Bibliografías temáticas / Discrimination factor

Literatura académica sobre el tema "Discrimination factor"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 22 de junio de 2024

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Discrimination factor":

Chatzis, Sotirios P. "Maximum entropy discrimination factor analyzers". Neurocomputing 216 (diciembre de 2016): 409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2016.08.007.

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Thomas, Kevin L. "Discrimination: A new cardiovascular risk factor?" American Heart Journal 156, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2008): 1023–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2008.08.028.

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Albig, Christian, Evgeniya Tikhonova, Silke Krause, Oksana Maksimenko, Catherine Regnard y Peter B. Becker. "Factor cooperation for chromosome discrimination inDrosophila". Nucleic Acids Research 47, n.º 4 (12 de diciembre de 2018): 1706–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky1238.

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Gomleksiz, Mufit, Senel Poyrazli y Ruken Akar Vural. "Discriminatory Attitudes: A Scale Development in Turkish". Psychological Reports 103, n.º 3 (diciembre de 2008): 921–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.103.3.921-930.

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This study presented the development of a reliable and valid scale, the Discriminatory Attitudes Scale, for use in research related to discrimination in a Turkish context. First, related literature was searched and a pool of 69 items was generated to cover the basic forms of discrimination. Then, data were collected from 840 college students and subjected to exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation, leaving 21 items. Next, a confirmatory factor analysis was performed, which confirmed a 4-factor structure. These factors were named Discrimination Against Homosexuals, Discrimination Against Women, Discrimination Based on Race or Ethnicity and Religion, and Discrimination Against Foreigners. Correlational analyses with ratings from the Left–Right Orientation Scale, Cronbach coefficient alpha, and expert opinion provided evidence on validity and internal consistency and reliability of the Discriminatory Attitudes Scale.

Woodward, Paul J., Jay G. Svinicki y Elizabeth Carrow-Woolfolk. "A Factorial Study of the Carrow Auditory-Visual Abilities Test with Normal and Clinical Children". Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 52, n.º 3 (agosto de 1987): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshd.5203.223.

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A factor analysis was conducted on the Carrow Auditory-Visual Abilities Test for the purpose of identifying common factors measured by the test. Two sets of scores were used, one from a normal population of 1,032 children and one from a clinical population of 141 children. Two basic factors accounted for a good portion of the total variance. The subtests that loaded on Factor 1 were Visual Discrimination Matching, Visual Discrimination Memory, Visual Motor Copying, Visual Motor Memory, Motor Speed Accuracy, Picture Memory, and Auditory Blending. The subtests that loaded on Factor 2 were Picture Sequence Selection; Digits Forward; Sentence Repetition; Word Repetition 1, 2, 3; and Total. Subtests that did not fall clearly into either factor were Digits Backward and the two Auditory Discrimination subtests. Except for the Auditory Discrimination subtests, there were no essential differences in the factor matrix between normal and clinical populations.

Elliott, Lois L. y Michael A. Hammer. "Fine-Grained Auditory Discrimination". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 36, n.º 2 (abril de 1993): 396–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3602.396.

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This research tested the hypothesis that as children's language development matures, factor-analytic structural changes occur that are associated with measurements of fine-grained auditory discrimination, receptive vocabulary, receptive language, speech production, and three performance subtests of the WISC-R. Among 6- to 7-year-old children, the percent of total variance attributed to the factor defined by fine-grained auditory discrimination measures was approximately 43% for children who were intellectually impaired (Experiment 2), 27% for youngsters who had language-learning problems, and 16% for regularly progressing children (Experiment 1). The WISC-R subtest scores, generally, did not load on the auditory discrimination factor. The difference in variance explained by the auditory discrimination factor was interpreted as representing greater relative importance of auditory discrimination among children with less-well-developed language competencies than among children with more mature language skills. This interpretation was strengthened by the finding of no distinct auditory discrimination factor for 8- to 11-year-old children who were either regularly progressing or language-disabled even though the language/speech factor at this age closely resembled that found among younger children. Results were consonant with Ackerman’s (1987) model, suggesting that task-specific variance associated with tasks that remain resource-dependent may diminish after practice and experience.

Diener, Don. "A factor analytic study of hue discrimination". Perception & Psychophysics 38, n.º 5 (septiembre de 1985): 443–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03207175.

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Sgro, Pasquale M. "Factor Substitution and Discrimination in Labor Markets". Southern Economic Journal 52, n.º 4 (abril de 1986): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1059168.

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Choi, So Young y Sang-Joon Kim. "What Brings Female Professionals to Entrepreneurship? Exploring the Antecedents of Women’s Professional Entrepreneurship". Sustainability 13, n.º 4 (6 de febrero de 2021): 1765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041765.

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This study explores how female professionals engage in starting their own businesses, known as professional entrepreneurship. In particular, this study specifies what factors foster the likelihood of self-employment of female professionals. Drawing upon the push and pull theories of entrepreneurship, we argue that individual capabilities (as a pull factor) make the self-employment of female professionals less likely, while discrimination experiences (as a push factor) make the self-employment of female professionals more likely. Given such bifurcated effects of these factors, we examine the combinatory effects of individual capabilities and discrimination experiences (which are specified as attribute-based and family-based discrimination experiences) on the rate of self-employment of female professionals. With a sample of 1356 female lawyers in the U.S., we test our hypotheses predicting the rate of self-employment with respect to prior salary and discrimination experiences. Our results reveal that prior salary (a pull factor) motivates female lawyers to stay at the traditional law firms, whereas attribute-based discrimination experiences (a push factor) motivate them to open their own office. Furthermore, we find that such a push effect is pronounced only among the female lawyers with lower salaries. Then, the empirical findings are discussed to elaborate the process of female professionals’ entrepreneurship.

Song, Le Xin, Xue Qing Guo, Zheng Dang y Mang Wang. "ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Discrimination Behavior, Discrimination Level and Discrimination Factor of Cyclodextrins and Their Derivatives to Guest Molecules". ChemInform 42, n.º 36 (11 de agosto de 2011): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201136251.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Discrimination factor":

Wike, Alexandra Elizabeth. "Discrimination and Perceived Stress in Sexual and Gender Minorities: Self-esteem As a Moderating Factor". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc699842/.

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Sexual and gender minorities are subjected to discrimination and stigmatization which increase vulnerability to psychological co-morbidities (Mays & Cochran, 2001). The mechanisms through which discrimination contributes to distress in lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (lgbt) communities can be partially elucidated through the minority stress model. The minority stress model argues that minorities are subjected to negative societal attitudes and discrimination that results in excessive psychosocial stress related to their minority position, which is distinct from daily stress. Meyer’s minority stress model is supported by social stress theoriesand data linking discrimination to stress in lgb samples. Researchers suggest that self-esteem buffers the negative effects of adverse experiences but tests of the moderating effect of self-esteem on the discrimination-distress relationship in ethnic and gender minorities yielded mixed results. Szymanski found that self-esteem moderates the relationship between discrimination and psychological distress in a male sexual minority sample, but this has never been tested in a gender-balanced sexual minority sample. We hypothesized that higher levels of self-esteem are associated with lower overall perceived stress in lgbt adults, and that self-esteem acts differentially in lgbt populations to moderate perceived discrimination. We found that discrimination, self-esteem and the interaction effect between discrimination and self-esteem accounted for 53 percent of the total variance in perceived stress scores, ∆R2 = .38; adj. R2 = .53, F(12, 133) = 14.47, p < .001.When we tested whether self-esteem moderated the relationship between discrimination and stress, discrimination was positively related to stress, β = .13, t(144) = 2.14, p < .05, and self-esteem was negatively related to stress, β = -.63, t(144) = -10.26, p < .001. The interaction between self-esteem and discrimination positively correlated with stress, β = .14, t(144) = 2.29, p < .05. Our findings suggest that self-esteem may alleviate the impact of discrimination on perceived stress, which has important implications for interventions designed to reduce stress in lgbt communities.

Kimura, Aya. "Discrimination, Group Identity, and Mental Health: A Comparative Study of African Americans, Caribbean Americans, and European Americans". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1208187915.

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Teh, Eng Choo Elaine. "Intergenerational tension in the workplace: A multi-disciplinary and factor analytic approach to the development of an instrument to measure generational differences in organisations". Thesis, Teh, Eng Choo Elaine (2002) Intergenerational tension in the workplace: A multi-disciplinary and factor analytic approach to the development of an instrument to measure generational differences in organisations. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2002. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/341/.

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An ageing population is changing the nature of the workplace, one outcome of which is an increase in the proportion of older workers. Unlike older workers of some twenty or so years ago, today's older workers plan to stay at work longer than at first anticipated. However, as many older workers have found, their intended and continued presence in the workplace is not always appreciated. As such, they are subject to subtle and not so subtle forms of discrimination associated with ageist practices, or ageism, and negative perceptions regarding their ability to compete on equal terms with younger workers. In turn, it is suggested that older workers, too, indulge in ageist practices and the stereotyping of younger workers. It is proposed that underlying generational differences,when combined with ageism, negative stereotyping and discriminatory organisational practices, are responsible for a new phenomenon called intergenerational tension in the workplace. The notion of tension, which can be thought of as suppressed anxiety or a strained relationship between individuals and groups, is important because intergenerational tension is presented as a latent or covert phenomenon. From this comes the following definition: lntergenerational tension in the workplace is a latent or covert form of intergroup conflict caused by value and attitudinal differences between the generations. lntergenerational tension can be thought of as an everyday fact of organisational life which exists as an undercurrent or type of background organisational noise that is so pervasive that it is rarely noticed. In this respect, intergenerational tension bears similarities to gender and ethnic tensions both of which have been recognised as counterproductive to organisational efficiency. This thesis proposes a construct to measure this intergenerational tension. To investigate the generational differences associated with this new construct, a 25-item questionnaire was developed. The first stage in the development of the questionnaire was an informal experience survey that was completed by a small sample (n=54) of adults ranging in age from 21 years to 70+ years. A pilot study questionnaire was then constructed and administered to a small, stratified random sample of employees (n=60) from the Western Australia Police Service (WAPS). WAPS has recently changed from a seniority-based promotion system to a merit-based system for most positions and is undergoing a major cultural change in response to social and political pressure. Following data analysis, the final questionnaire was developed. The questionnaire, called the Intergenerational Tension Questionnaire (ITQ) was administered to a stratified random sample of employees from WAPS. Five hundred completed responses were subject to factor analysis in which principal components analysis extracted seven factors or dimensions thought to underlie intergenerational tension. Further data analysis revealed that on average, younger workers (i.e., less than 40 years of age) displayed less intergenerational tension than did older workers (i.e., more than 40 years of age). Data for workers a generation apart (i.e., 20 years apart) were also analysed, with the younger generation being those less than 30 years of age (the Under 30s) and the older generation being those more than 50 years of age (the Over 50s). The younger generation, on average, displayed less intergenerational tension than did the older generation. Of the measures, organisational change was associated with the greatest degree of intergenerational tension for all groups. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the best predictors of intergenerational tension for younger workers and older workers were age, the length of service with one's current employer, and the number of years in the paid work force. For workers a generation apart, multiple regression analysis revealed that age was the only predictor. It was fortuitous that at the time of the study, the majority of younger workers were Generation X and the majority of older workers were Baby Boomers. This meant that to all intents and purposes, the questionnaire measured differences between two well-studied generational cohorts. The findings supported the notion that organisations should not assume they are treating all workers equitably. In particular, older workers feel disenfranchised and angry at their treatment by organisations which, in their opinion, favours younger workers. The implication for organisations is that both groups should be treated independently, with each having its own special needs and expectations. This includes, for example, implementing strategies such as training methods suited to the needs of each age group and conducting age diversity training to raise awareness of what it means to be either a younger worker or an older worker.

Teh, Eng Choo Elaine. "Intergenerational tension in the workplace : a multi-disciplinary and factor analytic approach to the development of an instrument to measure generational differences in organisations /". Teh, Eng Choo Elaine (2002) Intergenerational tension in the workplace: a multi-disciplinary and factor analytic approach to the development of an instrument to measure generational differences in organisations. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2002. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/341/.

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Arbache, Chafik. "Méthodes statistiques et informatiques d'aides à la décision alternative à la régression et à la discrimination". Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066008.

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Présentation mathématique des méthodes d'analyse des données. Schéma des traitements et analyses globales des dossiers. Appréciation des demandes de crédit à court terme, à moyen terme et à long terme. Evaluation du prix des biens durables d'une espèce donnée.

Chofor, Che Christian-Aime. "Educational opportunities for the girl child in Africa : a necessary revisit of the discrimination factor with reference to Egypt, South Africa and Cameroon". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/985.

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"This paper is therefore inspired to look at education with respect to girl children in Africa. This paper, by drawing inspriation from other settings, is also motivated by the need to find solutions on how best the rights of the girl child can be protected in conjuction with the educational policy of African countries. ... The study is divided into six chapters. Chapter one provides the context in which the study is set, the objectives of the study and its importance. Chapter two examines the importance of the right to education and in education and takes note of the issue of discrimination with respect to girl child education in Africa. In chapter three various international treaties that concern provisions on education and the discrimination factor as to gender are identified. Also in the international milieu, the role of international bodies in the effective and efficient insurance of girl child education is included. Chapter four examines on a regional level, the extent to which the African Commission has effectively monitored the provision of the African Chater. The African Children's Charter and the Draft Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women (the Draft Women's Protocol) in Africa are also discussed in relation to provisions in the African Charter and work done on girl child education by the African Commission. In this chapter, a comparative study is also done of instruments and the implementation mechanisms offered by the Inter-American and European systems to the African human rights system in terms of the girl child education. This is so because in terms of experience, jurisprudence and institutions, these systems are considered to be more advanced than the African human rights sytem. Finally chapter five discusses girl child education on a national level in Africa. This chapter focuses on the experiences of South Africa, Egypt and Cameroon. Educational policy and other national legislative instruments such as the constitutions of these countries are included. In the conclusion, the paper puts forward recommendations to assist new and old African democracies in advancing an administrative and political approach to the issue of discrimination with respect to girl child education." -- Chapter 1.
Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Enid Hill at the Department of Political Sciences, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, The American University in Cairo, Egypt
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

Gelaye, Bizu, Alan M. Zaslavsky, Jesse R. Fann, Marta B. Rondón, Sixto E. Sánchez, Michelle A. Williams y Qiu-Yue Zhong. "Diagnostic Validity of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder - 7 (GAD-7) among Pregnant Women". PLoS ONE, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/552241.

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OBJECTIVE: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) during pregnancy is associated with several adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. A reliable and valid screening tool for GAD should lead to earlier detection and treatment. Among pregnant Peruvian women, a brief screening tool, the GAD-7, has not been validated. This study aims to evaluate the reliability and validity of the GAD-7. METHODS: Of 2,978 women who attended their first perinatal care visit and had the GAD-7 screening, 946 had a Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). The Cronbach's alpha was calculated to examine the reliability. We assessed the criterion validity by calculating operating characteristics. The construct validity was evaluated using factor analysis and association with health status on the CIDI. The cross-cultural validity was explored using the Rasch Rating Scale Model (RSM). RESULTS: The reliability of the GAD-7 was good (Cronbach's alpha = 0.89). A cutoff score of 7 or higher, maximizing the Youden Index, yielded a sensitivity of 73.3% and a specificity of 67.3%. One-factor structure of the GAD-7 was confirmed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Concurrent validity was supported by the evidence that higher GAD-7 scores were associated with poor self-rated physical and mental health. The Rasch RSM further confirmed the cross-cultural validity of the GAD-7. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the Spanish-language version of the GAD-7 may be used as a screening tool for pregnant Peruvian women. The GAD-7 has good reliability, factorial validity, and concurrent validity. The optimal cutoff score obtained by maximizing the Youden Index should be considered cautiously; women who screened positive may require further investigation to confirm GAD diagnosis.
: This research was supported by an award from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01-HD-059835) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The NIH had no further role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication
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Ballutaud, Marine. "L'utilisation d'un cadre de travail mécaniste pour améliorer les outils basés sur les isotopes stables en écologie trophique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILR058.

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L'impact des changements globaux sur les écosystèmes marins est sans précédent. Dans un souci de préservation des écosystèmes, les métriques trophiques servent d'indicateurs de leur fonctionnement. Les interactions trophiques sont aisément déduites des isotopes stables par méthode d'inférence. Cependant, les inférences isotopiques reposent sur l'hypothèse d'équilibre isotopique. Ce travail de thèse vise à mettre en évidence la nécessité de s'affranchir de cette hypothèse en rendant les modèles isotopiques dynamiques, grâce au taux de renouvellement isotopique. La démarche développée estde construire un cadre de travail mécaniste via un modèle dynamique, pour créer une expérience virtuelle qui nous permette de tester les inférences. Tout d'abord, l'élaboration d'un modèle de mélange dynamique a permis d'améliorer les estimations du régime alimentaire à l'échelle individuelle, qui sont biaisées de 50 % avec une approche statique instantanée. Ce biais diminue à 15 % à partir du moment où λ est pris en compte, avec une approche statique intégratrice des valeurs isotopiques. Pour une estimation non biaisée et dynamique, l'application du modèle de mélange dynamique est requise, avec une estimation précise et dynamique de λ. Puis, l'implémentation de la dynamiqueisotopique aux modèles écosystémiques a permis de confirmer à l'échelle de la communauté, que l'azote reflète bien la structure moyenne du réseau trophique dans un cas de prédation opportuniste. Toutefois, la différence d'un niveau trophique a été observée pour certains top-prédateurs, entre les estimations par les matrices de régime alimentaire et celles par l'azote. L'intégration des mécanismes de la dynamique isotopique dans les inférences est une avancée majeure, puisqu'elle modifie notre vision des interactions trophiques dans les écosystèmes marins
The impact of global change on marine ecosystems is unprecedented. In order to preserve ecosystems, trophic metrics are used as indicators of their functioning. Trophic interactions are easily deduced from stable isotopes by inference. However, isotopic inferences are based on the assumption of isotopic equilibrium. This PhD thesis work aims to highlight the need to overcome this assumption by developing dynamic isotope models, thanks to the isotope turnover rate. The approach developed is to build a mechanistic framework via a dynamic model, to create a virtual experiment that allows us to assess the inferences. First, the development of a dynamic mixing model improved the individualdiet estimates, which are biased by 50 % with a static snapshot approach. This bias in diet estimates decreases to 15 % once λ is taken into account, with a static approach integrating isotopic values. For an unbiased and dynamic estimation, the application of the dynamic mixing model is required with an accurate and dynamic estimation of λ. Secondly, the implementation of isotope dynamics to ecosystem models allowed to confirm at the community level, that nitrogen does reflect the average food web structure in a case of opportunistic predation. However, the difference of one trophic level was observed for some top predators, between the estimates by diet matrices and those by nitrogen.The integration of isotope dynamics mechanisms into inferences is a major advance, since it modifies our insight into of trophic interactions in marine ecosystems

Holtzkamp, Jani Gerda. "Measurement invariance of the second edition of the Fifteen Factor Personality Questionnaire (15FQ+) over different ethnic groups in South Africa". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85619.

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Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Commericial organizations operate in a free-market economic system. The goal of commercial organizations in a free-market economic system is to utilise scarce resources at their disposal to optimally maximise their profits. To achieve this goal, the human resources function is tasked with the responsibility to acquire and maintain a competent and motivated workforce in a manner that would add value to the bottom-line. The human resource management interventions are therefore a critical tool in regulating human capital in such a manner that it optimally adds value to the business. Personality tests are used in the world of work to determine individual differences in behaviour and performance. There was recently a dispute over the effectiveness of the use of personality tests in predicting job performance, but personality is nowadays regarded as a an influential causal antecedent in the prediction of job performance. From the first democratic elections held in 1994, greater demands have been placed on the cultural appropriateness of psychological testing in South Africa. The use of cross-cultural assessments in South Africa are therefore currently very prominent. The use of psychological tests, including personality tests, is now strictly controlled by legislation, including the Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998. In order to make informed decisions, industrial psychologists and registered psychology practitioners need reliable and valid information about the personality construct which will enable them to make accurate predictions on the criterion construct. This argument provides significant justification for the primary purpose of this study, namely an equivalence and invariance study of the second edition of the Fifteen Factor Questionnaire (15FQ +) in a sample of Black, Coloured and White South Africans. Bias in psychological testing can be described as ‘troublesome’ factors that threaten the validity of cross-cultural comparisons across different groups e.g., ethnic groups (Van de Vijver & Leung, 1997). These factors can be caused by construct bias, method bias and/or item bias. It is therefore essential that the information provided by the test results must have the same meaning across all the various reference groups. This assumption necessitates evidence of equivalent and invariant measurements across different groups. Equivalence and invariance in this study is investigated by making use of Dunbar, Theron and Spangenberg (2011)'s proposed steps. Complete measurement invariance and full measurement equivalence is the last step and implies that the observed measurements can be compared directly between the different groups.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kommersiële Organisasies word bedryf in ‘n vrye-mark ekonomiese stelsel. Die doel van kommersiële organisasies is dus om skaars hulpbronne tot hul beskikking optimaal aan te wend ten einde wins te maksimeer. Daarom is dit belangrik vir die menslikehulpbron funksie om ‘n bevoegde en gemotiveerde werksmag te verkry en in stand te hou op ‘n wyse wat waarde tot die onderneming byvoeg. Dit is daarom uiters belangrik om die regte menslikehulpbron intervensies in organisasies te implementeer om die menslike kapitaal so te reguleer dat hulle optimaal waarde tot die onderneming byvoeg. Persoonlikheidstoetse word gebruik in die wêreld van werk om individuele verskille in gedrag en werksprestasie te bepaal. Daar was onlangs ‘n dispuut oor die effektiwiteit van persoonlikheidstoetse se gebruik in die voorspelling van werksprestasie, maar persoonlikheid word hedendaags beskou as ‘n invloedryke oorsaaklike veranderlike in die voorspelling van werksprestasie. Vanaf die eerste demokratiese verkiesing van 1994 word daar sterker eise geplaas op die kulturele toepaslikheid van sielkundige toetse in Suid Afrika. Kruis-kulturele assesserings in Suid Afrika is daarom tans baie prominent. Die gebruik van sielkundige toetse, ingesluit persoonlikheidstoetse, word nou streng beheer deur wetgewing, onder andere die Wet op Gelyke Indiensneming 55 van 1998. Ten einde ingeligte besluite te kan neem, benodig bedryfsielkundiges en geregistreerde sielkundé praktisyns betroubare en geldige inligting oor die persoonlikheidskonstruk om hul in staat te stel om akkurate voorspellings van die kriteriumkonstruk te maak. Dit bied wesenlik die regverdiging vir die primêre oogmerk van hierdie studie, naamlik om ‘n ekwivalensie en invariansie studie van die tweede uitgawe van die Vyftien Faktor Vraelys (the Fifteen Factor Questionnaire, 15FQ+) op ‘n steekproef van Swart, Kleurling en Wit Suid Afrikaners te onderneem. Sydigheid in toetse kan beskryf word as ‘lastige’ faktore wat die geldigheid van kruis-kulturele vergelykings oor verskillende groepe (bv. Etniese groepe) bedreig (Van de Vijver & Leung, 1997). Hierdie faktore kan veroorsaak word deur konstruksydigheid, metodesydigheid en/of itemsydigheid. Dit is dus noodsaaklik dat die informasie wat verskaf word deur die toetsresultate dieselfde betekenis moet hê oor al die verskillende verwysingsgroepe. Hierdie aanname noodsaak bewyse van ekwivalente en invariante metings oor verskillende groepe. Ekwivalensie en Invariansie in hierdie studie word ondersoek deur gebruik te maak van Dunbar, Theron en Spangenberg (2011) se voorgestelde stappe. Volle ekwivalensie en invariansie is die laaste stap en impliseer dat waargenome metings oor verskillende groepe direk met mekaar vergelyk kan word.

Charlebois, Adam. "La violación de derechos humanos como factor de expulsión migratoria de personas transgénero portadoras de VIH: una odisea de México a California". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669542.

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Según la teoría del estigma de Erving Goffman, una persona estigmatizada está privada de la plena aceptación social y reducida a una condición de persona manchada, con una identidad deteriorada por el hecho de tener un atributo, una diferencia no deseada que la identifica y la lleva a ser menospreciada y marginalizada. El grupo de las personas transgénero, que incluye diferentes realidades y que hace referencia a las personas que tienen una identidad de género o una expresión de género que difiere de lo típicamente asociado al sexo asignado al momento del nacimiento, es sin duda uno de los grupos sociales más estigmatizados, discriminados y marginados. La ausencia de reconocimiento legal, la exclusión, la negación de servicios y de derechos básicos contribuyen al aislamiento y marginación con consecuencias sobre la salud (exposición al VIH, problemas de salud mental, entre otras), la esperanza de vida y la capacidad de respuesta a las necesidades básicas. La discriminación múltiple o interseccional que viven esas mujeres las hacen sujetos particularmente vulnerables al VIH y aumenta aún más las probabilidades de discriminación y violencia. En un país como México, las personas transgénero portadoras del VIH deben luchar en contra de una violencia sistemática, la cual se expresa de muchas maneras. Esa violencia puede incitar esas personas a migrar, en búsqueda de una vida digna. La migración internacional de las mujeres trans sigue siendo un tema sobre el cual conocemos poco. Los conocimientos son aún más escasos al agregar la variable del VIH. En este análisis, evaluamos los marcos sociales y legales que rigen la vida de las mujeres trans y de las personas con VIH en México y en los Estados Unidos de América, para determinar las esferas de exclusión y de violaciones de los derechos humanos así como los mecanismos que existen para proteger a esas personas. Posteriormente, presentamos los testimonios de mujeres trans con VIH que migraron de México hacia California y los comentarios de personas que trabajan para ONG de defensa de los derechos trans. Esos testimonios fueron recogidos mediante entrevistas completadas en México y en San Francisco, California, entre 2017 y 2019. Usaremos conceptos de los métodos de los relatos de vida y de la fenomenología para transmitir la experiencia de esas mujeres, analizar las discriminaciones sufridas (en el país de origen como de destino) así como las razones o circunstancias que motivaron su migración. Como podremos constatar en este trabajo, los derechos de las mujeres trans con VIH son violentados en México como en los Estados Unidos. Efectivamente, la existencia de leyes no garantiza de por sí que puedan gozar de la protección necesaria debido al hecho de que esas leyes no son aplicadas o, de serlo, son afectadas por mecanismos deficientes de cumplimiento. Frente al odio y a las agresiones que atentan en contra de sus vidas, las mujeres trans consideran frecuentemente la migración como única salvación. Se concluirá este análisis con una lista de prioridades de políticas públicas a considerar para mejorar y garantizar la dignidad de esas mujeres.
According to the stigma theory developed by Erving Goffman, a stigmatized individual is deprived of social acceptance and is reduced to the condition of a stained individual, whose identity is spoiled by the presence of an attribute, an undesirable difference which brings him to be identified, scorned and marginalized. The group formed by transgender individuals, which includes different realities and includes people whose gender identity and/or gender expression differ from what is typically associated with the sex they were assigned at birth is one of the most stigmatized, discriminated and marginalized social groups. The absence of legal recognition, the exclusion, the refusal of services and basic rights contribute to an isolation and margination that lead to health consequences (exposure to HIV, mental health issues), a diminished life expectancy and hardship in fulfilling the basic human needs. The multiple forms of discrimination or intersectionality experienced by these women make them extremely vulnerable to HIV and raises the probability of further discrimination and violence. In a country such as Mexico, the transgender people with HIV need to fight against systematic violence under several forms. This violence can motivate them to migrate, in search of a dignified life. The international migration of trans women is a subject on which very few is known. The knowledge is even less common when we add the HIV variable. In this analysis, we evaluate the social and legal framework affecting the lives of trans women and people with HIV in Mexico and the United States of America in order to identify the areas of exclusion, the human rights violations and the mechanisms adopted to protect these individuals. Posteriorly, we present the testimonies of trans women who migrated from Mexico to California as well as the commentaries of individuals working for NGO specialized in the defense of trans rights. These testimonies were collected during interviews held in Mexico and San Francisco, California between 2017 and 2019. We will use concepts taken from the life stories and phenomenological methods in order to transmit the experience of these women, analyze the discrimination they suffer (in the country of origin and of destination) and the reasons or circumstances behind their decision to migrate. As we can appreciate in this investigation, the rights of the trans women living with HIV are violated in Mexico and in the United States of America. Indeed, the existence of laws does not guarantee by itself that these women will benefit from the necessary protection due to the fact that these laws are unapplied or suffer from deficient enforcement mechanisms. In the face of hate and attempts against their lives, these women frequently consider migration as their unique form of salvation. This analysis will conclude with a list of public-policy priorities to be considered in order to improve and guarantee the dignity of these women.

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Libros sobre el tema "Discrimination factor":

Ganesalingam, S. Two group discrimination analysis using factor scores: Statistics. Palmerston North, N.Z: College of Sciences, Massey University, 1999.

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Anne, Summers. The misogyny factor. Sydney, N.S.W: NewSouth Publishing, 2013.

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Castrillo, Pedro Gete. La edad del trabajador como factor extintivo del contrato de trabajo. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch, 2001.

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Staton, P. A. Sexual harassment: The intimidation factor : a project report : sexual harassment as a barrier to gender equity in education. Toronto, Ont: Green Dragon Press, Seacraft Publications, 1993.

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Business, United States Congress House Committee on Small. Minority franchising: Is discrimination a factor? : hearing before the Committee on Small Business, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, Washington, DC, June 30, 1993. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1994.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Small Business. Minority franchising: Is discrimination a factor? : hearing before the Committee on Small Business, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, Washington, DC, June 30, 1993. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1994.

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Perkins, Gilman Charlotte. Women and economics: A study of the economic relation between men and women as a factor in social evolution. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press, 1998.

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Carneiro, Pedro. Labor market discrimination and racial differences in premarket factors. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2005.

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Davis, Cindy Gail. The discrimination of slow, moderate, and fast speakers by cognitive and personality factors. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, Department of Psychology, 1998.

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(Organization), Human Rights Watch. From the household to the factory: Sex discrimination in the Guatemalan labor force. New York: Human Rights Watch, 2002.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Discrimination factor":

Simpson, George Eaton y J. Milton Yinger. "The Cultural Factor in Prejudice and Discrimination". En Racial and Cultural Minorities, 91–109. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0551-2_5.

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Bozza, Silvia, Franco Taroni y Alex Biedermann. "Bayes Factor for Model Choice". En Bayes Factors for Forensic Decision Analyses with R, 41–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09839-0_2.

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AbstractThis chapter addresses the problem of discrimination between competing propositions regarding selected features of a population of interest, also commonly known as “hypothesis testing”. Examples include counting processes when propositions refer to the proportion of items in a given population that show features of forensic interest (e.g., items with illegal content). Another typical example is the discrimination between competing propositions regarding the concentration of a controlled substance, such as drugs in blood, exceeding a given threshold. This chapter develops and explains the use of the Bayes factor for one-sided hypothesis testing involving model parameters in the form of a proportion and a mean. In both situations, additional factors (e.g., errors) are considered as well as aspects of decision making.

Bozza, Silvia, Franco Taroni y Alex Biedermann. "Bayes Factor for Investigative Purposes". En Bayes Factors for Forensic Decision Analyses with R, 141–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09839-0_4.

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AbstractThis chapter develops and discusses Bayes factors for investigative purposes, i.e. situations in which no potential source is available for comparison purposes. A typical example for this is the problem of classifying items or individuals into one of several classes or populations on the basis of available data (e.g., measurements of one or more attributes). More specifically, material of interest is analyzed (e.g., the quantity of cocaine present on banknotes) and results are evaluated in terms of their effect on the odds in favor of a proposition according to which the recovered material originates from a given population (e.g., banknotes in general circulation), compared to an alternative proposition according to which the recovered items originate from another population (e.g., banknotes related to drug trafficking). The problem of discrimination between populations is addressed for various types of discrete and continuous data, respectively, including an extension to continuous multivariate data. The examples developed in this chapter involve classification for two or more populations. The assessment of model performance is addressed as well.

Dong, Guimei, Renjie Yang, Yanrong Yang, Yaping Yu y Xiaotong Yang. "Discrimination of Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Spectra of PAHs Mixture Using Parallel Factor Analysis". En Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Communications, Signal Processing, and Systems, 657–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49831-6_67.

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Christensen, Ronald. "Response Factors and Logistic Discrimination". En Springer Texts in Statistics, 233–99. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4111-7_7.

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Petričević, Vanja. "Explaining Factors Affecting Compliance". En Compliance Patterns with EU Anti-Discrimination Legislation, 13–27. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137495198_2.

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Zhang, Yong, Haijun Liu, Yueyuan Ma, Xueqi Chen, Weinan Li y Zheng Huang. "Analysis on the Modeling of Rockbusrt Prediction in Deep Tunnels Based on Machine Learning". En Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 361–71. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1748-8_33.

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AbstractDeep tunnels will face complex mechanical behavior problems of rock mass during construction and operation, among which the rockburst disaster is particularly prominent. Therefore, how to scientifically predict the rockburst activities of deep tunnels has become an urgent problem to be solved. According to the three aspects of energy conditions, lithology conditions and stress intensity that rockburst must meet, the strain energy storage coefficient (Wet), stress concentration factor (SCF) and brittleness index of rock mass (σc/σt) are selected as the discrimination indexes. On this basis, combining with the method of cluster analysis, some abnormal data are removed and a case database is constructed. Aiming at the defects of traditional prediction methods, this paper proposes a support vector machine method to establish the rockburst prediction model. According to the prediction model proposed in this paper to predict the rockburst situation of several deep tunnel engineering in China. The results show that the tunnel rockburst prediction model based on support vector machine is well consistent with the actual situation, indicating that the model has strong feasibility in practical application.

Böhmer, Anselm. "Digital Bodies". En Digital Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 69–96. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839462768-005.

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Social and cultural categories have long been seen as combined with the bodily »habitus« and its relevance for societal positions. In these approaches, the performance of the body is considered essential for socializing individuals in modern societies. Therefore, bodily performance as »habitus« is a relevant factor regarding social interactions and the social positioning of individuals and groups. Moreover, culture affects the embodied expression of social positions and concepts - the habitus serves as an indicator of social differences or even as a basis of discrimination. Additionally, digital performance has become a relevant form of interacting with others. Since the pandemic, digital performance has started to affect teaching as a new common form of interaction in higher education and has also become a relevant factor in socializing the participants within their academic fields. In this paper, two dynamics of modern societies are reflected on and considered together: culturalization and digitalization. Both developments lead to the question of what has happened to the two fields mentioned above, i.e., social embodiment by cultural positioning and by (further) digitalizing higher education. This paper thus deals with the following questions: What characterizes embodiment in a digital learning environment? What educational consequences does this have for future education in digital learning environments? To find answers to these questions, this article describes how significatory processes can be conceptualized. In the next step, cultural significations are explained in the field of culturalization and with regard to learning as the embodied production of social meaning. Finally, these findings illustrate how and to what extent culture and digitality are shaping the process from meaning to sense-making in modern societies - and thus in current higher education.

Hu, Fangwei, Tianqi Chen, Nathan N. Liu, Qiang Yang y Yong Yu. "Discriminative Factor Alignment across Heterogeneous Feature Space". En Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases, 757–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33486-3_48.

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Fibbi, Rosita, Arnfinn H. Midtbøen y Patrick Simon. "Theories of Discrimination". En IMISCOE Research Series, 21–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67281-2_3.

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AbstractThis chapter reviews the main theories developed to explain discrimination. Mirroring the historical development of the field, while reflecting a theoretically systematic approach, the chapter adopts an approach by analytical scales to present and discuss theories of discrimination. The first section presents theories seeking the cause of prejudice and discrimination at the individual level, the second section focuses on organizational mechanisms and the third on structural determinants. In conclusion, we emphasize that despite of these different levels of analysis, the various theories of discrimination reviewed share a common feature, namely the fact that discrimination maintains privileges of certain ascribed groups over others

Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Discrimination factor":

Liu, Miao y Tongju Gong. "Fluid discrimination using a new fluid-identifying factor". En SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2012. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2012-0097.1.

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Sagi, Dov y Barton S. Rubenstein. "Spatial variability as a limiting factor in texture discrimination tasks". En OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1989.wcc2.

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Human texture discrimination seems to be limited to measurements of local differences across receptive field (RF) activities. Important RF properties include spatial frequency and orientation selectivity, where each RF generates a filtered map of the input image. Significant local differences within each map can be taken as evidence for texture boundaries. A model that combines odd and even symmetry RF maps, generating energy maps, produces discrimination values that correlate well with human performance.1 Here we consider the role of spatial noise (internal and external) in filtered maps as a performance limiting factor. We show that external noise, mainly due to randomization of texture parameters (like orientation), creates spurious local differences in the filtered maps (due to their orientation selectivity). This noise level depends on the particular texture element (e.g., its rotational symmetry) and may have a stronger distractive effect when it is large in the background. When quantified, this improved model accounts for asymmetry in human texture discrimination performance.2

Takizawa, Yuko, Yoshinori Takano, Bohyung Choi, Prarthana Dharampal, Shawn Steffan, Nanako Ogawa, Naohiko Ohkouchi y Yoshito Chikaraishi. "Trophic Discrimination Factor in 13C/12C for Amino Acids". En Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.2539.

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Sbrissa, David, Sebastião Pratavieira, Ana Gabriela Salvio, Cristina Kurachi, Vanderlei Salvadori Bagnato, Luciano Da Fontoura Costa y Gonzalo Travieso. "Asymmetry and irregularity border as discrimination factor between melanocytic lesions". En SPIE Biophotonics South America, editado por Cristina Kurachi, Katarina Svanberg, Bruce J. Tromberg y Vanderlei S. Bagnato. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2186180.

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Silverstein, D. Amnon y Stanley A. Klein. "Relative motion discrimination". En OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1991.fw6.

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Motion of very small amplitudes (5 sec or less) can be detected when the frequency of motion is optimal (2–4 Hz).1 Previous research has shown that in some conditions, relative motion can be discriminated whenever motion can be detected at all.2 In this experiment, we determined the range of frequencies over which this relationship holds. We used two sinusoidally oscillating dots to determine the temporal frequency response function of relative motion discrimination. The subject was presented with two dots that either oscillated inphase (the dots moved in the same direction) or in counterphase (the dots moved in opposite directions). The subject was required to discriminate between the two types of motion for a range of temporal frequencies. When the temporal frequency of the presented stimuli is optimal (~4 Hz), the visual system is remarkably adept at discrimination relative motion. However, a temporal frequency of as low as 8 Hz degrades thresholds and 12 Hz increases them by a factor of 5.33 ± 1.33.

Arahmane, H., Y. Ben Maissa, E.-M. Hamzaoui, R. Cherkaoui El Moursli, J. Dumazert y A. Mahmoudi. "Parallel Factor Analysis and Support Vector Machines for Neutron-Gamma Discrimination". En 2020 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nss/mic42677.2020.9507869.

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Kumar, Pravin, Vishal Kumar y Barjeev Tyagi. "Detection of Islanding for Microgrid Based on Discrimination Factor of Islanding". En 2020 21st National Power Systems Conference (NPSC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/npsc49263.2020.9331901.

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Wei, Peigang, Wei Sun, Shanshan Cao, Jifang Liu y Fantao Kong. "Apple bagging system based on machine vision and multi-factor discrimination". En 2023 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Power, Electronics and Computer Applications (ICPECA). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpeca56706.2023.10076067.

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Hall, Donald L. y David M. Jenkins. "Conditional Rician $K$-Factor Discrimination for Indoor Localization via AOA Estimation". En MILCOM 2021 - 2021 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/milcom52596.2021.9653091.

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Ferrera, Vincent P. y Hugh R. Wilson. "Precision in the perceived speed of a moving plaid". En OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1989.mk4.

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When two drifting cosine gratings with different orientations are superimposed they can form a coherently moving 2-D pattern (plaid). The resultant speed of such a pattern increases as the angle (θ) between the component directions becomes broader, provided that the speed of the components does not change. It has been reported that speed discrimination for moving plaids is limited by noise in the component speed signals.1 Thus, one would predict that speed discrimination for plaids would depend on component speed, but not on θ. We measured speed discrimination for both plaids and gratings using a 2AFC paradigm. We found that for plaids with slow moving components (drift rate =1.0 Hz), speed discrimination improves with increasing θ. For example, we found that speed discrimination Weber fractions (ΔV/V) for a grating drifting at 1.0 Hz were around 20%, but decreased to 12% for a plaid with 1.0-Hz components and θ = ±75°. In this case, the speed of the plaid was four times the speed of the components, however, speed discrimination was not as good as for a 4.0-Hz grating (ΔV/V = 6%). It is still possible to account for these results based on component speed uncertainty because, when component uncertainty is propagated through a transformation such as the intersection-of-constraints, the variance in the resultant does not increase as fast as its mean speed. Therefore, the Weber fraction for discriminating the speed of the resultant may decrease by a factor of √2.

Informes sobre el tema "Discrimination factor":

Thompson, Stephen, Brigitte Rohwerder y Clement Arockiasamy. Freedom of Religious Belief and People with Disabilities: A Case Study of People with Disabilities from Religious Minorities in Chennai, India. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), junio de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2021.003.

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India has a unique and complex religious history, with faith and spirituality playing an important role in everyday life. Hinduism is the majority religion, and there are many minority religions. India also has a complicated class system and entrenched gender structures. Disability is another important identity. Many of these factors determine people’s experiences of social inclusion or exclusion. This paper explores how these intersecting identities influence the experience of inequality and marginalisation, with a particular focus on people with disabilities from minority religious backgrounds. A participatory qualitative methodology was employed in Chennai, to gather case studies that describe in-depth experiences of participants. Our findings show that many factors that make up a person’s identity intersect in India and impact how someone is included or excluded by society, with religious minority affiliation, caste, disability status, and gender all having the potential to add layers of marginalisation. These various identity factors, and how individuals and society react to them, impact on how people experience their social existence. Identity factors that form the basis for discrimination can be either visible or invisible, and discrimination may be explicit or implicit. Despite various legal and human rights frameworks at the national and international level that aim to prevent marginalisation, discrimination based on these factors is still prevalent in India. While some tokenistic interventions and schemes are in place to overcome marginalisation, such initiatives often only focus on one factor of identity, rather than considering intersecting factors. People with disabilities continue to experience exclusion in all aspects of their lives. Discrimination can exist both between, as well as within, religious communities, and is particularly prevalent in formal environments. Caste-based exclusion continues to be a major problem in India. The current socioeconomic environment and political climate can be seen to perpetuate marginalisation based on these factors. However, when people are included in society, regardless of belonging to a religious minority, having a disability, or being a certain caste, the impact on their life can be very positive.

Carneiro, Pedro, James Heckman y Dimitriy Masterov. Labor Market Discrimination and Racial Differences in Premarket Factors. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, noviembre de 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10068.

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Warnke, Kaja, Valentina Di Stasio y Marcel Lubbers. Protocol: Discrimination attributions in the workplace – a scoping review of causes and correlates. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, marzo de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.3.0094.

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Rationale: Altogether, previous research attests to the importance of multiple factors that refer to personal characteristics (either of those being targeted by, or witnessing discriminatory behavior), situational factors that are inherent to the discriminatory event as well as contextual features that exert influence on discrimination attributions. However, a clear overview of this research field is lacking, which makes it difficult to grasp which factors have been studied – either in isolation or jointly with other factors - to understand discrimination attributions, how robust the existing evidence is and where future research is needed. With this scoping review, we aim to systematically synthesize the existing evidence and identify the state of knowledge on the correlational and causal impact of different factors on discrimination attributions, building on and extending the reviews of Major and Sawyer (2009) and Barreto and Ellemers (2015). Additionally, this scoping review includes more modern forms of discrimination, such as microaggressions or workplace incivility as well (Marchiondo et al., 2018), allowing us to draw general conclusions about whether the same determinants and correlates have been studied in relation to modern forms of discrimination.

Chong, Alberto E. y Hugo R. Ñopo. Discrimination in Latin America: An Elephant in the Room? Inter-American Development Bank, julio de 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010981.

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This paper surveys evidence on discrimination in Latin America and shows that there is a widespread perception of discrimination, especially against the poor, the uneducated and those who lack connections. The channels through which discrimination occurs may be built on the basis of economic factors. However, while perception surveys may be informative, they are less than ideal at helping pinpoint the extent and mechanisms related. Recent experimental evidence suggests little room for discriminatory practices in the region. This puzzle, where individuals perceive discrimination is in the air, but few act discriminatorily, is consistent with an explanation about stereotyping that vanishes when information flows operate well.

Slaughter-Acey, Jaime, Kathryn Behrens, Amy M. Claussen, Timothy Usset, Carrie Neerland, Sameerah Bilal-Roby, Huda Bashir et al. Social and Structural Determinants of Maternal Morbidity and Mortality: An Evidence Map. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), diciembre de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer264.

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Objective. The purpose was to review available evidence of risk factors associated with maternal morbidity and mortality in the United States during the prenatal and postpartum periods to inform a National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop: Identifying Risks and Interventions to Optimize Postpartum Health, held November 29–December 1, 2022. Data sources. We searched MEDLINE®, CINAHL®, and the Social Sciences Citation Index through November 2022. Review methods. We searched for observational studies examining exposures related to social and structural determinants of health and at least one health or healthcare-related outcome for pregnant and birthing people. We extracted basic study information and grouped studies by social and structural determinants of health domains and maternal outcomes. We prioritized studies according to study design and rigor of analytic approaches to address selection bias based on the ROBINS-E. We summarize all included studies and provide additional descriptions of direction of association between potential risk exposures and outcomes. Results. We identified 8,378 unique references, with 118 included studies reporting social and structural determinants of health associated with maternal health outcomes. Studies covered risk factors broadly, including identity and discrimination, socioeconomic, violence, trauma, psychological stress, structural/institutional, rural/urban, environment, comorbidities, hospital, and healthcare use factors. However, the risk factors we identified represent only a subset of potential social and structural determinants of interest. We found an unexpectedly large volume of research on violence and trauma relative to other potential exposures of interest for pregnant people. Outcome domains included maternal mortality, severe maternal morbidity, hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes, cardio/metabolic disorders, weathering (the physiological effect of premature aging caused by chronic stressful experiences), depression, other mental health or substance use disorders, and cost/healthcare use outcomes. Depression/other mental health outcomes represented a large proportion of medical outcomes captured. Risk of bias was high, and rarely did studies report the excess risk attributable to a specific exposure. Conclusions. Identifying risk factors pregnant and birthing people face is vitally important. Limited depth and quality of available research within each social and structural determinant of health impeded our ability to outline specific pathways, including risk factor interdependence. While more recently published literature showed a trend toward increased rigor, future research can emphasize techniques that estimate the causal impacts of risk factors. Improved reporting in studies, along with organized and curated catalogues of maternal health exposures and their presumed mechanisms, would make it easier to examine exposures in the future. In the longer term, the field could be advanced by datasets designed to more fully capture the data required to robustly examine racism and other social and structural determinants of health, in combination with their intersections and feedback loops with other biologic/medical risk factors.

Zanoni, Wladimir y Lina M. Díaz. Discrimination Against Migrants and its Determinants: Evidence from a Multi-Purpose Field Experiment in the Housing Rental Market. Inter-American Development Bank, marzo de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004803.

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The increasing number of Venezuelan migrants in Colombia, which now exceeds 2.9 million, has raised concerns about their potential discrimination and socioeconomic integration. We propose a novel approach to studying discrimination in the housing rental market by conducting a multi-purpose field experiment with 574 real estate agents to, not only measure the extent of discrimination but also to explore its determinants. After gathering comprehensive data about the REAs, they evaluated rental applications from Colombian, Venezuelan, and OECD families. Our findings suggest the presence of discrimination in the housing rental market, as REAs were less likely to choose a Venezuelan family over a Colombian or OECD family. We identified that this discrimination was a combination of taste and statistical discrimination, influenced by factors such as age, gender, cognitive skills, and local market knowledge. We found that the discriminatory social norm is well recognized among REAs. This study has significant implications for policymakers, advocates, and practitioners, not only in Colombia but globally, as it sheds light on the mechanisms of discrimination against migrant populations and emphasizes the need to promote their integration and well-being.

Riedel, Robert G. y II. Does Reported Discrimination in the Military Impact Organizational Factors Differently for Gender, Race, and Rank. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, enero de 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada359177.

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Suleman, Naumana. Experiences of Intersecting Inequalities for Christian Women and Girls in Pakistan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), diciembre de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2020.013.

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In Pakistan, where gender-based discrimination is already rampant, women and girls belonging to religious minority or belief communities face multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination over and above those faced by an average Pakistani woman and girl. This policy briefing shares findings from a study on the situation of socioeconomically excluded Christian women and girls in Pakistan. During the research, they discussed their experiences of different forms of discrimination, which predominantly took place within their workplace (largely sanitary, domestic and factory work) and educational institutes, particularly in government schools. They described being restricted in their mobility by their families and communities who are fearful of the threats of forced conversion, and both poor and affluent women relayed experiences of harassment at healthcare and education facilities once their religious identity is revealed.

Jantzen, C. M. Evaluation of experimental factors that influence the application and discrimination capability of the Product Consistency Test. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), octubre de 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6017471.

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Shade, J. W. y G. F. Piepel. Evaluation of experimental factors that influence the application and discrimination capability of the product consistency test. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), junio de 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5628401.

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