Libros: "Differentiale influence"

1

Differential geometry: Under the influence of S.-S. Chern. Somerville, Mass: International Press, 2012.

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2

Reed, Daniel A. Stencils and problem partitionings: Their influence on the performance of multiple processor systems. Urbana, Ill: Dept. of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1986.

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3

H, Haveman Robert. Earnings inequality: The influence of changing opportunities and choices. Washington, D.C: AEI Press, 1996.

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4

Stewart, Mark B. Union wage differentials, product market influences and the division of rents. Coventry: University of Warwick Department of Economics, 1989.

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5

L, Allgower E., Böhmer K. 1936- y Golubitsky Martin 1945-, eds. Bifurcation and symmetry: Cross influence between mathematics and applications. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, 1992.

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6

Kleyböcker, Ralf. Multimodale Rezipienten-Typen und differentielle Medienwirkung. Münster: Lit, 1999.

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7

Gorelov, M. A. Prostye zadachi optimizat︠s︡ii: Nealgebraicheskie preobrazovanii︠a︡. Moskva: Vychislitelʹnyĭ T︠S︡entr im. A.A. Dorodnit︠s︡yna Rossiĭskoĭ akademii nauk, 2012.

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8

Gorelov, M. A. Prostye zadachi optimizat︠s︡ii: Pravilo dekarta. Moskva: Vychislitelʹnyĭ t︠s︡entr im. A.A. Dorodnit︠s︡yna (Rossiĭskai︠a︡ akademii︠a︡ nauk), 2010.

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9

Münchener Symposion zum Internationalen Steuerrecht (8th 1989 Munich, Germany). Influence of tax differentials on international competitiveness: Proceedings of the Munich Symposium on International Taxation : papers. Deventer, Netherlands: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1990.

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10

Steptoe, Roosevelt. The differential influence of an interstate highway on the structure, growth, and development of low-income minority communities: A comparison with majority communities. Washington, D.C: Office of University Research, U.S. Dept. of Transportation, 1986.

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11

Society, American Mathematical, ed. The influence of Solomon Lefschetz in geometry and topology: 50 years of mathematics at CINVESTAV. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2014.

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12

Kuprina, Elena. Co-creation in music and music education. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1019193.

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The monograph is devoted to the problem of musical co-creation, represents the artistic and dynamic system. The author considers the musical co-creation from the perspective of interdisciplinary approach, as the phase of the creative process, featuring self-contained characteristics, manifested in the "I" and "I'm Different" through specific regularities and principles. In music co-creation differentiated into spheres, types and forms, where the role of the ratio of the subjects and the performance of co-creative artistic projects are analyzed from the position of system dynamics. In music education operates a pedagogy of co-creation, manifesting the specifics through professional, psychological, reflective, and educational facets. Presented to the organizational form of the pedagogy of co-creation, from the perspective of information approach given the findings of a study of the influence of pop on the sensory system of the student of a musician-performer (the performer). Can be used in courses of the disciplines of the history of music, music psychology and music pedagogy, pedagogy of co-creation. Addressed to students of music schools, teachers, musicians of all disciplines, musicologists and cultural studies, researchers, creative processes, and a wide circle of curious readers.

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13

Vogel. Influence of Tax Differentials on International Competitiveness. Springer, 1990.

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14

Application of Elementary Differential Geometry to Influence Analysis. International Press of Boston, Incorporated, 2013.

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15

Walker, Denise. The influence of company size and gender on salary differentials. 1996.

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16

Böhmer, K. y Martin Golubitsky. Bifurcation and Symmetry: Cross Influence Between Mathematics and Applications. Birkhäuser Boston, 2013.

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17

Megna, Claudia. Differential parenting by mothers and fathers. 2004.

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18

Böhmer, K. Bifurcation and Symmetry: Cross Influence Between Mathematics and Applications (International Series of Numerical Mathematics, Vol 104). Birkhauser, 1992.

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19

Hardy, Bruce W. Candidate Traits and Political Choice. Editado por Kate Kenski y Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.017.

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What role do presidential candidate character traits play in vote decisions? To some, the answer is obvious as campaigns, journalists, pundits, and voters frequently differentiate presidential candidates in terms of their personal qualities—traits are deemed important. On the other hand, past research suggests that, while candidate character traits are short term forces, they hold relatively limited in influence on vote preference. However, theoretical and methodological limitations may have hindered past research ability to detect the true influence of character traits in voter decisions. This author reviews past literature, offers a clear conceptualization of candidate character traits, presents ways in which trait may influence vote choice, and suggests areas for future research.

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20

Hardy, Bruce W. Candidate Traits and Political Choice. Editado por Kate Kenski y Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.017_update_001.

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What role do presidential candidate character traits play in vote decisions? To some, the answer is obvious as campaigns, journalists, pundits, and voters frequently differentiate presidential candidates in terms of their personal qualities—traits are deemed important. On the other hand, past research suggests that, while candidate character traits are short term forces, they hold relatively limited in influence on vote preference. However, theoretical and methodological limitations may have hindered past research ability to detect the true influence of character traits in voter decisions. This author reviews past literature, offers a clear conceptualization of candidate character traits, presents ways in which trait may influence vote choice, and suggests areas for future research.

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21

Levesque, Roger J. R. Empirical Assessments of Legal Doctrine Responding to School Segregation and Diversity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190633639.003.0004.

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The utility of empirical findings rests on the relevant legal disputes and the interpretive mechanisms that will lead to their resolution. These determinative factors are at play in the legal system’s responses to racial/ethnic status. This chapter evaluates empirical evidence addressing the two fundamental approaches to segregation and diversity: anti-classification (resisting differential treatment) and anti-subjugation (permitting differential treatment). It addresses them in the context of schooling. The investigation reveals striking findings relating to the support of these major approaches to addressing unequal treatment. In fact, much of the research offered by social scientists fails to support the legal positions that they hope to influence.

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22

Godreau, Isar P. Hispanophile Zones of Whiteness. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038907.003.0005.

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This chapter examines narratives developed during the 1930s that exalted the influence of Spain in Puerto Rican culture in order to counteract the political and economic colonial encroachment of the United States. Hispanophile proponents consider Puerto Rico an offshoot of Spain and Puerto Rican culture a product of Spain's colonizing influence. However, more than a discourse in favor of Spain, Hispanophilia was first and foremost a discourse that sought to differentiate Puerto Rico from the United States. Proponents of Hispanophilia argue that the nation is culturally white. In the context of narratives that distinguish Puerto Rico from the United States, such “cultural whiteness” can be qualified as Spanish or “Hispanic whiteness” vis-à-vis “Anglo-Saxon whiteness.”

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23

Influence of Crude Oil and Dispersant on the Ability of Coho Salmon to Differentiate Home Water from Non-Home Water (Api Publication No 4446). Amer Petroleum Inst, 1986.

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24

Witting, Christian. 22. Privacy actions in tort. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811169.003.0022.

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This chapter examines the privacy action in tort. It explains that the tort has its origins in the equitable wrong of breach of confidence. It discusses the gist and elements of this tort and highlights the influence of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights on the case law. This chapter also discusses potential defences, which include consent to the disclosure and the differential treatment of private information in the public domain.

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25

Shaw, Daron y John Petrocik. The Turnout Myth. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190089450.001.0001.

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This book refutes the widely held convention that high turnout in national elections advantages Democratic candidates while low turnout helps Republicans. It examines over fifty years of presidential, gubernatorial, Senate, and House election data to show there is no consistent partisan effect associated with turnout. The overall relationship between the partisan vote and turnout for these offices is uncorrelated. Most significant, there is no observable party bias to turnout when each office or seat is examined through time. In some states, across the decades, gubernatorial and senatorial contests show a pro-Democratic bias to turnout; in others an increase in turnout helps Republicans. The pattern repeats for House elections during the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and through the 2010s. The analysis demonstrates that, within the range that turnout varies in American elections, it is the participation and abstention of easily influenced, less engaged citizens—peripheral voters—that move the outcome between the parties. These voters are the most influenced when the short-term forces of the election—differential candidate appeal, issues, scandals, and so forth—help the parties. Since these influences advantage Republicans as often as Democrats, the oscillation in turnout that coincides with pro-GOP and pro-Democratic forces leaves turnout rates inconsequential overall. The connections between short-term forces and the election cycle dominate the inconsistent partisan effects of turnout.

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26

Letendre, Scott, Jennifer Iudicello, Beau Ances, Thomas D. Marcotte, Serena Spudich y Mary Ann Cohen. HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. Editado por Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding y Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0016.

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The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enters the central nervous system soon after infection; can infect glia and tissue macrophages in the brain; and can injure neurons, resulting in loss of dendrites. These and other processes underpin a syndrome of cognitive and motor impairment termed HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). This chapter principally focuses on HAND, although delirium and other neurocognitive disorders are also discussed and should remain in the differential diagnosis of cognitive impairment in persons with HIV. A differential diagnosis of cognitive impairment in HIV also includes multimorbid conditions that can influence neurocognitive performance, such as metabolic syndrome, vascular disease, medication toxicity, and substance use disorders. When developing treatment recommendations for HAND, initiation of ART and treatment of multimorbid conditions and other neurocognitive disorders should be prioritized. It is important for clinicians to regularly monitor HIV patients for HAND and other neurocognitive disorders since cognitive impairment can affect activities of daily living; quality of life; adherence to risk reduction, medical care, and medication; and survival.

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27

Lucas, Joshua, Dawn Fishback y Steven Giannotta. Skull Base Schwannoma. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190696696.003.0013.

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This chapter presents a case example of a patient with progressive unilateral hearing loss who was ultimately diagnosed with a skull base schwannoma. The workup and differential diagnosis are presented and options for treatment are reviewed based on published evidence. Treatment options include observation, stereotactic radiosurgery, and surgical resection. The objective status of a patient’s hearing as well as the patient’s age influence treatment recommendations and the surgical approach. Intraoperative neuromonitoring provides real-time assessment of facial nerve irritation as well as cochlear nerve function and is an important component of surgery. Complication avoidance and management are also discussed in this chapter.

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28

Kim, Sunae, Ameneh Shahaeian y Joëlle Proust. Developmental diversity in mindreading and metacognition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789710.003.0006.

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A first aim of this chapter is to explain why children seem to present different patterns of development across cultures for solving false-belief tasks. Anthropological evidence is presented suggesting that the tests devised for Western children might not be adequate outside Western cultures. Alternative practices and values, such as the willingness/refusal to express one’s own mental states, the degree of autonomous agency allocated to young children, and the style of communication used in child-rearing, might partly explain the timing differences in the development of mindreading. A second aim is to identify the sociocultural factors that might also differentially impact the development of metacognitive abilities. It is proposed that the cultural practices that regulate patterns of attention, ways of learning, and communicational pragmatics should differentially influence the kinds of epistemic decisions that need to be monitored and the process of attribution of knowledge to the self in young children.

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29

Levesque, Roger J. R. Determining the Legitimacy of Laws That Use Racial/Ethnic Classifications. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190633639.003.0002.

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Under the US Constitution, the government must ensure that individuals receive the equal protection of laws. This mandate, however, becomes challenging in that equal protection may be different depending on the involved individuals and circumstances. This chapter examines the general parameters of how the legal system addresses claims alleging violations of rights, such as those involving differential treatment based on race. The analysis demonstrates when discrimination exists in law and, equally important, discusses what is needed to envision ways to reach societal interests relating to equal opportunities and equal treatment. The chapter concludes by noting how these legal developments influence the potential relevance and utility of empirical evidence.

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30

Rosenbaum, James T. Extra-articular manifestations: uveitis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0016.

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Acute anterior uveitis (AAU) is the most common, extra-articular, clinical manifestation of spondyloarthritis. In some patients, it is the dominant manifestation. This chapter reviews the definition of uveitis, the epidemiology of uveitis, the differential diagnosis, the relationship of HLA-B27 to uveitis, laboratory testing for suspected HLA-B27-associated uveitis, treatment considerations, and experimental models in which both uveitis and spondylitis co-exist. Although acute anterior uveitis rarely precedes spondyloarthritis, acute anterior uveitis is often the clue that chronic back pain is due to sacroiliac inflammation. Uveitis is sometimes the dominant clinical manifestation of spondyloarthritis and it can influence the choice for appropriate therapy.

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31

Guiney, Thomas C. Postscript. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803683.003.0011.

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The Postscript traces the evolution of early release since the events described in this book. It examines the growing influence of a ‘strategy of bifurcation’ within penal policy and considers how the differential treatment of low-level and serious offenders has transformed the policy and practice of early release in England and Wales. Given the space available, this involves painting with broad brush strokes and this postscript is loosely divided into three political interludes: the early years of New Labour, 1997 to 2003; the later stages of the New Labour project, 2004 to 2010; and the Coalition and Conservative governments that have followed since 2010.

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32

Wheeler, Stephanie B. Organization- and System-Level Factors Influencing Implementation Overview of Case Studies. Editado por David A. Chambers, Wynne E. Norton y Cynthia A. Vinson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190647421.003.0020.

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Organization- and health system-level determinants of cancer outcomes are critical to understand. Studies focusing only on individual- or provider-level factors contributing to differential outcomes may mask the important, and often far-reaching, influence of organizational and system-wide structures, policies, norms, and behaviors that drive outcomes. This chapter explores case studies including implementation of patient reported outcomes symptom monitoring within a large academic medical center; cancer patient navigation programs to reduce social, economic, cultural, and system barriers to timely cancer care; how psychosocial support has been integrated into community-based and Veterans Administration (VA) oncology programs; and implementing Lynch syndrome testing within a VA integrated health care system.

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33

Roessler, Beate. New Ways of Thinking about Privacy. Editado por John S. Dryzek, Bonnie Honig y Anne Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548439.003.0038.

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This article examines the new conceptualizing and thinking about privacy. It discusses older theories of privacy and explains why they became obsolete. It suggests that the reconceptualization of privacy was influenced by the developments in information technologies, radical changes in the relation between the sexes, and the intrusion of intimacy into the public realm. It describes the normative problems associated with privacy and differentiates the three dimensions of privacy: decisional privacy, informational privacy, and local privacy.

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34

Sievenpiper, John L. Differential effects of ginseng (Panax and non-Panax spp.) on acute postprandial glucose and insulin homeostasis in healthy humans: Influence of increasing ginsenoside variability across batch, preparation, variety, and species. 2004.

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35

Foot, Carole y Liz Hickson. Leadership skills in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0015.

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Key theories of leadership are presented. Common themes inherent to the various models are the existence of important specific traits, behaviours, and strategies that are used to influence, facilitate future development, and inspire progress in those being lead. Leadership is differentiated from the related, but distinct concept of management. Leaders are focused on the strategic direction and vision of an organization, while managers are directed towards the co-ordination and stewardship of activities in order to effectively meet predetermined mandates. The importance of these skills in intensive care medicine, the difficulties related to measuring them, and strategies to improve leadership in health care are reviewed.

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36

Siebert, Stefan, Sengupta Raj y Alexander Tsoukas. Extra-articular manifestations of axial spondyloarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755296.003.0008.

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Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is associated with a number of extra-articular manifestations (EAMs) reflecting shared clinical, genetic, and pathophysiologicalfeatures. The EAMs are considered part of the spondyloarthritis spectrum and should be differentiated from complications arising as a consequence of the disease (covered in a separate chapter). The key EAMs of axSpA are inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), uveitis, and psoriasis. EAMs carry their own morbidity and often warrant treatment in their own right. Furthermore, the presence of EAMs may influence the choice of therapy used to treat the underlying axSpA. Clinicians should ensure that the well-recognized EAMs of axSpA are actively and regularly enquired about when reviewing patients with axSpA.

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37

Kropf, Nancy P. y Sherry M. Cummings. Introduction to the Aging Population. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190214623.003.0001.

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Chapter 1, “Introduction: The Aging Population,” discusses the prevalent mental health disorders experienced by older adults, including depression, dementia, substance abuse, and severe mental illness. This chapter also sets the context for practice with older clients by examining the factors that influence psychological well-being in late life. As individuals age, they become increasingly diverse. Gender and race differentials found throughout life are accompanied and heightened by disparities in later-life health, physical functioning, and cognitive status. Variations in older adult cohorts, from those who were raised during the Great Depression to baby boomers who came to age during a period of growing prosperity and substance use, are also discussed. Finally, elements of practice with a diverse population of adults are presented.

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38

Franke, Barbara y Jan K. Buitelaar. Gene–environment interactions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0005.

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ADHD is highly heritable, but environmental factors also play significant roles in disease aetiology and outcome. Genetic and environmental influences are likely to show different types of interplay, with gene–environment interactions (G×E) playing a part. Different models of G×E exist, with the most frequently investigated in ADHD up to the present being the diathesis–stress and differential susceptibility models. The most frequently studied have been monoaminergic genes, often based on a single genetic variant. Only a single genome-wide study has been reported thus far. Environmental factors investigated include prenatal and postnatal risk factors for ADHD, in particular prenatal exposure to smoking or alcohol and aspects of parenting.

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39

Bartley, Tim. A Substantive Theory of Transnational Governance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794332.003.0002.

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Social scientists have theorized the rise of transnational private authority, but knowledge about its consequences remains sparse and fragmented. This chapter builds from a critique of “empty spaces” imagery in several leading paradigms to a new theory of transnational governance. Rules and assurances are increasingly flowing through global production networks, but these flows are channeled and reconfigured by domestic governance in a variety of ways. Abstracting from the case studies in this book, a series of theoretical propositions specify the likely outcomes of private regulation, the influence of domestic governance, the special significance of territory and rights, and several ways in which the content of rules shapes their implementation. As such, this theory proposes an explanation for differences across places, fields, and issues, including the differential performance of labor and environmental standards.

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40

Wang, Lilian. Amorphous/Indistinct Calcifications (Regional/Diffuse). Editado por Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman y Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0040.

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Amorphous calcifications are calcifications that are sufficiently small and/or hazy that a more specific morphological classification cannot be made. Historically, such calcifications were referred to as “indistinct” calcifications. The likelihood of malignancy and the management of amorphous calcifications largely depend on their distribution. The majority of amorphous calcifications are benign, most often due to fibrocystic change (60%). Sclerosing adenosis commonly occurs in perimenopausal women and is associated with a 1.5–2.1x relative risk for development of breast cancer. This chapter, appearing in the section on calcifications, reviews the key imaging and clinical features, imaging protocols and pitfalls, differential diagnosis, and management recommendations for amorphous/indistinct calcifications in a regional or diffuse distribution. Topics discussed include influence of distribution on risk of malignancy and pathological entities, including sclerosing adenosis.

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41

Amrith, Sunil S. Eugenics in Postcolonial Southeast Asia. Editado por Alison Bashford y Philippa Levine. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0018.

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The rich vein of writing on race and racial thought in the region provides an essential point of entry to eugenics in Southeast Asia. This article focuses on the experience of postcolonial Malaysia and Singapore and suggests that traces of eugenic thought and practice have played a role in shaping strategies of state-directed development from the 1950s. The “science of racial improvement” exerts a powerful influence on the political elite of both countries, providing a rationale and a model for many attempts to understand, differentiate, and improve the population. This article focuses on close connections between race and racial aptitudes, and the politics of immigration control and colonial reservations. It further discusses the focus of eugenic policies in Southeast Asia on using state power to rebalance the plural society, and signification of racial improvement in the identification and exclusion of particular peoples.

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42

Rowland, Thomas W. Cardiovascular function. Editado por Neil Armstrong y Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0011.

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The circulatory response to increased metabolic demands of endurance exercise is best explained by a model in which volume of circulatory flow is governed by alterations in peripheral vascular resistance. These dynamics of the cardiovascular response to an acute bout of progressive endurance exercise are similar in children and adults, and, when adjusted for body size, true cardiovascular fitness (ability to generate cardiac output) is no different in healthy, untrained pre- and postpubertal individuals. As in adults, the capacity to eject stroke volume at maximal exercise differentiates levels of physiological fitness (maximal oxygen uptake) between individual children. Stroke volume at exhaustive exercise, in turn, appears to be governed by factors which influence left ventricular diastolic size rather than those which dictate myocardial systolic and diastolic function.

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43

Mufwene, Salikoko S. An Ecological Account of the Emergence and Evolution of English. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190611040.003.0020.

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What follows is a contact-based account of the emergence of English. Though the role of language contact in the development of World Englishes is often addressed as a coda within History of the English Language (HEL) courses, this chapter presents an alternative story, highlighting contact situations in Old English, Middle English, and Early Modern English. The creolist perspective offered here suggests that History of English instructors should look closer at the received doctrine of HEL and consider whether an ecological model should not be used to make sense of the story of Englishes. A periodized history of colonization and of the ensuing population structures that influence language contact appears to explain a great deal about the differential evolution of English in various parts of the world, including what distinguishes colonial English dialects from their creole counterparts.

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44

Roque, Tatiana. The role of genericity in the history of dynamical systems theory. Editado por Karine Chemla, Renaud Chorlay y David Rabouin. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198777267.013.10.

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This article examines the role of genericity in the development of dynamical systems theory. In his memoir ‘Sur les courbes définies par une équation différentielle’, published in four parts between 1881 and 1886, Henri Poincaré studied the behavior of curves that are solutions for certain types of differential equations. He successfully classified them by focusing on singular points, described the trajectories’ behavior in important particular cases and provided new methods that proved to be extremely useful. This article begins with a discussion of singularity theory and its influence on the first definitions of genericity, along with the application of the notions of structural stability and genericity to understand dynamical systems. It also analyzes the Smale conjecture and how it was proven wrong and concludes with an overview of changes in the definitions of genericity meant to describe the ‘dark realm of dynamics’.

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45

Toye, John. Development as economic growth, 1956–. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723349.003.0008.

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Economists often conflate the theory of economic development with the theory of economic growth. This practice has become increasingly popular since Robert Solow made elegant improvements to the Harrod–Domar growth model, but left it unclear whether it was meant to be applicable in developing countries. Solow’s model has one sector only and aggregates growth as increased GNP. It has no place for changes in the balance between economic sectors that characterize development. A related technique is growth accounting, which disaggregates growth into amounts generated by capital and labour inputs, and a residual attributed to technical change and all other influences on growth. The finding that the residual outweighs the effect of factor inputs is subject to measurement problems, and ignores the question of large productivity differentials between sectors.

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46

Tancredi, Antonello. Enforcing WTO Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198746560.003.0021.

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This chapter provides a brief analysis of the enforcement tools foreseen in the WTO dispute settlement mechanism. It focuses in particular on some of the peculiarities which differentiate them from the EU legal system. As the analysis shows, the relevance of reciprocity and post-litigation negotiations between States influences the legal nature of the WTO dispute settlement system, which today remains to a large extent a mixed or hybrid system. This contrasts one of the mantras diffused in the legal scholarship immediately after the entry into force of the Uruguay Round Agreements. It also represents a vehicle for the potential fragmentation of the multilateral legal framework governing international trade, which contributes to undermining the idea of uniformity of the obligations arising under the WTO Agreements for all Members.

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47

Wirba, Ebenezer Lemven, Fiennasah Annif' Akem y Francis Menjo Baye. Scrutinizing the sticky floor/glass ceiling phenomena in the informal labour market in Cameroon: An unconditional quantile regression analysis. 13^a ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/947-1.

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Cameroon’s informal labour market largely harbours female workers, engaged mainly in low-productivity and low-paying jobs. We investigate the sticky floor and glass ceiling phenomena in the informal labour market as a whole and across its segments. We use the 2010 Cameroon labour market survey, employing the recentred influence function and blending the Oaxaca-Ransom and Neuman-Oaxaca decomposition methods. The resulting framework enables us to account for selectivity bias at the mean, resolve the index number problem of the standard decomposition, and examine earnings differentials across the unconditional earnings distribution. We find compelling evidence of a sticky floor phenomenon in the informal labour market manifested essentially among wage earners. Returns to experience mitigate the gender earnings gap at the mean, and 10th and 50th percentiles of the unconditional earnings distribution. Female workers have an unambiguous human-capital-based advantage over their male counterparts at the mean, lower tail, and median of the distribution.

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48

Goldstone, Jack A. Population Movements and Security. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.277.

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Population movements can affect security in a variety of ways. Aside from altering a society’s overall balance of population and physical resources, they exert a considerable influence on the institutions of society—the state, elite recruitment and social status, the military, labor organizations and peasant villages—in a way that undermines political and social order. The consequences of population movements for security can also be seen in differential population growth and migration, differential aging of different populations, and issues of resource allocation and climate change. The work of T. R. Malthus in the early nineteenth century advanced the argument that more people would put an undesirable burden on societies, and weaken them. Julian Simon turned the Malthusian argument on its head with his claim that people were the “ultimate resource,” and that the more people were around to work on solving the globe’s problems, the more likely it was that powerful solutions would be found. The debate between Malthusians, represented by Paul Ehrlich, and Cornucopians, represented by Simon, from the 1960s to the 1990s was primarily about the impact of population on economic growth. In the 1990s, a new direction emerged in the debate on population and security. This was the argument that population growth would lead to local shortages of critical resources such as farmland, water, and timber, and that these could trigger internal conflicts and even civil wars. These conflicts arise only where states and economies are relatively weak and unable to respond to population growth.

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49

Rolfe, Meredith y Stephanie Chan. Voting and Political Participation. Editado por Jennifer Nicoll Victor, Alexander H. Montgomery y Mark Lubell. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190228217.013.15.

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This chapter reviews the current literature’s findings on how political and social interactions shape voter turnout and other forms of political participation. Current studies, which use a wide range of methodological approaches, from natural experiments and surveys to mathematical modeling, have demonstrated that political networks are a crucial component of any analysis of political behavior. Debates over the potentially negative impact of political disagreement on participation have differentiated the negative impact of political isolation from the neutral impact of heterogenous political discussion environments, while also exploring factors that might moderate an individual’s response to disagreement. Many of the studies reviewed in this chapter reflect an increasing interest in how research design and analysis may be used to disentangle the various mechanisms through which networks might shape political behavior, as well as to distinguish between the relative impact of selection and influence.

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50

Mast, Jason L. Cultural Pragmatics and the Structure and Flow of Democratic Politics. Editado por Jeffrey C. Alexander, Ronald N. Jacobs y Philip Smith. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195377767.013.24.

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This article focuses on the performative dimensions, causes, and consequences of the struggle for political power in a fragmented and differentiated society committed to democracy and regulated by open and unabashed struggles for influence and public legitimation. It begins with a review of the literature in the fields of political sociology and political science that addresses how presidents conceive of and exercise their authority and legitimacy, and particularly how presidential power is used as an exercise in communicating with the public. It then introduces a cultural pragmatic approach to analyzing democratic politics, and specifically American political campaigns and presidential elections. Cultural pragmatics is a radically new form of cultural sociology that promises to maintain the emphasis on meaning while avoiding the drawbacks of ritual theory. This approach places emphasis on character and plot development, collective representations, and pragmatic embodiment through performance.

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