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1
Gripsiou, Argyro. "La polarisation socio-économique interne des quartiers urbains des grandes métropoles de la façade méditerranéenne française". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0157.
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Espace privilégié de manifestation des inégalités sociales, la ville est souvent partagée en quartiers très différents du point de vue des ressources socio-économiques de leurs habitants. Cette division de l’espace urbain selon ces ressources est parfois décrite comme une forme de ségrégation sociale de la ville. Cette ségrégation socio-spatiale est fréquemment décrite dans la littérature des sciences sociales à travers la mesure des différences entre les quartiers. Sans ignorer cette réalité urbaine, cette thèse s’intéresse aux espaces infra-communaux (ici appréhendés par les IRIS) au sein desquels on observe de fortes différences de revenu entre les habitants. Ce phénomène ici décrit comme une polarisation socio-économique interne de ces IRIS est mesuré à l’aide de 2 indices (les indices de richesse et de pauvreté) construits à partir des déciles de revenus disponibles par unité de consommation. Dans un premier temps, on identifie ainsi, dans les 14 métropoles de province françaises, les IRIS les plus concernés par cette polarisation socio-économique interne. Une analyse en composantes principales, à l’échelle des IRIS concernant les caractéristiques socio-démographiques et de l’habitat, permet de constater une polarisation socio-économique interne. Ensuite, cette recherche se concentre sur les trois métropoles de la façade méditerranéenne françaises — Montpellier, Marseille et Nice — dont la diversité permet de mieux d'examiner les spécifiés locales de la polarisation socio-économique interne. On tente également de comprendre les tendances récentes de ces quartiers « polarisés » en matière de distribution des revenus et de formuler des hypothèses quant à l’origine de la forte polarisation socio-économique interne de ces quartiers (prémices d’une gentrification, gentrification en cours ou inachevée ; paupérisation ; cohabitation durable)As a privileged space for the manifestation of social inequalities, the city is often divided into neighborhoods that vary significantly in terms of the socio-economic resources of their inhabitants. This division of urban space based on these resources is sometimes described as a form of social segregation within the city. This socio-spatial segregation is frequently described in social science literature through the measurement of differences between neighborhoods. Without denying this urban reality, this thesis focuses on i sub-municipal divisions (here understood as IRIS units) where significant income disparities among residents are observed. This phenomenon, described here as the internal socio-economic polarization of these IRIS units, is measured using two indexes (indexes of wealth and poverty) constructed from available income deciles per consumption unit. Initially, we identify the IRIS units most affected by this internal socio-economic polarization in 14 French provincial metropolitan areas. A principal component analysis at the IRIS level allows for dentifying the housing and population characteristics associated with the internal socio-economic polarization of the IRIS units. Subsequently, this research concentrates on the three metropolitan areas of the French Mediterranean coast — Montpellier, Marseille, and Nice — whose diversity allows for a better examination of the local specificities of internal socio-economic polarization. We also attempt to understand the recent trends in these "polarized" neighborhoods in terms of income distribution and formulate hypotheses regarding the origins of the strong internal socio-economic polarization in these neighborhoods (early stages of gentrification, ongoing or incomplete gentrification; pauperization; sustainable cohabitation)
2
Lahoud, Joe y Davor Bosnic. "The Effect of Education on Disposable Income Distribution". Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-17601.
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The purpose of this thesis is to examine the education level and its role on income distribution in the member states of the European Union (EU). The data are assembled given the period between 2005 and 2009 with a cross- country data analysis. Knight & Sabot argue that high schooling level narrows income distribution, due to "wage compression". Our analysis denotes that education is an important contributor to changes in income distribution. Higher educational levels usually refer to more equal distribution, and vice versa. Also, welfare regimes role on distribution of income is an important factor. The results indicate that higher education leads o narrower income distribution between the rich and poor. It is significant without taking into account the socialdemocratic welfare regimes. This can be explained by the benefits reccieved by the unemployed citizens, whicch increase the consumption of the quartile with lower average income level. Yet, education increases the income level of the poor and decreases the income level of the higher income quartile due to the availability of more specialized labor, the "wage compression" effecct.
3
Grundsten, Ronja. "Immigration and Income Inequality in Sweden". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-44064.
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Income inequality has been on the rise in many industrialised countries since around the 1980’s. In Sweden the increase of income inequality has been particularly large. This in spite of Sweden’s extensive redistribution system and public policy that prioritize equality among its population. This paper investigates a potential factor for the rise in inequality that is yet fairly unexplored, namely immigration. As inequality has increased in Sweden, so has also immigration. Sweden experienced large refugee inflows after the 1970’s, the largest flow consisting of circa 100 000 Yugoslavs during the Bosnian war. This study provides indications on what way immigration shapes the income distribution and lays the ground for prospective studies. Results show that the inflow of new migrants during the early 1990’s in Sweden raises income inequality and it is almost entirely due to increased dispersion in the lower tail of the income distribution.
4
Nshimirimana, Jules. "Attitudes and behaviour of low-income households towards the management of domestic solid waste in Tafelsig, Mitchell's Plain". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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Solid waste management in South Africa has been focussing on the technical issues of waste disposal with little attention paid to the social and economic aspects of households. It is important to find out the impact of the attitude and perception of households on solid waste management, especially in low-income areas to be able to deal with the deplorabe domestic solid waste management in such areas. The quantity of solid waste generated in low-income areas is often assumed to be less than the solid waste generated in high-income neighbourhoods. In most of the townships of low-income households in Cape Town, the residents live next to mountains of solid waste which is not the case in middle and high income areas. This clearly has a negative effect on the environment and human health. Tafelsig is one of the low-income Cape Flats townships where the open spaces and green areas are dumping areas. The small yard that people own is often unclean. The aim of the study was to examine how households residing in the low-income neighbourhood (Tafelsig, Mitchell's Plain) view domestic solid waste and its management. The study explored the perceptions, attitudes and behaviour of these households towards the production and management of sold waste. Issues relating to the degradation of their environment and to solid waste mismanagement were also examined.
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Ung, Kevin y Isabela Olsson. "The effects of immigration on income distribution: The Swedish case". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-85845.
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The purpose of this essay is to study what impact immigration has on the Swedish income distribution for the period 1992-2005. This essay uses a two-folded approach to study the income distribution, first, an income inequality measure will be investigated in order to find if the inequality increases or decreases by the increased immigration. Secondly, we estimate a quantile regression for the 10th, 50th and 90th percentiles for the period 1992, 1995, 2000 and2005, together with an OLS regression in order to find the income gap between the immigrants and natives, which is analysed for males and females separately. The study found that the inflow of immigrants increased income inequality in the lower tail of the income distribution. Immigrants at the upper tail of the income distribution are doing relatively better than the immigrants in the lower tail of the income distribution. Conclusively, independently of gender, the income gap between immigrants and natives is almost three times as large in the lower tail of the income distribution relative to the upper tail of the income distribution.
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Mazinyo, Sonwabo Perez. "Community participation in solid waste management in high-density low-income areas: the case of C-Section in Duncan Village". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/261.
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Solid waste management in high density low-income areas is a problem that manifests itself in ubiquitous illegal dumpsites and unhealthy living environmental conditions. Community participation in solid waste management in Duncan Village, C-Section has been found to be part of the solution to this problem. This study investigates community participation in SWM at household level, community waste project level and at informal salvaging/scavenging level. The integration of community participation into existing Buffalo City Municipality waste management plans and the nature of the relationship between the different interest groups are investigated. This study employs qualitative research methods where interviews and participatory observations are used to investigate key objectives. The nature of the relationships between councillors, C-Section residents and the Buffalo City Municipality Departments are tenuous and fraught with conflicts. These conflicts emerge due to the lack of communication as well as due to the non-integration of the community interest groups‟ views and activities into solid waste management in C-Section. The study suggests that this lack of communication should be addressed and that integrated participation of all stakeholders must be encouraged for effective solid waste management in a high density low-income community.
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Nkansah, Andrews. "Management of faecal sludge in the urban areas of low-income countries : a case of Tamale, Ghana". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2009. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/5561.
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Effective management of the excreta or faecal sludge (FS) emptying, transport and disposal mechanisms from the on-plot latrines in urban areas of many low-income countries is critical for the sustainability of urban sanitation. However the literature mentions the lack of an effective management system for urban FS emptying, transport and disposal in the low-income countries. The current management of FS has been fragmented and improper with attendant poor health and environmental pollution problems. In particular, no substantive information was found relating to how far the excreta or sludge removed from the latrines is transported to the disposal points. Also information on household financial needs and their perceptions regarding emptying and transport services was lacking. No study had been done regarding the effects of disposal distance and accessibility on the cost of emptying and transport; neither has work been done on FS reuse implications for emptying, transport and disposal mechanisms. Based on these issues, the research questions and hypothesis were formulated to guide the study. Qualitative and quantitative research techniques were used to triangulate and ensure the reliability and validity of the findings and analysis. From the analysis of the findings, the thesis concludes on these key issues: i) Emptying, transport and disposal mechanisms of the excreta and FS as well as the costs of these depend on the type of latrines, latrine use and the technology available for emptying and transport. ii) Owing to the nature of latrines and the emptying methods used the disposal of the FS was indiscriminate and much was found closer to its source of generation. iii) FS was in high demand for reuse but lacked appropriate marketing strategy that could match supply with the demand. iv) The Household Centred Environmental Sanitation (HCES) approach was found to be limited in content and capacity to effectively address the urban excreta and FS emptying, transport and disposal without the active and full involvement of the municipal and local authorities with clear roles and regulations that address the key processes, linkages, and capacity development issues. Thus, the HCES approach needs periodic review and modifications to take care of the new developments and peculiarities of each urban setting. The study also recommends the need to look at streamlining technologies and developing capacity to address cross-cutting issues in urban sanitation. It further recommends the need for households, the sanitation authorities and practitioners to understand the links between latrine technology in terms of type, size, use and location vis-à-vis the required emptying, transport and disposal mechanisms in the urban areas of the low-income countries.
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Volkaitė, Justina y Gintarė Žebrauskytė. "Lietuvos namų ūkių disponuojamų pajamų analizė ir perspektyvos". Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100903_001618-09221.
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Bakalauro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjamos Lietuvos namų ūkio nariui tenkančios vidutinės mėnesio disponuojamos pajamos ir numatomos šių pajamų perspektyvos. Teoriniu aspektu analizuojama pajamų sąvoka, jų gavimo šaltiniai ir klasifikacija. Išskiriamos dvi pagrindinės disponuojamų pajamų funkcijos (vartojimas ir taupymas) ir jų pokyčius sąlygojantys veiksniai. Empirinėje darbo dalyje išanalizuota Lietuvos namų ūkio nariui per mėnesį tenkančių disponuojamų pajamų dinamika ir struktūra. Norint nustatyti veiksnius, lėmusius tokias disponuojamų pajamų kitimo tendencijas, atlikta priklausomybės tarp disponuojamų pajamų ir jų pokyčius galėjusių sąlygoti pagrindinių makroekonominių rodiklių analizė. Nustačius veiksnius, lemiančius Lietuvos namų ūkio nario vidutines mėnesio disponuojamas pajamas, ir atsižvelgus į jų pokyčius, atliktas disponuojamų pajamų perspektyvų numatymas kintančioje Lietuvos ekonominėje situacijoje.In this bachelor‘s paper are analyzed average monthly disposable income per inhabitant of Lithuania‘s households and estimated perspecitives of this income. In the theoretical part of this bachelor‘s paper is analyzed the concept of income, the sources of income and classification. There are also presented two main functions of disposable income (consumption and saving) and factors influencing the changes of disposable income. In the empirical part of this work paper is analyzed dynamics and structure of Lithuania‘s households average monthly disposable income per inhabitant. To determine the factors that led to such disposable income changes, there is conducted the dependence between household disposable income per inhabitant and economic factors such as the gross domestic product per capita, the unemployment rate and average anually infliation rate. There is performed forecasting of the Lithuanian household member‘s average monthly disposable income, after the factors, which led to the disposable income changes, were determined and basing on their changes.
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Мотишена, В. В. "Статистичне дослідження макроекономічних показників України". Thesis, Одеський національний економічний університет, 2020. http://dspace.oneu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/12544.
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У роботі розглядаються теоретичні аспекти статистичного вивчення основних макроекономічних показників України, методи їх розрахунку та аналізу.
Проаналізовано динаміку, процес формування та структуру валового внутрішнього продукту, валового національного доходу та валового національного наявного доходу, вплив зміни структурних елементів на загальний обсяг валового внутрішнього продукту, розраховано інтегральні показники структурних зрушень, а також проведено дослідження галузевої структури, узагальнено зарубіжний досвід у цій сфері.
Запропоновано основні напрями покращення ситуації, яка склалася в країні при формуванні валового внутрішнього продукту: підсилення інтегруючих функцій органів державної статистики в загальному процесі інформаційного відображення суспільних явищ в країні; вдосконалення пропорційності розвитку окремих елементів ВВП;, покращення галузевої структури ВВП задля зростання дохідної частини бюджету.The theoretical aspects of statistical study of the main macroeconomic indicators of Ukraine, methods of their calculation and analysis are considered in the work. The dynamics, process of formation and structure of gross domestic product, gross national income and gross national disposable income, the impact of changes in structural elements on the total gross domestic product, integrated indicators of structural changes, as well as a study of industry structure, generalized foreign experience in this area . The main directions of improving the situation in the country during the formation of gross domestic product are proposed: strengthening the integrative functions of state statistics bodies in the general process of information reflection of social phenomena in the country; improving the proportionality of the development of certain elements of GDP ;, improving the sectoral structure of GDP in order to increase the revenue side of the budget.
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Zhang, Qiongyan. "The Consumption Function of Luxury Goods". Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för teknik och samhälle, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-3405.
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The goal of this thesis will be to formulate an economic model that exposes the relationship between consumption of luxury goods and selected factors which includes advertising, disposable income, interest rate, price index and stock premium. By building the Multiple Linear Regressions model to formulate the consumption function and using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) as the method, it becomes apparent that advertising, disposable income and the previous quarter´s disposable income are the major variables to affect luxury good consumption, of all the factors. Furthermore, the previous quarter´s disposable income has a slightly higher effect than the current one on luxury consumption. Similar studies, which focus on luxury items, have proposed models that test a single or a few variables at a time, and others that concentrate on durable goods have a wide range of variables to examine. I attempt to combine both in my model to test luxury consumption with a wide range of variables.1.Abstrsact: short (1/2 page)The very specific purpose of your studyThe finding ( results) The method: statistical method, the data , the theoretical data,Compare your results with the results from similar studies.2.Introduction (1 and half page)A general idea ( 4-6 lines)Make references to theoretical and empirical research paper.Names, dates, and contribution.The purpose of your studyMethodLimitationOutline of the paper3.Conclusion (1 page)The purpose of the studyThe resultsThe methodComparison with the results from similar studiesCritical discussion of your own studiesFurther studies4. consider opponents points too
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Zemanová, Tereza. "Zdanění příjmů ze závislé činnosti v České republice a ve Velké Británii". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-262269.
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The aim of this thesis within the theoretical and comparative part to identify the similarities and differences in the taxation of income from employment in the Czech Republic and Great Britain in the context of structural components and on the basis of facts to determine any recommendations for the Czech Republic, whose introduction could have positive impact on the resulting tax burden or, conversely, find and highlight solutions that are applied in the Czech tax system. The application will demonstrate these differences and specifics on examples aimed to seek lower tax liability for a selected amount of income tax and show the way of taxation of income from employment.
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Legendre, Berangère. "Essai sur les retraites : pauvreté, inégalités et équité". Thesis, Orléans, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ORLE0504.
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Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif de fournir un panorama aussi complet que possible de la pauvreté et des inégalités la retraite, en France et en Europe de la fin du vingtième siècle à aujourd'hui, mais également d'identifier le rôle de certaines politiques publiques dans la lutte contre la pauvreté et les inégalités. Compte tenu des contraintes économique et démographique pesant sur les systèmes de retraites, étudier les sources d'inégalités et de pauvreté, mais aussi les mécanismes efficaces en matière de lutte contre les inégalités et la pauvreté à la retraite, est actuellement pertinent de manière à anticiper au mieux les risques futurs. Pour ce faire, nous identifions les populations retraitées pauvres, ainsi que les facteurs d'inégalité et d'inéquité tout en définissant les concepts centraux que sont les inégalités et l'équité intragénérationnelles, intergénérationnelles, mais également ce qu'est la pauvreté des retraités dans les pays développés aujourd'hui. Nous proposons dans un premier temps un modèle d'équilibre général pour évaluer les impacts de chocs de politique économique, ainsi que les conséquences d'un choc démographique. Puis des analyses empiriques des inégalités et de la pauvreté sont proposées de manière à mettre en évidence le lien entre les systèmes fiscaux, de protection sociale, de redistribution d'une part, et les inégalités à la retraite d'autre part.Nous arrivons à la conclusion que les systèmes de retraite et l'architecture de la redistribution, en France et en Europe, ont permis de réduire les inégalités et la pauvreté à la retraite. Le niveau de vie moyen des ménages retraités apparaît désormais équivalent à celui des ménages actifs. Les réformes des systèmes de retraite en cours devront donc tenir compte non seulement de l'environnement démographique et économique dégradé (ralentissement de la croissance économique, augmentation du taux de chômage et des aléas de carrières, etc.) mais également du caractère efficient de l'architecture redistributive telle qu'elle existe aujourd'huiWe provide a large picture of the inequalities and the poverty among the French and the European pensioners, from the late twentieth century to today. The public pension systems support strong economic and demographic constraints, which could involve a higher risk of poverty and/or risk of inequality during the retirement. We focus on the role of the public policies in reducing these inequalities. To do this, we identify the poor populations and shed light on the inequality and poverty factors. Through the chapters, we define the inequality, the poverty of the retirees in developed countries, the inter- and intergenerational inequalities. We put into perspective the efficient mechanisms to reduce the inequalities and the poverty among the pensioners. In the first chapter, we propose a general equilibrium model to explore the impact of parametric reforms and the impact of a demographic shock on the inequality level. Then, we address the question of the social protection impact on the poverty and the inequality level among the European retirees at the end of the last century. To finish, the last chapter focus on the relationship between the architecture of the redistribution in France, including the socialbenefits and taxes, and the inequalities. We distinguish in this last chapter the inequality level among pensioners and among workers from the inequalities between pensioners and workers. We conclude that the pension systems and the redistribution architecture, in France and in Europe, permitted to reduce the inequalities and the poverty among pensioners. The retirees' and the workers' households have now the same living standard. Our findings suggest that the future pension reforms should take into consideration the bad economic and demographic environments, but also the efficiency of the actual redistributive architecture
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Poncar, Jaroslav. "Aplikace spotřební funkce na ČR". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-359074.
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Consumer function is a standard instrument of quantitative economic analysis to examine the relationship between consumer expenditure and income or other influencing factors such as liquid assets, interest rates or various demographic and social factors. In this thesis are presented the most frequently used methods in econometric analysis of consumption function. Attention is paid to the hypothesis of absolute income, relative income, life cycle, permanent income, rational expectations and consumption function based on the error correction model. Furthermore, the suitability of individual models for the current economic situation in the Czech Republic is assessed. Subsequently an empirical model of consumption function for the Czech Republic is designed and tested. Furthermore, the estimates of each consumption function model for the period before and after economic crisis of 2008-2009 are performed and compared. Finally, a short-term prediction of the consumption of Czech households is made.
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Sochorová, Aneta. "Vliv výše životní úrovně na bytovou výstavbu v krajích České republiky a další determinanty bytové výstavby". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-359452.
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This thesis analyzes determinants of housing construction in regions in the Czech Republic. The main research question is the impact of standard of living on housing construction. The living standard is expressed in terms of net disposable income per capita and housing construction represents the number of housing starts. Other determinants included to the model estimation are rate of unemployment, housing price and number of mortgage. Analysis works with the panel data from period 2005- 2015 and all variables are used in the logarithmic form with one year lag. The model is estimated by random effects model. The assumption about positive impact of living standard on housing construction is not confirmed, because of the statistical insignificance of variable net disposable income. In case of other variables expected effects are confirm. The increases in rate of unemployment and housing prices have the negative impact on housing construction. And opposite the number of mortgage has positive impact on housing construction.
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Rydberg, Emelie. "Deaf people and the labour market in Sweden : education - employment - economy". Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Hälsoakademin, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-10389.
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This thesis focuses on deaf people’s educational attainment, position on the labour market and sources of revenue. These issues are interrelated, for instance a higher level of educational attainment seems to be associated with a lower unemployment rate and higher levels of income. The national context is Sweden and the Swedish welfare state in 2005. All studies in the thesis compare a deaf population, consisting of 2,144 persons born between 1941 and 1980 who have attended a school for the deaf in Sweden, with a general reference population, consisting of 100,000 randomly chosen persons from the total Swedish population born between 1941 and 1980. Data for all studies consisted of registered information about the persons in the year 2005. The results show that there are differences between the deaf and the reference population regarding level of educational attainment, position on the labour market and sources of revenue and disposable income, with the deaf population having a poorer position than the reference population in all areas. There are also differences between the workplaces of the deaf and the people in the reference population, and it is twice as common for people in the deaf population than for people in the reference population to have a higher level of educational attainment than is required for their occupation. These differences between the deaf and the reference population cannot be associated with differences in the independent factors, as for instance sex, age and immigration background, for which the results have been adjusted. This thesis shows that being part of the deaf population appears to be of importance. Factors in conjunction with deafness that can increase our understanding of the differences between the deaf and the reference populations in an educational context, labour market context and economic context are discussed in the thesis.
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Lima, Lina Dias. "O Microcrédito em Portugal : O Impacto no Rendimento dos Beneficiários e a sua Relação com a Pobreza". Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3801.
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Mestrado em FinançasEste trabalho tem como finalidade estudar o sector do microcrédito em Portugal, o seu impacto no rendimento dos respectivos beneficiários e a sua relação com a pobreza, dando especial atenção à sua dinâmica nas zonas metropolitanas de Lisboa e Porto. Mensurar o impacto do microcrédito no rendimento dos beneficiários, caracterizar o sector e o perfil do microempresário português foi possível com recurso aos dados disponibilizados pela ANDC (Associação Nacional de Direito ao Crédito) e a entrevis¬tas a alguns desses beneficiários. Foram criados modelos econométricos de regressão linear múltipla que permitiram verificar que o rendimento dos beneficiários do micro-crédito é influenciado, entre outros, por indicadores socioeconómicos como o montante do microempréstimo, o estado civil, o grau de escolaridade, a conjuntura económica e o distrito. Apesar do microcrédito contribuir para o aumento do rendimento dos beneficiá¬rios de ambos os distritos de Lisboa e Porto, este aumento tende a ser mais acentuado quando se trata dos beneficiários do Porto. Constata-se também que no momento de adesão ao microcrédito, o rendimento da maior parte dos beneficiários encontrava-se acima do salário mínimo nacional. Tal, associado ao facto de parte significativa das microrempresas criadas com a ajuda do microcrédito no período considerado, entre 1999 e 2007 terem cessado a actividade nos primeiros três anos de vida evidência algu¬mas das limitações do sector do microcrédito em abranger os beneficiários realmente pobres e combater a pobreza.
The purpose of this work is to study the microcredit sector in Portugal, the impact it has on the income of its beneficiaries and its relationship with poverty, giving special focus on its dynamics in the metropolitan areas of Lisbon and Porto. Measuring the impact on the income of microcredit beneficiaries and to character¬ize the sector and profile of the Portuguese microentrepreneur was possible with access to ANDC data and interviews to some of the beneficiaries. Econometric models of mul¬tiple linear regressions were built that allowed to find evidence that the income of mi¬crocredit beneficiaries is influenced, among others, by socioeconomic indicators such as the amount of microlending, marital status, scholar degree, economic conditions and district. Even though microcredit contributes for the increase of beneficiaries' income in both districts, Lisbon and Porto, this increment tends to be more significant in those from Porto. It appears that at the moment of adherence to microcredit, the income of most beneficiaries was above the national minimum wage. This, along with the fact that a significant part of micro companies created with microcredit help in the period in cause (between 1999 and 2007) had closed activity in the first three years of existence, shows some limitations of the microcredit sector in embrace the real poor beneficiaries and fight against poverty.
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Arriaga, Rui Miguel Berberan. "Análise do perfil dos utilizadores de cartão de crédito em Portugal com base no Module Ad-Hoc "On Over-Indebtedness and Financial Exclusion" (SILC)". Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6391.
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Mestrado em FinançasO presente trabalho de investigação visa analisar a tipologia dos indivíduos que em Portugal possuem cartão de crédito (posse) e o utilizam, atendendo à forma como liquidam o saldo do cartão de crédito no final do período ou como o usam pagando parte do saldo existente (uso). Estuda ainda as causas dos comportamentos dos indivíduos e famílias em relação à posse e uso do cartão de crédito. Existe uma teoria designada por credit card puzzle que é essencial ao debate teórico em torno dos cartões de crédito. Por falta de informação para pesquisa exata se existe ou não um puzzle em Portugal, procuro verificar se existe uma associação entre ter cartão de crédito com saldo negativo e diversas características da família como por exemplo: o escalão de rendimento disponível, a idade, a necessidade de pedir empréstimos, o indicador de pobreza, entre outras. A conclusão a que se chega é que há fortes indícios da existência de um credit card puzzle em Portugal. A pesquisa empírica sobre os fatores que determinam a posse e uso do cartão de crédito é baseada no Module Ad-Hoc “On Over-Indebtedness And Financial Exclusion-2008” (EU-SILC) para Portugal e EU, guiada por 10 hipóteses explicativas baseadas na literatura consultada. Os resultados obtidos são de que existe uma relação positiva entre o rendimento do agregado e a posse e uso do cartão de crédito; o número de pessoas no agregado familiar influencia a posse e o uso do cartão de crédito; conforme aumenta o grau de educação, aumenta também a posse do cartão de crédito, no entanto, o uso com saldo negativo, diminui; o género influencia a posse e uso do cartão de crédito, uma vez que é o sexo masculino o maior detentor da posse mas é o feminino o maior detentor do uso com saldo negativo; a nível da situação de atividade, são os empregados a possuírem mais o cartão de crédito e os desempregados a usarem-no mais; no estado civil são os casados que mais possuem e os solteiros os que mais usam com saldo negativo; em relação à idade, quem tem entre 26 e 35 anos possui mais, mas quem tem entre 19 e 25 usa com saldo negativo mais. Duas hipóteses testadas que são em geral omissas na literatura sobre os cartões de crédito tiveram resultados relevantes. Quem pede ajuda a familiares e amigos e possui cartão de crédito 333333usa-o menos do que quem não pode contar com essa ajuda; os que vivem acima do limiar da pobreza possuem com maior frequência cartão e utilizam-no com saldo negativo menos do que quem vive abaixo do limiar da pobreza. A investigação contribui para identificar quem são os utilizadores dos cartões de crédito, de que forma o usam em função das suas necessidades de crédito, de que forma contribui o uso com saldo negativo para o endividamento. São ainda efetuadas comparações internacionais quer em relação ao perfil do detentor de cartão de crédito quer em relação à explicação dos comportamentos.
This research aims to analyze how the Portuguese hold credit cards (owner) and use them taking in account the way they liquidate the credit card balance at the end of the period, or how do they use the debit balance paying just part of the existing balance (use). This research also investigates causes to individuals’ and families’ behavior regarding the possession and use of the credit cards. An existent theory called “credit card puzzle” is essential to the theoretical debate around the credit cards subject. Due to lack of information for exact research whether or not there is a puzzle in Portugal, I try to check if there is association between having credit card balance and various family characteristics such as: the level of disposable income, household size and the need for loans, the poverty indicator, among others. I reached the conclusion that there is strong evidence of the existence of a Credit Card Puzzle in Portugal. The empirical research on the factors that determine the possession and use of the credit card is based on the Ad-Hoc Module "On Over-Indebtedness and Financial Exclusion-2008" (EU-SILC) for Portugal and EU countries and guided by 10 explanatory hypotheses based on the literature consulted. The results point to a positive relationship between household income and the ownership and use of the credit card; the household size influences the ownership and the use of the credit card; as the level of education increases, so increases the ownership of the credit card, however, the use with negative balance, decreases; the gender influences the possession and credit card use, since it is the male gender that holds most credit cards but is the female gender the biggest holder of the use negative balance; considering employment status, employees is the group which holds more credit card and the unemployed group is the group that use more unbalanced; on marital status, married men hold more credit cards and singles use more unbalanced; considering age, those who are between 26 and 35 years old hold more credit cards, but those who are between 19 and 25 years old hold more unbalance. Generally omitted in the literature on credit cards, the two hypotheses tested have relevant results. Those who eventually can trust on family financial help and or friends financial help and have credit cards use less than those who cannot rely on such aid; those who live above the poverty line hold more frequently credit cards and use it with negative balance less than people who live below the poverty line, however, still 16% of households living below the poverty line own credit cards. This research helps to identify who are the users of credit cards, how they use them on the basis of their credit needs, and how carrying a negative balance contributes to indebtedness. International comparisons in relation both to the profile of the credit card holder and to explain personal behavior, were also carried out.
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Prokešová, Monika. "Analýza kojenecké úmrtnosti ve společenkých souvislostech". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-359535.
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This diploma thesis deals with the development of infant neonatal mortality in the social context in the Czech Republic. In theoretical part the indicators of prenatal mortality are introduced and the changes of definition of live and dead newborn are examined. In addition the socio-economic indicators are defined in this part. In the analytical part of this thesis we will examine dependence between infant neonatal mortality and socio-economic indicators using the regression analysis. A the end the results of the thesis will be summarized and made recommendations for reduction of infant neonatal mortality.
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Johansen, Vegard. "Children and Distributive Justice between Generations : A Comparison of 16 European Countries". Doctoral thesis, Trondheim : NTNU, 2009. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/599054042.pdf.
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Legendre, Berangère. "Essai sur les retraites : pauvreté, inégalités et équité". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ORLE0504.
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Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif de fournir un panorama aussi complet que possible de la pauvreté et des inégalités la retraite, en France et en Europe de la fin du vingtième siècle à aujourd'hui, mais également d'identifier le rôle de certaines politiques publiques dans la lutte contre la pauvreté et les inégalités. Compte tenu des contraintes économique et démographique pesant sur les systèmes de retraites, étudier les sources d'inégalités et de pauvreté, mais aussi les mécanismes efficaces en matière de lutte contre les inégalités et la pauvreté à la retraite, est actuellement pertinent de manière à anticiper au mieux les risques futurs. Pour ce faire, nous identifions les populations retraitées pauvres, ainsi que les facteurs d'inégalité et d'inéquité tout en définissant les concepts centraux que sont les inégalités et l'équité intragénérationnelles, intergénérationnelles, mais également ce qu'est la pauvreté des retraités dans les pays développés aujourd'hui. Nous proposons dans un premier temps un modèle d'équilibre général pour évaluer les impacts de chocs de politique économique, ainsi que les conséquences d'un choc démographique. Puis des analyses empiriques des inégalités et de la pauvreté sont proposées de manière à mettre en évidence le lien entre les systèmes fiscaux, de protection sociale, de redistribution d'une part, et les inégalités à la retraite d'autre part.Nous arrivons à la conclusion que les systèmes de retraite et l'architecture de la redistribution, en France et en Europe, ont permis de réduire les inégalités et la pauvreté à la retraite. Le niveau de vie moyen des ménages retraités apparaît désormais équivalent à celui des ménages actifs. Les réformes des systèmes de retraite en cours devront donc tenir compte non seulement de l'environnement démographique et économique dégradé (ralentissement de la croissance économique, augmentation du taux de chômage et des aléas de carrières, etc.) mais également du caractère efficient de l'architecture redistributive telle qu'elle existe aujourd'huiWe provide a large picture of the inequalities and the poverty among the French and the European pensioners, from the late twentieth century to today. The public pension systems support strong economic and demographic constraints, which could involve a higher risk of poverty and/or risk of inequality during the retirement. We focus on the role of the public policies in reducing these inequalities. To do this, we identify the poor populations and shed light on the inequality and poverty factors. Through the chapters, we define the inequality, the poverty of the retirees in developed countries, the inter- and intergenerational inequalities. We put into perspective the efficient mechanisms to reduce the inequalities and the poverty among the pensioners. In the first chapter, we propose a general equilibrium model to explore the impact of parametric reforms and the impact of a demographic shock on the inequality level. Then, we address the question of the social protection impact on the poverty and the inequality level among the European retirees at the end of the last century. To finish, the last chapter focus on the relationship between the architecture of the redistribution in France, including the socialbenefits and taxes, and the inequalities. We distinguish in this last chapter the inequality level among pensioners and among workers from the inequalities between pensioners and workers. We conclude that the pension systems and the redistribution architecture, in France and in Europe, permitted to reduce the inequalities and the poverty among pensioners. The retirees' and the workers' households have now the same living standard. Our findings suggest that the future pension reforms should take into consideration the bad economic and demographic environments, but also the efficiency of the actual redistributive architecture
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Maruy, Camilo, Felipe Aroca, Eduardo Torretti y Guillermo Villaseñor-Tadeo. "Tax issues regarding the Latin American Integrated Market: Scope and Proposals". IUS ET VERITAS, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123345.
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In the present round table, tax specialists from Peru, Colombia, Chile and Mexico discuss about the tax reforms carried out and outstanding in their respective countries on the tax treatment of capital gain within the framework of the Latin American integrated Market.En la presente mesa redonda, destacados especialistas de Perú, Colombia, Chile y México comentan las reformas tributarias realizadas y pendientes por realizar en sus respectivos países en torno al tratamiento tributario de las ganancias de capital en el marco del Mercado integrado Latinoamericano (en adelante, “MILA”).
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Jirmanová, Lenka. "Hodnocení finanční situace podniku a návrhy na její zlepšení". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221783.
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This Master´s thesis analyses the economic and financial situation of VEBA, the textile company, Plc in years 2002 – 2006. It includes also proposals and disposals for improvement of the present statue with consideration of the company possibilities.
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I-Ning, Chu y 朱宜寧. "Consumption Expenditure, Disposable Income, Principal Component Analysis". Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62446341304615629720.
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碩士輔仁大學
應用統計學研究所
93
The family consumption mainly satisfies member each kind of life on the demand, therefore the different characteristics maybe have different family consumption pattern. The purpose of this study was to know the influence of family characteristics on the consumption expenditure in Hsinchu City. According to the finding, we have made suggestions for business market policy. This research based on Hsinchu City sub-sample of “The survey of family income and expenditure in Taiwan area of Republic of China,2001&2002” conducted by Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics Executive Yuan of R.O.C. The influence of region and family characteristics and economical head of household on family consumption have been studied. Dalenius-Hodges stratification method, correlation analytic method, Chi-square automatic interaction(CHAID),classification and regression tree (CART),Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis are employed as method of research to find out the characteristics and sort out family consumption expenditure patterns. This research found there is a positive relationship between consumption expenditure and disposable income, and has a negative relationship between consumption expenditure and savings rate. On family consumption expenditure, the low consumption expenditure families can be classified into “Based Health Life Type” and “Housing Type”. The medium consumption expenditure families can be classified into “Safe Health Consumption Type” and “Food, Recreation and Education Type”. The high consumption expenditure families are classified into “Clothing, Recreation and Education Type” and “Health Living Type”. Also, the basic characters of the different kind families are not same.
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Wang, Yu-Li y 汪育立. "Does Disposable Income Predict Consumption and StockReturns?" Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/91048945257170070699.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
國際企業學研究所
96
We rewrite the utility function as the second-order Taylor’s series under the basic assumptions of Consumption-based CAPM. We then show the growth rate of disposable income can affect the growth rate of consumption. Campbell (2003) argues that the growth rate of consumption have influence on the excess return of assets. Based on this point and our finding, we show that one of the risks of the market portfolio can arise from the growth rate of disposable income. A regression of the risk premium of market portfolio on lagged value of the growth rate of disposable income produces statistically significant coefficients using the empirical data of Taiwan and Japan.
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Wu, Jia-Rong y 吳佳蓉. "The Impact of Disposal of Assets Income and Board Characteristics on Earnings Management". Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87926079619735031439.
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碩士僑光科技大學
財務金融研究所
102
The study’s sample taken from the Database of Taiwan Economic Journal for the period of 2011-2003, listed companies in Taiwan have conducted on disposal of asset income obtained as the study sample. This study explore on disposal of asset income, accruals-based earnings management and board characteristics by manipulating earnings management. Disposal of assets income disposal to discuss whether the company will be making earnings accruals-based earnings management accruals related to the financial statements are therefore subject to change, then add the board characteristics to be measured, and whether the board of directors to discuss disposal of assets income, by the board of earnings management to manipulate earnings. In computation earnings partial this article by the Jones (1991) and the Kothari et al.(2005), discretionary accruals assessment to explore whether managers can arbitrary accruals to manipulate earnings, Empirical results: (1)The size of the independent directors and supervisors (INS) and earnings management has a significant positive relationship. (2) The gearing ratio (LEV) and a negative correlation of earnings management, the higher the debt ratio, the less said the company manipulated earnings management. (3) Return on Equity (ROE) and accruals earnings management has a significant negative correlation relationship. (4) Disposal of Assets income and Accruals-based earnings management (DA) has a significant positive relationship, the company reported fiscal year earnings is not satisfactory, the company's management will be by way of sale of assets to increase the company's earnings, can make earnings reached the desired objectives.
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Yao, Hsin-Hung y 姚信宏. "Disposable Income And Fractionalization: A Cross-County Empirical Study Of Taiwan". Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04191567067796961984.
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碩士國立臺北大學
經濟學系
93
The year 2001 deserves extra attention in the evolution of the annual economics growth rate in Taiwan as it went negative for the first time since World War II. The purpose of this thesis is to clarify the underlying causes of the growth issue in Taiwan. Social fractionalization may explain the negative growth in 2001. The measure of fractionalization is the result of official election from 1994 to 2003. And We use Panel data model and Simultaneous-equations model to figure out the relationship between social fractionalization and economic performance. The results show that social fractionalization is highly negatively correlated with disposable income per person in each model.
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Su, Jian-Hao y 蘇建豪. "The Effects of Disposable Income and Future Uncertainty on Household Consumption". Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2j3bhx.
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碩士國立政治大學
財政學系
106
In this paper, we use the cross-sectional data of the report on the survey of family income and expenditure in 2016 to analyze the effects of disposable income and future uncertainty on household consumption. In addition to establishing the OLS regression model to observe the marginal effects of risk-related independent variables on household consumption and non-medical consumption, we also used various criteria to group households and observed the heterogeneity of consumer behavior under uncertainty. Besides, through quantile regression, we can examine the marginal effect of each independent variable on consumption under certain quantile, which can be more accurate and complete than the OLS model to characterize consumer behavior under uncertainty. The empirical results show that the education level, the amount of social insurance coverage, the integrity of the family organization structure, and the private medical insurance can reduce the degree of uncertainty in the future and reduce the incentives for precautionary saving, thereby increasing the household's current consumption. The regression results also suggest that the higher-risk groups show higher marginal propensity to consume. This implies that there is a positive relationship between current consumption and disposable income in the current period, and this positive relationship increases as uncertainty increases, suggesting that individuals who are more sensitive to risk have a higher marginal propensity to consume.
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Lin, Shiuan-Lih y 林軒立. "The Impact of Disposable Household Income on the Preventable Hospitalization in Taiwan". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27893786822858342348.
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碩士國立陽明大學
衛生福利研究所
99
Introduction: The National Health Insurance (NHI) in Taiwan aims to improve the access to healthcare so as to improve the health inequity of the population. It is crucial to understand whether people with different social status can equitably get similar health care and health care outcome after NHI. Ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSC) are those, for which hospitalizations are considered potentially avoidable through provision of timely and appropriate primary care and can be applied to measure access to or outcome of healthcare. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the association of disposable household incomes (DHI) with ACSC related outpatient utilization and with the risk of ACSC related hospitalization (ACSCH) in the following year. Methods: We conduct a cross-sectional study to analyze the relationship between DHI and ACSC related outpatient utilization, and a retrospective cohort study to evaluate the relationship between DHI and risk of ACSCH using the 2003-5 National Household Income Survey data linked with NHI claim data provided by the Office of Statistics of the Department of Health. The study populations are all enrollees of the NHI. ACSCH are defined by Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) in the United States using 16 Preventive Quality Indicators (PQIs) and 5 Pediatric Quality Indicators (PDIs). DHI was adjusted by size of the household. Control variables included sex, age, education, occupation, characteristics of usual healthcare sources, copayment waiver, comorbidity index, ACSCH in previous year, physician population ratio per ten thousands, change in the copayment policy, and level of urbanization. We applied logistic regression and negative binomial regression of Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) to control the random effect of the residential region to analyze the occurrence (of ACSC outpatient utilization & ACSCH) and the number of ACSC outpatient visits respectively. Analysis of risk of ACSCH was further stratified by the number of ACSC outpatient utilization to control its interaction with ACSCH. Results: Prevalence of ACSCH was 1.09%. Lower DHI was significantly correlated with lower ACSC outpatient utilization. Other significant correlates included having no usual healthcare sources, being elderly, lower educational attainment and being unemployment. No significant relationship was found between DHI and ACSCH. Furthermore, people without out-of -pocket payments, elderly, lower educational attainment and poor health status had significant higher risk of ACSCH. Conclusion: The findings that there is no significant association between household income and risk of ACSC hospitalization may imply that the improved access to healthcare may reduce the gap in health outcome among people with different social status. Our finding of positive association between DHI and ACSC outpatient utilization however, is based on cross-sectional data, therefore should be carefully evaluated in future study based on more rigorous design.
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KAN, MING-CHE y 甘明哲. "The Effect of the Average Household Disposable Income on Crime Rate of Taiwan’s Counties". Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/r8bhu2.
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碩士大葉大學
管理學院碩士在職專班
106
This study mainly discusses the impact of the change rate of disposable income on the crime rate of county. From 2002 to 2017, the incidence of criminal cases, the incidence of theft and the incidence of violent crimes, and factors that may affect the crime rate in each county were collected. Empirical results indicate that the counties with higher average disposable income of each household have the higher prevalence rate of criminal cases and the lower the rate of violent crime. Counties with the higher the average per capita police policing expenditure have the lower incidence of criminal cases, the lower incidence of theft, and the incidence of violent crimes. The evidence showing that the policing expenditures can effectively curb the crime rate. In additional, the incidence of criminal cases, theft rate, and the incidence of violent crimes in the six municipalities are higher, showing that the crime rate in metropolitan areas is indeed higher than in rural areas. In addition, the more young and populous people is, the lower the incidence of criminal cases, theft rate, and the incidence of violent crimes are. Counties with higher the crude divorce rate have the higher the incidence of criminal cases, theft rate, and the incidence of violent crimes.
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YE, SHANG-WEN y 葉尚文. "Society and Economic Situation Arrange Resulting Effect on the Average Household Disposable Income of Taiwan". Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/w8bvcq.
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碩士僑光科技大學
財務金融研究所
103
With globalization in economy, the prosperity of free trade, the emerging nation emerges fast, make country incorporate the intersection of trade and economic system fast, Taiwan one of them, but fast to develop the following question, for instance: Prevail by underground economies, city and villages and towns difference of development expand day by day and project tie mark, corrupt, make resources flow into the particular hands, lead to the fact the income is distributed unevenly, the situation of gap between rich and poor worsens gradually. Sample of this research, for 22 counties and cities (include the subsidiary island) ,It is the annual materials in 1998~2013 years while studying, the total sample is 4,400. This research uses and follows the trail of the materials, and research and analyse the real example with the linear regression model of the least squares method, the main research purpose lies in unemployment rate, labor force participation rate, labor force, the average household savings, the average household consumption expenditure, urban planning area plan population, low-income population aged 15 and above education aspect structure of the civil population - college and above, the number of criminal cases occur, the number of variables, such theft occurs, divide into the economic aspect, the social aspect, together with the economic and social dimensions to consider whether the average household disposable income will result in significant influence. Found the whole counties and cities, middle part, southern areas and non-six municipalities were showing influence in Taiwan, but 15 and above education aspect structure of the civil population - college and above are Taiwan, six municipalities and non-six municipalities appreciable impact.
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Mphaka, Dikobe Lucas. "Perceptions of waste management in different income households in Cosmo City, South Africa". Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/21211.
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Cosmo City was established as a pilot project to integrate the low, middle and high income communities to live together and share common resources like schools, medical facilities, churches and shopping centres. Over a period of seven years, waste management has become a problem leading to littering, illegal dumping and overfilling of skips. Perceptions of waste management in different income households were studied. The specific objectives were, willingness of households to separate waste from source, health concerns emanating when one interacts with waste at the sources, effect of incentives on household’s willingness to separate waste from source, household’s opinion on including the waste pickers in the formal waste management system. Data was collected using structured questionnaire and interviews.
The results indicated that 30% of low income households, 23% of middle income households and 10% of high income households recycle waste. The study revealed that 78% of low income households, 78% of middle income households and 80% of high income households were willing to sort waste from source. Overall results showed about 20% drop when sorting waste without incentives was suggested. 52% of low income households, 55% middle income households and 48% high income households rated hygiene as the major health concern on sorting waste from source. 85% of low income households, 77% of low income household, 71% of middle income and 78% of high income households support the incorporation of waste pickers in the formal waste management system.
The results related to perceptions of the community on waste management suggest that the three different communities are willing to participate in waste management and support the incorporation of the waste pickers in the formal waste management system.
In general this study should serve as a guideline for legislation, policy and regulations formulation. Integrated solid waste management that involves waste pickers and separation of waste from source can help with job creation, boosts the economy and deviate waste from landfilling to recycling.Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Management)
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Gauley, Steven W. "Urban waste picking in low-income countries: knowledge and action". Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/10258.
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A significant segment of the urban population in many low-income countries
derives their living from the harvest of marketable materials from urban waste streams.
The activities of so-called "scavengers" or waste pickers in many African, Asian, and
Latin American cities have also come to be understood to have environmental benefits:
the diversion of materials from the urban waste stream decreases the volume of wastes
that need to be collected, transported and disposed of. However, due to their daily
contact with garbage, these men, women, and children are usually associated with dirt,
disease, and squalor. The work of the scavenger is often conceptualized as being poverty
driven and undertaken as a survival strategy or coping mechanism in a harsh urban
environment.
In recent years, various programs and projects have been developed by nongovernmental
organizations, religious institutions, community-based organizations, and
local governments to address the needs of scavengers. Such intervention schemes are
designed in one way or another to alter the scavengers' existing situations.
This study looks at the possible linkages between the evolving understanding of
scavenging and the various approaches to intervention that it engenders. This study first
examines how scholars and researchers analyze waste picking issues and their
suggestions for potential interventions and then relates this understanding to how
institutions, citizens, non-governmental organizations, and aid agencies are addressing
these issues in practice.
It is found that different conceptualizations of waste picking issues have led to
different intervention prescriptions, and that the prescribed interventions are motivated by
environmental, economic, or humanitarian concerns. This study contends that the
recommended and implemented intervention prescriptions are simply promoting market
means in an attempt to achieve humanitarian ends, and, therefore, are only short-term
measures that will not solve the identified waste picking issues.
Data sources used in this effort include academic journals, conference papers,
case studies of development programs, newspaper articles, Web sites, and field reports.
Data were also obtained by contacting researchers and organizations that have studied or
are currently working with waste pickers in a variety of geographical settings.
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"Trend in net disposable income of low-income single mother families from 1993 to 2002 in the U.S.: Before and after 1996 welfare reform". BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY, THE HELLER SCHOOL FOR SOCIAL POLICY AND MANAGEMENT, 2009. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3342176.
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Chang, Hsiang-Chao y 張翔超. "The Intention of Investors to Use Robo-Advisors – The Moderating Effects of Disposable Income and Financial Knowledge". Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6x824a.
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Seholoholo, Masechaba. "Solid waste management in low and high income residential areas of Maseru : a comparative study of Maseru West and Seapoint". Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4349.
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Waste management has received very little attention in Lesotho' s Development Planning. Lack of environmental policy and environmental framework law has resulted in waste being illegally dumped. Inadequate services in the country, coupled with increasing
population in the urban areas due to rural-urban migration, has led to litter being a serious environmental problem in the whole country, especially in the urban areas. This study aims to analyse the defects of the waste management strategies in Maseru by investigating the waste management systems employed in two residential areas of
different income levels. In addition, this thesis attempts to evaluate the impact of socioeconomic and educational factors on solid waste management practices in Maseru. An investigation into trends or similarities in the services rendered by the Maseru City Council was carried out and compared with the literature reviewed. A survey was conducted as two case studies, mainly to assess the present coverage and the standard of refuse generation, collection and disposal service. Waste was collected from the two study areas and compared in terms of the type and amount of waste. generated.
The major factors influencing waste generation were found to be the gender and educational level of the household head, income level of the household and the household size. These were found to be proportional to waste generation and inter-related. In this regard, that families headed by men were found to have higher incomes than those headed by women and were found to produce more waste. Furthermore, in households where the household head had attained a higher level of education, income levels increased, there was a concomitant increase in waste generation. In general, high income residential areas generated more waste than low income residential areas. Large families use more money and consume more food than small families, thus generate more waste. The major component of waste was largely paper and plastic, but glass, cans and organic
materials were also recorded. In general, waste management in Maseru (Lesotho) was found to be very poor because of lack of policy and contradicting and scattered sectoral laws dealing with waste management, lack of urban planning and infrastructure. More
importantly, waive of laws relating to waste has resulted in land degradation due to illegal dumping and littering.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzubrg, 1998.
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Oyier, Jill. "How access to financial services influences how Kenyans use their disposable income: a case study of M-Pesa and M-Shwari". Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/19432.
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research investigated the use of mobile banking within an urban city environment. The study was conducted in Nairobi which is a major urban city in Kenya. Mobile banking as used in the study refers to non-bank affiliated banking provided by mobile phone service providers whereby users make use of their mobile phones and agents to perform transactions. The study had two main objectives: to determine if financial institutions influence the way people spend their disposable income; and, to determine how new forms of financial access, such as M-pesa and M-shwari, influence the way people use their money. The study took the form of surveys and semi-structured interviews. One hundred and eight respondents took part in the survey, and six respondents took part in the interviews. The results suggest that the availability and type of financial institutions and services does influence the way people spend their disposable income, and that new forms of financial access, facilitate a change in the manner in which people make use of their finances. The study also looks at the role of gender in the use of financial services.
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Pacariz, Laurent. "The impact of e-tolling on the recreational spending of people living in the Vaal Region / Laurent Pacariz". Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/11930.
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The primary objective was to ascertain whether implementation of the e-tolling system will influence
the spending on recreational activities by people staying in the Vaal Region. Thus the aim was to
assess whether an incremental rise in expenses, leading to a decrease in available disposable
income will impact people’s decisions to travel outside their residences to visit and engage in leisure
destinations and activities respectively.
A questionnaire was developed and distributed with the primary objective of determining whether
people within the Vaal Region are aware of the costs associated with travelling using the e-toll
Gauteng freeways, and whether it will have an impact on their decisions to travel from their respective
residences to leisure properties elsewhere. It also probed the respondents for the type of leisure
activities they engage in, frequency of visits and the reasons for participating in the respective
activities.
The study shows that the e-toll project will inevitably, from a monetary perspective, affect all road
users travelling from the Vaal Region to the greater Johannesburg areas.
This is significant and confirms that the e-toll project will be perceived to have an impact on people’s
available and disposable income. With the implementation of the e-tolling project seemingly imminent,
businesses and consumers will feel the belt tighten in the leisure and recreational (and in particular
the casino) industry, which is dependent on the availability of disposable income, to be ultimately
affected.
Trends with regards to leisure activities were identified along with recommendations for future
research.MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014
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Ssebagala, Ralph Abbey. "Consumer credit and poverty in low-income households in South Africa: A case study of West Bank on the Cape Flats". Thesis, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8328_1260179184.
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The purpose of this research effort is to contribute to the discussion on consumer indebtedness and poverty, analyse the causes and levels of indebtedness as well as the role played by both the consumer and the credit provider in the growth of consumer indebtedness among the sampled population of the Cape Flats area of West Bank in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. The methodology used in this study included both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. The research methods comprised of a comprehensive literature study and secondary data analysis, immersion in the case study area in order to observe the consumer credit market dynamics and its trends. In-depth informal and semi-formal interviewing, focus group discussions as well as a questionnaire survey were also used to gather primary data.
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NESNÍDALOVÁ, Kristýna. "Vliv minimální mzdy na disponibilní příjmy fyzické osoby". Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-394624.
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The thesis focuses on minimum wage. The aim of the work is to evaluate the impact of the growth of the minimum wage on disposable incomes of natural persons from employment and self-employed activity from 2011 to 2019. Subsequently, there are suggested measures to help reduce the levies on the income of individuals, thus maintaining the highest disposable income.
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Neto, Pedro José Mendes. "O impacto do crédito na poupança das famílias". Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/74471.
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Dissertação de mestrado em Economia Monetária, Bancária e FinanceiraOs incentivos à poupança ganharam impulso no desenvolvimento das economias nos últimos anos. O conceito de poupança das famílias é analisado do ponto de vista teórico e empírico no que concerne às motivações para a poupança. Observar o impacto que o crédito e demais variáveis macro e microeconómicas têm na poupança das famílias, serve de base para este estudo empírico. Teorias como da Hipótese do Ciclo de Vida, Teoria da Poupança e Teoria do Rendimento, serão abordadas ao longo do trabalho. Após apresentação e discussão da literatura relevante, o modelo de regressão foi estimado pelo Método dos Mínimos Quadrados. Do ponto de vista empírico, o estudo é efetuado por regiões geográficas na Zona Euro, em Portugal e nos EUA. Os resultados obtidos da estimação do modelo, de 1999 a 2019, revelam que o crédito não afetou a poupança das famílias em Portugal. Não é verificado o mesmo na Zona Euro, que tem uma relação negativa, muito significativa, enquanto nos EUA impactou positivamente e significativamente. O consumo tem uma relação negativa, muito significativa nas economias analisadas. Os resultados também indicam que o rendimento disponível, tem uma correlação positiva na poupança, tal como era esperado.
Incentives to save have gained momentum in international development in recent years. The concept of household savings is analysed from a theoretical and empirical point of view about the motivations for savings. Observing the impact that credit and other macro and microeconomic variables have on household savings serves as a basis for this empirical study. Theories such as Life Cycle Hypothesis, Savings Theory and Income Theory will be addressed. After presentation and discussion of the relevant literature, the regression model was estimated by the Least Squares Method. From an empirical point of view, the study is carried out by geographical regions in the Eurozone, Portugal, and the USA. The results obtained from the estimation of the model between 1999 and 2019 reveal that credit did not affect households' savings in Portugal. In contrast, this is not the case in the Euro Area, which has a negative, very significant relationship, while in the USA it had a positive and significant impact. Consumption has a negative relationship, very significant in the 3 economies presented here. The results also indicate that disposable income has a positive correlation in savings in the countries studied.
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Májková, Tereza. "Effects of minimum wages: do regional data tell a different story?" Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-357640.
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This thesis examines the effects of an increase of minimum wage level on unemployment, employment, disposable income and risk of poverty. We contribute to the existing literature by directly comparing results resulting from two similar datasets, one working with national, one with regional data. We use different sets of explanatory variables to see whether they affect the results of the estimation. On national level, our results confirm positive effect of minimum wages on employment of adults and on disposable income - but these findings were not confirmed on regional level. With respect to the regional perspective, the results are however subject to substantial uncertainty and are prone to substantial sensitivity to empirical specification. We attribute this uncertainty mainly to the quality of the data - small number of observations together with large heterogeneity. JEL Classification E02, E24, J08, J30 Keywords minimum wages, employment effect, disposable income, risk of poverty, panel data, NUTS 2 regions, comparison Author's e-mail majkovat@gmail.com Supervisor's e-mail jaromir.baxa@fsv.cuni.cz
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Costa, Mariana de Passos Morgado da. "A poupança e a riqueza das famílias portuguesas: 1980-2019". Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/21721.
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Esta dissertação analisa o património financeiro das famílias portuguesas para o período
compreendido entre 1980 e 2019. Para esta análise foram utilizadas as variáveis relativas ao
rendimento disponível dos particulares, da poupança dos particulares, do património financeiro
líquido e ainda dos ativos financeiros detidos pelos particulares em simultâneo com uma taxa de juro
de curto prazo. Aplicaram-se metodologias VAR e VECM para determinar a possibilidade de existência
de impactos no curto e no longo prazo, respetivamente, para os modelos analisados. Os resultados
indicam, que o rendimento influencia positivamente as variáveis relativas à poupança dos particulares,
ao património financeiro líquido das famílias e ainda aos ativos financeiros detidos pelas famílias.
Significando isto, que um aumento do rendimento leva a aumentos da poupança, do património
financeiros e dos ativos financeiros. Para além disso, e tendo em conta o longo prazo, verifica-se que
o rendimento disponível é explicado pela taxa de juro.This dissertation analyses the assets of the Portuguese families for a period between 1980 and 2019. This analyze include the disposable income, the saving of the families, the financial properties and the financial assets of individuals with a short-term interest rate. It was used the VAR and VECM models to analyze if there was any impact between the variables in the analyzed models for the short and long run, respectively. The results indicate that the disposable income affects positively the savings of the families, the financial properties and the financial assets of individuals. This means that an increase in the disposable income will represent an increase on savings, financial properties and financial assets. Furthermore, in the long run, the disposable income is explained by the interest rate.