Artículos de revistas: "Discrimination"

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Manoj Ashok Wakchaure, Mr y Prof Dr.S.S.Sane. "An Empirical Evaluation of various Discrimination Measures for Discrimination Prevention". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, n.º 4.19 (27 de noviembre de 2018): 1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.19.28280.

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Discrimination prevention in Data mining has been studied by researchers. Several methods have been devised to take care of both direct and indirect discrimination prevention. In order to prevent discrimination, each of these methods tries to minimize the impact of discriminating attributes by modifying certain discriminating rules. The discriminating rules are identified using certain threshold and discrimination measure such as elift for direct discrimination and elb for indirect discrimination. Performance of these methods are measured and compared in terms discrimination removal using DDPD, DDPP for direct discrimination and IDPD, IDPP for indirect discrimination as well as resultant data quality using MC and GC for both kinds of discrimination.This paper deals with study of use of discrimination measures other than elift such as slift, clift and olift. The empirical evaluation presented here shows that slift provides best overall performance.

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Furxhi, Gentisa, Sonela Stillo y Enslemvera Zake (Furxhi. "Job Discrimination and Ethics in the Workplace". European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, n.º 2 (30 de abril de 2016): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v1i2.p138-145.

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Every society wants to have an ethical community. Although, that every citizen wants to be treated as equal, studies show that discrimination and gender inequality in employment relationships are present in every society, at any time. Discrimination is: treating a person or particular group of people differently, especially in a worse way from the way in which you treat other people, because of their skin color, sex, sexuality, etc . Job discrimination is when institutional decisions, policies, or procedures are at least partially based on illegitimate forms of discrimination that benefit or harm certain groups of people. Developed societies have a lower rate of job discrimination than developing societies have. Although, it is unclear why in these societies with economic civilization and culture development, job discrimination still exists, when the right of employment is sanctioned and guaranteed by Labor Code and by specific laws. The most common forms of job discriminations are discriminations based on gender, race, ethnic origin, religion, age. New forms are based on disability, sexual orientation, genetics and lifestyle. Not all discrimination is intentional or conscious. Sometimes people favor some groups of people over others as a matter of personal preference, or unconsciously accept stereotypes. Whatever, job discrimination is intentional or it is conscious, it is always immoral. Job discriminations violates utilitarian, rights and justice principles of ethics. Our study is focused to see how much job discriminations is widespread in Albanian society. We will analyze forms of discriminations to have a clear view which are the most common job discriminations types in Albania. Also, we will figure out if employees who have been discriminated in the workplace, have reported this unethical behavior to their supervisor or at the relevant state bodies. At the end, we will see if there has been any punishment to those who use discrimination to the employees.

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Ba, Ismaila y Fahim Ashkar. "Discrimination between a group of three-parameter distributions for hydro-meteorological frequency modeling". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 45, n.º 5 (mayo de 2018): 351–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2017-0416.

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We recommend methods of discrimination between some three-parameter distributions used in hydro-meteorological frequency modeling. Discriminations are between model pairs belonging to the group (generalized extreme value (GEV), Pearson Type III (P3), generalized logistic (GLO)). To assess the fit of these distributions to data, the Akaike information criterion, Bayesian information criterion, and (or) goodness-of-fit measures are commonly employed. However, it is difficult to estimate the discrimination power and bias of these methods when used with three-parameter distributions. Consequently, we propose two alternative tools and assess their performance. Both tools are based on a sample transformation to normality followed by applying a powerful statistic for testing normality, such as the Shapiro-Wilk or the probability plot correlation coefficient statistic. While arriving at recommendations for discriminating between the (GEV, GLO) and (P3, GLO) pairs of models, we show that the discrimination power between the P3 and GEV distributions can be rather low.

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Tregilgas-Davey, M. I. "Contingency fees: Discriminating against discrimination cases?" Liverpool Law Review 13, n.º 1 (1991): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01079304.

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Rocco, Tonette S. y Suzanne J. Gallagher. "Discriminative justice: Can discrimination be just?" New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education 2004, n.º 101 (2004): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ace.126.

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Pérez-González, Luis Antonio y Héctor Martínez. "Emergence of Third-Order Conditional Discriminations from Learning Discriminations with Unrelated Stimuli". Psychological Record 72, n.º 1 (17 de noviembre de 2021): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40732-021-00461-2.

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AbstractThis study explored learning and generalization of a third-order conditional discrimination. Two 8-year-old children learned two auditory–visual conditional discriminations in which they selected visual Japanese syllabic symbols in response to syllables spoken by the experimenter. Then, they learned a third-order conditional discrimination in which they selected between two visual symbols after being exposed to two spoken syllables and one visual symbol. Thereafter, we probed generalization with novel symbols and names by teaching two additional conditional discriminations with Nahuatl symbols and spoken words and probing without reinforcement a new third-order conditional discrimination in which they had to select between two visual Nahuatl symbols after being exposed to two spoken Nahuatl words and one visual Nahuatl symbol. The two children responded in a predicted way to the novel third-order conditional discrimination. The emergent performance was possible because the set of relations established among the stimuli of the third-order conditional discrimination with Japanese syllables was analogous to the set of relations established among the stimuli of the third-order conditional discriminations with Nahuatl words. These results demonstrated a novel type of emergent responding in third-order conditional discrimination with arbitrary relations.

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Forejtová, Monika. "The Effort to Achieve Equality with the Help of the Reversal of the Burden of Proof In Anti-Discrimination Litigation". International and Comparative Law Review 13, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2013): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iclr-2016-0064.

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Abstract Application of non-discrimination has a fundamental problem inherent in the fact that the prosecutor has only a very limited possibility to prove violations of the prohibition of discrimination, and much less the motives of the discriminating person, and thus the reason for discrimination. In addition, discrimination occurs in the relations, which are characterized by considerable inequalities, when more evidence is on the side of potentially discriminating than on the side of those discriminated. The article offers the analysis and comparison of the US and European approach to the procedural aspects of the anti-discrimination litigation with the special attention given to the special procedural mechanism - the reversal of the burden of proof.

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SCULLY, ERIN N., MARTIN J. ACERBO y OLGA F. LAZAREVA. "Bilateral lesions of nucleus subpretectalis/interstitio-pretecto-subpretectalis (SP/IPS) selectively impair figure–ground discrimination in pigeons". Visual Neuroscience 31, n.º 1 (9 de octubre de 2013): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523813000424.

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AbstractEarlier, we reported that nucleus rotundus (Rt) together with its inhibitory complex, nucleus subpretectalis/interstitio-pretecto-subpretectalis (SP/IPS), had significantly higher activity in pigeons performing figure–ground discrimination than in the control group that did not perform any visual discriminations. In contrast, color discrimination produced significantly higher activity than control in the Rt but not in the SP/IPS. Finally, shape discrimination produced significantly lower activity than control in both the Rt and the SP/IPS. In this study, we trained pigeons to simultaneously perform three visual discriminations (figure–ground, color, and shape) using the same stimulus displays. When birds learned to perform all three tasks concurrently at high levels of accuracy, we conducted bilateral chemical lesions of the SP/IPS. After a period of recovery, the birds were retrained on the same tasks to evaluate the effect of lesions on maintenance of these discriminations. We found that the lesions of the SP/IPS had no effect on color or shape discrimination and that they significantly impaired figure–ground discrimination. Together with our earlier data, these results suggest that the nucleus Rt and the SP/IPS are the key structures involved in figure–ground discrimination. These results also imply that thalamic processing is critical for figure–ground segregation in avian brain.

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ALBERT, MARILYN S., MARK B. MOSS, RUDOLPH TANZI y KENNETH JONES. "Preclinical prediction of AD using neuropsychological tests". Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 7, n.º 5 (julio de 2001): 631–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617701755105.

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Normals (N = 42) and patients with mild memory difficulty (N = 123) were given a neuropsychological test battery, and then followed annually for 3 years to determine which individuals developed sufficient functional change that they met clinical criteria for AD. Twenty-three of the 123 participants with mild memory difficulty converted to a diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) within 3 years of follow-up. Four of the 20 neuropsychological measures obtained at baseline, were useful in discriminating the groups on the basis of their status 3 years after the tests were given. The 4 discriminating tests pertained to assessments of memory and executive function. When the controls were compared to the individuals with memory impairments who ultimately developed AD (the converters), the accuracy of discrimination was 89%, based on the neuropsychological measures at baseline. The discrimination of the controls from the individuals with mild memory problems who did not progress to the point where they met clinical criteria for probable AD over the 3 years of follow-up (the Questionables) was 74% and the discrimination of the questionables from the converters was 80%. The specific tests that contributed to these discriminations, in conjunction with recent neuropathological and neuroimaging data from preclinical cases, have implications for which brain regions may be affected during the prodromal phase of AD. (JINS, 2001, 7, 631–639.)

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Povalej Bržan, P., J. A. Gallego, J. P. Romero, V. Glaser, E. Rocon, J. Benito-León, F. Bermejo-Pareja, I. J. Posada y A. Holobar. "New Perspectives for Computer-Aided Discrimination of Parkinson’s Disease and Essential Tremor". Complexity 2017 (2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4327175.

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Pathological tremor is a common but highly complex movement disorder, affecting ~5% of population older than 65 years. Different methodologies have been proposed for its quantification. Nevertheless, the discrimination between Parkinson’s disease tremor and essential tremor remains a daunting clinical challenge, greatly impacting patient treatment and basic research. Here, we propose and compare several movement-based and electromyography-based tremor quantification metrics. For the latter, we identified individual motor unit discharge patterns from high-density surface electromyograms and characterized the neural drive to a single muscle and how it relates to other affected muscles in 27 Parkinson’s disease and 27 essential tremor patients. We also computed several metrics from the literature. The most discriminative metrics were the symmetry of the neural drive to muscles, motor unit synchronization, and the mean log power of the tremor harmonics in movement recordings. Noteworthily, the first two most discriminative metrics were proposed in this study. We then used decision tree modelling to find the most discriminative combinations of individual metrics, which increased the accuracy of tremor type discrimination to 94%. In summary, the proposed neural drive-based metrics were the most accurate at discriminating and characterizing the two most common pathological tremor types.

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Byrom, Nicola C. y Robin A. Murphy. "Cue competition influences biconditional discrimination". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, n.º 2 (1 de enero de 2018): 182–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1363256.

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When multiple cues are presented in compound and trained to predict an outcome, the cues may compete for association with an outcome. However, if both cues are necessary for solution of the discrimination, then competition might be expected to interfere with the solution of the discrimination. We consider how unequal stimulus salience influences learning in configural discriminations, where no individual stimulus predicts the outcome. We compared two hypotheses: (1) salience modulation minimises the initial imbalance in salience and (2) unequal stimulus salience will impair acquisition of configural discriminations. We assessed the effect of varying stimulus salience in a biconditional discrimination (AX+, AY−, BX−, BY+). Across two experiments, we found stronger discrimination when stimuli had matched, rather than mismatched, salience, supporting our second hypothesis. We discuss the implications of this finding for Mackintosh’s model of selective attention, modified elemental models and configural models of learning.

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Merigan, William H. "Basic visual capacities and shape discrimination after lesions of extrastriate area V4 in macaques". Visual Neuroscience 13, n.º 1 (enero de 1996): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800007124.

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Abstractlbotenic acid lesions were made in four macaque monkeys in a region of cortical area V4 that corresponds to the lower quadrant of one hemifield. For visual testing, fixation locus was monitoredwith scleral search coils and controlled behaviorally to place test stimuli either in the lesionedquadrant or in a control location in the opposite hemifield. Some basic visual capacities were slightly altered by the lesions; there was a two-fold reduction of luminance contrast sensitivity as well as red-green chromatic contrast sensitivity, both tested with stationary gratings. On the other hand, little or no loss was found when contrast sensitivity for detection or direction discrimination was tested with 10–Hz drifting gratings nor was there a reliable change in visual acuity. Hue and luminance matching were tested with a spatially more complex matching-to-sample task, but monkeys could not learn this task in the visual field locus of a V4 lesion. If previously trained at this locus, performance was not affected by the lesion. In contrast to the small effects on basic visual capabilities, performance on two form discrimination tasks was devastated by V4 lesions. The first involved discriminating the orientation of colinear groups of dots on a background of randomly placed dots. The second involved discriminating the orientation of a group of three line segments surrounded by differently oriented line segments. Some selectivity of the deficitsfor form discrimination was shown by the lack of an effect of the lesions on a global motion discrimination. These results show that while V4 lesions cause only slight disruptions of basic visual capacities, they profoundly disrupt form discriminations.

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Slavny, Adam y Tom Parr. "HARMLESS DISCRIMINATION". Legal Theory 21, n.º 2 (junio de 2015): 100–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352325215000130.

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ABSTRACTIn Born Free and Equal: A Philosophical Inquiry into the Nature of Discrimination, Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen defends the harm-based account of the wrongness of discrimination, which explains the wrongness of discrimination with reference to the harmfulness of discriminatory acts. Against this view, we offer two objections. The conditions objection states that the harm-based account implausibly fails to recognize that harmless discrimination can be wrong. The explanation objection states that the harm-based account fails adequately to identify all of the wrong-making properties of discriminatory acts. We argue that the structure of a satisfactory view cannot be outcome-focused. A more promising family of views focuses on the deliberation of the discriminator and in particular on the reasons that motivate or fail to motivate her action.

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Cross, Ginger W., Stephanie M. Doane y David L. Alderton. "Training for Optimal Strategic Skills". Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, n.º 25 (septiembre de 2002): 2054–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204602513.

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The present research examined the impact of discrimination difficulty on the acquisition and transfer of strategic visual discrimination skills for meaningful stimuli. Participants were trained to discriminate between airplane silhouettes that varied in similarity. Some participants were trained to make difficult discriminations between similar airplane silhouettes, whereas others were trained to make easy discriminations between dissimilar airplane silhouettes. Participants were then transferred to making discrimination judgments at all similarity levels. The results suggest that initial training difficulty influences strategic skills even when participants have a priori strategies for processing stimuli. The findings improve our understanding of strategic skill acquisition, and training suggestions are discussed.

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Wang, Pengcheng, Sen Yan y Xiuhua Li. "Research on Frequency Discrimination Method Using Multiplicative-Integral and Linear Transformation Network". Electronics 13, n.º 9 (1 de mayo de 2024): 1742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13091742.

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In this paper, a frequency discrimination method using a multiplicative-integral and linear transformation network is proposed. In this method, two preset differential frequency signals and frequency modulation signals are transformed by multiplication and integration, and then the instantaneous frequency parameters of the frequency modulation signal are accurately analyzed by the linear transformation network to restore the original modulation signal. Compared with the phase discriminator, the simulation results show that this method has a higher frequency discrimination bandwidth. In addition, this method has better anti-noise performance, and the frequency discrimination distortion caused by noise with a different Signal-to-Noise Ratio is reduced by 33.80% on average compared with the phase discriminator. What is more, the carrier center frequency error has little influence on the frequency discrimination quality of this method, which solves the problem that most common frequency discriminators are seriously affected by the carrier center frequency error. This method requires a low accuracy of carrier center frequency, which makes it extremely suitable for digital frequency discrimination technology and can meet the needs of various frequency discrimination occasions.

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Kirszbaum, Thomas. "Quand la discrimination territoriale occulte les discriminations ethnoraciales". Les Cahiers du Développement Social Urbain N° 61, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2015): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/cdsu.061.0017.

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Cohen, Carl y Kent Greenawalt. "Discrimination and Reverse Discrimination". Law and Philosophy 5, n.º 1 (abril de 1986): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3504717.

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Belorgey, Jean-Michel. "Discrimination ordinaire/discrimination positive". VST - Vie sociale et traitements 95, n.º 3 (2007): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/vst.095.0141.

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Boxill, Bernard. "Discrimination and Reverse Discrimination". Teaching Philosophy 8, n.º 4 (1985): 349–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/teachphil19858487.

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Hill, Daniel J. "Is Sexual-Orientation Discrimination a Form of Sex Discrimination?" Liverpool Law Review 41, n.º 3 (5 de septiembre de 2020): 357–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10991-020-09257-w.

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Abstract In Bostock v Clayton County (2020) Gorsuch J holds that direct discrimination because of sexual orientation is a form of direct discrimination because of sex. I argue that the same is true under the Equality Act 2010. I consider the arguments of (Finnis, in: Finnis (ed) Intention and identity: collected essays, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2011) and (Gardner in Oxf J Leg Stud 18(1):167–187, 1998) that “because of”, “on grounds of”, and similar phrases in UK discrimination legislation invoke the state of mind of the discriminator. I apply this point to Bull and Bull v Hall and Preddy [2013] arguing that (i) the UK Supreme Court was wrong to find direct discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation, while, (ii), nevertheless, under the Equality Act 2010, that case and similar cases actually involve direct discrimination because of sex, not because of sexual orientation. I conclude by considering some objections, precedents, and implications.

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Emmanuel Agesin, Bamikole. "Ethnic Discrimination among Nigerians: The Predictory Roles of Perceived Ethno-Cultural Empathy and Ethnocentrism". Current Research in Psychology and Behavioral Science (CRPBS) 4, n.º 1 (11 de enero de 2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.54026/crpbs/1081.

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This study investigated the extent to which Perceived ethno-cultural empathy and ethnocentrism predict ethnic discrimination among Nigerians. This study adopted a cross-sectional survey design. Participants comprised 412 people (male=220; female=192). They were selected from three states in Nigeria namely Ondo (youruba ethnic group), Abia (Igbo ethnic group) and Taraba (Hausa ethnic group), using accidental sampling technique. Their ethnic group classifications (33.9%) were Yoruba’s, (33.8%) were Igbo’s, and (32.3%) were Hausa’s. They responded to ethnocentrism scale, scale of ethno-cultural empathy, perceived ethnic discrimination questionnaire. The study hypothesis was tested with a multiple regression analysis. Results revealed that perceived ethno-cultural empathy significantly predict ethnic discrimination such that high level of ethno-cultural empathy decreases ethnic discrimination (β=-0.12, t(412)=-0.2.59, p<0.05). Ethnocentrism significantly predict ethnic discrimination such that high level of ethnocentrism increases ethnic discrimination (β=-0.40, t (412)=8.69, p<.01). This study showed that ethno-cultural empathy was negatively related to ethnic discriminations. Ethnocentrism was positively related to ethnic discriminations. Therefore in order to reduce ethnic discrimination, the researcher suggest that direct public education initiatives that help prevent and contribute to the eradication of incitement to discrimination, hostility, and violence in the society should be encouraged and promoted. National program such as NYSC should be recalibrated and sustained. Knowledge of other people’s ethnic beliefs should be promoted within the society to increase understanding, tolerance and respect and to ensure that their belief and ethnic differences does not become a source of division, tensions and violence.

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Becker, Susanne, Martin Löffler y Ben Seymour. "Reward Enhances Pain Discrimination in Humans". Psychological Science 31, n.º 9 (20 de agosto de 2020): 1191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797620939588.

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The notion that reward inhibits pain is a well-supported observation in both humans and animals, allowing suppression of pain reflexes to acquired rewarding stimuli. However, a blanket inhibition of pain by reward would also impair pain discrimination. In contrast, early counterconditioning experiments implied that reward might actually spare pain discrimination. To test this hypothesis, we investigated whether discriminative performance was enhanced or inhibited by reward. We found in adult human volunteers ( N = 25) that pain-based discriminative ability is actually enhanced by reward, especially when reward is directly contingent on discriminative performance. Drift-diffusion modeling shows that this relates to an augmentation of the underlying sensory signal strength and is not merely an effect of decision bias. This enhancement of sensory-discriminative pain-information processing suggests that whereas reward can promote reward-acquiring behavior by inhibition of pain in some circumstances, it can also facilitate important discriminative information of the sensory input when necessary.

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Borgesius, Frederik Zuiderveen. "Price Discrimination, Algorithmic Decision-Making, and European Non-Discrimination Law". European Business Law Review 31, Issue 3 (1 de mayo de 2020): 401–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2020017.

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Our society can benefit immensely from algorithmic decision-making and similar types of artificial intelligence. But algorithmic decision-making can also have discriminatory effects. This paper examines that problem, using online price differentiation as an example of algorithmic decision-making. With online price differentiation, a company charges different people different prices for identical products, based on information the company has about those people. The main question in this paper is: to what extent can non-discrimination law protect people against online price differentiation? The paper shows that online price differentiation and algorithmic decision-making could lead to indirect discrimination, for instance harming people with a certain ethnicity. Indirect discrimination occurs when a practice is neutral at first glance, but ends up discriminating against people with a protected characteristic, such as ethnicity. In principle, non-discrimination law prohibits indirect discrimination. The paper also shows, however, that non-discrimination law has flaws when applied to algorithmic decision-making. For instance, algorithmic discrimination can remain hidden: people may not realise that they are being discriminated against. And many types of unfair – some might say discriminatory – algorithmic decisions are outside the scope of current non-discrimination law. price discrimination, price differentiation, personalised pricing, dynamic pricing, algorithmic decision-making, big data, artificial intelligence, fairness, law, equality, non-discrimination law, human rights, fundamental rights.

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Lane, Tom. "Along which identity lines does 21st-century Britain divide? Evidence from Big Brother". Rationality and Society 32, n.º 2 (10 de febrero de 2020): 197–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043463120904049.

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This article measures discrimination in the reality TV show Big Brother, a high-stakes environment. Data on contestants’ nominations are taken from 35 series of the British version of the show, covering the years 2000–2016. Race and age discrimination are found, with contestants more likely to nominate those of a different race and those different in age from themselves. However, no discrimination is identified on the basis of gender, geographical region of origin, or level of education. Racial discrimination is driven by males, but females exhibit stronger age discrimination than males. Age discrimination is driven by the younger contestants discriminating against the older. Regional differences emerge, particularly between contestants from Greater London and those from the north of England; northerners have a stronger tendency to engage in racial and age discrimination, and to discriminate in favour of the opposite gender.

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Gălăţeanu, Oana Elena. "Perspectives on Discrimination and the European Law Combating IT". Jurnalul de Studii Juridice 17, n.º 1-2 (10 de octubre de 2022): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/jls/17.1-2/95.

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By discrimination we mean that action whereby certain persons are treated differently from others or bear the restriction of certain rights unfairly, on the basis of groundless reasons. Direct discrimination, indirect discrimination, harassment and instigation to discrimination have been identified as forms of discrimination at social level. At the level of international society, preventing and combating any form of discrimination by resorting to the most appropriate legal measures represent a concern even today. The right on non-discrimination prohibits those cases whereby persons or groups of persons in a similar situation are treated differently, and situations where persons or groups of persons in different situations are treated in the same way. The aim of the right on non-discrimination is to guarantee to all people equal and fair prospects of access to the opportunities granted by the society. The discrimination’s different manifestation forms, the criteria underlying discriminatory behavior, the areas where it manifests itself and some perspectives regarding the European non-discrimination law will be presented in this study.

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Keith, Kenneth D. "Peak Shift Phenomenon: A Teaching Activity for Basic Learning Theory". Teaching of Psychology 29, n.º 4 (octubre de 2002): 298–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top2904_09.

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Stimulus discrimination is a standard subject in undergraduate courses presenting basic principles of learning, and a particularly interesting aspect of discrimination is the peak shift phenomenon. Peak shift occurs in generalization tests following intradimensional discrimination training as a displacement of peak responding away from the S+ (a stimulus signaling availability of reinforcement) in a direction opposite the S– (a stimulus signaling lack of reinforcement). This activity allows students to develop intradimensional discriminations that enable firsthand observation of the peak shift phenomenon. Evaluation of the activity suggests that it produces improved understanding of peak shift and that undergraduate students can demonstrate peak shift in simple discrimination tasks.

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Ćwiklińska-Jurkowska, Małgorzata M. "Visualization and Comparison of Single and Combined Parametric and Nonparametric Discriminant Methods for Leukemia Type Recognition Based on Gene Expression". Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 43, n.º 1 (1 de diciembre de 2015): 73–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slgr-2015-0043.

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Abstract A gene expression data set, containing 3051 genes and 38 tumor mRNA training samples, from a leukemia microarray study, was used for differentiation between ALL and AML groups of leukemia. In this paper, single and combined discriminant methods were applied on the basis of the selected few most discriminative variables according to Wilks’ lambda or the leave-one-out error of first nearest neighbor classifier. For the linear, quadratic, regularized, uncorrelated discrimination, kernel, nearest neighbor and naive Bayesian classifiers, two-dimensional graphs of the boundaries and discriminant functions for diagnostics are presented. Cross-validation and leave-one-out errors were used as measures of classifier performance to support diagnosis coming from this genomic data set. A small number of best discriminating genes, from two to ten, was sufficient to build discriminant methods of good performance. Especially useful were nearest neighbor methods. The results presented herein were comparable with outcomes obtained by other authors for larger numbers of applied genes. The linear, quadratic, uncorrelated Bayesian and regularized discrimination methods were subjected to bagging or boosting in order to assess the accuracy of the fusion. A conclusion drawn from the analysis was that resampling ensembles were not beneficial for two-dimensional discrimination.

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Soritau, Ilie. ""Love Thy Neighbor" - A Missiological Mandate". DIALOGO 7, n.º 2 (30 de junio de 2021): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.51917/dialogo.2021.7.2.18.

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Persecution and discrimination is an everyday activity. Among the persecuted and the discriminated are the blacks and also the Roma, known in other places by the name gypsies. In the United States and other parts of the world, the whites are persecuting and discriminating against blacks but, in Europe, whites are persecuting and discriminating against the Roma people. Unfortunately, to this day, the Roma people are considered still to be of a lower class or, even worse, a more inferior human being. It is a shame to live in a society that considers itself to be one of peace and unity and to accept these things and allowing them to take place. In this article, special attention will be given to the persecutions and discriminations that the Roma people were facing. Then a descriptive analysis of their contributions and influences on many nations at different times and dates and, in the end, an attempt to best present solutions for such things to cease. In particular, how the churches and humanity will apply it to their ministries and life for the persecution and discrimination of these people to stop and for reconciliation to take place. It is time to move from theory to practice.

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Chen, Xing Zhang, Yong You y Jin Feng Liu. "Potential Debris Flow Gully and its Discrimination — A Case Study in Wenchuan Earthquake Hit Areas". Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (mayo de 2012): 4620–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.4620.

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In this paper, we firstly defined the potential debris flow gully. And then using the data of different gullies in Wenchuan earthquake hit areas, we built a discrimination model of potential debris flow gully by Fisher Linear Discrimination Analysis method. Finally, the model was used to discriminate the gullies in Jinxihe catchment, in Anxian County. Potential debris flow gully is a kind of special gully which is in a special evolution phase of the gully when the gully has the happening possibilities of debris flow but no debris flow records. Because potential debris flow can often pose more serious disasters, discrimination of potential debris flow gully is important for disaster prevention and mitigation. To build discrimination model of potential debris flow gully, a database of different gullies in quake-hit areas was established and six discrimination indices were selected based on cause analysis of debris flow. Using the database and the six discrimination indices, we built the discrimination model by Fisher Linear Discrimination Analysis method. The discrimination model was used to discriminate the gullies in Jinxihe catchment. Discrimination results showed that the discrimination model was effective and feasible in discriminating potential debris flow gullies, but it still needs further revised and perfected.

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30

ter Haar, Beryl. "Is the CJEU Discriminating in Age Discrimination Cases?" Erasmus Law Review 13, n.º 1 (agosto de 2020): 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5553/elr.000159.

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31

Dahlan, Dahlan, Jumharia Djamereng y Sindi Klaudiya. "Muslim Refugee Girls in Malala Yousafzai’s We Are Displaced". Muslim English Literature 1, n.º 2 (29 de diciembre de 2022): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/mel.v1i2.27509.

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The research intends to find out the kinds of discrimination faced by the refugee girls and also life experiences of the refugee girls that related to the author’s life. Malala as the writer of the memoir We Are Displaced describes her experiences as a Muslim woman who is often treated unfairly both in the homeland and in the host land. As Malala had seen many discriminations in many places, she was inspired to write all discrimination as the movement against that discrimination. Therefore, feminism is a study of efforts to change gender roles, sexist practices, and sexual norms that often limit personal development. This research uses content analysis, especially close textual analysis. The results of this research show that there are 3 kinds of discrimination of the refugee girls. They are: 1) Racial Discrimination, 2) Gender Discrimination, and 3) Social Class Discrimination. This research also shows that some of the refugee girls have the same life experience as the author based on educational value, they are: 1) Independence value, 2) Creativity value, 3) Social Concern value.

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32

Trobalon, J. B., J. Sansa, V. D. Chamizo y N. J. Mackintos. "Perceptual Learning in Maze Discriminations". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B 43, n.º 4b (noviembre de 1991): 389–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640749108401276.

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In Experiment 1, rats were trained on a discrimination between rubber- and sandpaper-covered arms of a maze after one group had been pre-exposed to these intra-maze cues. Pre-exposure facilitated subsequent discrimination learning, unless the discrimination was made easier by adding further discriminative stimuli, when it now significantly retarded learning. In Experiment 2, rats were trained on an extra-maze spatial discrimination, again after one group, but not another, had been pre-exposed to the extra-maze landmarks. Here too, pre-exposure facilitated subsequent discrimination learning, unless the discrimination was made substantially easier by arranging that the two arms between which rats had to choose were always separated by 135°. The results of both experiments can be explained by supposing that perceptual learning depends on the presence of features common to S+ and S-.

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33

Galonnier, Juliette. "Discrimination religieuse ou discrimination raciale ?" Hommes & migrations, n.º 1324 (1 de enero de 2019): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/hommesmigrations.8252.

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34

Haagensen, Annika M. J., Nanna Grand, Signe Klastrup, Christina Skytte y Dorte B. Sørensen. "Spatial discrimination and visual discrimination". Behavioural Pharmacology 24, n.º 3 (junio de 2013): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/fbp.0b013e32836104fd.

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35

Hong, KiHye. "Discrimination Damage and Discrimination Behavior among Adolescents - Focusing on Discrimination Witness and Discrimination Sensibility -". Korean Association Of Victimology 27, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2019): 33–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36220/kjv.2019.27.1.33.

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36

Marjit, Sugata y Moushakhi Ray. "Gender Discrimination, Competition and Efficiency". Review of Development and Change 27, n.º 2 (diciembre de 2022): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09722661221136405.

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The standard literature on discrimination in labour market discusses discrimination-generated inefficiency at the firm level which cannot be sustained under competition. As competition gets intense, firms would be more disciplined and would be forced to refrain from practising discrimination. This forms the core of the pioneering works by Becker (1957) and Arrow (1973). In this article, we argue that when firms are heterogeneous in terms of productivity, some of the more efficient firms can easily survive practising discrimination and only relatively inefficient firms will quit the market. Thus, incentives to discriminate, if any, would be greater for more efficient firms. Once they survive, measured efficiency of the market would, in fact, increase. Thus ironically, discriminating industries would exhibit higher efficiency. This article shows that, in a model with heterogeneous firms, a competitive market system cannot eliminate the problem of discrimination. Thus, competition and discrimination may coexist.

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37

MERIGAN, WILLIAM H. y HONG AN PHAM. "V4 lesions in macaques affect both single- and multiple-viewpoint shape discriminations". Visual Neuroscience 15, n.º 2 (febrero de 1998): 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523898152112.

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The role of cortical area V4 in complex shape discriminations was studied by testing the effects of V4 lesions in macaques on the ability to visually discriminate between images of three-dimensional (3D) objects from different viewpoints. Stimuli were presented in pairs in the lower left or lower right visual field quadrants about 4 deg from the fovea, and the monkeys judged on each trial whether the two views were of the same or of different objects. Object similarity was varied to determine a threshold shape difference. V4 lesions caused profound, retinotopic, and apparently permanent disruptions of discrimination, regardless of whether the images represented single or multiple viewpoints. In V4 lesioned portions of the visual field, monkeys could discriminate objects only when they differed much more grossly in shape than was true in control locations. These effects of the lesion were virtually identical for discriminations that had been learned before lesions were placed and for those learned afterwards. As in previous studies, V4 lesions elevated contrast thresholds by approximately a factor of two, but control observations showed that this was not the basis of the disruption of shape discrimination. Manipulation of cues to shape showed that in control locations, monkeys maintained excellent shape discrimination despite a variety of stimulus alterations, whereas in V4 lesioned areas their performance was easily disrupted. This finding suggests that V4 may support visual shape discriminations by facilitating the use of multiple visual cues. However, the fact that single-viewpoint and multiple-viewpoint discriminations were similarly affected indicates that the disruption was not specific to 3D shape discrimination, but may apply to a variety of subtle discriminations.

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38

Sims, Wendy L. "Children's Ability to Demonstrate Music Concept Discriminations in Listening and Singing". Journal of Research in Music Education 43, n.º 3 (octubre de 1995): 204–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3345636.

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This study examined the relationship of grade level to children s ability to make musical discriminations when elements are presented simultaneously. Children enrolled in first through fifth grade were subjects for this study (N = 669). A listening test designed to assess the subjects' ability to discriminate and label contrasting musical characteristics related to tempo and articulation within single- and double-discrimination contexts was administered following a brief instructional period. A smaller sample of children (n = 60) then completed a singing task in which they were required to perform a familiar song to demonstrate varied combinations of the two musical elements. Results of the listening test indicated significant main effects for grade, characteristic, and type of discrimination, with significant interactions. Subjects were significantly more successful with single discriminations than double discriminations, and mean scores for tempo were significantly higher than for articulation, particularly under the double discrimination condition. When singing subjects demonstrated contrasting tempi and smooth articulation but had difficulty with choppy articulation, both in single-element as well as combined-element examples.

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39

Kim, Sunho, Longsuo Li, Asutosh Kumar, Chunhe Xiong, Sreetama Das, Ujjwal Sen, Arun Kumar Pati y Junde Wu. "Protocol for unambiguous quantum state discrimination using quantum coherence". Quantum Information and Computation 21, n.º 11-12 (septiembre de 2021): 931–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic21.11-12-2.

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Roa et al. showed that quantum state discrimination between two nonorthogonal quantum states does not require quantum entanglement but quantum dissonance only. We find that quantum coherence can also be utilized for unambiguous quantum state discrimination. We present a protocol and quantify the required coherence for this task. We discuss the optimal unambiguous quantum state discrimination strategy in some cases. In particular, our work illustrates an avenue to find the optimal strategy for discriminating two nonorthogonal quantum states by measuring quantum coherence.

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40

U. Osiobe, Ejiro. "A Simplified Theoretical Understanding of Price Discrimination as a Business Management Strategy". Sumerianz Journal of Social Science, n.º 52 (19 de abril de 2022): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47752/sjss.52.20.24.

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The paper delves into the five different types of price discrimination while giving graphical and illustrative examples of Pigou (1920) price classifications, marketing strategies, and more. The paper shows the differences and similarities between all price discriminations during transactions from first degree, second degree, third degree, fourth degree, and fifth-degree pricing [discrimination] strategies while graphically showing the ratio to marginal cost.

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41

Zhang, Kai y Weiqi Liu. "Price discrimination in two-sided markets". South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 19, n.º 1 (2 de marzo de 2016): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v19i1.768.

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The use of a price discrimination strategy is an important tool in competition. It can hurt firms and benefit consumers in a one-sided market. However, in two-sided markets, its primary goal is to attract more agents or increase profits. Here, the performance of a second-degree price discrimination strategy in the context of duopoly two-sided platforms is analysed. Two exogenous variables, which include the discount rate and the price discrimination threshold, are used in order to examine whether the price discrimination strategy could help two-sided platforms achieve their objective, which is to maximise their market value. Three cases are considered, and we demonstrate that the price discrimination strategy cannot attract more agents and at the same time increase the profits; a lower price discrimination threshold cannot ensure larger markets shares; a higher discount rate is detrimental to the profit of a platform. However, this is good for its market shares. Moreover, discriminative pricing increases the competition.

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42

Lu, Cheng, Jianxin Chen y Runyao Duan. "Some bounds on the minimum number of queries required for quantum channel perfect discrimination". Quantum Information and Computation 12, n.º 1&2 (enero de 2012): 138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic12.1-2-9.

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We prove a lower bound on the $q$-maximal fidelities between two quantum channels $\E_0$ and $\E_1$ and an upper bound on the $q$-maximal fidelities between a quantum channel $\E$ and an identity $\I$. Then we apply these two bounds to provide a simple sufficient and necessary condition for sequential perfect distinguishability between $\E$ and $\I$ and provide both a lower bound and an upper bound on the minimum number of queries required to sequentially perfectly discriminating $\E$ and $\I$. Interestingly, in the $2$-dimensional case, both bounds coincide. Based on the optimal perfect discrimination protocol presented in \cite{DFY09}, we can further generalize the lower bound and upper bound to the minimum number of queries to perfectly discriminating $\E$ and $I$ over all possible discrimination schemes. Finally the two lower bounds are shown remain working for perfectly discriminating general two quantum channels $\E_0$ and $\E_1$ in sequential scheme and over all possible discrimination schemes respectively.

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43

Kim, Tae Jin, Jeong Gon Park, Soon Kil Ahn, Kil Won Kim, Jaehyuk Choi, Hyun Young Kim, Sun-Hwa Ha, Woo Duck Seo y Jae Kwang Kim. "Discrimination of Adzuki Bean (Vigna angularis) Geographical Origin by Targeted and Non-Targeted Metabolite Profiling with Gas Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry". Metabolites 10, n.º 3 (17 de marzo de 2020): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo10030112.

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As international food trade increases, consumers are becoming increasingly interested in food safety and authenticity, which are linked to geographical origin. Adzuki beans (Vigna angularis) are cultivated worldwide, but there are no tools for accurately discriminating their geographical origin. Thus, our study aims to develop a method for discriminating the geographical origin of adzuki beans through targeted and non-targeted metabolite profiling with gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with multivariate analysis. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis showed clear discrimination between adzuki beans cultivated in Korea and China. Non-targeted metabolite profiling showed better separation than targeted profiling. Furthermore, citric acid and malic acid were the most notable metabolites for discriminating adzuki beans cultivated in Korea and China. The geographical discrimination method combining non-targeted metabolite profiling and pareto-scaling showed excellent predictability (Q2 = 0.812). Therefore, it is a suitable prediction tool for the discrimination of geographical origin and is expected to be applicable to the geographical authentication of adzuki beans.

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44

Rao, Dijun, Xiuzhi Shi, Jian Zhou, Zhi Yu, Yonggang Gou, Zezhen Dong y Jinzhong Zhang. "An Expert Artificial Intelligence Model for Discriminating Microseismic Events and Mine Blasts". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 14 (13 de julio de 2021): 6474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146474.

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To reduce the workload and misjudgment of manually discriminating microseismic events and blasts in mines, an artificial intelligence model called PSO-ELM, based on the extreme learning machine (ELM) optimized by the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, was applied in this study. Firstly, based on the difference between microseismic events and mine blasts and previous research results, 22 seismic parameters were selected as the discrimination feature parameters and their correlation was analyzed. Secondly, 1600 events were randomly selected from the database of the microseismic monitoring system in Fankou Lead-Zinc Mine to form a sample dataset. Then, the optimal discrimination model was established by investigating the model parameters. Finally, the performance of the model was tested using the sample dataset, and it was compared with the performance of the original ELM model and other commonly used intelligent discrimination models. The results indicate that the discrimination performance of PSO-ELM is the best. The values of the six evaluation indicators are close to the optimal value, which shows that PSO-ELM has great potential for discriminating microseismic events and blasts. The research results obtained can provide a new method for discriminating microseismic events and blasts, and it is of great significance to ensure the safe and smooth operation of mines.

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45

Camacho Candia, Josué A. y Felipe Cabrera González. "ALLOCATION OF BEHAVIOR IN A SIMPLE DISCRIMINATION TASK". CONDUCTUAL 2, n.º 3 (1 de diciembre de 2014): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.59792/odoa5073.

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Eight rats responded for food in a discrete-trial discrimination procedure (Go/No-go discrimination task). The subjects' head entries to the feeder were reinforced whenever the discriminative stimuli ('Go' signal) were illuminated. Two lights located at opposite sides of the experimental chamber served as discriminative stimuli, and the 'No-go' component was signaled by a time-out (TO) of variable durations. The subjects' global responding in the discrimination task were described at different levels of analysis, as well as the distribution of other behaviors during the 'No-go' periods. Each of eight subjects learned to differentially respond to stimuli, showing short latencies from the S+ onset; nevertheless, commission errors differed among subjects. The video-recording analysis revealed that the time-allocation of other behaviors diverged among subjects. Specifically, the subjects with numerous commission errors engaged less time in alternative activities (i.e. nosing the floor) than did the subjects with less commission errors. Findings suggest that in a simple discrimination task, the allocation of activities are relevant to a comprehensive understanding of stimulus control and relative phenomena such as behavioral contrast.

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46

Garbacz, Aleksandra. "Dyskryminacja w szkole i jej konsekwencje w sferze psychospołecznego funkcjonowania jednostki". Rocznik Administracji Publicznej 6 (2020): 112–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/24497800rap.20.006.12900.

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Discrimination at School and its Consequences in the Sphere of the Psychosocial Functioning of Individuals Discrimination is a widespread and firmly established phenomenon in society. Its manifestations can be observed already at the stage of relations between children. School as a natural peer environment is a meeting place for different people with certain characteristics, where some individuals, due to the presence or absence of certain features, differ from the general public and it is the sequalities that cause discriminatory behaviour towards them. Discrimination is based on stereotypes and prejudices formed and functioning in society and has specific consequences for all spheres of life, both for those experiencing discrimination and those discriminating others.

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47

Garbacz, Aleksandra. "Dyskryminacja w szkole i jej konsekwencje w sferze psychospołecznego funkcjonowania jednostki". Rocznik Administracji Publicznej 6 (2020): 112–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/24497800rap.20.006.12900.

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Discrimination at School and its Consequences in the Sphere of the Psychosocial Functioning of Individuals Discrimination is a widespread and firmly established phenomenon in society. Its manifestations can be observed already at the stage of relations between children. School as a natural peer environment is a meeting place for different people with certain characteristics, where some individuals, due to the presence or absence of certain features, differ from the general public and it is the sequalities that cause discriminatory behaviour towards them. Discrimination is based on stereotypes and prejudices formed and functioning in society and has specific consequences for all spheres of life, both for those experiencing discrimination and those discriminating others.

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48

MERIGAN, WILLIAM H. "Cortical area V4 is critical for certain texture discriminations, but this effect is not dependent on attention". Visual Neuroscience 17, n.º 6 (noviembre de 2000): 949–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095252380017614x.

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This study examined the question of which features of a complex grouping discrimination make it vulnerable to permanent elimination by V4 lesions. We first verified that the line element grouping discrimination, which we previously reported to be devastated by V4 lesions, was similarly affected in the monkeys of this study. The permanence of the deficit was established by mapping its visual field distribution and then testing this discrimination for an extended period at a locus on the border of the deficit. Also, a staircase procedure was used to provide the monkey with within session instruction in the grouping discrimination, but this did not improve V4 lesion performance. Grouping was then compared with several discriminations that shared some features with it, but which were found not to be permanently eliminated by V4 lesions. This comparison suggested that grouping (rather than segmentation or response to a single element) was one feature that made the discrimination vulnerable, a second was the similarity in shape of the texture elements to be grouped. Finally, we tested visual crowding, a property of peripheral vision that is thought to reflect neuronal interactions early in visual cortex, possibly in area V1, and found no effect of V4 lesions. A control experiment with human observers tested whether the elimination of grouping by V4 lesions might be due to an alteration of attention, but found no evidence to support this hypothesis. These results show that severe disruption of texture discriminations by V4 lesions depends on both the nature of the discrimination and the type of texture elements involved, but does not necessarily involve the disruption of attention.

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49

Eliasz, Katarzyna. "Kontrowersje wokół pozytywnej dyskryminacji". Studia Iuridica, n.º 89 (2 de mayo de 2022): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-89.3.

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The concept of reverse discrimination refers to a variety of strategies that entail giving strong preferential treatment in employment or education to the groups in a society that have been institutionally discriminated against. “Giving strong preferential treatment” means that candidates with lower qualifications are given priority over better qualified members of the groups that have not been discriminated against in the past. Reverse discrimination can be justified with reference to two strategies: backward-looking and forward-looking. On the backward-looking justification, reverse discrimination is a means of compensating victims of past discrimination, while on the forward-looking justification, reverse discrimination is a means of creating more diverse and egalitarian society. The aim of this paper is to challenge both justifications. First, against backwardlooking justification, I shall claim that reverse discrimination is not a proper method of compensating for past wrongs of discrimination. Second, I shall challenge the forwardlooking argument by pointing at the risks inherent in perceiving reverse discrimination as the means of creating more egalitarian society. Importantly, the objections presented in this paper refer only to reverse discrimination, and they do not undermine other methods used within the affirmative action (including tie-breaker provisions).

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50

Zhang, Jin-Hua, Fu-Lin Zhang, Zhi-Xi Wang, Hui Yang y Shao-Ming Fei. "Unambiguous State Discrimination with Intrinsic Coherence". Entropy 24, n.º 1 (23 de diciembre de 2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24010018.

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We investigate the discrimination of pure-mixed (quantum filtering) and mixed-mixed states and compare their optimal success probability with the one for discriminating other pairs of pure states superposed by the vectors included in the mixed states. We prove that under the equal-fidelity condition, the pure-pure state discrimination scheme is superior to the pure-mixed (mixed-mixed) one. With respect to quantum filtering, the coherence exists only in one pure state and is detrimental to the state discrimination for lower dimensional systems; while it is the opposite for the mixed-mixed case with symmetrically distributed coherence. Making an extension to infinite-dimensional systems, we find that the coherence which is detrimental to state discrimination may become helpful and vice versa.

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