 141.45 rubles in the Tyumen region. At the same time, the share of the population with incomes below the subsistence minimum in different regions reaches 7 - 36%. This is largely due to the critically low recovery of secondary materials (about 7%). The capacity of landfills in the regions of the European part of Russia (where more than 2/3 of the population lives) is almost exhausted. Many landfills of solid waste are objects of accumulated environmental damage. The decision to introduce the «institute» of “regional environmental operators”, which was adopted at the level of the Russian Federation to implement the waste management reform, has not, yet had any positive effect. Given the constant deficit of the consolidated budgets of most regions, the high level of poverty and the lack of state support, the prospects for waste management reform indicate the need for additional efforts on the part of the state, business and society.

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Raston, Sitio. "Bantar Gebang Integrated Waste Disposal Study with Income, Public Health". International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, n.º 1 (20 de enero de 2020): 1340–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i1/pr200233.

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Cribb, Jonathan. "Labour market and income inequalities in the United Kingdom, 1968–2021". Fiscal Studies 45, n.º 2 (junio de 2024): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12373.

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AbstractThis paper examines trends in working‐age labour market and disposable income inequalities in the United Kingdom from 1968 to 2021 using microdata harmonised with 16 other high‐income countries. In the UK, the 1980s was a period of rising labour market inequalities and inequality in disposable incomes. Since the 1980s, changes have been more modest. Changing hours of work and changes in family structure have been important for understanding trends in individual and household earnings inequalities, respectively. Tax and benefit reforms have also played an important role in driving disposable income inequalities, with notable redistribution towards low‐income households between 1997 and 2010. We also provide evidence on the effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic in the UK. Disposable income inequality fell slightly as increases in state benefits during the pandemic boosted incomes of poorer households.

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Ahmad, Nuzhat y Mahpara Sadaqa. "Social Capital Household Welfare and Poverty: Evidence from Pakistan". Pakistan Development Review 55, n.º 4I-II (1 de diciembre de 2016): 467–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v55i4i-iipp.467-482.

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The research addresses the missing link between social capital and analyses of household welfare and poverty. First the relationship between social capital and household welfare is analysed using a social capital index and a heterogeneity index. The social capital index is calculated using different dimensions: density of membership, attendance at meetings, cash and kind contributions and decision making in local organisations/associations. Heterogeneity index is based on differences in incomes, ethnicity, education and political affiliations in the composition of organisations. Endogeneity of social capital with household expenditure is tested through an Instrumental Variable approach. The relationship between social capital and probability of being poor is analysed through a logit model. The analysis uses data collected form 1050 households in and around the cities of Karachi, Lahore and Quetta. The main results indicate that social capital (however measured) has a positive impact on the welfare of the household. The study concludes that social capital and human capital have the same returns. A powerful result of the research is that households with social capital at their disposal are likely to be less poor and that poverty is less when households share risks though building associations and through collective action. The research has some policy implications which can be useful in building up social capital in the country.

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Balasubramanya, Soumya, Barbara Evans, Rizwan Ahmed, Ahasan Habib, N. S. M. Asad, Luan Vuong, Mominur Rahman, Mahmudul Hasan, Digbijoy Dey y Miller Camargo-Valero. "Pump it up: making single-pit emptying safer in rural Bangladesh". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6, n.º 3 (30 de junio de 2016): 456–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.049.

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Safe emptying and disposal of fecal sludge from pit latrines in rural areas has become a priority for the Government of Bangladesh. In this paper, we calculate the volume and characterize the hazards of managing sludge to identify technologies for safely emptying rural single pits. In Bhaluka subdistrict, an estimated 15,000 m3 of sludge is produced annually. Physical, chemical, and microbial analysis of samples of sludge taken from pit latrines indicate that the sludge has a high moisture content of around 90%, a C:N ration of 10:1, and a helminth presence of 41 eggs/g. In a field test of alternative emptying technologies, simple pumps such as the gulper emerged as feasible for use in rural areas, due to the liquid nature of the sludge, narrow roads, and limited incomes of rural households. The results suggest that current practices of emptying liquid sludge manually without any protective equipment poses risks to those who handle sludge, and the process needs to be semi-mechanized with immediate effect. These results are being used by the Bangladesh government to design policy for sludge management. In the near future, an organized service that safely empties single pits and transports sludge for treatment needs to be urgently designed.

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Nik Nor Rahimah, Nik Ab Rahim, Othman Jamal, Mohd Salleh Norlida Hanim, Chamhuri Norshamliza y Sahrir Syazwani. "Including Public Realism in Determining New Pricing Scheme for Sanitary Landfill in Malaysia". Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies 60, n.º 1 (11 de julio de 2023): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/mjes.vol60no1.5.

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Financial restriction and excessive demand for solid waste disposal is a press-ing issue in developing countries. Neglecting this problem can worsen environmental damage and endanger public health. To address this challenge, this study investigated the influence of social factors on the willingness to pay for a sanitary landfill in Malaysia using choice modelling. Focusing on neighbouring districts, Kota Bharu and Bachok, where households share a crude-dumping landfill, the study collected data from 624 respondents. The findings revealed a common preference among respondents for a sanitary landfill attribute related to controlled disease vectors, with willingness to pay ranging from RM10.66 to RM13.33 per month. Interestingly, despite experiencing adverse effects from the crude-dumping landfill, respondents from Bachok still showed a preference for it. This preference could be influenced by lower mean incomes among Bachok residents who live closer to the landfill site compared to respondents in Kota Bharu. To address these dynamics, implementing cross-subsidies by charging higher prices to households in Kota Bharu and lower prices to households in Bachok could facilitate the successful implementation of the sanitary landfill. These results can inform other developing countries by highlighting the importance of considering the local social context when designing sustainable solid waste policies.

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Sayuti, R. H., M. Taqiuddin, Hayati, A. Evendi, S. A. Hidayati, K. H. Asri y E. Sopian. "Socio-economic mapping for community empowerment in Mandalika special economic zone, Lombok, Indonesia". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1253, n.º 1 (1 de octubre de 2023): 012067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1253/1/012067.

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Abstract The community’s welfare is anticipated to increase with development in highly prioritized regions of the country’s tourism industry. Studies, however, indicate that this is not always the case. If the process of social engineering is not taken seriously, even poverty will continue to cast a shadow over the neighborhood. What about the Mandalika Special Economic Zone (SEZ), which has been designated as a new area for economic growth and has had expensive tourism amenities constructed? This study aims to map the social and economic state of the neighborhood surrounding the Mandalika Special Economic Zone (SEZ). This study employed mixed methods, which combine quantitative and qualitative techniques. Maps representing the community’s social and economic situations are produced quantitatively. A qualitative approach uses a participative procedure to create a community empowerment model. The study’s findings are: (1) The community’s social and economic situations are underwhelming. Public health infrastructure, such as drinking water facilities, sanitization, and waste disposal, is still subpar. People in SEZ Mandalika still have modest incomes, and many are even considered impoverished. (2) The community’s human, ecological, and cultural resources contribute to its potential. Numerous forms of tourism infrastructure have been constructed. (3) There are five components to the suggested community empowerment model: the government, academia, community, media, and business actors (Penta helix).

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Rogalska, Joanna. "Fee for issuing alcoholic beverages for sale in the municipalities of the Kielce poviat". Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, n.º 6 (25 de noviembre de 2021): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.964.

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Purpose of the study: The aim of the article is an analysis of revenues for fees for permits for the sale of alcoholic beverages in the own income of municipalities of the Kielce poviat in 2018-2020. It is to enable the answer to be given about the role of the fee for issuing a permit for the sale of alcohol in the incomes of municipalities' own. Methodology: The work was based on the analysis of RB 27S reports on the implementation of the budget income plan of the surveyed municipalities, analysis of internal materials of these units, normative acts and the Local Data Bank Main findings: The data presented in the paper shows that the share of revenues from fees for the permit to sell alcohol in own income does not exceed 1.7% and has a downward trend. However, the actual revenue from the levy shows slight fluctuations over the period considered. Moreover, it does not matter whether we are dealing with a rural or an urban-rural commune. Application of the study: The following study concerns an important aspect of financing the activities of municipalities. Taxes and fees are the most important revenues in budgets. Each decision of the local government authorities has an impact on the level of income. It may lead to a lack of funds for the implementation of own tasks. The year 2021 may be interesting in terms of income from the fee under study due to the possibility of applying a fee exemption or postponing its payment resulting from the provisions of the Act of March 2, 2020 on special solutions related to the prevention, prevention and combating of COVID-19, other infectious diseases and the resulting crises. It is not an easy decision, because such action reduces the revenues to the commune's budget. Due to the fact that for the implementation of tasks for which the funds from the fee were provided, it will have to be financed with other income. Originality/Novelty of the study: The importance of the financial stability of local government units is an extremely important topic. Topics related to budget planning are essential for the long-term balancing of the demand for funds reported by local governments in relation to the efficiency of funds left at the disposal of local authorities. As a consequence, the subject of the study was the analysis of the dynamics and structure of local authorities' income from the point of view of the selected source of income. The article can inspire further research in the field of local government finance and contribute to other interesting scientific studies.

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Schenck, Catherina J., Takunda Y. Chitaka, Hugh Tyrrell y Andrea Couvert. "Disposable Diaper Usage and Disposal Practices in Samora Machel Township, South Africa". Sustainability 15, n.º 12 (13 de junio de 2023): 9478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15129478.

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Single-use disposable diapers have a major impact on climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions from landfills, especially those that are unlined, and particularly when such diapers are not well-managed and dumped in water courses and open spaces or burnt. The aim of this study was to explore the current usage and disposal practices of disposable diaper users in Samora Machel, a township in Cape Town, South Africa. The findings were to be used to inform the design and implementation of a pilot diaper collection model to follow. This urban/peri-urban area comprises lower-income, high-density communities in formal basic housing, with many backyarders and informal shacks. The dumping of diapers in open spaces and sewage systems causes severe problems. Therefore, we employed a theoretical socio-ecological system approach to guide the understanding of these complex environmental issues; the data collection methodology entailed a community-based participatory study process. Four hundred and eight (408) questionnaires consisting of quantitative and qualitative answers were codeveloped with members of the community and completed by trained community-based fieldworkers. A community walkabout and two focus groups provided rich data. The results show that complex waste streams such as disposable diapers and the related environmental issues are testing the limits of current management approaches; managing disposable diapers in underserved low-income communities creates a major burden for these already fragile communities. Single solutions will not suffice for these complex problems, so innovative waste management systems need to be codesigned with communities and relevant stakeholders to ensure sustainability, equality, and social justice.

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Ushin, Vasilii V., Vitaly V. Zotov, Elena A. Prelikova y Ulyana V. Yushina. "Population Readiness for Separate Collection of Municipal Solid Waste (Example of Disposable Diapers)". Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series: Economics, Sociology and Management 11, n.º 6 (2021): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1552-2021-11-6-199-211.

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The relevance of the study is due to the constantly growing environmental damage caused by used disposable diapers. The purpose of the study was to determine the potential of public participation in the disposal of disposable diapers. Objectives: to determine the intensity and volume of use of disposable diapers, the possibility of abandoning them and switching to alternatives, to determine the readiness of the population for the disposal of household waste, including disposable diapers. The research methodology is based on the scientific concepts of the reform of solid municipal waste management (garbage reform), which involves the involvement of citizens in the process of solving socially significant environmental problems. The analysis of the population's attitude to the disposal of disposable diapers was carried out on the basis of data from mass sociological surveys conducted by the authors in 2020. The results of the study make it possible to state: the use of disposable diapers has become an integral part of parents' lives and the rejection of this hygiene product is unlikely to happen in the near future, therefore, the relevance of recycling and recycling of disposable diapers will not be reduced. The target audience of users of disposable diapers is mainly married women aged 26 to 45 years, living in a nucleic family of 3-4 people in apartment buildings without a trash or private houses. The income per family member in the target group ranges from one to two times the minimum wage. The target group under study considers the problem of sorting household waste to be important and is ready to separate disposable diapers from household waste. Under these conditions, economic incentives are needed to implement separate collection. The possibility of receiving bonuses when buying a new batch of goods or providing free packaging of used diapers can positively influence the decision to separate a disposable diaper from household waste. Conslusions. The authors conclude that the authorities should take into account the results of the survey before developing measures for the disposal of disposable diapers and draw conclusions about how to come to a compromise solution.

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Wang, Zheying. "Influences of Income on Luxury Products Consumption". Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 10, n.º 1 (13 de septiembre de 2023): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/10/20230486.

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This report is aimed to investigate the influences of incomes on consumers consumption and demands of luxury vehicles in China. This study uses the summary of the sales performance of these four brands in China in each year to represent the sales performances of luxury vehicles in China. This report uses the units sold to represent the sales performances. This study uses the national data from the Chinese National Bureau of Statistics to collect the average disposable income data to represent the income conditions of Chinese consumers Based on secondary data collected about the sales performances of luxury vehicles and disposable income conditions of Chinese consumers, this study found that incomes have huge influences on consumers demands of luxury vehicles. Just as expected by theory, the income elasticity of demand for luxury vehicles is larger than 1. In China, as the increasing incomes of consumers, the demands of luxury vehicles are also increased and the percentages of increase in demands are larger than the percentages of increase in incomes. Moreover, this study found that the negative expectation of consumers to future incomes also seriously influence the demand of luxury vehicles.

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24

Chernyavskiy, Sergei V., Mikhail V. Palt, Vladimir S. Chernyavskiy y Irina A. Astakhova. "Accounting for natural mining conditions as the basis for evaluating the effectiveness of the enterprise". Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ekonomika, n.º 57 (2022): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19988648/57/3.

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The tax mechanism in the extractive industries should provide all enterprises with relatively equal terms of business, the differentiation of which is largely due to the influence of natural mineral mining conditions, to the number of the production conditions of mining mining factors of the Reno formation and the quality of minerals. However, the tools of the tax mechanism used, including the differentiation of tax rates for mining, are not able to ensure the necessary equality in mining enterprises’ profitability after taxation. Some economists offer a certain averaging of payments for deposits, which, in fact, is a refusal from the principles of rental taxation of mining enterprises. The differentiation of natural mineral mining conditions is expressed in the differential mining render of the deposit. The withdrawal of the differential mountain rent in the income of the state, the owner of the subsoil, can be ensured by further strengthening the differentiation of tax rates for mining, adding conditions for the development of specific deposits or the use of various forms of non-tax seizures of differential mining. In our opinion, the withdrawal of differential mining rents should be provided with a non-tax method. This is due to the fact that this rental income is fully owned by the state as the owner of the subsoil, for which the tax seizure is inefficient. Another part of the rental deposits of the field is a quasirent, a rent of machines or production capital. The quasirent, fully or partially, but at a rate reduced compared with the level of profit taxation, should be left at the disposal of the mining enterprise to stimulate an increase in the technological and innovative level of production. The last part of rental incomes is an absolute meager, which is formed from the excess of the existing demand for this natural resource. Taxation of absolute rent, as part of the entrepreneurial profit, should be made using the established taxation rates of profits on the general basis. Thus, the taxation of each part of the revenge income of the extractive enterprise should be carried out separately, in accordance with the specified principles, which will ensure the rental nature of the tax mechanism of mining enterprises and will strengthen its stimulating effect on improving the technological and innovative mining level. Contribution of the authors: the authors contributed equally to this article. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

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25

Chu, Zhujie, Yunga Wu y Jun Zhuang. "Municipal household solid waste fee based on an increasing block pricing model in Beijing, China". Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 35, n.º 3 (15 de diciembre de 2016): 228–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x16681462.

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This article aims to design an increasing block pricing model to estimate the waste fee with the consideration of the goals and principles of municipal household solid waste pricing. The increasing block pricing model is based on the main consideration of the per capita disposable income of urban residents, household consumption expenditure, production rate of waste disposal industry, and inflation rate. The empirical analysis is based on survey data of 5000 households in Beijing, China. The results indicate that the current uniform price of waste disposal is set too high for low-income people, and waste fees to the household disposable income or total household spending ratio are too low for the medium- and high-income families. An increasing block pricing model can prevent this kind of situation, and not only solve the problem of lack of funds, but also enhance the residents’ awareness of environmental protection. A comparative study based on the grey system model is made by having a preliminary forecast for the waste emissions reduction effect of the pay-as-you-throw programme in the next 5 years of Beijing, China. The results show that the effect of the pay-as-you-throw programme is not only to promote the energy conservation and emissions reduction, but also giving a further improvement of the environmental quality.

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26

Kalina, Marc, Jonathan Kwangulero, Fathima Ali y Elizabeth Tilley. "“You need to dispose of them somewhere safe”: Covid-19, masks, and the pit latrine in Malawi and South Africa". PLOS ONE 17, n.º 2 (22 de febrero de 2022): e0262741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262741.

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The ongoing Covid-19 pandemic has generated an immense amount of potentially infectious waste, primarily face masks, which require rapid and sanitary disposal in order to mitigate the spread of the disease. Yet, within Africa, large segments of the population lack access to reliable municipal solid waste management (SWM) services, both complicating the disposal of hazardous waste, and public health efforts. Drawing on extensive qualitative fieldwork, including 96 semi-structured interviews, across four different low-income communities in Blantyre, Malawi and Durban, South Africa, the purpose of this article is to respond to a qualitative gap on mask disposal behaviours, particularly from within low-income and African contexts. Specifically, our purpose was to understand what behaviours have arisen over the past year, across the two disparate national contexts, and how they have been influenced by individual risk perceptions, established traditional practice, state communication, and other media sources. Findings suggest that the wearing of cloth masks simplifies disposal, as cloth masks can (with washing) be reused continuously. However, in communities where disposable masks are more prevalent, primarily within Blantyre, the pit latrine had been adopted as the most common space for ‘safe’ disposal for a used mask. We argue that this is not a new behaviour, however, and that the pit latrine was already an essential part of many low-income households SWM systems, and that within the Global South, the pit latrine fulfils a valuable and uncounted solid waste management function, in addition to its sanitation role.

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27

Gwenzi, Willis, Tinoziva T. Simbanegavi y Piotr Rzymski. "Household Disposal of Pharmaceuticals in Low-Income Settings: Practices, Health Hazards, and Research Needs". Water 15, n.º 3 (25 de enero de 2023): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15030476.

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Pharmaceuticals are widely used in Africa due to the high burden of human and animal diseases. However, a review of the current practices and pollution risks arising from the disposal of pharmaceuticals in low-income settings in Africa is still lacking. Therefore, the present review examined the literature to address the following questions: (1) what are the key factors driving the accumulation of unused and expired pharmaceuticals?, (2) what are the current disposal practices for unused and expired pharmaceuticals, and wastewater (feces and urine) containing excreted pharmaceuticals?, (3) what are the potential environmental and human health hazards posed by current disposal practices?, and (4) what are the key research needs on the disposal of pharmaceuticals in low-income settings? Evidence shows that, in low-income settings, wastewater comprising predominantly of feces and urine containing excreted pharmaceuticals often end up in on-site sanitation systems such as pit latrines, septic tanks, and the environment in the case of open defecation. Unused and expired pharmaceuticals are disposed of in pit latrines, household solid waste, and/or burned. The pollution risks of current disposal practices are poorly understood, but pharmaceutical pollution of groundwater sources, including those used for drinking water supply, may occur via strong hydrological connectivity between pit latrines and groundwater systems. Potential high-risk pollution and human exposure hotspots are discussed. However, compared to other environmental compartments, the occurrence, dissemination, fate, and human health risks of pharmaceuticals in the pit latrine-groundwater continuum are still understudied. Future research directions are discussed to address these gaps using the Source-Pathway-Receptor-Impact-Mitigation (SPRIM) continuum as an organizing framework.

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Reznik, O. M. y A. A. Bertsyukh. "Concepts and features of interaction of the State service of financial monitoring of Ukraine with law enforcement agencies concerning counteraction to legalization of criminal incomes". Legal horizons, n.º 22 (2020): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2020.i22.p82.

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The article is devoted to the formulation of the author’s definition of the concept of interaction of the State Financial Monitoring Service of Ukraine with law enforcement agencies to combat money laundering, followed by the definition of the peculiarities of such interaction. The relevance of the proposed article is due to the high level of financial and economic crime, at which the laundering of criminal proceeds causes significant damage to the economy. Accordingly, this state of affairs necessitates the joint efforts of different actors in the fight against this negative phenomenon. It is noted that the category of “interaction” is used in various fields of scientific knowledge, while from the point of view of law this category is most often studied by scientists in the field of criminology, criminal procedure, criminology and operational and investigative activities. Signs of interaction are defined. The interpretation of the financial intelligence unit is considered, as the State Financial Monitoring Service of Ukraine was created as such a unit. The content of the concept of “law enforcement agencies” is revealed by analyzing the legislative and doctrinal definitions, as well as clarifying which tasks-functions certify the law enforcement nature of the activity and allows to refer a body to the category of law enforcement. The author’s vision of the category “law enforcement agencies” is given. The essential signs of legalization of criminal proceeds are singled out. It is established that at the doctrinal level money laundering can be considered in material, procedural, economic and legal aspects. It is concluded that the interaction of the State Financial Monitoring Service of Ukraine with law enforcement agencies to combat money laundering means regulated and agreed under a number of conditions the activities of these entities, which are independent of each other, which is carried out using special methods and carried out in specific forms, in order to counteract the granting of lawful possession, use or disposal of proceeds of crime. Peculiarities of interaction in the context of the researched question are singled out.

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Novotná, Martina, Ivana Faltová Leitmanová, Jiří Alina y Tomáš Volek. "Capital Intensity and Labour Productivity in Waste Companies". Sustainability 12, n.º 24 (9 de diciembre de 2020): 10300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410300.

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At first glance, it might seem that the economic aspects of sustainability in terms of waste management have resolved themselves already in areas of activity. In reality, however, companies in this area also need to address how to ensure their future operations. The primary priority for companies in the area of waste disposal is to provide efficient collection, sorting, and recycling, effectively using company resources. The goal of this paper was to explore the relation between capital intensity and the productivity of labour in companies in the waste sector in the countries of the Visegrad Group (V4), and consequently, to define the bonds among economic indicators in the form of the economic normal. The study used data from 875 enterprises from the V4 countries, which were divided into categories according to the development of capital intensity and labour productivity. This study found that companies mainly implement modest investment development, which was characterised by the high effectiveness of capital usage, diminishing labour productivity, low labour endowment, but at the same time, increasing profitability. The reason for the labour productivity decrease was due to the growing proportional cost of labour. This trend was typical for most of the large-sized and middle-sized companies, whereas for most small companies, there was a dominant severe capital development with decreasing labour productivity and relatively high profitability of incomes. The smallest representation takes companies with capital-intensive development with the positive development of all monitored economic indicators.

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30

Chang, Carolyn W., Kian Guan Lim y Zhi Min Zhang. "Leverage Strategies of Real Estate Investment Trusts and Real Estate Operating Companies". International Real Estate Review 27, n.º 1 (30 de marzo de 2024): 81–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.53383/100377.

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This paper employs empirical data in three major Asian real estate markets - Hong Kong, Japan, and Singapore, from 2001 to 2021, to study the leverage strategies of two related types of real estate companies – real estate investment trusts (REITs) and real estate operating companies (REOCs). The business model of the former must adhere to a real-estate-focused investment strategy while the latter undertakes a whole range of real estate development activities including land acquisition, financial feasibility analysis, construction, investment and asset management to redevelopment and disposal, and are not subject to the REIT rules with respect to tax transparency, earning distribution, real estate holding and leverage limit. We find that REOCs use 18.96% more debt than REITs after controlling for the agency and market risks, dividend yields, and property sector, country, and year fixed effects of firms; dividend payout has no effect on the leverage strategies; and high tax ratio increases the debt usage of REOCs relative to REITs. We also analyze the liquidation costs and business uniqueness effects. We find real estate value to total firm value ratio, as a proxy of liquidation cost, has negative effects on debt ratios for both real estate firms. Due to their uniqueness, REOCs with a high concentration of rental revenue stream are more vulnerable to liquidation risks, and thus more likely to have lower debt ratio. REITs however tend to have higher debt usage as rental incomes enhance cash-flow liquidity.

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Chesley, Noelle, Helen Meier, Jake Luo, Immaculate Apchemengich y W. Hobart Davies. "Social factors shaping the adoption of lead-filtering point-of-use systems: an observational study of an MTurk sample". Journal of Water and Health 18, n.º 4 (26 de junio de 2020): 505–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2020.053.

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Abstract Some municipalities are promoting lead-filtering point-of-use (POU) systems to minimize the risk of lead exposure through drinking water, often targeting use at racial minorities and low-income households. However, links among social inequality markers and adoption of these systems are not well understood. Survey data on adoption and use of POU systems were collected from a U.S. Mechanical Turk (MTurk) sample (N = 2,867) in March 2018. We use logistic regression to assess the association of race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), and lead-filtering POU adoption. We also examined key health behaviors related to POU systems. We found that race and SES are indirectly predictive of lead-filtering POU adoption through the propensity of some respondents to report a residence with a lead service line and levels of concern and knowledge about lead exposure. In addition, individuals with similar levels of concern about lead in water have lower odds of adopting a POU system if they have lower, rather than higher, incomes. Among POU adopters, while confidence in correct use of these devices was relatively high, the frequency of filtered water use for cooking was lower than drinking frequency. Overall, these findings inform health policies aimed at mitigating risk of lead exposure through water.

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32

Dagadu, Peter Kwei, Gideon Sagoe y Martin Oteng-Ababio. "HOUSEHOLD HAZARDOUS WASTE: GAUGING KNOWLEDGE LEVEL AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR DOMESTIC WASTE HANDLING AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES". Volume 27 - June 2024, n.º 27 (17 de junio de 2024): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2024.18386.

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Household hazardous waste (HHW) refers to waste generated at the household level that can pose a danger to public and environmental health if not managed properly. The amount of waste, including HHW, has been increasing due to urbanisation, rising income levels, and changes in lifestyles. Unfortunately, most households are not aware of the potential risks associated with this waste, despite the serious health and environmental hazards it can pose. This creates a conundrum which this study seeks to unpack. A mixed-method approach addressed this gap, including a policy dialogue and a survey of 1,245 Greater Accra Metropolitan Area respondents. From the findings, most respondents disposed of aerosol cans, disposable sharps, unused or expired medication/drugs, fluorescent tubes and LED bulbs, and electronic waste as part of their household waste. Significantly, it was concerning that 68% of participants were unaware of the potential health hazards associated with improper disposal of HHW. Based on empirical evidence, the awareness levels were affected by gender, education level, and occupation. To address the issue of HHW and reduce its harmful impact on the environment and public health, it is essential to implement policies that encourage waste segregation, establish product stewardship programs, and conduct targeted education campaigns. These actions will help raise awareness about the significance of proper HHW disposal. Additionally, it is vital to have a strong political will to effectively enforce legislation that supports the shift towards more sustainable waste management practices, thus promoting sustainable development.

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Глебов, Andrey Glebov, Леонов y Aleksandr Leonov. "Trends in low income of the population Russia". Clusters. Research and Development 3, n.º 1 (18 de abril de 2017): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_58f5e53cbfd4e6.50541718.

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Analysis of household income shows that the level of real disposable income falls from 2013. The revenue structure reduced the volume of revenues from business activities, increases the amount of income received in the form of various social benefits without increasing the amount of income from property. This indicates the ineffectiveness of government policy in the sphere of incomes.

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Sarioglo, V. H. y U. S. Leshenok. "Estimating the Disposable Income of Households at the Local Level". Statistics of Ukraine 89, n.º 2-3 (24 de noviembre de 2020): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.2-3(89-90)2020.02-03.04.

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The article is devoted to the problem of socio-economic indicators estimation of at the local level, first and foremost at the municipal and community level. Emphasis is made on approaches to the estimation of the households’ disposable income as a key indicator of the population’s standards of living, required for elaborating and implementing effective measures of socio-economic policy, implementing investment programs on the modernization of living quarters, objects of social infrastructure etc. The meaning of the term “disposable incomes” adopted in the official statistics of Ukraine, drawbacks of this definition and ways for its extension are illustrated. A broad description of studies focused on the assessment of population’s incomes at local level in various countries of the world is given. It is shown that the need for such problem solutions in the statistics caused the emergence of a separate theoretical field – small area statistics. A series of international and national projects aimed at the adaptation of elaborated theoretical and methodological approaches have been accomplished, in particular SAMPLE in EU countries and SAIPE in the U.S. Basically, results of the performed studies demonstrate a feasibility of the assessment of households’ incomes at local level with the acceptable degree of reliability. A review of the main data sources that can be used for estimation of households’ incomes at local level in Ukraine is made. It is stressed that data from administrative registers on salaries, pensions, stipends, social allowances, subsidies for utility services, taxes etc. have critical importance for the income assessment. Special sample surveys of households’ incomes and expenditures, performed at local or regional and national level, are highly significant for determining the patterns of correlations between incomes and principal characteristics of households, such as composition, region and locality of residence, type of dwelling, availability of movable and immovable property, land plots etc. It is substantiated that methods for quantitative estimation of disposable incomes should be given preference over expert assessment that tends to be used in the current conditions. Examples of the assessment of disposable incomes based on quite simple and comprehensible ratios are given. Areas of further studies focused on the estimation of population incomes at the local level are outlined.

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35

Sarioglo, V. H. y U. S. Leshenok. "Estimating the Disposable Income of Households at the Local Level". Statistics of Ukraine 89, n.º 2-3 (24 de noviembre de 2020): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.2-3(89-90)2020.02-03.04.

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The article is devoted to the problem of socio-economic indicators estimation of at the local level, first and foremost at the municipal and community level. Emphasis is made on approaches to the estimation of the households’ disposable income as a key indicator of the population’s standards of living, required for elaborating and implementing effective measures of socio-economic policy, implementing investment programs on the modernization of living quarters, objects of social infrastructure etc. The meaning of the term “disposable incomes” adopted in the official statistics of Ukraine, drawbacks of this definition and ways for its extension are illustrated. A broad description of studies focused on the assessment of population’s incomes at local level in various countries of the world is given. It is shown that the need for such problem solutions in the statistics caused the emergence of a separate theoretical field – small area statistics. A series of international and national projects aimed at the adaptation of elaborated theoretical and methodological approaches have been accomplished, in particular SAMPLE in EU countries and SAIPE in the U.S. Basically, results of the performed studies demonstrate a feasibility of the assessment of households’ incomes at local level with the acceptable degree of reliability. A review of the main data sources that can be used for estimation of households’ incomes at local level in Ukraine is made. It is stressed that data from administrative registers on salaries, pensions, stipends, social allowances, subsidies for utility services, taxes etc. have critical importance for the income assessment. Special sample surveys of households’ incomes and expenditures, performed at local or regional and national level, are highly significant for determining the patterns of correlations between incomes and principal characteristics of households, such as composition, region and locality of residence, type of dwelling, availability of movable and immovable property, land plots etc. It is substantiated that methods for quantitative estimation of disposable incomes should be given preference over expert assessment that tends to be used in the current conditions. Examples of the assessment of disposable incomes based on quite simple and comprehensible ratios are given. Areas of further studies focused on the estimation of population incomes at the local level are outlined.

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36

Runowski, Henryk. "THE PROBLEM OF ASSESSING THE LEVEL OF AGRICULTURAL INCOME IN EUROPEAN UNION". Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, n.º 5 (30 de noviembre de 2017): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6233.

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The aim of the study was to identify the problems of using different methods of measuring agricultural income and the resulting assessments. The system used by the European Union to measure farmers’ incomes is imperfect. The concept of measuring farm incomes is criticized. There are mentioned, among others no statistics on farm incomes, including both farm income and non-farm income. The Common Agricultural Policy strives to ensure an adequate standard of living for the rural population, i.e. the level of disposable income on the farm. The question is, what is the right level? This is largely determined by the level of social labor productivity attained in agriculture and the income derived from agriculture to the income generated outside of it by occupational groups attaining similar labor productivity. Only in this state makes sense to refer to the need to ensure income parity in agriculture and out of this sector.

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37

Sommer, Marni, Marianne Kjellén y Chibesa Pensulo. "Girls' and women's unmet needs for menstrual hygiene management (MHM): the interactions between MHM and sanitation systems in low-income countries". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, n.º 3 (15 de febrero de 2013): 283–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.101.

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While the sanitation sector is gaining increased recognition in policy and research, its inherent inter-linkage with menstrual hygiene management remains an under-researched subject. This review explores knowledge about menstrual beliefs and behaviors, and how women and girls currently handle their monthly menses in relation to existing sanitation systems in low-income countries. It further explores how used menstrual materials are disposed of, and the consequences of different disposal practices for the functioning of sanitation systems. Conclusions point towards the inadequacy of research in the area of menstrual management. The lack of privacy and space for changing, cleaning, drying or discarding materials, as well as insufficient availability of water for personal hygiene stand out as important areas where sanitation systems often fail to cater to the needs of menstruating girls and women. Information on proper disposal of menstrual materials as well as the actual provision of disposal facilities are important for improving menstrual management and ensuring that absorption materials do not impair the functioning of sanitation systems. Training of sanitation system designers and planners with regard to menstrual management could lead to sanitation systems becoming more inclusive of the full needs of all people.

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38

Belov, V. I. y T. A. Kabatchikova. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF REAL DISPOSABLE INCOME IN THE REGIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AT THE PRESENT STAGE OF ITS DEVELOPMENT". Juvenis scientia, n.º 1 (2019): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32415/jscientia.2019.01.04.

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The article deals with the problems of reducing the real disposable income of Russian citizens over the past few years. The main sources of income formation of the population and, above all, wages of workers are analyzed. The dynamics of real incomes of the population (since 2013) has a negative value. Experts consider various reasons for the fall in the level of real disposable income of citizens in the Russian Federation for these periods. As a solution to this problem, the authors propose a solution associated with the introduction of some changes in the legal framework of the country. These changes can contribute to the increase of the income level of the Russian population.

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39

Galster, George y Lena Magnusson Turner. "Status Aversion, Attraction and Discrepancy as Drivers of Neighborhood Selection". City & Community 18, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2019): 937–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12435.

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Neighborhood income segregation is a widespread phenomenon. We explore its origins by modeling neighborhood selection by native Norwegian households making inter–neighborhood moves, distinguishing influences of shares of three income groups and the discrepancy between the individual household's income and neighborhood median. We conduct a conditional logit analysis employing 2013–2014 population register data from the Oslo, Norway, metropolitan area. We find that status composition (shares of low– and high–income households) and status discrepancy (difference between individual household's and neighborhood median disposable incomes) critically shapes neighborhood selection, though heterogeneously across income groups. All income groups sort into neighborhoods that have more of their own status group in residence. Middle– or high–income households avoid neighborhoods with above–average shares of low–status households and median incomes that are higher than their own. High–income households are more attracted to a place the greater the superiority of their incomes compared to the neighborhood median. Our findings suggest that although the drivers of residential income segregation are powerful, public policies aimed at neighborhood diversification have potential efficacy nevertheless.

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40

Cherkasov, Sergey y Yuri Kamaev. "Behaviors associated with seeking medical care from surgical patients with different levels of disposable income". Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Medicine 18, n.º 1 (2023): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu11.2023.106.

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The purpose of the study: to analyze behavioral patterns associated with seeking medical care for surgical patients with different levels of disposable income. Materials and methods. Disposable income was calculated as the sum of the income of each household member in monetary terms. This amount was calculated as the average monthly income in a family (household) per each of its members, regardless of their personal income. The household was considered as an economic category – a set of people running a joint household, within which market principles of the distribution of economic benefits do not apply. The first (main) group included respondents whose average monthly disposable income was no more than 30 thousand rubles (low level of disposable income). The second (control) group included respondents whose average monthly disposable income was more than 30 thousand rubles (a high level of disposable income). The numerical composition of the main group was 249 people, the control group 253 people. The groups were comparable in demographic characteristics. When assessing the reliability of the differences, the nonparametric criterion ꭕ2 was used. The reliability of the denial of the "null" hypothesis was accepted at the level of 95%. The strength of the dependence was estimated by the value of the Ка association coefficient. Results. The frequency of registration of an active behavior model in terms of seeking medical help is more common in the group of patients with a high level of disposable income, however, the most common form of behavior was delaying the moment of treatment and the frequency of using this approach did not depend on the level of disposable income. Uncertainty of behavior was more common among patients with low disposable income. Patients with a higher income level are more likely to comply with the doctor's recommendations, while patients with lower incomes fully comply with them less often. The use of self-medication is a widespread model of behavior among surgical patients, however, patients with a higher level of disposable income more often refuse to use it and less often use it in an obligate mode in comparison with patients whose disposable income is lower than the value used as a separation criterion for the purposes of this study.

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Wang, Shuo, Guorui Fu, Xiaoqing Ma, Ling Xu y Fenglin Yang. "Exploring the optimal crop planting structure to balance water saving, food security and incomes under the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the agricultural climate". Journal of Environmental Management 295 (octubre de 2021): 113130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113130.

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Siddiqua, Ayisha, Maisa El Gamal, Waheed Kareem Abdul, Lama Mahmoud y Fares M. Howari. "E-Device Purchase and Disposal Behaviours in the UAE: An Exploratory Study". Sustainability 14, n.º 8 (17 de abril de 2022): 4805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084805.

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The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is one of the high-income countries in the Middle Eastern region and is vying for sustainable development in every sector. One of the UAE sustainable development goals is to ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns; hence, the emphasis is on circular economy. UAE is one of largest consumers of e-devices, and their proper disposal is of paramount importance. E-waste disposal awareness leads to better disposal behaviors. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to understand the e-device purchase and disposal behaviour among university communities in the UAE. A survey was conducted among the students and staff members of a federally funded university in the UAE, namely Zayed University, and quantitative methodology was adopted to analyze the collected data. The study found that 47.95% of respondents purchased mobile phones, and 65% of the respondents purchased 1–3 electronic devices every year. Through chi-square test, gender of the respondents was found to be related with e-device ownership. Through the analysis of variance (ANOVA), age and field of specialization were found to affect the knowledge about e-waste. Older and the respondents with science specialization were more aware about e-waste. Most of the respondents disposed e-devices, such as batteries, earphones/headphones, and electronic toys, along with the household trash. A very small percentage of respondents disposed e-devices such as laptops, phones, and tablets with the household trash. Mostly, these were either repaired, donated, or sold to second-hand users. Many respondents were neither aware of the government initiatives on e-waste collection nor participated in government-sponsored e-waste recycling. The study further identified that 67% of the respondents were aware of the toxicity of e-waste, and 61% of the respondents were keen to join e-waste recycling drives at university. The findings of the study imply that the policy makers need to incentivize e-waste-disposal systems and develop targeted awareness approaches to enhance e-waste disposal in the UAE.

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Dallinger, Ursula. "The endangered middle class? A comparative analysis of the role played by income redistribution". Journal of European Social Policy 23, n.º 1 (23 de enero de 2013): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928712456573.

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Contributing to the debate on the decline of the middle class, this article provides a comparative and longitudinal analysis of changes to the relative position of middle income groups in 19 (post)industrial countries between 1985 and 2005. How much did the income position of the middle worsen compared with more vulnerable groups? To what extent did public policies mitigate the market position of different income groups? The analysis is based on microdata of the Luxembourg Income Study. It divides the broad category of ‘middle class’ into three groups. Results suggest little change in the income position of the middle classes with respect to both market and disposable incomes. In most countries market incomes in the top quintile increased remarkably while the bottom quintile group lost out. The scale of government income redistribution has improved the position of the lowest income group, while burdening the highest income group. But it failed to fully compensate for the growing gap between the top and bottom income groups. The distance between the middle and the top incomes grew significantly, which might be one reason for the current public debate about an endangered middle class.

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Jansson, Birgitta. "Changes in Disposable Personal Income and the Gender Personal Income Gap in Sweden, 1983–2010: A Study of Three Different Income Positions". Social Science History 44, n.º 2 (2020): 381–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2020.9.

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AbstractIn recent decades, the Swedish economy has been characterized by rather fast economic growth. At the same time, income inequality has increased substantially. In the present study, I investigated who has gained and who has been left behind during this period—how disposable personal income has changed for men and women, as well as for those in different positions in the income distribution. Register data for the total population (aged 20 to 80 years old) from 1983 to 2010 were used and three different positions in the income distribution were investigated: percentile 10, the median, and percentile 99. Five years were selected: 1983, 1991, 2000, 2006, and 2010. Each selected year represents a snapshot and describes the general trend. Results show that women in the 10th percentile have increased their income quite well, a result of increased female labor force participation during the period. This has led to a decrease of the income gap between genders within this group. But results also show a masculinization of low income and poverty, as the male incomes in this group have not increased to the same extent as for males in the other income groups. At the median, both men and women experienced a steady increase of incomes, but the gender gap for ages younger than 50 widened between 2000 and 2010. At the very top, percentile 99, the increase in disposable personal income was enormous; however, the gender gap in income did not decrease.

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45

Grzywińska-Rąpca, Małgorzata y Małgorzata Kobylińska. "Analiza porównawcza województw pod względem sytuacji ekonomicznej gospodarstw domowych". Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 2015, n.º 3 (30 de marzo de 2015): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.59139/ws.2015.03.5.

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The diversity of the distribution of income and expenditure of households is an issue under examination in different terms. The article assesses the spatial differentiation of income and expenditure of households by voivodships in 2008 and 2012. Included in this study features are: income, expenditures, disposable incomes and expenditure on consumer goods and services by households. The analysis made it possible to evaluate the spatial differentiation of income and expenditure of households and the separation of voivodship groups with similar economic situation.

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Kot, Stanislaw Maciej. "Estimating the parameter of inequality aversion on the basis of a parametric distribution of incomes". Equilibrium 15, n.º 3 (7 de septiembre de 2020): 391–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.2020.018.

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Research background: In applied welfare economics, the constant relative inequality aversion function is routinely used as the model of a social decisionmaker’s or a society’s preferences over income distributions. This function is entirely determined by the parameter, ε, of inequality aversion. However, there is no authoritative answer to the question of what the range of ε an analyst should select for empirical work. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is elaborating the method of deriving ε from a parametric distribution of disposable incomes. Methods: We assume that households’ disposable incomes obey the generalised beta distribution of the second kind GB2(a,b,p,q). We have proved that, under this assumption, the social welfare function exists if and only if ε belongs to (0,ap+1) interval. The midpoint εmid of this interval specifies the inequality aversion of the median social-decisionmaker. Findings & Value added: The maximum likelihood estimator of εmid has been developed. Inequality aversion for Poland 1998–2015 has been estimated. If inequality is calculated on the basis of disposable incomes, the standard inequality–development relationship might be complemented by inequality aversion. The “augmented” inequality–development relationship reveals new phenomena; for instance, the stage of economic development might matter when assessing the impact of inequality aversion on income inequality.

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Bonga-Bonga, Lumengo y Jean Luc Erero. "Wage subsidy in the DRC: A CGE analysis". Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development 8, n.º 7 (30 de julio de 2024): 4252. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i7.4252.

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This paper analyzes the impact of wage subsidies on lower-skilled formal workers in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). It employs a multi-sectoral, empirically-calibrated general equilibrium model to capture the economy-wide transactions between the formal and informal sectors and assess policy simulations in the DRC. The simulations, both in the short and long run, indicate that when the government provides wage subsidies to lower-skilled workers, it significantly improves the real disposable incomes of both formal and informal households. There is a general increase across formal and informal sectors in real household disposable incomes due to the wage subsidy. The results show that subsidy allocation narrows the income gap between high and low-income households, as well as between formal and informal sectors. The findings are insightful for wage policy simulations, as the wage subsidy targeting lower-skilled formal workers increases real GDP from the expenditure side by 1.19% and 3.19% in the short and long run, respectively, from the baseline economy.

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Ahmad, Hadiza Abubakar, T. G. Mohammed y Bugaje M. A. "Investigation of Heavy Metal Toxicity and Sustainability of Aquatic Ecosystems in Jabi Lake, Abuja". International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science IX, n.º II (2024): 269–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2024.90223.

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The discharge of pollutants into freshwater ecosystems threatens environmental health and human means of livelihoods, especially in regions reliant on fisheries. This study explores the intricate relationship between aquatic toxicity and the Fauna sustainability in Jabi Lake, Abuja. Focusing on Clarias gariepinus, fish species. Nine fish samples and three water samples from Jabi Lake, Abuja, were analyzed for five heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Mn, and Fe), using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Results revealed permissible heavy metal concentrations in fish and water, according to FAO standards. However, prolonged exposure raises concerns for human health. Mean values for metal concentrations in fish (Cu 0.22±0.01 to 0.23±0.01 mg/kg; Zn 2.12±0.01 to 2.24±0.09 mg/kg; Pb 0.01±0.005 to 0.02±0.005 mg/kg; Mn 0.34±0.02 to 0.5±0.03 mg/kg; Fe 4.24±0.06 to 5.78±0.51 mg/kg), while in water (Cu 0.34±0.02 to 0.52±0.01 mg/l; Zn 2.91±0.045 to 3.2±0.19 mg/l; Pb 0.01±0.005 to 0.02±0.005 mg/l; Mn 0.71±0.01 to 0.9±0.02 mg/l; Fe 5.21±0.01 to 5.97±0.02 mg/l) were within permissible limits, except for Mn and Fe in water, which exceeded the WHO standards. Statistical analyses, including the student’s t-test (P<0.05), show significant differences in Pb, Zn, and Mn concentrations in fish and water, but not in Cu and Fe. Anthropogenic activities like construction, sand filling, illegal fishing, and waste disposal contribute to fish diversity depletion, affecting vulnerable species like Catfish, Tilapia, Nile Perch, and Crayfish. The study noted declining incomes for local fishers due to disappearing fish species. While Catfish muscle’s metal concentrations meet FAO standards, ongoing monitoring is vital to preserve the ecosystem and safeguard human health. Mitigating anthropogenic activities and protecting vulnerable species are imperative for environmental integrity and community well-being.

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Darak, Harish, Suprabhat Giri y Sridhar Sundaram. "Review: Disposable Duodenoscopes in the Era of Climate Change—A Global Perspective". Journal of Gastrointestinal Infections 12, n.º 01 (enero de 2022): 011–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1757186.

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AbstractEndoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography remains a major interventional procedure in gastroenterology clinical practice. There have been concerns of hospital related infections secondary to the reusable duodenoscopes despite optimal strategies for high-level disinfection. While there are have been potential changes in duodenoscope design with availability of disposable caps, the increased risk of infection has led to the advent of single-use duodenoscopes in clinical practice. This innovation may help reduce infections due to duodenoscope reprocessing, while ensuring optimal performance similar to reusable duodenoscopes. However, their impact on the environment and overall carbon footprint has not been discussed. Moreover, disposable duodenoscopes are costly equipments. In developing countries with low income and poor insurance coverage, the clinical utility of this equipment is yet to be ascertained. With major push for Go-Green initiatives by various governments, there has to be clarity on not just use but also disposal and recycling of disposable duodenoscopes. In this narrative review, we discuss the role of disposable duodenoscopes in clinical practice in this era of climate change from the Indian perspective.

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Vyval, M. B., D. V. Shchehlov y S. V. Chebanyuk. "Supporting sustainable development goals and the challenge of reusing of the single use instruments in interventional radiology". Ukrainian Interventional Neuroradiology and Surgery 37, n.º 3 (3 de febrero de 2022): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26683/2786-4855-2021-3(37)-89-94.

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Interventional radiology has traditionally been at the forefront of the modern medicine, offering minimally invasive alternatives to surgical treatment with reducing of the length of hospital stay. The problem of medical waste and the recycling of medical supplies to support sustainable development goals in the health sector has entred a “green revolution” that aims to overcome global warming and fight with environmental pollution. Operating waste accounts for 20 to 70 % of all hospital waste, and many of them require special disposal. On the other hand, revenues for health care companies continue to rise, as do patient care costs, which are a huge burden for families and health systems, especially in low-income countries during COVID-19 pandemic. The issue of disposal and reuse of unique, expensive disposable radiological profile instruments is not widely reported in the scientific literature, but surveys among interventionists indicate that reuse exists even in countries where it is officially prohibited. Despite the emergence of regulations on the reuse of disposable instruments, it is largely carried out outside the quality standards. Also, manufacturers are not interested in reusing disposable instruments and often refuse to provide information on how they can be properly recycled and sterilized. Although well-remanufactured tools have significant promise, both for reducing healthcare costs and environmental pollution, and for spreading modern interventional technologies to the critical places where resources are limited and they can save lives.

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