Tesis: "Diatopic variation in French"

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Mareschal, Claire de. "Français de France et français des Antilles à l'époque coloniale : étude de particularismes phonétiques, grammaticaux et lexicaux relevés dans les Prize Papers (1665-1793)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUL144.

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Des études portant sur le français des 17e et 18e siècles se dégage généralement une vision unitariste d'un français classique qui correspond à la langue écrite des grands auteurs. Or, de plus en plus, l'attention des chercheurs s'est tournée vers des sources documentaires susceptibles de révéler toute l'étendue des phénomènes variationnels qui caractérisent l'histoire de la langue. Une source non-littéraire a récemment fait l'objet d'un regain d'intérêt de la part des linguistes : le fonds français des Prize Papers, constitué de documents saisis par les corsaires anglais sur les bateaux français qu'ils avaient capturés, pour servir de preuve lors du procès déterminant si le navire vaincu était de bonne prise, c'est-à-dire capturé légalement. Comme ces navires transportaient le courrier échangé entre les Français installés aux Antilles et leur cercle familial et social demeuré en métropole, ces documents, conservés aux National Archives de Londres, sont en grande partie de nature épistolaire. La plupart furent rédigés par des scripteurs peu-lettrés, laissant apparaître diverses variantes d'ordre diatopique, diachronique ou diastratique, dont les attestations permettent de mieux connaître l'état du français tel qu'il était réellement pratiqué aux 17e et 18e siècles. Si les scripteurs sont bien soumis à la pression de la norme, comme en atteste le caractère souvent formulaire des lettres échangées, du moins la maîtrisent-ils imparfaitement. En particulier, l'étude de ce fonds participe à la reconstruction de ce que devait être le français colonial qui fut la base (l'input des créolistes) du français actuellement parlé aux Antilles et des créoles antillais à base française
Studies on 17th‑ and 18th‑century French generally give rise to an unitarist vision of a classical French based on the written language of a few great authors. However, researchers are more and more turning their attention to documentary sources that can reveal the full extent of the variational phenomena that characterize the history of the language. A non-literary source has recently attracted renewed interest from linguists: the French Prize Papers fund, i.e. documents seized by the English privateers on captured French ships, to be used as evidence during the trial determining whether they were taken legally or not. As these ships carried the mail exchanged between the French people settled in the West Indies and their Metropolitan relatives and connexions back home in Metropolitan France, these documents, held by the National Archives in London, are mainly letters. Most of them were written by writers with low literacy, revealing a variety of diatopic, diachronic and diastratic variants of phonetic, morphosyntactic or lexical nature. Although writers are indeed subject to the pressure of standards, as can be seen from the formulaic nature of the letters, at least they have an imperfect command of them; these attestations therefore provide a better understanding of the state of French as it was actually practised at the time. Furthermore, the study of the Prize Papers contributes to the reconstruction of what must have been colonial French, which was the origin of the French currently spoken in the West Indies, and was the input of French-based Antillean creoles

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2

Wissner, Inka. "Les diatopismes du français en Vendée et leur utilisation dans la littérature : l'œuvre contemporaine d'Yves Viollier". Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040111/document.

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Cette thèse de doctorat étudie l'utilisation discursive des régionalismes, ou diatopismes, du français en alliant les perspectives de la linguistique variationniste et de l'analyse du discours. L'étude fournit un développement conceptuel, terminologique et méthodologique détaillé en matière de diatopie et des contraintes qui pèsent sur l'usage de diatopismes dans le discours. Elle explicite en particulier la méthode d'analyse appliquée en termes différentiels, pour la description des diatopismes et l'interprétation des sources et des enquêtes de terrain menée par l'auteure, ainsi que pour l'analyse du discours. À partir de l'analyse des procédés discursifs qui présentent les diatopismes en autonymie (les mises en relief) et de leur distribution discursive, un nouveau paradigme sociopragmatique permet d'interpréter les caractéristiques pragmatiques et sociolinguistiques des diatopismes dans le discours. Le corps de l'analyse est présenté sous la forme d'articles dictionnairiques, complétant un modèle lexicographique différentiel de rubriques qui sont consacrées aux aspects discursifs et sociopragmatiques des diatopismes étudiés. L'analyse philologique porte sur tous les diatopismes qui sont mis en relief dans l'ensemble des vingt-six romans grand public du Vendéen Yves Viollier, publiés de 1972 à 2009, et qui appartiennent à la communauté sociolinguistique de ce dernier. L'étude montre que les mises en relief, tributaires de l'orientation réaliste des romans étudiés, sont relativement rares, et que la création de l'ethos du 'régional' passe dans ceux-ci par un choix original de diatopismes, et non par des clichés largement partagés
This doctoral dissertation studying the use of French regionalisms, or diatopicisms, in literature, is situated in the fields of variationist linguistics and of discourse analysis. The study offers a detailed description of the concepts and current terminology in the recent discipline of Francophone differential linguistics as well as in the related branches of French discourse analysis. It pays particular attention to the methods applied in the identification of diatopic elements and the interpretation of existing sources – completed by field studies conducted by the author – as well as for an appropriate discourse analysis of diatopicisms in literature. Developing a new sociopragmatic paradigm, the author analyses the strategies that present meta-linguistically highlighted diatopicisms and their textual distribution in order to interpret what these procedures say obliquely about the diatopicisms in terms of their pragmatic and sociolinguistic characteristics. The large corpus analysis is presented in the form of dictionary articles, based on a model developed in French differential lexicography, and enriched by sociopragmatic sections. The author analyses all highlighted diatopicisms in the twenty-six popular novels of Yves Viollier which belong to the latter's sociolinguistic community (Vendée). The study shows that the strategies highlighting diatopicisms in the analysed novels – published from 1972 to 2009, realist and partly regionalist – are relatively rare. The ethos of the novelist's home region is partly created by the use of diatopicisms – but this is achieved through original choices, rather than largely shared stereotypes

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3

Robertson, Julie. "Accommodative phonostylistic variation in conversational interaction". Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=62162.

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4

BOZKIR, EDA. "Genotypic variation of French bean yield and quality". Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/274908.

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Il fagiolino è il baccello immaturo di molte specie di fagiolo e in particolare del Phaseolus vulgaris, e rappresenta un importante coltura orticola in diversi ordinamenti colturali. Tuttavia, le informazioni su determinanti genetici della qualità del fagiolino, e in particolare del contenuto zuccherino e dell’acidità, non sono disponibili in letteratura scientifica. Scopo della presente tesi è quindi stato studiare le differenze genotipiche in diverse accessioni di fagiolino in termini di contenuto zuccherino, contenuto in acidi e pH. In particolare, sono stati condotti tre esperimenti, in laboratorio, serra e campo, e varie metodologie per l’analisi del contenuto zuccherino sono state esplorate. L’acido malico è stato sempre trovato in campioni concelati/surgelati. Il contenuto zuccherino è stato molto alto, ma variabile nei campioni freschi e basso e poco variabile in quelli congelati/surgelati. Nella prova in serra, sei genotipi sono stati studiati ed è emerso chiaramente che la dimensione del baccello aveva un forte controllo genotipico a parità di epoca di raccolta, mentre la resa e il numero di baccelli sono variati sia in funzione del genotipo, sia del momento di raccolta. Al contrario della serra, nella prova di campo il peso medio del baccello e il contenuto zuccherino non hanno mostrato differenze tra le tesi, mentre i genotipi hanno mostrato variazioni per il contenuto in acido malico e pH de baccello. Nella systematic map sull’amido resistente del fagiolo, è emerso che i lavori nel settore sono pochi, sebbene sufficienti a delineare alcune caratteristiche relazionate a questo carattere. In particolare, sono stati trovati 1893 studi complessivi relazionati al carattere in esame nelle specie vegetali, dei quali solo 327 riguardavano i legumi. Ad ogni modo, i risultati hanno mostrato che l’amido resistente del fagiolo può conferire al prodotto interessanti caratteristiche nutrizionali e tecnologiche, le quali vanno esplorate adeguatamente. In conclusione, il controllo genotipico sulla dimensione dei baccelli è apparso molto forte, analogamente al controllo sull’acidità. Questi caratteri, unitamente al contenuto in amido resistente, potrebbero essere presi in considerazione in futuri programmi di breeding.
French beans are the fresh pods of Phaseolus vulgaris, which is an important crop both for agriculture, breeding, and nutritional studies. Aim of this research was to evaluate the genotypic differences among various green bean genotypes in terms of Brix, acidity, and pH. Three experiments were performed in the greenhouse and field conditions. In the literature, the protocols related to the sugar analysis in green beans are a few and not always applicable mainly due to the pod structure of green beans (less water, more fiber). Thus, the 1st experiment in the greenhouse was dedicated to find the most suitable method for green bean analysis. The 2nd small-scale greenhouse experiment served to evaluate the genotypic differences, and the yield traits of green beans. In the 3rd experiment, the genotypes were treated with/without the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and the possible effects of AMF were evaluated. Finally, a systematic mapping of the resistant starch content of legumes, beans and green beans was conducted, to underline the health benefits and technological properties of RS. Fresh green beans contained higher levels of malic acid than frozen ones. Sugar content was high and variable among the genotypes, and more in fresh samples than frozen ones. The results of the 1st greenhouse experiment showed that the yield and number of the pods were changing by the genotype x time interaction. However, the mean pod weight was strongly controlled by the genotype. In the field experiment, AMF didn’t affect the sugar content and pod weight of the genotypes studied. In terms of pH and malic acid content, there were significant differences among the genotypes; the string beans (Striga genotype) had the highest malic acid content and had lower pH than all others. As a conclusion, for all the parameters studied in the greenhouse and field; especially the pod size and acidity seem to be strongly under genotypic control. The other parameters were highly variable among genotypes. The sugar contents are similar, but the acidity and pH levels seemed to shape the taste of green beans. Resistant starch content of green beans can additionally be included in future breeding studies to understand its effect on the taste and yield characteristics.

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5

Ben, Si Said Samir. "De la nature de la variation diatopique en kabyle : étude de la formation des singulier et pluriel nominaux". Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE2033/document.

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Cette thèse s’articule autour de la formation des noms et de la variation morpho-Phonologique dans les dialectes kabyles. L’analyse des données de mon propre dialecte AEH issues du dictionnaire de Dallet (1982) a montré que1. les éléments qui apparaissent au pluriel mais qui sont absents au singulier sont imprédictibles et ils font donc partie des ingrédients lexicaux de la racine ;2. à partir du dialecte d'AEH, j'ai dégagé la généralisation selon laquelle le pluriel a une taille constante de 5 unités CV. Il s'est avéré par la suite que cela est vrai en réalité pour l’ensemble des dialectes kabyles. Cette généralisation est basée sur les enquêtes de terrain que j'ai menées dans la région de Kabylie. Je propose aussi une analyse de la voyelle initiale en kabyle (et en berbère) qui prend en compte le scénario diachronique de Vycichl (1957) et Brugnatelli (1997) selon lequel en proto-Berbère il y a eu un figement d’anciens démonstratifs avec les noms. J’ai proposé que l’alternance a- (EL) vs w/u- (EA) est allomorphique. Par le même mouvement, j'ai affiné l’analyse de Bendjaballah (2011) en éliminant le CV qui épèle K (le cas). Dans mon analyse, la VII arrive avec son propre CV.Le cadre général de mon analyse est défini par la situation typologique du berbère : il s'agit d'une langue concaténative, puisqu'on ne peut attacher aucune information sémantique ou morpho-Syntaxique aux voyelles ni au gabarit ; la démonstration de la taille constante du pluriel établit par ailleurs que le berbère est gabaritique, i.e. que et les consonnes et les voyelles sont stockées ensemble dans la racine (vocalisée) et le gabarit sont stockés indépendamment dans le lexique. Si donc en sémitique est qu’en sémitique les ingrédients lexicaux d'un mot sont au nombre de trois (racine consonantique, voyelle, gabarit), en kabyle il y en a seulement deux (racine (vocalisée) et gabarit). Dans cet environnement gabaritique mais parfaitement concaténatif, la thèse développe une théorie de la variation diatopique dont les locus sont au nombre de deux : il s’agit d'une part de l’association d’une racine donnée à des gabarits différents dans différents dialectes, d'autre part de racines mélodiquement identiques mais dont des segments peuvent porter à travers les dialectes des instructions lexicales différentes quant à leur comportement lors de l'association. Etant donné le fait que les travaux sur la variation diatopique en afro-Asiatique sont clairsemés, il sera intéressant de voir si la variation dans d'autres langues fonctionne de la même façon.La façon dont la variation diatopique est gérée dans cette thèse se rapporte à la conjecture Borer-Chomsky que, suivant Oostendorp (2013), j’applique à la phonologie. Dans le cas du kabyle, la variation diatopique des singuliers n'implique pas des mécanismes différents de formation du pluriel (computation), mais des marquages lexicaux des racines à faire leur singulier dans telle ou telle classe. Enfin, j’espère que la thèse trouvera sa place dans le débat sur le statut de la racine et du gabarit dans le lexique mental des langues afro-Asiatiques : l'approche classique accorde un statut lexical, grammatical et cognitif indépendant à la racine et au gabarit, alors que la stem-Based morphology soutient que les deux unités cohabitent dans le lexique. Si la variation diatopique en kabyle fonctionne de la manière décrite, i.e. par l’association d’une racine donnée à des gabarits singuliers distincts à travers les dialectes, la racine et le gabarit représentent nécessairement deux unités lexicales indépendantes
This thesis deals with noun formation and morpho-Phonological variation in Kabyle dialects. The analysis of the data in my own dialecte AEH from Dallet (1982) dictionary showed that1) items that appear in the plural but are absent in the singular are unpredictable and they are part of the lexical root ingredients.2) from the dialect of AEH, I've proposed the generalization that the plural has a constant size 5 CV units. It turned out later that this is true in fact for all Kabyle dialects. This generalization is based on field research that I conducted in the Kabylie region.I also proposed an analysis of the initial vowel in Kabyle (and Berber) which takes into account the diachronic scenario of Vycichl (1957) et Brugnatelli (1997) that in Proto-Berber there has been a congealing former demonstrative with names. I suggested that alternating a-(EL) vs w/u (EA) is allomorphic. By the same movement, I refined analysis Bendjaballah (2011) by removing the CV that spells out K (the case). In my analysis, VII arrives with his own CV. The general framework of my analysis is defined by the Berber typological situation: it is a concatenative language, since we cannot attach any semantic or morpho-Syntactic information to vowels or template; demonstration of constant size plural also establishes that Berber is templatic, i.e. and that consonants and vowels are stored together in the root (vocalized) and the template are stored independently in the lexicon. If so Semitic lexical ingredients of a word are three in number (consonant root vowel template), in Kabyle there are only two (root (vocalized) and template).In this templatic but perfectly concatenative environment, the thesis develops a theory of diatopic variation whose locus are two in number: combination of a given root to different templates in different dialects in one hand, and in the other hand, roots melodically identical but whose segments can carry of across the dialects different lexical instructions about their behavior at time of association. Given the fact that work on diatopic variation in Afro-Asiatic are sparse, it will be interesting to see if the variation in other languages works in the same way.How diatopic variation is handled in this thesis relates to the Borer-Chomsky Conjecture that, according Oostendorp (2013), I apply to phonology. In the case of Kabyle, diatopic variation of singulars does not imply different mechanisms of plural formation (computation), but lexical markings to their unique roots in a particular class.Finally, I hope that the thesis will find its place in the debate on the status of the root and template in the mental lexicon of Afro-Asiatic languages: the classical approach gives an independent lexical, grammatical and cognitive status to the root and template, while the stem-Based morphology supports both units coexist in the lexicon. If diatopic variation in Kabyle works as described, i.e. by the association of a given root to a distinct singular templates across dialects, the root and template necessarily represent two independent tokens

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6

Latimer, Elizabeth. "Variation in the use of prepositions in Quebec French". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/30160.

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Using the combined approach of Variationist Sociolinguistics and Cognitive Linguistics, this thesis undertakes the classification and analysis of certain prepositions in spoken Quebec French. The study examines 21 interviews that make up part of the Corpus de français parlé au Québec (CFPQ). The aim of this thesis is to examine the use of the variables expressing the concept of ‘possession’, and those equivalent to English before/in front of and after/behind. These three variables are represented as (POSS), (ANTE) and (POST). An initial quantification of the variants is carried out, which establishes the contexts of production, and helps determine the areas of linguistic analysis to be explored. For the (POSS) variable, the data is examined in terms of linguistic factors such as the reference of the possessor, the avoidance of hiatus, and inalienable/alienable possession. Interpersonal variation is also considered, including age and gender in addition to level of education. From the Cognitive Linguistic perspective, we investigate ‘reference point theory’ and how it can shed light on the alternation between the variants. The (ANTE) and (POST) variables are studied in terms of the type of reference (i.e. locative or temporal), the locating noun category, and the age, sex, and level of education of the speakers. The Cognitive Linguistic theory of ‘subjectification’ is also considered for these two variables. For the (POSS) variable, the reference of the possessor and the level of education are seen to be important factors for the use of possessive à. In addition, the ‘reference point theory’ contributes to our understanding of the use of this variant. With the (ANTE) and (POST) variables certain variants are seen to be employed both with and without an overt complement. The variant devant is predominantly found in contexts involving narrative discourse, and the variants en avant and en avant de are preferred for locative reference. Once again, the Cognitive Sociolinguistic approach highlights the possibility that the difference in variant choice is linked to the speakers’ cognitive construal of the situation.

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7

Roberts, Nicholas Stephen. "A sociolinguistic study of grammatical variation in Martinique French". Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2871.

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This thesis is the first quantitative sociolinguistic study of grammatical variation in the French département et région d’outre-mer (DROM) of Martinique. Although Canadian varieties of French have been extensively studied within a Labovian framework, there is currently a dearth of variationist research focusing on varieties genetically related to European French. My doctoral work aims to address this gap in the research literature by presenting a sociolinguistic description of selected aspects of the variable grammar in a previously under-researched variety of French. The data for the present study were extracted from a corpus of spoken Martinique French which comprises approximately 16 hours of semi-directed sociolinguistic interviews conducted between December 2010 and February 2011. The analysis is based on a judgment sample of 32 native islanders from the Saint-Pierre arrondissement in the Northwest of Martinique, who were stratified by age, sex and educational level. Due to high levels of French/créole martiniquais bilingualism, informants’ frequency of use of French in interpersonal communication was measured using a modified version of Mougeon and Beniak’s (1991) languagerestriction index. My thesis specifically focuses on three morphosyntatic variables, namely the alternation between doubled and non-doubled subject NPs, the use/non-use of the morpheme ne in verbal negation and the variable expression of future temporal reference. I investigate the overall distribution of variant forms and determine whether the constraint systems for other varieties of French also hold in a Caribbean context. I also test and compare a range of statistical methods currently used in variationist research with the aim of providing a more comprehensive picture of the variable grammar in this regional DROM variety. Fixed-effects logistic regression models demonstrate that this Caribbean variety exhibits patterns of variation that distinguish it from other French speech communities. Mixed models further reorder and refine the respective constraint hierarchies, demonstrating the importance of considering random effects—such as individual speaker or lexical verb—when analysing sociolinguistic data. The combination of these statistical tools thus allows me to assess the extent to which such random effects constrain variation in Martinique French grammar. By contrasting variable usage in Martinique with that reported for communities in mainland France and francophone Canada, my doctoral thesis provides a localised as well as a global perspective on French morphosyntactic variability. This study therefore contributes to our understanding of the linguistic and social factors that unite and divide the French-speaking world. As such, it adds a French perspective to the extant literature on global linguistic trends (Meyerhoff & Niedzielski 2003; Buchstaller & D’Arcy 2009).

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8

Tristram, Anna Carolyn. "Variation and change in verbal agreement with collective nouns in French". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610195.

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9

Mitchell, Rebecca Alexandra. "A study in syntactic variation : mood usage in Gabonese French". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.615819.

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10

Armstrong, Nigel Robert. "A study of phonological variation in French secondary school pupils". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358079.

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11

Boughton, ZoeÌˆ Collette. "Phonological variation in contemporary standard french : a tale of two cities". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401835.

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12

Pooley, Timothy John. "Grammatical and phonological variation in the working-class French of Roubaix". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416088.

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13

Beaudoin, Sophie. "Attitudes d'enfants allophones et de leurs enseignants envers différens accents du français". Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81479.

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The following thesis reports on an investigation of the attitudes of allophone children and their teachers towards different French accents. Using the matched guise technique, a total of 108 children in grades 4, 5 and 6 (5 groups) evaluated samples of French spoken with a standard accent, a standard Quebec accent, an informal Quebec accent and a foreign accent. The pupils evaluated the accents based on eight criteria related to linguistic, professional and personal characteristics. Secondly, sub-groups from each class participated in a post-experimental discussion about the accents they had heard. The children's teachers were also interviewed privately, in order to give their opinions about the accents, and share their vision of an oral model for these allophone children attending French language schools in Montreal. Findings suggest a strong preference for standard accents, which is confirmed by the analysis of the post-experimental discussions.

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14

Courbon, Bruno. "Étude sémantique des mots "chance", "fortune", "hasard" et "risque" du XVIIIe au XXIe siècle : perspectives sur le lexique du français et ses usages". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO20041.

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La recherche a pour objet la structuration du champ lexical des mots « chance », « fortune », « hasard » et « risque » du XVIIIe au XXIe siècle. Témoin de mutations qu’a connues la civilisation occidentale durant cette période, ce champ, qui se rattache à la notion de fortune / hasard, présente une relative homogénéité sémantique.Les mots (et leurs dérivés) sont étudiés à travers le déploiement, la régulation et la répartition des normes d’usages, non seulement en français hexagonal, mais aussi en français québécois. L’étude se fonde sur l’exploitation de deux types de corpus. D’une part, un corpus d’articles extraits d’une cinquantaine de dictionnaires sert à mettre en évidence la productivité morphosémantique et sémantique de ces unités dans une perspective historique large. D’autre part, un grand ensemble d’énoncés diversifiés permet, par la mise au jour de types de contextes, d’effectuer un suivi diachronique des usages. L’approche continuiste des différences d’usages s’appuie sur une représentation fréquentielle des changements sémantiques.La thèse apporte une contribution à la question de la variation des usages et du changement sémantique, qui ouvre sur plusieurs perspectives. Elle se veut d’abord une réflexion sur la théorie et la méthodologie descriptives, appréhendées à la lumière de l’analyse de la nature et du rôle des corpus. Elle met ensuite en évidence l’importance de la dimension intersubjective dans l’activité de signification, en particulier le rôle déterminant des structures syntagmatiques dans l’établissement de nouveaux usages sémantiques. Enfin, elle permet de mettre en relation le changement sémantique avec les conditions sociohistoriques et les représentations collectives
The present study deals with the way in which the lexical field regrouping the words “chance”, “fortune”, “hazard” and “risqué” has been structured in the French language from the eighteenth century till the present day. Revealing major changes in western societies during this period of time, the field, which corresponds to the linguistic representation of the notion of fortune / hasard, presents a certain coherence.We have examined these words and their derived forms through the display, regulation, and distribution of norms of use, not only in Hexagonal French, but also in Quebec French. Two types of corpora have been analysed. On the one hand, a corpus of articles from around 50 dictionaries has been used to emphasize the lexical and semantic productivity of the different units on a large historical scale. On the other hand, in revealing context types, a set of texts reflecting French language varieties has allowed for carrying out a diachronic analysis of lexical uses. The continuist approach to semantic differences rests upon a frequential representation of semantic changes.The thesis brings a significant contribution to the question of usage variations and semantic change, providing new perspectives. It first deals with theory and methodology of lexical description, considered through the analysis of the nature and the role of corpora. It then evidences the central role of syntagmatic structures in the setting of new semantic uses. The study has finally put into relation semantic changes with their historical background and the collective representations of the time

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15

Kastronic, Laura. "A Comparative Variationist Approach to Morphosyntactic Variation in Hexagonal and Quebec French". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35493.

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French spoken in Quebec (QF) is largely considered to be vastly different from Hexagonal French (HF), spoken in France, but this assumption has not been tested empirically. Systematic and accountable analyses of morphosyntactic features in HF are generally absent from the current body of linguistic research on French, which precludes the possibility of reliable comparison. This dissertation addresses this gap through the systematic analysis of three different linguistic variables in spoken HF (the subjunctive mood, the expression of necessity, and the expression of pronominal indefiniteness), using the comparative variationist sociolinguistics framework, which seeks to account for variability in language by demonstrating that choices made by speakers are not random, but rather are constrained by various social and linguistic factors. The analysis tests whether the strong community trends that deviate from the prescribed standard, shown to be operative in QF (e.g., Poplack, Lealess & Dion 2013), are also present in the source variety (HF) and if so, whether the underlying conditioning of the variability is parallel across the two varieties. The results of this research reveal nearly identical underlying systems in both varieties in the case of the subjunctive mood and the expression of necessity. The most notable difference is the circumstantial proportion of specific lexical items (namely falloir que, which is strongly entrenched with the subjunctive mood in QF and is also the main variant used to express necessity), which is eventually linked to the different strategies employed in each variety to express indefinite necessity and indefiniteness more generally. The results of this research highlight the importance of considering the consequences of one change on another and how variability in one area of the grammar contributes to the larger picture. It also represents the first comparative variationist analysis of morphosyntactic variation in QF and HF, and thus contributes to clarifying our understanding of the (dis)similarities between the two varieties, in addition to offering insight into the relationship between transplanted dialects and their source variety more generally.

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16

Pickles, Michael. "The spoken French of teenagers in Perpignan : a study of phonological variation". Thesis, Lancaster University, 2011. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/68075/.

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This study is based on a sociophonological investigation of the French of adolescents in their final year of collège in Perpignan, in south-west France. Perpignan is the cultural and administrative centre of three inter-related areas: the French département of Pyrénées-Orientales, the region of Roussillon and the region within greater Catalonia referred to as Catalunya-Nord. It is a meeting point of languages and cultures from both Europe and North Africa. The thesis proposes that, within the context of Meridional French and Catalan, the spoken French of Perpignan adolescents is susceptible to standardisation and levelling processes. Through the in-depth analysis of three phonological features, in correlation with three social variables – gender, ethnolinguistic origin and socio-economic status – it aims to describe aspects of the contemporary variation and change of the speech of younger speakers. The introductory chapter addresses the context and objectives of the study and the scope and parameters of the investigation. Chapter 2 presents firstly, a brief summary of the historical evolution of the region of Roussillon and the city of Perpignan, and secondly, an overview of the linguistic situation and a discussion of the relative status and interaction of the three major linguistic influences present: Standard (northern) French, Meridional French, and Catalan. Chapter 3 gives a detailed account of the development of the project from initial concepts and in the light of discussions with significant interested researchers in Perpignan, and a description of the methodological processes employed, including the selection of social variables, the process of identification of a representative sub-group of informants as the focus for a detailed analysis and the question of transcription. Chapter 4 offers a presentation and discussion of the preliminary analyses of the Perpignan corpus and a brief overview of the issues surrounding the limitations of auditory accuracy. There follow three chapters presenting an in-depth analysis of each of the three phonological variables under investigation, with discussion of issues appropriate and specific to each variable. Chapter 5 is concerned with the realisation of schwa in word-final and phrase-final sites. Chapter 6 considers nasalisation processes and the related issue of phonemic assimilation before focussing on the nasalisation or non-nasalisation of vowels in Standard French nasal vowel sites. Chapter 7 discusses the realisation of the phoneme /R/, leading into a brief consideration of the notion of “terminality”. Chapter 8 presents an idiolectal synthesis of the individual informants within the sub-group, including features beyond the three linguistic variables specifically under investigation. This leads into the correlation of idiolectal features with the social variables. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the notion of “meridionality”. The concluding chapter draws together the significant issues raised by the investigation and considers directions and areas of potential further study. This study offers a contribution to a wider field of recent and current French regional phonological studies.

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17

van, Compernolle Rémi A. "From "y as plus personne qui parle" to "plus personne ne dit rien": The variable use of the negative particle ne in synchronous French chat". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3601/.

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This study analyzes negative particle variation (i.e., the variable presence or absence of the negative particle ne) in synchronous French chat discourse within a labovian-inspired framework. Selected morphosyntactic, lexical, and phonological constraints are considered. Multivariate analyses performed by GoldVarb 2001 revealed that subject type (i.e., NP, [- overt] subject environment, pronoun) and the phonological environment preceding the position of neregardless of its presence or absenceare determining factors in the variation. In addition, discursive-pragmatic effect was explored in a sub-sample of data. The results indicate that ne is seldom present in verbal negation during explanatory discourse style, yet it is very likely to be retained in ludic, emphatic, and proverbial styles.

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18

Kharrat, Laila Kiblawi. "An Age-based Etic Analysis of Orthographic Variation in Computer-mediated French Discourse". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc407821/.

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This study examines orthographic variation in synchronous computer-mediated French discourse. All nontraditional variations of selected frequently occuring items are quantified in order to provide an etic (i.e., from an external perspective) analysis. The primary variable of interest is age since this study focuses on providing a comparison of chat participants in their twenties versus those in their fifties. The widespread claim is that younger people communicate using more informal and/or nontraditional forms than older people; however, the results of the present study suggest that this is not always the case. The main finding of the present study is that the twentysomethings and the fiftysomethings produce the nontraditional orthography in a similar fashion in 52.2% of the terms, and in a non-similar fashion in 47.8% of the terms. Following the presentation and discussion of the results, directions for future research are provided.

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19

Zhong, Jingya. "Linguistic and socio-stylistic variation of the generic subject clitics on-tu/vous comparative study between French L1 and French L2". [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0025097.

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20

Verbeke, Martin R. J. "Rappers and linguistic variation : a study of non-standard language in selected Francophone rap tracks". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/22915.

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This thesis examines the use of non-standard language, more specifically non-standard vocabulary (i.e. slang, verlan, colloquialisms, vulgarities, foreign borrowings, and abbreviations), in a corpus of selected francophone rap tracks in order both to quantify its use and to investigate what determines its variation, focusing on the impact of diachronic, diatopic, gender and diaphasic determinants. The methodology relies on a lexicographic analysis to produce quantitative results which are then analysed qualitatively by means of extract analyses and semi-structured interviews with francophone rappers. To answer the research questions, the thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter presents the aforementioned methodology and the overall quantitative results from the thesis, while also introducing the notion of variation, which is then tackled in the last four chapters. The second chapter investigates diachronic determinants from two perspectives: different generations of rappers (1990/1991, 2001 and 2011) and one artist throughout his career (Akhenaton in 1991, 2011 and 2011). The third chapter looks at diatopic determinants, analysing the impact of ethnic and spatial origins. Three ethnic origins are compared (rappers of French, Algerian and Senegalese origin), together with three cities (Marseille, Paris and Brussels) and three departments (Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne). The fourth chapter focuses on gender determinants, with a comparison of male versus female rappers that also takes broader gender performativity into account. Finally, the fifth chapter examines the impact of diaphasic determinants. It analyses three rap genres (jazz/poetic, ego trip and knowledge rap), which then form the foundation for qualitative discussions of the effect of aesthetics, figures of speech, themes and performance. In conclusion, the contribution to knowledge of this work is the observation that the main determinant of high use of non-standard vocabulary is the performance of modern ego trip. The other determinants do not impact non-standard vocabulary to the same extent quantitatively or systematically, due to the complexity of the contextual and fluid identity performances involved with these determinants.

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21

Shroyer, Kathryn E. "Variation of French horn timbre over the frequency and intensity range of the instrument". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54498.

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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2009.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 36).
Timbre describes the perceptual difference between sounds with the same loudness and pitch generated from different sources such as different instruments. Each instrument has its own unique timbre making it distinguishable. Within each instrument however, this timbre changes slightly with respect to frequency and intensity of sound. This is perceived qualitatively by the use of words such as "bright", "mellow", "harsh" and many others to describe sounds of different intensity or frequency in a given instrument. However, this is only a subjective view and does not describe what changes in the acoustic properties produce these different timbres. This study quantitatively examined the change in timbre over the frequency and intensity range of the French horn. Two main acoustical properties were measured: number of frequency partials and shape of the spectral envelope, where "partials" refers to harmonics of the fundamental frequency. The parameter represented by the number of partials includes both the total number of partials as well as the number of partials with critical band overlap. The shape of the spectral envelope was characterized through its center frequency and width of the major peaks as well as the strength of the fundamental frequency. Each of these parameters was related to qualitative timbre descriptions such as "fullness" or "roughness". The results showed a significant change in timbre over the frequency and intensity range of the French horn. The extremes of French horn span from timbre that is "thin" and "smooth" to "rich" and "rough". Within this spectrum, low frequency notes and high intensity sounds lie at one end exhibiting "rich" and "rough" timbre. The high frequency and low intensity sounds lie at the other extreme exhibiting "thin" and "smooth" timbre. As frequency increases and intensity decreases the number of partials decreases and the spectral contour shifts from wide and flat to a strong narrow peak. This produces a timbre shift from sounds that seem "rough" and "rich" to those that seem "smooth" and "thin".
by Kathryn E. Shroyer.
S.B.

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22

Bernardi, Dave A. W. "La synthèse par ordinateur du français montréalais /". Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65928.

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23

Engel, Hugues. "Dislocation et référence aux entités en français L2 : Développement, interaction, variation". Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för franska, italienska och klassiska språk, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-38716.

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This thesis investigates the use and development of dislocations in oral productions by Swedish users of French as a second language (L2). Dislocations are highly frequent in French oral speech and play an essential role in building utterances. L2 users of French must therefore acquire the grammatical means necessary to build this structure as well as the pragmatic principles underlying its use. The study is empirical, and based on a corpus of oral productions from a wide range of non-native speakers (NNS), from beginners studying at university to L2 users who have spent many years in France. The analysis also includes oral productions from a control group of native speakers (NS). The aim is to identify a path of development by which the different forms and functions of dislocations are acquired. Furthermore, the study examines the influence of tasks on the use of dislocations, by analysing two tasks which place very different demands on the informants in terms of cognitive effort, namely interviews and retellings. The analysis focuses on two main kinds of dislocations: on the one hand, [moi je VP] (and its syntactical variants); on the other hand, dislocations referring to third entities (such as [NP il VP] and [NP c’est X]). The results show that both kinds go through a process of development in French L2. However, French learners seem to master the lexical dislocations referring to third entities as well as their pragmatic rules of use from the first stages of acquisition, yet with deviances in some cases. On the other hand, the frequency of use of [moi je VP] and its syntactical variants correlates highly with the level of development of the NNS. Moreover, there is a significantly greater frequency of dislocations in the NNS retelling tasks than in their interviews. In the NS group, the frequency of use remains comparable in both tasks. This difference between NS and NNS is probably due to the additional cognitive load that retellings demand compared with interviews—e.g., recalling the succession of events, solving the lexical problems posed by the story that is to be retold. It is proposed that this additional load may trigger, as a compensation strategy, an increase in the frequency of use of dislocations in the NNS speech.

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24

Lealess, Allison V. ""J'ai tout le temps eu de misère": A Variationist Study of Adverb Placement in Quebec French". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31163.

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This study investigates variable positioning of adverbs in compound verb tenses in vernacular Quebec French using the sociolinguistic framework of Variation Theory (Weinreich et al. 1968; Labov 1969). While variable adverb placement is addressed in both the prescriptive and linguistic literature, whether their explanations for it hold in practice remains to be determined; quantitative research of this phenomenon in usage-based corpora is limited, and rare in French. The research objectives are therefore to determine the productivity of variable adverb placement in French in these verbal contexts, to uncover the linguistic and/or social factors which constrain it, and to evaluate the extent to which current treatments of this variable in the literature accurately reflect what occurs in speech. Data is thus extracted from a corpus of spontaneous discourse, is coded for several linguistic and social factors, and is quantitatively analysed using standard variationist methodology (Poplack & Tagliamonte 2001). Overall rates of variant use suggest that variable adverb placement is robust, with adverbs occurring just slightly more frequently after the past participle than between the auxiliary and the participle; placement at the beginning of the sentence is rare. The results of the distributional and multivariate analyses largely confirm the purported conditioning effects of the tested linguistic factors, suggesting that prescriptive and theoretical linguistic approaches are generally correct in their accounts of this phenomenon. However, closer investigation reveals these effects to be sensitive to the lexical identity of the adverb, namely, their particular placement preferences; once these positioning predilections are taken into consideration, the conditioning effects of the linguistic factors essentially disappear. Sociodemographic factors are also found to be mildly implicated in variable adverb placement, and these too are sensitive to the influence of the lexical identity of the adverb. Ultimately, it is argued that this variable is primarily lexically-constrained, a finding which can be only minimally and indirectly inferred from the relevant literature. Taken together, the results of this study provide new and vital insight into the mechanisms underlying variable adverb placement in French, and also highlight the importance of quantitatively investigating such variable language phenomena in corpora of vernacular speech.

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25

Trencia, Pascale. "Pluricentric dubbing in French and Spanish: the translation of linguistic variation and prefabricated orality in films". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668119.

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El present estudi examina com es tradueix el discurs fílmic, especialment els elements marcadors de la variació lingüística, al francès i al castellà, dues llengües pluricèntriques, és a dir, llengües que tenen més d’un centre normatiu. El fet que diverses nacions adoptin mesures per promoure la indústria nacional del doblatge, en general per motius econòmics i culturals, en ocasions porta a duplicar les varietats de doblatge. Per tant, una qüestió clau és saber com es comparen aquestes versions doblades i com aconsegueixen transmetre la variació lingüística i la oralitat prefabricada a través de les seves respectives traduccions. L’objectiu d’aquesta investigació consisteix a examinar quines són les principals diferències i similituds entre el discurs fílmic doblat de Quebec i de França (per al francés) i d’Espanya i Amèrica Llatina (per a l’espanyol), sobre la base d’un estudi de la pel·lícula Death Proof (2007) de Quentin Tarantino. Aquesta pel·lícula va ser seleccionada pel seu alt nivell de variació lingüística i la importància que Tarantino dóna a la llengua (no estàndard) de les seves pel·lícules. Al Quebec, el principal motiu adduït per produir la seva pròpia versió doblada és escoltar la seva varietat francesa a la pantalla. Així, es podria suposar que les versions doblades a Quebec presenten característiques típiques del francès del Quebec. No obstant això, les investigacions anteriors sobre el tema mostren que al Quebec s’utilitza una varietat sense variació lingüística anomenada francès internacional, similar a l’espanyol neutre de la indústria del doblatge d’Amèrica Llatina. Vaig descobrir que la versió del Quebec presentava elements propis de la varietat del francès del França, que suggereixen la influència dels estàndards exògens. En aquesta investigació, vaig exainar aspectes claus del discurs de la pel·lícula doblada. Mentre que la majoria de versions doblades van transmetre una certa immediatesa comunicativa, els resultats de la versió llatinoamericana contrastaven amb els altres amb el seu alt nivell de distància comunicativa. A més, vaig descobrir que la majoria de versions doblades mostraven una orientació més aviat cap a la cultura font, incloent la versió de França, que ha estat qualificada de tenir tendències més domesticadores. En general, aquesta anàlisi em va ajudar a fer un retrat de les tradicions i pràctiques de traducció audiovisual en aquestes comunitats de parla.
The present study examines how filmic speech, especially the elements bearing marks of linguistic variation, are translated into French and Spanish, two pluricentric languages, that is, languages which have more than one normative centres. A number of nations adopt measures promoting their own national dubbing industry, usually for economic and cultural reasons, occasionally leading to more than one dubbed version for a same language. A key question, therefore, is to know how these dubbed versions compare to one another and how they manage to transmit linguistic variation and prefabricated orality through their respective translations. The purpose of this research is to examine the main differences and similarities between dubbed filmic speech from Quebec and France, and from Spain and Latin America, on the basis of a case study of Quentin Tarantino’s Death Proof (2007). This movie was selected for its high level of linguistic variation and the importance Tarantino gives to (non-standard) language in his films. In Quebec, the main reason evoked for producing its own dubbed version is to hear its French variety on screen. Thus, one could assume that the versions dubbed in Quebec feature characteristics typical of Quebec French. However, previous research addressing the topic showed that a variety supposedly free of linguistic variation, called ‘International French’ was used instead, not unlike the ‘Neutral Spanish’ known in the Latin American dubbing industry. I found out that the Quebec French version actually featured elements typical of the Franco-French variety, which suggest the influence of exogenous standards. In this investigation, I also examined key aspects of dubbed film speech. While most dubbed versions conveyed more or less communicative immediacy, results for the Latin American version contrasted with the others with its high level of communicative distance. Furthermore, I discovered that most dubbed versions displayed an orientation rather towards the source culture, including the Franco-French version, which has been qualified as having more domesticating tendencies. Overall, this analysis helped me draw an accurate portrait of the AVT traditions and practices in these speech communities.

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26

Ross, Michelle. "Genetic variation in the French Canadian populations of the Saguenay-Lac St. Jean and Charlevoix Regions". Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59994.

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The Saguenay-Lac St. Jean and Charlevoix regions of Quebec are characterized by high incidences of hereditary diseases such as vitamin D-dependent rickets type I (VDD1), cystic fibrosis, and tyrosinemia. This phenomenon may be due to founder effect or genetic drift. Therefore, one may also detect differences in allele frequencies of neutral polymorphisms between these populations and the general population. An assessment of genetic variation was performed utilizing genetic markers spanning chromosome 12q14. Allele frequencies for the genetic markers in the sample populations did not differ significantly from those published for other Caucasian populations. One haplotype, observed in strong linkage disequilibrium with the VDD1 mutation, was found to be infrequent on normal chromosomes. This suggests that all of the VDD1 mutant alleles could be identical by descent, in keeping with a founder effect for VDD1 in northeastern Quebec.

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27

Warren, Jane Lucinda. "A study of variation, based on the use and non-use of que in Montreal French". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336096.

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28

Jiborn, Catherine. "Actitudes lingüísticas hacia las variedadesdialectales del español : Un estudio sociolingüístico con profesores de españolcomo lengua extranjera (ELE) en Suecia". Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Spanska, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-28056.

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El propósito de este estudio es investigar las actitudes lingüísticas de tres grupos de profesores procedentes de España, Suecia y América Latina, hacia las variedades lingüísticas del español en la enseñanza del español como lengua extranjera (ELE) en Suecia.Los resultados, basados en un cuestionario con un grupo de informantes relativamente limitado, muestran que una clara mayoría opina que se debe enseñar tanto el español de Europa y de América Latina. Ninguno de los informantes tiene preferencia hacia el español de América Latina, mientras que una minoría considerable se inclina por un español de España. Esta actitud positiva hacia la variedad peninsular es más marcada entre profesores de origen español y entre los profesores que enseñan en el nivel primario en las escuelas suecas.En el cuestionario también se ha comparado la incorporación de aspectos gramaticales, lexicales y fonológicos. Se ha considerado que el grupo de informantes no es suficiente amplio como para poder generalizar los resultados.
The purpose of this study is to investigate three groups of teachers from Spain, Sweden and Latin America regarding their attitudes towards the varieties of Spanish in the teaching of Spanish as a foreign language (ELE) in Sweden.The results, based on a questionnaire with a relatively limited group of informants, show that a big majority of informants believe that both the Spanish of Spain and Latin American Spanish should be taught. None of the informants had the preference for teaching Latin American Spanish, while a considerable minority was inclined towards Spanish from Spain. This positive attitude towards the peninsular variety is more recognized among teachers of Spanish origin and among the teachers who teaches at the primary school level in Sweden.Grammatical, lexical and phonological aspects have also been compared in the questionnaire but the number of informants in each group was too small for the results to be generalized.

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29

Lindström, Eva. "L’acquisition du genre en français L2 – développement et variation". Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Romanska och klassiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-93043.

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This thesis investigates the developpment of gender agreement in determiners and adjectives in the spontaneous speech of L2 French by five groups of Swedish learners: beginners at the university, secondary school students, university students, teacher candidates and PhD students. Different types of determiners are examined, such as definite and the indefinite articles. Adjectival agreement is studied in different positions in relation to the noun, such as the attributive anteposition, the attributive postposition and the predicative position. The aim is to identify the developmental sequence of gender agreement through a longitudinal study of learners at different levels of acquisition. The analysis is based on spoken language, i.e. 81 interviews belonging to the InterFra-corpus, Stockholm University. Our data also includes 8 oral productions from a control group of native speakers. The study is in three parts: one for the agreement between determiners and nouns, another for the agreement between adjectives and nouns and, finally, a study considering agreement between all three items within the noun phrase, i.e. determiner, noun and adjective (Det-N-Adj). A sequence of acquisition for gender agreement on determiners and adjectives is proposed based on the productions of four learner groups and compared to the six developmental stages suggested by Bartning and Schlyter (2004). Results have showed that there is an acquisition order of gender agreement in different parts of the nominal phrase, according to the type of determiner and the positions of the adjective. A qualitative analysis has shown a random use of gender agreement on determiners and some nouns are used with both genders on the determiner. Also, the type-token ratio is very low at the beginning of the acquisition, which partly explains the high accuracy rate (100 %). The study considering agreement between all three constituents within the noun phrase revealed that advanced learners have higher accuracy rate for gender agreement on adjectives within the noun phrase with the presence of a determiner that marks gender distinction (i.e. a non-elided, singular determiner). Results also showed that the feminine form of the adjectives remains difficult at higher acquisitional levels.

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30

Foxen, Sarah Elizabeth. "Phonological variation, perception and language attitudes in the (Franco-)Belgian borderland". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/28879.

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The subject of this thesis is the French language in the Franco-Belgian borderland. More specifically, it investigates language, linguistic perceptions and language attitudes in the French-speaking part of Belgium which borders France. The study takes a variationist approach and is grounded in sociolinguistic theory, but it also draws on theories and methodologies from elsewhere in the social sciences. Two questions are at the heart of this study: how do people speak French in the Belgian borderland and why do they speak that way? To answer the research questions, speech and questionnaire data were gathered from 39 informants living in the borderland city of Tournai and its surrounding area. With this data, a variety of analyses were performed. Sociophonetic investigations were carried out on two phonological variables, namely the vocalic oppositions /e/-/ɛ/ and /o/-/ɔ/, draw-a-map task perceptual data were analysed through a ‘visual methods’ lens, and attitudinal data were also examined. Social variation in linguistic behaviour, perceptions and language attitudes was also analysed. The notions of ‘space’, ‘place’ and ‘spatiality’ were accorded considerable importance: the interactions between language and ‘space’ as the factors of ‘mobility’, ‘media consumption’, ‘sense of place’ and ‘regional belonging’ were also examined. The findings include that French in the Belgian borderland is more similar to that in France than to elsewhere in Francophone Belgium and that this is due to a number of factors. Moreover, the French in the borderland appears to be converging on that in France, although some differences persist. It was also found that spatial factors interact with both linguistic and social ones. Finally, it was concluded that whilst there is no longer a physical barrier at the national border, it persists to an extent as a psychological one, and this has ramifications for borderlanders’ behaviour: be it linguistic or otherwise.

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31

Simmonds, Helen Margaret. "Channelling change : evolution in Guernsey Norman French phonology". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/9246.

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This thesis examines evolution in the phonology of Guernesiais, the endangered variety of Norman French indigenous to the Channel Island of Guernsey. It identifies ways in which modern Guernesiais phonology differs from previous descriptions of the variety written between 1870 and 2008, and identifies new patterns of phonological variation which correlate with speaker place of origin within the island. This is accomplished through a combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses of a new corpus of speech data. The relationship between the data and other extralinguistic variables such as age and gender is also explored. The Guernsey 2010 corpus was gathered during linguistic interviews held with forty-nine adult native speakers of Guernesiais between July and September 2010. The interviews featured a word list translation task (English > Guernesiais), a series of socio-biographical questions, and a self-assessment questionnaire which sought to elicit information about the participants’ use of Guernesiais as well as their responses to questions relating to language revitalisation issues. The interviews resulted in over 40 hours of recorded material in addition to a bank of written socio-biographical, behavioural and attitudinal data. Analysis of the phonetically transcribed data revealed that a number of phonological features of Guernesiais have evolved, perhaps owing to greater contact with English or through other processes of language change such as levelling. Shifting patterns of diatopic variation indicate that south-western Guernesiais forms are spreading northwards, and this is echoed in the findings of the socio-biographical data. New evidence of diatopic variation in final consonant devoicing and word-final post-obstruent liquid deletion was also found. This thesis concludes that there is still considerable variation in the pronunciation of modern native speakers of Guernesiais, and that this correlates with place of origin within the island. While northern Guernesiais forms have not disappeared entirely, south-western Guernesiais appears set to become the de facto standard for the variety, especially as the political impetus for revitalisation is generated from this area of the island.

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32

Fionda, Maria Ida. "Spanish in contact with French and English in Montreal lexical borrowings, semantic extensions, loan translations and morphosyntactic variation /". [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0022778.

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33

Lopez, Antonia. "Étude linguistique du proverbe espagnol et de ses variantes en synchronie". Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100122.

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La présente thèse a pour objectif d’analyser la capacité du proverbe espagnol à se reproduire en plusieurs signifiants, i.e. des variantes, tout en maintenant un même signifié. Afin de mieux saisir le fonctionnement du système parémique, et de sa variation formelle, nous proposons une approche croisée entre une étude comparative interlinguale (proverbes castillans et proverbes dialectaux) et une étude contrastive entre trois langues : l’espagnol, le catalan et le galicien. Nous proposons d’envisager le proverbe comme une forme dépendant d’une matrice lexicale, qui inclut un invariant sémantique et un invariant syntaxique. La description de ces points fixes permet de reprendre et poser une alternative à la théorie du proverbe comme un signifiant entièrement figé, et de mesurer les altérations formelles qu’une matrice accepte. Nous avançons ainsi une approche variationnelle de cette catégorie linguistique, dans le but d’établir une typologie des altérations formelles et structurelles et d’avancer vers les différentes dimensions de la variation qui peuvent interagir sur les parémies : diachronique, diatopique, diastratique et diaphasique. La description syntaxique et sémantique des parémies relevées dans des ouvrages lexicographiques castillans, régionaux, catalan et galicien permet de mettre en avant l’existence d’une matrice commune à différentes langues et d’apprécier ainsi un système parémique relativement homogène dans les langues romanes péninsulaires. L’étude linguistique du proverbe, au prisme d’outils linguistiques comme la généricité implicative, la médiativité, les matrices lexicales, rimiques et rythmiques, permet d’établir les limites et les libertés des proverbes
This thesis aims to analyze the ability for a Spanish proverb to reproduce, by many signifiers, i.e. variants, while maintaining a same meaning. In order to establish better appreciation for the paremic system and its formal variation, we will present a crossover approach between an interlingual comparative study (Castilian and dialectal proverbs) and a contrastive analysis between three languages: Spanish, Catalan and Galician. We will consider the proverb as a form which depends on a lexical matrix, including a semantic and a syntactic invariant. By describing these fixed points, we can take up and propose an alternative to the proverb theory as a completely “frozen” signifier, and to evaluate formal alterations which a matrix allows. Thus, we propose a variational approach for this linguistical category, to establish a typology of formal and structural alterations and move towards the various dimensions in variation which can interact with paremia. There can be diachronic, diatopic, diastratic and diaphasic variations. The syntactic and semantic description for paremias, that have been identified in Castilian, regional, Catalan and Galician lexicographic books, highlights the existence of a common matrix to different languages. It thus allows to asses a relatively homogeneous paremic system in peninsular Latin languages. Through the prism of linguistical tools as implicative genericity, mediativity, or lexical and rhythmic matrices, the linguistic study of proverbs allows to establish their limits and freedoms

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Eng, Thérèse. "Traduire l´oral en une ou deux lignes : Étude traductologique du sous-titrage français de films suédois contemporains". Doctoral thesis, Växjö universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-1635.

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This dissertation is a comparative investigation of the work of two subtitlers of Swedish films translated into French in the last decade of 20th century. It is a look at how they try to render the illusion of spoken language in the written line that is a subtitle. This effect has to be created despite the constraints of time, synchronisation, readability, and the limited number of characters available to work with. We have shown that the subtitles examined in this work include many of the characteristics typical of spoken French. These characteristics can be classified as belonging to the Phonetic, the Lexical or the Syntactic level. At the lexical level we can see that the translators use expressions with a lower style-level than the originals but manage to avoid being too shocking, innovative or destabilizing for the audience. We have also shown diastratic language differences in translation: our subtitlers strengthen characters of social differences by using a different language style depending on the status that the person in question has. Because of the polysemiotic nature of film it is not the primary purpose of a subtitler to translate everything. Typically verbal speech characteristics such as repetition, hesitation, incomplete phrases and non-informational expressions that are often seen as less acceptable in the written word are normally sacrificed in subtitles. On the other hand, we could not show that the original language (Swedish) had a sizable impact on the style and construction of the subtitles. We also looked at possible stylistic differences between the two subtitlers translations and tried to find out if the “voice” of the subtitler shone through. If so, we were interested in attempting to see if a difference could be caused by the fact that one of the subtitlers has French as her native language while the other translates from his second language. We were not able to relate the cause of the difference of style we observed to anything other than the original dialogue’s changing style-levels. In which direction the verbal content in subtitles will develop is an interesting and relevant question. In this work we have identified a development of style that has taken place during recent years in French subtitles to Swedish films. This development goes from a previous situation where the style of the spoken word was practically unused compared to today’s more frequent and systematic use.

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Guryev, Alexander. "La forme des interrogatives dans le Corpus suisse de SMS en français : étude multidimensionnelle". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA045.

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La présente thèse s’inscrit dans le projet FNS Sinergia 136230 “SMS communication in Switzerland: Facets of Linguistic Variation in a Multilingual Country”. Ella a pour but d’étudier la variabilité formelle des questions dans le Corpus suisse de SMS en français, en montrant comment l’analyse des données en provenance des interactions informelles autres que l’oral spontané – telles que messagerie instantanée, SMS, WhatsApp, etc. – peut nous permettre d’élargir les horizons et de porter un nouveau regard sur les phénomènes de la variation syntaxique. En effet, le français est réputé pour la variété importante de structures interrogatives : trois variantes pour la question totale (Tu vas au cours ?, Vas-tu au cours ?, Est-ce que tu vas au cours ?), et au moins six ou huit pour la question partielle (Tu vas où ?, Où tu vas ?, Où vas-tu ?, Où va ton frère ?, Où est-ce que tu vas ?, Qui va au cours ?, Où c’est que tu vas ?, C’est où que tu vas ?). Cette thèse vise, en conséquence, à comprendre comment les scripteurs de messages sont amenés à choisir entre les différentes variantes à disposition. L’hypothèse que nous faisons dans cette thèse est fonctionnaliste : elle postule que sous la pression de différents types de contraintes, aussi bien linguistiques que non linguistiques, le scripteur choisit telle variante qui lui permet de parvenir au mieux à ses fins communicatives. Afin d’identifier les différents types de contraintes ou de facteurs susceptibles d’avoir une incidence sur le choix des variantes, nous appliquons un modèle d’analyse multidimensionnel qui s’intéresse simultanément aux paramètres grammaticaux, interactionnels et sociolinguistiques
This thesis is part of the project FNS Sinergia 136230 "SMS communication in Switzerland: Facets of Linguistic Variation in a Multilingual Country". The aim of the thesis is to provide analysis of the variety of French interrogative structures in the Swiss SMS Corpus. It also attempts to show how the data originating from spontaneous electronic interaction (instant messaging, texting, WhatsApp, etc.) allows us to broaden the scope and to take a new look at the phenomena of syntactic variation. The French language is known for the wide variety of interrogative structures: 3 variants for yes/no questions (Tu vas au cours ?, Vas-tu au cours ?, Est-ce que tu vas au cours ?), and at least six or eight variants for wh- questions (Tu vas où ?, Où tu vas ?, Où vas-tu ?, Où va ton frère ?, Où est-ce que tu vas ?, Qui va au cours ?, Où c’est que tu vas ?, C’est où que tu vas ?). Therefore, our goal is to understand how SMS writers make the choice between available French interrogative structures. The hypothesis of this study is functionalist: it postulates that under the pressure of various linguistic and non-linguistic constraints, the SMS writer chooses that variant which allows him to best achieve given communicative goals. In order to identify different types of constraints or factors that may influence the choice of variants, a multidimensional analysis model is applied which focuses simultaneously on grammatical, interactional and sociolinguistic parameters

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Cherrington, Emil. "Towards ecologically consistent remote sensing mapping of tree communities in French Guiana:". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-222860.

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Tropical forests, which provide important ecosystem functions and services, are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic pressures. This has resulted in an urgent need to understand tree species diversity of those forests. Where knowledge of that diversity is largely from the botanical surveys and local ecological studies, data must inevitably be up-scaled from point observations to the landscape and regional level if a holistic perspective is required. This thesis explores aspects of the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of canopy reflectance patterns over the forests of French Guiana, in order to assess whether this information could help defining an ecologically consistent forest typology. To gain insight into both the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of French Guiana’s forests, instrumental artefacts affecting the satellite data first had to be addressed. Data used in this study represent the spectral response of forest canopies, and the way in which such data are captured makes them susceptible to the ‘bi-directional reflectance distribution function’ (BRDF). BRDF indicates that objects do not reflect light in equal proportions in all directions (isotropically). Thus, forest canopies will reflect light anisotropically depending on factors including canopy roughness, leaf optical properties and inclination, and the position of the sun relative to the sensor. The second chapter of this thesis examines how BRDF affects the canopy reflectance of forests in French Guiana, and how not correcting for BRDF affects spectral classifications of those forests. When monthly reflectance data corrected for the artefact are examined, these suggest seasonally-occurring changes in forest structure or spectral properties of French Guiana’s forests. The third chapter of this thesis thus examines temporal effects of BRDF, and used cross-regional comparisons and plot-level radiative transfer modelling to seek to understand the drivers of the monthly variation of the forests’ canopy reflectance. For the latter, the Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART) model was used along with aerial laser scanning (ALS) observations over different forest structures, indicating that the observed variation in reflectance (and derivatives known as vegetation indices) could not be explained by monthly variations in solar direction. At the regional scale, it was also demonstrated that forests in the Guiana Shield possess temporal variation distinct from forests in central Africa or northern Borneo, forests also lying just above the Equator. Had the observed temporal variation in vegetation indices been the result of BRDF, it would have been expected that the forests in the three zones would have similar patterns of variation, which they did not. Central African forests appear to have their greening synchronized with rainfall, whereas forests in the Guianas appear synchronized with the availability of solar radiation. Further analysis of the vegetation index time-series of observations also indicated that different types of forests in French Guiana possess distinct patterns of temporal variation, suggesting that tropical forest types can be discriminated on the basis of their respective “temporal signatures.” That was exploited in the fourth chapter of the thesis, which maps forests in French Guiana based on their combined spatio-temporal canopy reflectance patterns and by so doing presents a novel way of addressing forest typology, based on ecologically meaningful information. The thesis presented demonstrates that it is possible to adequately address remote sensing data artefacts to examine patterns of spatial and temporal variation in tropical forests. It has shown that phenological patterns of tropical rainforests can be deduced from remote sensing data, and that forest types can be mapped based on spatio-temporal canopy reflectance patterns. It is thus an important contribution to understand the ecology of tropical forests in French Guiana and to improve the toolbox of scientists dealing with the identification of spatio-temporal patterns observable in forests at the landscape level.

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Rehner, Katherine A. "Variation in the spoken French of grade 9 and 12 students from extended French programmes in the Greater Toronto area, negative particle ne, expressions of restriction, and markers of consequence". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq27374.pdf.

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Gaucher, Damien Fabien Rémi. "The agreement of the past participle in spoken French, as a sociolinguistic variable : production and perception". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/14724.

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This study represents a sociolinguistic contribution to the analysis of Past Participle Agreement (PPA) in [avoir+PP] constructions. In spoken French, this agreement is marked only for gender, and is subject to much variation in the production of speakers of French. The objectives of this thesis are twofold: firstly, to observe the variable in the context of production, by a quantitative study of several corpora. Variation in the production of PPA is tested against linguistic factors, such as the position of the participle in the verbal group where it appears. Social and stylistic factors are also considered, notably the socioprofessional category of the speaker. These analyses reveal that agreement is conditioned by a complex interaction of these factors. The second objective is the design of a Matched Guise Test, based on scripted conversations. This test was carried out with a view to measuring the extent to which the presence or absence of marked PPA, often considered a typical result of normative pressures, affects the stereotypical social representation of a speaker. Differences in informants' judgements were modest, and two issues are discussed with regard to this: firstly, the validity of the methodology, and secondly, the evaluation of PPA as a sociolinguistic marker. Both parts of this thesis reflect the methodological issues pertaining to the investigation of a rare variable.

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39

Boyd, Zac. "Cross-linguistic variation of /s/ as an index of non-normative sexual orientation and masculinity in French and German men". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33201.

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This thesis examines phonetic variation of /s/ in bilingual French and German gay and straight men. Previous studies have shown sibilant variation, specifically the voiceless sibilant /s/, to correlate with constructions of gay identity and 'gay sounding voices' in both production and perception. While most of this work concerns English, researchers have also explored /s/ variation and sexual orientation or non-normative masculinity in Afrikaans, Danish, Hungarian, and Spanish. Importantly, with the exception of only a small number of studies, this body of work has largely left the realm of /s/ variation and sexual orientation in bilingual speakers unexplored, and furthermore there is very little work which examines these voices in the context of French and German. The analyses show that some gay French and German men produce /s/ with a higher centre of gravity (CoG) and more negative skew than the straight speakers of the study, a result which dovetails with previous studies in languages such as English. Unlike English however, French and German listeners do not appear to associate /s/ variation with sexual orientation or (non)normative masculinities. I argue that the gay speakers who produce /s/ with a higher CoG than the other speakers of the study are doing so as a way to distance themselves from hegemonic masculinity. This thesis is structured into three stand-alone journal articles bookended with introductory and conclusion chapters which tie them together in the broader picture of /s/ variation and French/German speakers and listeners. The first of the three articles expands upon the previously established linguistic framework of indexing gayness by exploring /s/ variation in native and non-native speech, examining how the linguistic construction of gay identity interacts between their English production and the constraints of their native language. The data draws on read speech of 19 gay and straight French and German men across their L1 and L2 English to explore the social meaning of /s/. Results show that some gay speakers produce /s/ with a higher centre of gravity (CoG) and more negative skew than the straight speakers. These results are consistent with previous findings, which show sibilant variation to index sexual orientation in monolingual gay men's speech, and provide evidence of this feature correlating with sexual orientation in French and German. Furthermore, the results presented here call for a greater level of inquiry into how the gay speakers who employ this feature construct their gay identities beyond a purely gay/straight dichotomy. The second study reports the results of a cross-linguistic matched guise test examining the role of /s/ variation and pitch in judgements of sexual orientation and non-normative masculinity in English, French, and German listeners. Listeners responded to manipulations of /s/ and pitch in their native language and all other stimuli languages (English, French, German, and Estonian). All listener groups rate higher pitch stimuli as more gay and more effeminate sounding than lower pitch guises. However, only the English listeners hear [s+] guises as sounding more gay and more effeminate than the [s] or [s-] guises. This effect is seen not only in their native language, but across all stimuli languages. French and German listeners, despite previous evidence showing /s/ to vary according to sexual orientation in men's speech, do not hear [s+] guises as more gay or more effeminate in any of the stimuli languages including their native French or German. The final of the three articles takes the findings of the first two papers and attempts to reconcile the production/perception mismatch seen when comparing the results of the first two papers. The first article in this thesis revealed two groups of speakers which form the basis for analysis for this paper. The first group is a heterogeneous group of gay and straight speakers whose average /s/ productions are below 7,000 Hz ([s] speakers) and the second is a homogeneous group of gay speakers producing average /s/ CoG above 7,000 Hz ([s+] speakers). The analysis shows style shifting across task type with both groups of speakers producing higher /s/ CoG productions in L1 read speech contexts than any of the L2 speech contexts. Style shifting across conversation topic reveals that the [s+] speakers are producing higher /s/ CoG when discussing their coming out stories and topics of LGBT involvement. I argue that these [s+] speakers are employing these higher frequency /s/ variants to construct a very specific and identifiable gay persona, that of a counter-hegemonic effeminate gay man. This thesis is among the first to examine phonetic qualities of gay bilingual speakers and the ways in which they may index their sexual orientation. The inclusion of bilingual French and German speakers adds to our growing knowledge of ways in which these individuals navigate and construct their identities within both their L1 and, specifically, within an L2. In this regard, this thesis contributes to the growing body of knowledge concerning socioindexicality in L2 production more generally. This work thus speaks to these gaps within the sociolinguistic literature and provides strong evidence that /s/ variation is a valuable resource for some French and German men in the construction of a certain type of gay identity.

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40

McCourt, Claire A. "Learner use of French second-person pronouns in synchronous electronic communication". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9753/.

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This study analyzes students' use of the French second-person pronouns tu (T) and vous (V) in small-group (2-3 students) inter-learner online chat sessions. The influence of internal linguistic factors (i.e., turn type and morphosyntactic environment) on learners' appropriate vs. inappropriate use of these pronouns is considered. The study also investigates the influence of Instructional Level on tu-vous use and the extent to which students from different instructional levels provide various types of peer assistance (e.g., lexical, morphosyntactic, and sociolinguistic/pragmatic) . Pronoun use was extremely unstable for learners of all levels, and a Kruskal-Wallis analysis revealed that Instructional Level did not significantly affect appropriate T/V use overall. Instructional Level and Syntax did, however, significantly affect interrogative T/V use, as shown through multivariate analyses. Peer-assisted performance was limited to lexical retrieval. Pedagogical recommendations are presented for teaching and learning second-person pronouns in French.

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Amazouz, Djegdjiga. "Linguistic and phonetic investigations of French-Algerian Arabic code-switching : large corpus studies using automatic speech processing". Thesis, Paris 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA030006.

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Cette thèse présente des recherches linguistiques et phonétiques sur le code-switching Français-Arabe Algérien. Un corpus de 7h30 de parole (5h de parole spontané et 2h30 de parole lue) a été constitué en enregistrant 20 hommes et femmes parlant le français et l'arabe algérien. Cette thèse présente également les méthodes de traitement des données orales du code-switching telles que la segmentation de la parole, la segmentation des énoncés de code-switching ainsi que la transcription du français et du dialecte arabe algérien. Cette thèse présente également des méthodes d'alignement automatique de ces données bilingues ainsi qu'un alignement combiné de deux alignements monolingues. Nous avons mené des expériences basées sur l'alignement automatique avec des variations qui traitent de la question de l'influence d'un système phonologique d'une langue A sur des productions phonétiques en code-switching du français et de l'arabe algérien. Nous avons d'abord abordé la variation en réalisant une étude sur la variation des voyelles, dans des productions en langue française et en arabe algérien. Nous avons aussi abordé les consonnes emphatiques et l'emphatisation des deux langues. Enfin, nous avons également travaillé sur les géminées et la gémination dans les productions langagières en code-switching. Les résultats ont montré que le code-switching FR-AA se caractérise par des changements de langues très courts qui sont un réel défi pour l’identification des langues dans le code-switching. Le code-switching a un impact sur la variation phonétique des voyelles et des consonnes. La parole du code-switching permet au locuteur de produire moins de variation de voyelles et de consonnes que la parole monolingue
This thesis proposes linguistic and phonetic investigations of French-Algerian Arabic code-switching. A corpus of 7h30 of speech (5h of spontaneous speech and 2h30 of read speech) has been designed with 20 males and females French-Algerian Arabic speakers.This thesis also proposes code-switching speech data processing methods such as language segmentation, code-switching utterance segmentation and transcription of French and Algerian Arabic dialect. Automatic speech alignment methods of the code-switching data are proposed with combined alignment of two monolingual alignments. We conducted experiments based on language automatic identification and automatic alignment with variations that deals with the question of the influence of a phonological system of a language A on code-switching speech in phonetic productions of French and Algerian Arabic. We dealt first with identifying the language change boundaries. We performed also a variation study on vowel variation, in both French and Arabic productions. Finally, we dealt with three types of consonant variation in the code-switching speech: gemination, emphatization and voicing consonant as variants in production. The results shown that the code-switching French-Algerian Arabic is characterized by very short language switches witch constitute a big challenge to the code-switching languages identification . The code-switching has an impact of the phonetic variation in both vowel and consonants. The code-switching allows the speakers to produce less vowel and consonant variation than the monolingual speech

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42

Reinhardt, Janina [Verfasser]. "Regularity and Variation in French Direct Interrogatives : The Morphosyntax and Intonation of Question Forms in Reality TV Shows, Audio Books and Teaching Materials / Janina Reinhardt". Konstanz : KOPS Universität Konstanz, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1188202723/34.

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Discher, Christian. "Identități hibride în comunitatea imigranților români". Universität Potsdam, 2013. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2013/6778/.

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In articolul cu titlul "Identități hibride în comunitatea imigranților români" sunt prezentate rezultate parțiale precum și anumite analize a citatelor vorbitorilor din proiectul meu de doctorat cu titlul Sprachkontakt, Migration und Variation: Die frankophone Integration von Rumänen in Paris nach 1989. Lingvistica migratoare observă mișcările migranților români după căderea cortinei de fier. Aceștia au fost nevoiți să suporte consecințele managementului eronat al sistemului comunist. Între 1989 și 2012 mii de români au pǎrǎsit țara. Începând de atunci numărul imigranților români în Paris a crescut în mod significant. Scopul acestei contribuții este ilustrarea identității sociale a comunității migrante. În centrul lucrării se află descrierea procesului cultural și integrării lingvistice prin observarea dezvoltării a noi identități hibride.
In this article are partial results from selected quotes from Romanians used in my dissertation titled “Sprachkontakt, Migration und Variation: Die frankophone Integration von Rumänen in Paris nach 1989.” A branch of linguistics that accounts for the movements of migrants observes that after the fall of the Iron Curtain the Romanian people had to face the consequences of the communists’ mismanagement. Between 1989 and 2012, thousands of people in formerly Soviet-controlled countries left their homes to move west. Since then, the number of Romanian immigrants in Paris has risen significantly. In order to retrace the process of cultural and linguistic integration, the aim of this work is to illustrate the social identity of the migrant community in which hybrid identities have evolved.

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44

Lecomte, Valérie. "Le statut de la variation dans l'enseignement du français à l'école élémentaire : Analyse de représentations d'enseignants de la grande section au CM2". Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CERG0886.

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Les enseignants de l’école élémentaire sont tenus de faire respecter la norme et d’enseigner le français scolaire (français standard enseigné et appris dans les classes) qui se présente comme une langue homogène éliminant toute variation sociale ou dialectale.Or, les pratiques langagières des élèves laissent souvent apparaitre des variétés de français plus ou moins éloignées du français scolaire qui font apparaitre les phénomènes de variation du français. L’institution scolaire véhicule une vision normative du français qui s’impose au travers du système scolaire comme une expansion de la langue écrite. Les enseignants peuvent idéaliser ce français scolaire et nier l’existence d’une hétérogénéité langagière pourtant présente.L’enjeu de la recherche est d’articuler le cadrage institutionnel (les textes officiels, les dispositifs de formation …) à la diversité et à la singularité des représentations que les enseignants de l’école élémentaire ont de la variation, afin d’apporter une contribution à la didactique.Nous analyserons les représentations d’enseignants de l’école élémentaire, pour montrer comment ils perçoivent les différentes variétés employées par leurs élèves et quelle image plus ou moins idéalisée ils se forgent de la langue qu’ils enseignent.Nous tenterons de savoir s’il est possible de faire évoluer les représentations des enseignants en les amenant à reconsidérer leur attachement au français scolaire et à accepter dans une perspective d’ouverture variationniste de s’appuyer davantage sur les variétés parlées par les élèves
Primary school teachers are expected to respect the norm and teach school French (standard french which is taught and learnt in the classroom) which is presented as a homogenous and reported language and which eliminates all possible social variations and dialect diffences.However students language use often reveals varieties in French, some far removed, others close to standardised french, which show elements of variation in the french language. Educational institutions present a normative image of the spoken language which is imposed throughout the school system as being an extension of the written form. Teachers can idealise this school french and even deny the existence of a different type of language which is however present.The aim of this research is to move the institutional framework (official texts, training techniques) towards a more diverse and varied perception for primary school teachers in order to contribute to the didactic.We will analyse primary school teacher’s représentations to show how they see the different language varieties employed by their students and what image they create of the language they teach whether it be more or less idealised.We will strive to find out if it is possible for teachers perceptions to evolve by leading them to reassess their attachment to traditional school french and to accept a wider, varied perception of the language by relying more on the spoken varieties used by their students

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Italia, Magali. "Variation et variétés morphosyntaxiques du français parlé au Gabon". Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00787612.

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La thèse consiste en une comparaison entre deux types de français parlé par des locuteurs gabonais ayant le français comme langue seconde (d'ailleurs unique langue officielle du Gabon) : des locuteurs âgés et peu ou non scolarisés et des jeunes gens entre 17 et 25 ans, avec un niveau scolaire de troisième. La différence du nombre d'années de scolarisation des locuteurs induirait des compétences différentes en langue française. Le niveau sociolinguistique conditionnerait le niveau linguistique des locuteurs, ce qui les classerait dans des catégories clivées et imperméables, aux pôles inférieur et médian, selon la répartition sociolinguistique des locuteurs communément admise. Cette comparaison étudiée à partir de la morphologie du verbe et de l'utilisation du matériau morphologique à travers les concepts de personne, d'époque et d'aspect va permettre de vérifier cette hypothèse. Elle mettra également en avant les différentes variétés de français en présence, rendra compte du degré de la variation du français pour chaque locuteur et tentera d'établir des liens linguistiques entre les locuteurs sur le continuum linguistique.

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46

Akpossan, Johanne. "La consonne /R/ comme indice de la variation lectale : cas du français en contact avec le créole guadeloupéen". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA030010/document.

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Cette thèse a pour objectif de définir l’apport de la phonétique expérimentale dans l’identification d’une variété lectale, en prenant pour exemple les langues parlées en Guadeloupe. En Guadeloupe, deux langues cohabitent : le français et le créole. Mais, dans les faits, il y a une diversité de variétés de français d’une part, et de créole d’autre part. Chacune de ces variétés va de l’acrolecte au basilecte en passant par le mésolecte : il y a donc un continuum français et un continuum créole. La situation sociolinguistique de la Guadeloupe peut être ainsi représentée par un double continuum.Ces différentes variétés de français peuvent-elles se distinguer par des caractéristiques (1) acoustiques, (2) phonétiques, (3) phonologiques et (4) perceptives de la consonne /R/? La durée du contact avec le créole, a t-elle une influence sur la variété de français parlée par un locuteur ?Nos résultats montrent que plus la variété de français est basilectale, (1) plus la diffusion de l’énergie spectrale du /R/ est faible avec un taux de bruit réduit et une hauteur moyenne des fréquences basse ; (2) plus la variante fricatisée du /R/ est rare et plus la variante approximante est fréquente ; (3) plus le taux d’élision du /R/ en coda de syllabe augmente ainsi que le taux de réalisation de /R/ en tant que [w] en contexte labial; (4) plus la variété est perçue comme ayant un faible degré d’accent français. Généralement, plus la durée du contact entre le français et le créole est longue, plus cette variété est basilectale.Si les caractéristiques de la consonne /R/ permettent de discriminer la variété acrolectale de la variété basilectale (variétés extrêmes), il apparait plus difficile d’établir une liste d’indices (ou « lectomètres ») qui permettraient d’identifier les variétés se trouvant dans la zone intermédiaire : le mésolecte est doté d’une certaine imprévisibilité
The goal of this thesis is to determine the contribution of experimental phonetics in the identification of a lectal variety, in taking for example languages spoken in Guadeloupe. In Guadeloupe, two languages coexist : French and Creole. But in fact, there is a diversity of varieties of French on the one hand, and of Creole on the other hand. Each of these varieties goes from acrolect to basilect through mesolect : so there are a French continuum and a Creole continuum. Thus, the sociolinguistic situation of Guadeloupe can be represented by a double continuum.These different varieties of French can they be distinguished by (1) acoustic, (2) phonetic, (3) phonological (4) and perceptual characteristics of /R/ consonant? Does the contact duration with Creole have an influence on the variety of French spoken by a speaker?Our results show that the more basilectal the variety of French is, (1) the lower spectral diffusion of /R/ energy is, with a reduced rate noise and a low frequency mean; (2) the more infrequent /R/ constrictive variants are and the more common /R/ approximant variants are ; (3) the greater rates of /R/ elision in coda of syllable and /R/ realization as [w] in labial context increase ;(4) and the more the variety is perceived as having a low degree of French accent. Usually, the longer duration of the contact between French and Creole is, the more basilectal the variety of French is.If characteristics of /R/ consonant can distinguish acrolect and basilect (extreme varieties), it’s not so easy to establish a list of indications (or « lectomètres ») in order to identify varieties in the intermediate zone: mesolect has a certain unpredictability

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47

Cárcamo, García Marina. "Las actitudes y creencias de aprendientes brasileños de ELE hacia las variedades diatópicas del español : El caso de las formas de tratamiento". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Romanska och klassiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-131069.

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En Brasil, la variación lingüística diatópica adquiere relevancia en la enseñanza de español como lengua extranjera, debido a la situación geográfica del país entre Hispanoaméricana y a causa de sus relaciones económicas y culturales, por una parte, con los demás países latinoamericanos, cuya lengua oficial es el español, y por otra, con España. El presente trabajo se centra en el estudio de las actitudes y creencias lingüísticas hacia las variedades diatópicas del español por parte de estudiantes universitarios brasileños de ELE, ya que dichas actitudes y creencias desempeñan un importante papel en la motivación que tienen por aprender, y por ende, en su grado de adquisición de la lengua extranjera. Además de estudiar sistemáticamente las percepciones y las actitudes en relación con las variedades del español, este estudio busca investigar concretamente las actitudes hacia las formas de tratamiento en español (tú, vos, usted, vosotros y ustedes), ya que suponen realizaciones lingüísticas ciertamente variables, tanto geográfica como estilísticamente. Asimismo, contemplamos analizar si existen relaciones entre la proficiencia lingüística de los encuestados, su perfil académico y el contacto que tienen con hablantes de variedades de español y las actitudes generales que declaran tener hacia tales variedades. En base a datos empíricos, consideramos las implicaciones que tienen los resultados para la enseñanza de ELE en un contexto en el que el español se concibe como una lengua pluricéntrica. Para investigar estas variables, utilizamos un cuestionario, que suministramos a 60 estudiantes que cursan español en el Centro de Ensino de Línguas de la Universidade Estadual de Campinas y que, además, realizan sus estudios en esta misma universidad. A través de técnicas de observación de actitudes tanto directas como indirectas, y mediante el estudio cuantitativo y cualitativo de las variables que analizamos, concluimos que existe una prevalencia por las variedades latinoamericanas con respecto a la variedad peninsular por parte de los estudiantes brasileños de ELE, lo cual supone un contraste con investigaciones previas realizadas en este ámbito. En el caso de las actitudes hacia las formas de tratamiento, los resultados de la investigación muestran que no existe una correspondencia de estas actitudes con las actitudes generales hacia las variedades diatópicas, puesto que la forma vos, característica exclusivamente de variedades latinoamericanas, se concibe como una de las menos utilizadas y una de las más innecesarias en el uso de la lengua española.
In Brazil, diatopic language variation gains importance in the teaching of Spanish as a foreign language, due to the geographic situation of Brazil between Spanish America and as a result of its economic and cultural relations, on the one hand, with the other Latin American countries, whose official language is Spanish, and on the other hand, with Spain. This paper focuses on the study of attitudes and linguistic beliefs towards diatopic varieties of Spanish by Brazilian students of Spanish as a Foreign Language (SFL), since such attitudes and beliefs play an important role in motivating students to learn, and therefore, in their acquisition level of the foreign language. Apart from systematically studying the perceptions and attitudes regarding the diatopic varieties of Spanish, this study seeks to specifically investigate attitudes towards the forms of address in Spanish (tú, vos, usted, vosotros and ustedes), because it is a variable linguistic topic, both geographically and stylistically. Furthermore, it studies the relationship between language proficiency of the students, their academic profile and their contact with speakers of varieties of Spanish as well as the general attitudes that they have towards Hispanic varieties. Based on empirical data, the discussion considers implications for teaching of SFL in a context where Spanish is conceived as a pluricentric language. To investigate all these variables, a questionnaire was distributed to 60 Brazilian students enrolled in the Spanish courses of the Language Learning Centre at the University of Campinas, who also follow their undergraduate and posgraduate studies at the same university. Using both direct and indirect observation techniques regarding attitudes, and quantitative and qualitative analysis, the paper concludes that there is a preference for the Latin American varieties compared to the Peninsular varieties amongst Brazilian students of Spanish. These results are different from the ones presented in previous research in this area. In the case of attitudes towards the forms of address in Spanish, the results show that there is no correspondence of these attitudes with the general attitudes towards diatopic varieties, since vos, which is exclusively characteristic of the Latin American varieties, is conceived as one of the least used and most unnecessary forms in Spanish.

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48

Nyawalo, Shureka. "La phonologie du français bordelais : une analyse dans le cadre du Projet de la Phonologie du Français Contemporain (PFC)". Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BOR30034/document.

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Ce travail propose une description et une analyse de la phonologie du français parlé à Bordeaux et dans son agglomération, à partir d’un corpus d’enquêtes réalisées suivant la méthodologie et le protocole développés dans le cadre du Projet de la Phonologie du Français Contemporain (PFC), développé par Jacques Durand (ERSS, Université de Toulouse-Le Mirail), Bernard Laks (MoDyCo, Université de Paris X) et Chantal Lyche (Universités d’Oslo et de Tromsø). Plusieurs aspects de la phonologie du français bordelais sont abordés, en prenant en compte la diversité diastratique des locuteurs et les différences diaphasiques des tâches linguistiques, en particulier la question des lois de position des voyelles, la liaison et le schwa. L’étude détaillée ici se base sur l’analyse d’entretiens enregistrés réalisés auprès de dix-huit adultes venant de Bordeaux et de son agglomération. Les participants à cette enquête ont été interviewés entre juin et juillet 2015, selon le protocole du Projet PFC, et les enregistrements ont été transcrits, codés et analysés par l’auteure, également selon les protocoles du Projet PFC. Les locuteurs ont été sélectionnés de manière à représenter une diversité équilibrée en termes d’âge, de sexe, de niveaux d’études, de milieu socioéconomique/culturel et de situation géographique pendant l’enfance. Nous observons des tendances dans la réalisation de plusieurs phénomènes phonologiques. La liaison et le schwa sont utilisés plus en lecture de texte qu’en conversation libre. Cependant, le schwa est réalisé le moins dans la lecture de la liste de mots. Une analyse diachronique révèle que les Bordelais actuels suivent la Loi de Position davantage comparé aux locuteurs décrits dans les travaux précédents. Nous constatons que l’âge apparaît comme un facteur statistiquement significatif dans la diversité diastratique pour cet échantillon de locuteurs. Nous considérons également la variation diatopique, diaphasique et diachronique. Ce travail contribue à l’étude de la variation du français parlé aujourd’hui
This study provides a description and an analysis of the French spoken in Bordeaux and the surrounding communities, based on a corpus of studies following the methodology and the protocol developed within the framework of the Contemporary French Phonology (PFC) Project, developed by Jacques Durand (ERSS, University of Toulouse-Le Mirail), Bernard Laks (MoDyCo, University of Paris X) and Chantal Lyche (University of Oslo and University of Tromsø). Several aspects of the phonology of Bordeaux French are studied, taking into consideration the sociolinguistic diversity of the speakers and the stylistic differences of the linguistic tasks, specifically the Loi de Position for vowels, liaison and schwa. The study detailed here is based on the analysis of audio-recorded interviews of eighteen adults from Bordeaux and the surrounding communities. The participants in this study were interviewed between June and July 2015, according to PFC protocol, and the recordings were transcribed, coded and analyzed by the author, also in accordance with PFC protocol. The speakers were selected in order to represent a balanced diversity in terms of age, sex, level of education, socioeconomic/cultural background, and childhood neighborhood. We observe patterns in terms of the realization of several phonological phenomena. Liaison and schwa are used more in the reading task than in conversation. However, schwa is used the least in the word list. A diachronic analysis reveals that the people from Bordeaux today follow the Loi de Position more than the speakers described in previous research did. We conclude that age is shown to be a statistically significant sociolinguistic factor for this sample of speakers. We also take into account variation in terms of geography, style and chronology. This work contributes to the study of phonological variation in spoken French today

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Bah, Abdoul Hamidy. "Dynamique des langues et variation du français en milieu urbain en Guinée : cas de la ville de Conakry". Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON30045.

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Cette thèse présente les résultats d’une recherche sur la dynamique des langues d’une part et l’expansion et la variation du français d’autre part dans la ville de Conakry. Dans ce contexte urbain et plurilingue, il est intéressant de voir la place qu’occupe chaque langue dans le paysage linguistique guinéen. D’autant plus que la question sur le rôle des langues dans le développent socio-économique de la Guinée en particulier et des pays africains en général se pose avec acuité dans les prises de décision politique. Dans une perspective sociolinguistique, les langues en présence sont observées sous un angle dynamique. Ce qui fait apparaître des variations dans les pratiques langagières des Conakrykas. Une analyse des représentations socio-langagières et identitaires des locuteurs a permis d’expliquer les raisons pour lesquelles le français tend progressivement à occuper le rôle de langue véhiculaire dans la ville de Conakry. Une analyse des particularités linguistiques du français parlé par les locuteurs, a permis de mettre en exergue la nécessité de prendre en compte les caractéristiques des langues guinéennes dans les choix pédagogiques de l’enseignement du français en Guinée. En définitive, l’objectif de cette recherche est de comprendre dynamique du français à Conakry, tant sur le plan sociolinguistique que sur le plan linguistique
This thesis presents the results of a research on the dynamism of languages on one hand, and the expansions and variations of the French language in the city of Conakry on the other hand. In this urban and multilingual context, it is interesting to see the place of each language in the Guinean linguistic landscape. Especially because the question of the role of languages in the socio-economic development of Guinea in particular and the African countries in general rises with acuity in the political decision-making. In a sociolinguistic perspective, the languages in presence are observed under a dynamic angle. Which shows variations in languages practices of Conakry’s people. An analysis of sociolinguistic and identity representation of the speakers has enabled to explain the reason why the French language is progressively about to be the vehicular language in the city of Conakry. An analysis of the linguistics particularity of the French language spoken allowed to (bring) out the necessity of taking into account the features of the Guinean languages in the educational choices of the French teaching in Guinea. Eventually, the objective of this research is to understand the dynamism of the French language in Conakry both on the sociolinguistic and linguistic aspect

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50

Bossone, Alessandra. "Le Dictionnaire des régionalismes du français médiéval (DRFM) : principes méthodologiques, résultats et perspectives". Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLP046.

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L’objectif principal de notre travail consiste à mettre en évidence de manière systématique le lexique régional propre à une aire délimitée du domaine d’oïl, à savoir l’aire sud-orientale comprenant les régions de la Lorraine, de la Bourgogne, de la Franche-Comté et de la Champagne. Notre recherche consistera en premier lieu en l’identification des mots régionaux dans un corpus de textes médiévaux des 13e et 14e siècles. Une fois cette identification réalisée, nous rédigerons des articles lexicographiques élaborés permettant de traiter de la manière la plus adéquate la régionalité médiévale. Ces articles s’appuieront non seulement sur le corpus mais aussi sur l’intégralité de la documentation disponible dans la lexicographie de référence. Ils rendront ainsi possible une réflexion sur la genèse et l’évolution des régionalismes en question. Le travail interprétatif qui accompagnera l’identification et le traitement des matériaux consistera en une analyse de l’ensemble du vocabulaire régional identifié
This study aims to describe and analyse the linguistic variation of Medieval French, focusing on lexicon. The geographical area that I analyse includes the North-Eastern regions of France: Lorraine, Bourgogne, Franche-Comté and Champagne. First, I will identify the words who reveal a regional distribution in a corpus of texts from the 13–14th centuries; I will analyse each regional word though a lexicographical article with a focus on the etymology and the semantic changes. Secondly, I will categorize the regional vocabulary aiming at identifying its origin and its spread in the medieval linguistic space

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