Tesis sobre el tema "Diagnostic de vulnérabilité climatique"
Crea una cita precisa en los estilos APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard y otros
Consulte los 50 mejores tesis para su investigación sobre el tema "Diagnostic de vulnérabilité climatique".
Junto a cada fuente en la lista de referencias hay un botón "Agregar a la bibliografía". Pulsa este botón, y generaremos automáticamente la referencia bibliográfica para la obra elegida en el estilo de cita que necesites: APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, etc.
También puede descargar el texto completo de la publicación académica en formato pdf y leer en línea su resumen siempre que esté disponible en los metadatos.
Explore tesis sobre una amplia variedad de disciplinas y organice su bibliografía correctamente.
Courquin, Valentin. "Caractérisation, impacts, et gestion de la variabilité climatique sur l'activité des entreprises européennes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENSAM, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ENAME059.
Texto completoIn the context of tightening regulations, European companies are facing increasing challenges in managing physical climate risks. The CSRD directive now requires businesses to assess the impact of these risks on their operations, making precise and actionable solutions essential. This thesis aims to address these requirements by developing a Climate Vulnerability Assessment (DVC), designed to evaluate and quantify physical climate risks for each geolocated asset of a company. The methodology is based on the analysis of climate data and the calculation of climate indicators using the latest reanalysis models and climate projections. These indicators enable the development of specific metrics, such as climate anomalies and accelerations, to more accurately assess the impact of physical climate risks. The DVC thus serves as a key tool for designing adaptation strategies to climate risks, with a particular focus on flood risks
Jacquemin, Coralie. "Vulnérabilité des lacs de haute altitude au changement climatique". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0012.
Texto completoThis thesis provides a better understanding of phytoplankton controlling factors and phytoplankton sensitivity to climate change in high altitude lakes. These themes were addressed by an in situ monitoring conducted for two years in six french alpine lakes and by two series of microcosms experiments in which natural phytoplankton communities were exposed to a temperature increase and to different contexts of nutrient availability (N and P). Our results showed that the taxonomic and functional composition is partly regulated by the nutrient deposition regime and by lakes’ catchment characteristics. In lakes exposed to moderate N and P deposition regime, having a larger catchment increases the probability of N limitation and the ecological performance of mixotroph taxa in late summer phytoplankton communities. In lakes exposed to high N and P deposition regime, strict photoautotroph chlorophytes dominate phytoplankton communities in late summer, whatever the catchment characteristics. Lakes exposed to moderate N and P deposition regime appeared to be more vulnerable to the decline of mixotroph taxa and to the development of cyanobacteria while lakes exposed to high N and P deposition regime appeared to be more vulnerable to chlorophyte development. Ultimately, this research provides insights on the vulnerability of french alpine lakes to climate change
Badolo, Félix. "Chocs de prix, vulnérabilité climatique et sécurité alimentaire dans les pays en développement". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CLF10416/document.
Texto completoOver the period 2006-2008, the prices of most of agricultural commodities considerably increased. One of the explanatory factors of this surge in prices is climate change. Indeed, rainfall instability and extreme temperatures negatively affect agricultural crops and lead to reduced food supply in international markets, which contributes to the rise in food prices. Soaring food prices and climate change raise serious concerns regarding inflation and welfare of households in the world and especially in poor countries that depend on food imports. In a first chapter, using econometric models applied to temporal series, we show that rising oil prices and fluctuations in the U.S. dollar are the main causes of the rise in world food prices. In a second chapter, using the threshold cointegration tests, we highlight the fact that the imported rice prices in the local markets of Burkina Faso respond more rapidly to increases than to decreases in the world price. In a third chapter, we show that the increase in the world rice price has a negative effect on poverty and income inequality in Burkina Faso. The effect is lower in the rice-producing areas but remains negative. The fourth chapter highlights the significant and negative effect of climate variability on food security in developing countries. The effect is higher in African countries than in other countries. The main message of this thesis is that developing countries and especially African countries are highly vulnerable to food price shocks and to climate change. This vulnerability might be explained by the fact that these countries depend on food imports and have an agricultural sector sensitive to climate variability. Initiatives for the social protection of poor households are required due to limited food access caused by soaring food prices. Investments for sustained agricultural growth are also required. These are for example investments for the improvement of rural infrastructure and agricultural services as well as development of new agricultural practices less sensitive to climate
Lempereur, Morine. "Variabilité saisonnière et interannuelle de la croissance du chêne vert méditerranéen et vulnérabilité au changement climatique". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS075/document.
Texto completoTree secondary growth is responsible for woody biomass accumulation and is a major component of carbon storage in forest ecosystems. Environmental constraints on secondary growth in Mediterranean ecosystems must, however, be described in more to details to better understand how they will be modified by climate change. This dissertation aims at studying the functional responses of Mediterranean holm oak (Quercus ilex) to seasonal and inter-annual climate variations through the study of carbon allocation to secondary growth. Different experimental approaches, at spatial scales ranging from tree rings to the ecosystem and at temporal scales from the day to several decades, were used to identify the main environmental constraints (water availability, temperature warming, competition) to secondary growth and carbon isotopic composition of tree rings. The phenology of stem growth shows evidence for a direct environmental control on annual growth by winter temperature and summer drought that is more limiting than the carbon supply from photosynthesis. Climate change from 1968 to 2013 resulted in earlier water limitation on secondary growth, which was compensated by earlier growth onset, due to warmer winter temperature, and higher water use efficiency, due to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration. Thinning reduced tree mortality and increased stem growth, so thinning management in old holm oak coppices could prepare the ecosystem to better withstand the increasing drought forecasted for the Mediterranean region
Thierion, Charlotte. "Modélisation du fonctionnement de l'aquifère alluvial du fossé rhénan supérieur, vulnérabilité sous l'impact du changement climatique". Phd thesis, Centre de géosciences (Fontainebleau, Seine et Marne), 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ENMP0052.
Texto completoThis Phd focuses on the hydrogeological modelling of the upper Rhine graben alluvial aquifer. This hydrosystem of regional importance is located in the French-German part of the Rhine basin. The aquifer is characterized by important river-aquifer interactions which have not been accurately quantified due to their high variations over space and time. The hydrogeological model developed with the MODCOU software includes the plain where the aquifer lies, as well as mountainous catchments characterized by heavy precipitations and subsurface flow towards the Rhine alluvial aquifer. The sensitivity of the model to several hydrodynamic parameters was tested, and statistical analysis of simulated and observed piezometric heads and river flows allowed estimating that rivers infiltration accounts for more than three quarters of the water table recharge. The impact of climate change on the functioning of the basin was then assessed using several general circulation models, SRES emission scenarios and hydrodynamic parameter sets. The climate projections show contrasted trends, which lead to a rather strong dispersion of river flows and piezometric levels responses. However there is a general decline of the aquifer recharge which increases by 2100. Changes in the seasonality of flow are rather homogeneous for all projections. The uncertainty analysis show that the hydrodynamic parameters explain only a small part of variance between models, and that the main sources of uncertainty are the climate models and emission scenarios
Thierion, Charlotte. "Modélisation du fonctionnement de l'aquifère alluvial du fossé rhénan supérieur, vulnérabilité sous l'impact du changement climatique". Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00667218.
Texto completoDiallo, Alassane. "Changement climatique et migrations humaines au Sénégal : une approche en termes de vulnérabilité du système socio-écologique". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAE004/document.
Texto completoClimate change and human migration are two major issues of our time. Starting from the observation of a dichotomous knowledge between maximalists and minimalists, which results in a limited capacity of scientific research to take into account the dynamic and complex interactions between climate and human migrations, this thesis proposes a better understanding and explanation of the climate-migration relations through a renewed and integrative approach (the vulnerability of the socio-ecological system). It aims to fulfill two objectives. On the one hand, to produce new knowledges those take into accounts socio-ecological interactions and feedbacks at different spatial and temporal scales and, on the other hand, to propose a quantified instrumentation of these social-ecological interactions and feedback. This contribution could serve as a starting point for a decision-making tool to evolve towards more targeted and effective policies.This thesis emphasizes a certain difficulty in highlighting a robust relationship between climate change and migration in the Sahel region. This latter, often seen as a relatively homogeneous entity, presents complex socio-economic and physical-climatic spatial heterogeneities that do not allow a stronger understanding of migratory movements which are in change since the 1970s. For this purpose, a reduced complexity model, based both on a partitioning of the study area (Senegal) and a partitioning of data (agro-ecological zones and regions of Senegal), is mobilized as a framework for the analysis of social-ecological migrations in terms of vulnerability induced by climate change. Thus, the innovative heuristic framework built (knowledge model with a sequencing of variables) has made it possible to instrument the climate-migration relationships within Senegal.Our results show an accelerating/amplifying climatic effect of interregional migrations underlying the living conditions of populations. In general, climate alone is not sufficient to "produce" migration. The climatic effects channel through the socio-economic variables (initial vulnerability). Under these results, we retained in fine the name of "eco-climatic migrants". Thus, policies relating to eco-climatic migration in this western part of the Sahel should move towards both: (i) development issues by reducing socio-economic vulnerabilities (poverty and inequality) by acting on the environment and the populations consistently and extensively respectively; and (ii) climate economics issues by reducing the physical-climatic vulnerability through appropriate mitigating and adapting policies to face climate change
Simonet, C. "CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE, CHOCS PLUVIOMETRIQUES ET SECURITE ALIMENTAIRE : ESSAIS SUR L'USAGE DE L'INFORMATION CLIMATIQUE EN ECONOMIE DU DEVELOPPEMENT". Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00859800.
Texto completoLardy, Romain. "Calcul intensif pour l'évaluation de la vulnérabilité en utilisant une approche d'Ingénierie Dirigée par les Modèles : application à la vulnérabilité des prairies au changement climatique sous contraintes de plans d'expériences". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CLF22352/document.
Texto completoVulnerability is the degree to which human or environmental systems are likely toexperience harm due to a perturbation or a stress. In the last years, it has become a centralfocus of the global change (including climate change). Assessing the vulnerability of agroecosystemsto climate change is one of the priority areas of the French National Institute ofAgronomic Research (INRA). The climate change literature contains many explanations ofvulnerability, stemming from the notion of sensitivity to more complex ideas, yet takinginto account the exposure history of the system up to residual impacts of climate changeafter adaptation. In the framework of the activities of the INRA’s Grassland EcosystemResearch Unit (UREP) of Clermont-Ferrand, interest is on vulnerability of grassland andlivestock systems against the risk of reduced milk and forage production, and against theproblem of increased greenhouse gas emissions that comes with the production ofgrassland ecosystem services.Vulnerability assessment has similarities with sensitivity analysis and is based onsimulations of the target system, forced to respond to the changes of stress factors. Due tothe cascade of uncertainties in climate change impacts assessment, a large number ofsimulations are necessary. In this context, the need to reduce user waiting time calls for theconception of an appropriate experimental plan, as well as the use of high performancecomputing. Moreover, vulnerability assessment may consist of many steps, such asdesigning the experiment (choice of agro-ecological model, variables of interest, scenarios,reference thresholds, parameters distribution …), designing of the experimental plans,regressing response surfaces, computing metrics (e.g. vulnerability indices) and optimizingvulnerability (through designing and evaluating adaptation measures). To our knowledge,no specific tool has been built or validated, in order to facilitate the implementation ofmost of these tasks. Thus, the goal of this thesis was to propose a generic method toperform a comprehensive vulnerability analysis to climate change. The work in this thesishas begun with a review of the concept of vulnerability and the proposal of a genericapproach, based on a critical synthesis of the state of the art. Then, with a Model DrivenEngineering approach, we have developed a computer tool for vulnerability analysis. Thistool, implemented with the modelling framework Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF) isgeneric, modular and allows the distribution and interpretation of simulation results.Finally, application examples of climate change vulnerability assessment were achievedwith the previously proposed solutions. This approach relied, in particular, on the use ofthe grassland ecosystem biogeochemical model PaSim ([Riedo et al., 1998], [Vuichard2007a], [Graux 2011])
Sautier, Marion. "Outiller l’adaptation des élevages herbagers au changement climatique : de l’analyse de la vulnérabilité à la conception participative de systèmes d’élevage". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013INPT0144/document.
Texto completoAgricultural systems are exposed to climate change since they use climate-dependent resources. The current challenge for research is to produce knowledge, methods and tools to help farmers to anticipate and to cope with the effects of climate change on their systems. Climate change influences fodder production in seasonality and productivity and thus grassland-based livestock systems. The adaptation of those systems to climate change requires anticipating trends and inter-annual variability. The aim of this thesis is to propose a vulnerability assessment of grassland-based livestock systems to climate variability and climate change, and a method to design such systems. The thesis specifies and implements the vulnerability framework to livestock systems and develops a participatory design method. The whole approach articulates the representation of climate exposure in relation with management constraints of livestock systems, the retrospective analysis of livestock farms dynamics and the participatory design of grassland-based livestock systems that are less vulnerable to climate variability and change. We implemented this approach on cattle systems in South-West France. We have demonstrated that those cattle systems will be exposed to a change in the seasonality of grassland production and in the most frequent forage years. However, they have enough structural and organizational capacities to cope with climate change by 2085. We also identified sensitivity sources to extreme climatic events and the most efficient adaptations to cope with it. This approach helps to understand and reduce the vulnerability of grassland-based livestock systems to climate variability and change. In addition, this interactive and reflexive approach is an opportunity to make farmers and rural development actors aware of climate change, its consequences and the possible adaptations of livestock systems
Houndenou, Constant. "Variabilité climatique et maïsiculture en milieu tropical humide : l'exemple du Bénin, diagnostic et modélisation". Dijon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999DIJOL033.
Texto completoLiégeois, Marie. "Des aléas et des hommes : élaboration d'une méthode de diagnostic de la vulnérabilité à l'aléa érosion". Lyon, Ecole normale supérieure, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENSF0031.
Texto completoBourgeaud, Luana. "Histoire évolutive et potentiel adaptatif : une approche éco-évolutive de la vulnérabilité des espèces aux changements climatiques". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30263.
Texto completoUnderstanding the processes influencing the geographical distribution of species is one of the main aims in ecology and is of particular interest since climate change caused by human activities is currently leading to the geographical redistribution of species. In this context, we explored the temporal dynamics of the climatic niche (the set of climatic requirements of a species) in an attempt to determine species' ability to cope with climate change. To do this, we investigated historical rates of climatic niche change which describe past climatic niche changes that occurred over the course of species evolutionary history assuming that past climatic changes reflect current climate change. Following the reconstruction of a dated phylogeny for 12,616 fish species, we compiled climate and distribution data to estimate historical rates of climatic niche change. In a first project, we studied the factors influencing historical rates of climatic niche change in aquatic environments. In particular, we confirmed that historical rates of climatic niche change are greater at higher latitudes. We also discussed the differences between marine and freshwater ecosystems. In a second project, we correlated historical rates of climatic niche change with measures of contemporary range shifts. We showed that historical rates of climatic niche change are positively associated with contemporary range shifts in marine fish. Our results suggest that the influence of historical rates of climatic niche change and more generally of species evolutionary history on their response to current climate change needs to be further explored to determine how it can inform biodiversity conservation
Lereboullet, Anne-Laure. "Vulnérabilité et capacité d'adaptation au changement climatique de deux systèmes vitivinicoles méditérranéens : un cas d'étude comparatif France (Roussillon)- Australie (McLaren Vale)". Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA070022.
Texto completoClimatic trends for the last thirty years have been challenging agriculture, and especially vitiviniculture, which is highly dependent on environmental variations, and they are projected to intensify in the following decades. This dissertation aims to analyse the vulnerability to climate change of two wine-producing regions: Roussillon in France and McLaren Vale in Australia. We consider those two field sites as social-ecological systems, as climate is only one of die many variables regulating the organization and development of the local wine industries. Their vulnerability has been analysed through a focus on three components, emerging from interactions between physical and human elements: their exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity to climate change. We used a rnixed-methods approach based on both quantitative (climate data analysis) and qualitative (interviews) data. Roussillon's greater vulnerability to climatic changes recently observed and simulated for the future can be explained by its greater exposure to the perturbation and by its socioeconomic and legislative situation that intensifies sensitivity and hinders adaptive capacity. However, actors from a less vulnerable system like McLaren Vale also need to keep a cautious eye on the evolution of their system's trajectory, whose sustainability might be impaired in the future. Elements such as individual entrepreneurship linked to technical and organizational innovation, embedded within a collective development projet at the system's spatial scale, arise as key processes requiring the greatest attention from actors in both systems
Briand, Anne. "Politiques tarifaires de l'eau, sécurité alimentaire et vulnérabilité climatique au Sénégal : un modèle d'équilibre général calculable éclairé par une enquête ménages". Rouen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ROUED004.
Texto completoSané, Tidiane. "Vulnérabilité et adaptabilité des systèmes agraires à la variabilité climatique et aux changements sociaux en Basse-Casamance (Sud-Ouest du Sénégal)". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC155/document.
Texto completoThe purpose of this research is to analyze vulnerability and adaptability of agrarian systems face to climate variability and social changes in Basse-Casamance, a region where rice growing is a multi-decade. The study focuses on an important aspect of rural development in a context of armed conflict and raises the issue of the dynamics of these systems, which have become an environmental, socio-cultural, economic and political issue. It emphasizes the relationship between the Diola peasant and his environment, through a remarkably ingenious agricultural management, which structuring reflects the deep appropriation of land and embodies a fundamental socio-spatial dimension of the "identity" of the region. Issued from a long social and societal history, from the ingenuity of techniques associated with the exploitation of the environment and the diversity of agrarian systems, rice growing in Basse-Casamance has been facing for more than forty years, multiple external forces, with decisive environmental and socio-economic consequences. The strong climatic variability (rainfall in particular), a key aspect in tropical environment, seems to be one of the triggers of the past and current environmental transformations observed in the region. It has led to other extreme events, with complex contours (high salinity of water and soil, soil acidity, siltation, etc.), therefore, rice growing in many plots of the region has become unpracticable. The magnitude of the changes is measured by a global and multi-scale approach in geography, which integrates both geomatics’ tools (Remote Sensing, GIS, statements of GPS points) and fieldwork (water and soil sampling, physico-chemical analyzes, direct observations, household surveys and people perceptions). This approach led to an important mapping of the observations from diachronic levels and revealed the major trends of the mutations over whole Basse-Casamance and on the scale of rice growing areas. The historical approach has led to a better understanding of the basis of this rice-growing and the conditions under which it is developing. This paradigm is greatly influenced by the public policies in terms of rice growing, implemented in Basse-Casamance, with a view of improving the livelihoods of the rural people. In many cases, however, they have proved to be ineffective and inefficient
Simonet, Catherine. "Changement climatique, chocs pluviométriques et sécurité alimentaire : essais sur l'usage de l'information climatique en économie du développement". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF10392/document.
Texto completoAcknowledging a limited knowledge and use of climate data in development economics, this thesis proposes a new perspective on the use of both macroeconomic and microeconomic climate data. This thesis has a two-Fold objective: to deepen knowledge on climate data through the production of a new global database directly exploitable by economists, and to propose several applications of this database at different economic scales. The first part focuses on the macroeconomic aspect of the climate data. Its aim is to empower researchers with a deeper understanding of global climate data and to increase economic knowledge on the characteristics of climate change. Chapter 1 contains a climate database available monthly over the 1900-2008 period for nearly 200 countries. Based on this initial work, Chapter 2 proposes an original use of the database with the construction of a physical indicator of vulnerability to climate change, a tool which can be used as a basis for the allocation of aid for climate change adaptation. The second part of this thesis is composed of two microeconomic studies whose aim is to analyse the behaviour of agents facing a rainfall shock. In those two chapters, rainfall data is used to compensate for the lack of data on agricultural production. At the household level, Chapter 3 focuses on the implications of an episode of reduced rainfall on the nutritional status of children under five years old. It shows that rural households do not have the capacity to provide for or absorb climate shocks. At the grain market level, Chapter 4 studies the response of prices to a shock front rainfall. It reveals the presence of speculation, especially in small and poorly integrated markets
Quefelec, Stephane. "Les effets du changement climatique sur les pays méditerranéens". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX24010.
Texto completoThis thesis studies the links between development and climate change in Mediterranean countries to better understand the processes and interactions in specific games in the region, particularly in the Maghreb and the Mashreq. In Chapter 1, we review the state of scientific knowledge on climate change at global level and at Mediterranean level. This allows us to address the problem of climate projections and analyze the results for the Mediterranean. On this basis, in Chapter 2, by comparing the projections of climate change and the local context of development, we highlight a relatively higher vulnerability of the developing Mediterranean countries. We discuss in Chapter 3, methods and tools to estimate the economic cost of climate change and deduce lessons for the Mediterranean countries. To go further in the characterization and understanding of the mechanisms at play in the Mediterranean, we propose, in Chapter 4, econometric approaches using long term panel data. We test the impact of climate variables on, first, the level of GDP per capita and, second, on cereal yields. The results show that even rich Mediterranean countries are sensitive to climate change - at least over the period 1950-2000 - although much less than Southern and Eastern developing countries of the Mediterranean basin. Furthermore, we confirm that agriculture is a major channel of climate change impact in the economy, particularly in developing countries. The issue of water appears in a key parameter in adaptation to climate change. Thus, in Chapter 5, we analyze the state of water resources, the existing modes of governance and adaptation options available to Mediterranean arid countries. We present a simulation of future demands by sector in North Africa, enabling us to obtain orders of magnitude of the expected benefits of different policy options that can be followed by the government. We show that water demand management is one of the key tools to adapt to climate change in Mediterranean countries and that its implementation depends primarily on governance reforms
Boulangeat, Isabelle. "Vulnérabilité des écosystèmes montagnards aux changements globaux par une modélisation spatialement explicite -implications pour la conservation". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00768037.
Texto completoBonnemains, Anouk. "Vulnérabilité et résilience d'un modèle de développement alpin : Trajectoire territoriale des stations de sports d'hiver de haute altitude de Tarentaise". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAA009/document.
Texto completoTourism and climate Change are two major contemporary phenomena wicht cross and question territories. The tourism as the model of development structures and organizes the territory for its functioning and allows to create an economic activity for the local population. When climate change, they make visible the intrinsic vulnerability of the territory by questioning the sustainability of an economic model based on the emission of greenhouse gases.The story of the French winter sports has generated Specific Model of resorts: the resort of 3rd generation, Exported abroad since the 1980s. After the Second World War, Tarentaise becomes the laboratory of experiment for the development of this specifique of resorts, even today (in 2014) eight big resorts of Tarentaise represent French 37 % of the attendance of winter sports resorts (that is 220 resorts). This Phd research thus analyzes the territorial trajectory of the resorts of high height of Tarentaise since the 1930s, as a model of development co-built by the evolutions: socioeconomic, political, environmental and climatic.To Trace and understand the different phases of the implementation of a development model on territory, allows to question its vulnerability and resilience to climate change.Climate policies such as tourism management are now territorialized, how these two dimensions are integrated at the level of a regional (Assembly Tarentaise-Vanoise) ? Non-binding territorialized climate policies, have they ability to question a only economy based on a only natural resource: the snow, the reliability is going to be increasingly problematic.First, we will examine the vulnerabilities of development models and climate problem political construction, through tourism as mountain modernization lever (Chapter 1) climate change as indicative of the development models as revelations vulnerabilities (Chapter 2) and the territories as relevance scale climate for political action (Chapter 3). Part 2 will question an Alpine development model at the intersection between societal evolution and climate change through the creation of the third-generation model of the stations and changes in the tourism strategy (Chapter 5) to lead the analysis of the vulnerability of ski resorts and territorial vulnerability (Chapter 6). Finally, the third section highlights how local climate policies strengthen winter tourism by building and strengthening a territorial level: the Tarentaise-Vanoise (Chapter 7), it can it lead to a new model? (Chapter 8)
Benmarhnia, Tarik. "Vulnérabilité à la chaleur dans le contexte des changements climatiques". Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA11T003/document.
Texto completoClimate change is one of the biggest public health threats in the 21th century. An increase in temperatures will lead to an increase in mortality attributable to temperature. In addition, some populations and territories are particularly vulnerable to the impact of increases in heat. It is thus necessary to identify these populations and territories as well as examine future heat-Related health impacts in order to recommend equity-Oriented policies today and in the future. The general objective of this thesis is to document current and future heat-Related vulnerability factors in the context of climate change. In order to address this general objective, the thesis involved four components: a) to conduct a systematic review and a meta-Analysis to assess the heterogeneity in the heat-Mortality associations with respect to individual and contextual population characteristics; b) to identify whether and how the magnitude of mean temperature effects on all-Cause mortality were modified by chronic air pollution exposure, social deprivation, and a combination of these two dimensions; c) to develop a method to quantify the climate change impacts on heat-Related mortality using climate modeling; d) to assess historical and future social disparities in years of life lost caused by ambient temperature in Montreal and Paris, and compare these estimates as well as the impact of climate change on social disparities between the two cities. This thesis highlights which populations are more vulnerable to heat and shows that several differences exist with regard to guidelines from international public health institutions for the identification of vulnerable populations. This thesis also identified chronic air pollution exposure as a new vulnerability factor in heat-Related mortality and that it has a double interaction with social deprivation. Furthermore, in this thesis a novel method to quantify future heat-Related mortality was developed which emphasized the strong evidence of an increase in heat-Related mortality under climate change. This method was then applied to estimate the increase in daily years of life lost social disparities in both Montreal and Paris under climate change which showed that this increase would be greater in Montreal compared to Paris in the future. Thus, this thesis which used a variety of epidemiologic methods has clarified which populations are particularly vulnerable to heat impacts and challenges guidelines for the identification of vulnerable populations from international public health institutions. It has also highlighted the climate change impacts on health inequalities and aims to reorient equity-Focused policies
Leblanc, Tanguay Jonathan. "L'évaluation des vulnérabilités de la ville de Mont-Laurier et de la municipalité de Ferme-Neuve face au changement climatique". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23519.
Texto completoBoulogne, Marine. "Vulnérabilité des paysages forestiers dans le parc de Ranomafana (Madagascar) : dynamiques environnementales et trajectoires agroforestières". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU018/document.
Texto completoIn the context of currents environmental changes, and deal with anthropogenic pressures, the preservation of tropical forest has become a major issue. In this context, Madagascar island has implemented a new forest policy since 1990, having garnered the creation of protected areas. Ranomafana National Park has been created in 1991 and classify as World heritage in 2007. The establishment of a landscape dynamics monitoring at the local level, using remote sensing, allow analysis of forest changes faces anthropogenic pressures, taking into account the specificities of the study area. This monitoring allows to observe past and crurrent pressures on forest and point landscape trajectories. In addition, the forest bioclimatic activity monitoring examines the impact of climatic conditions and land use change on vegetation dynamics. The trend is the global reduction of forest cover mainly of lowland forest. Forest degradation rate during these past 25 years is estimated at 0,62%/year. These variations are different depending on the distance to the Park. Furthermore, analysis of photosynthetic activity reveals a general decline in values over the study period, regardless of the plant community type studied.Keys-words : Madagascar, remote sensing, tropical forests, Land-use change
Latrach, Mohamed Mohsen. "La grêle en Tunisie : diagnostic et gestion d'un risque agricole émergent". Phd thesis, Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00941785.
Texto completoAlric, Benjamin. "La vulnérabilité des lacs face au couplage du climat et des perturbations anthropiques locales : approche paléolimnologique basée sur les cladocères". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00839587.
Texto completoSansilvestri, Roxane. "Evaluation de la capacité adaptative des socio-écosystèmes forestiers français face au changement climatique : le cas de la migration assistée". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS257/document.
Texto completoIn a climate change context, the implementation of adaptive strategies appears as one of the greatest challenges for our societies. At the beginning of the 21st century, the scientific community proposed an adaptation option to limit climate change impacts on biodiversity, the assisted migration (AM). Despite a good theoretical justification, the AM application raises several questions about ecological, economical, ethical and political issues. Along this thesis, I was interested in the adaptive capacity of society actors concerning the changing climate, through the implementation of new practices as AM. Given the slow migration capacity of tree species, forests represent a relevant ecosystem for AM application, especially in France which has more than 29% of its surface as forest areas that are highly fragmented. In the first part of this thesis, I concentrated on the AM debate and I analyzed the actual barriers in its conception and its implementation. On the basis of a comparative analysis between France and Canada, I highlighted that different acceptations of adaptation and AM between policy and scientific actors represent a barrier for the implementation of adaptive strategies, as AM. Hence, I proposed a new concept of AM at the ecosystem scale, allowing limiting the focus on economic issues of AM programs. Moreover, I demonstrated that the AM actions are not constrained in a precautionary approach but could be applied in a prevention context. These results unties the deadlock about the “when to act?” question. After an empirical and theoretical analysis of AM and its context, in the second part of this thesis, I was interested on the real application of AM in the field. Therefore, I evaluated the capacity of forest actors to change their practices in a climate change context, with an original method based on the estimation of local capitals. Sadly, this analysis showed that for the moment, foresters implement more easily strategies for increasing robustness than resilient or transformative strategies, increasing the fragility of socio-ecosystems and risking a violent collapse of them
Briones, Gamboa Fernando. "LA CONSTRUCTION SOCIALE DU RISQUE :L'ISTHME DE TEHUANTEPEC FACE AU PHENOMENE CLIMATIQUE "EL NIÑO" [OAXACA, MEXIQUE]". Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00264789.
Texto completoDans l'isthme de Tehuantepec [Oaxaca, Mexique], région multiethnique dominée par les Zapotèques, le phénomène climatique El Niño change les schémas normaux des pluies et sécheresses. Les catastrophes, des inondations petites mais récurrentes, sont davantage liées aux conditions de vulnérabilité sociale plutôt qu'à l'intensité des phénomènes météorologiques.
La construction sociale du risque est analysée à travers des conflits politiques, des réactions contre les plans de développement de ces dernières décennies, ce qui a stimulé l'industrialisation et la fragmentation des villes : Juchitán, Tehuantepec et Salina Cruz. Les zones de risque d'inondations ont été urbanisées dans le cadre de tensions politiques et de manœuvres clientélistes telles que des invasions et des distributions de terres.
D'autre part, dans la même région, quelques communautés rurales de l'ethnie huave ont des connaissances climatiques intégrées à leur organisation sociale à travers des pratiques chamaniques et un calendrier religieux où le temps occupe un rôle central, ce qui offre un ajustement minimal aux aléas. Ainsi, les impacts sont différenciés entre les villes et les villages non par l'exposition physique, sinon par la vulnérabilité sociale et des activités productives qui déterminent les représentations du risque, donc des actions face aux catastrophes dites naturelles.
Limoge, Claire. "Méthode de diagnostic à grande échelle de la vulnérabilité sismique des Monuments Historiques : Chapelles et églises baroques des hautes vallées de Savoie". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLN014/document.
Texto completoThe aim of this thesis is to propose a seismic vulnerability assessment method well suited to the study of a complete historical heritage, regardless of the prestige of each building. Indeed the great seismic vulnerability of the historical heritage, often in masonry, requires to act preventively in order to avoid irreparable damage. Our approach must tackle three main requirements: to develop large-scale tools of choice to prioritize the needs, to provide relevant analysis of seismic behavior on the structural scale even in the first study, and to manage the large number of uncertainties characterizing the old buildings structural assessment. To this aim, we study the baroque churches and chapels in the high valleys of the French Savoie. They witness to a particularly prosperous period in the history of Savoy and a unique artistic movement adapted to a harsh environment. In this context we have therefore developed or adapted different tools in order to handle the peculiarities of the old buildings. This way we can use the today proposed techniques for modern buildings to study these ancient buildings in rustic masonry: non-linear temporal dynamics numerical modeling, vibratory in situ measurements, non-linear multi modal analysis
Tissier, Grégory. "Ressource et gestion intégrée des eaux karstiques de montagne : analyse des impacts du changement climatique et de l'anthropisation des bassins versants". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00808614.
Texto completoBuchheit, Pauline. "Le recueil de multiples finalités de l'environnement en amont d'un diagnostic de vulnérabilité et de résilience : Application à un bassin versant au Laos". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016IAVF0008.
Texto completoLao PDR is a landlocked country with low population density, which stands nowadays in a process of regional economic integration, after suffering wars related to decolonization and Cold War during several decades. A very fast economic growth, based on the development of infrastructures of transport and natural resource exploitation, has led to large differentiated impacts on populations and their resource based livelihoods. The concepts of resilience and vulnerability have been used in different disciplines to analyze and manage the dynamics of geographical areas and social groups facing rapid and uncertain changes. Both concepts are used within a variety of frameworks of analysis of society-environment relationships. While all reviewed frameworks take into account multiple scales of analysis in order to tackle the complexity of the studied phenomena, they do not, however, assess vulnerability and resilience at the same scales. In particular, some frameworks are actor-centered, while others are system-centered. The scale and limit of the socioecological system whose resilience or vulnerability is assessed depend on the issues that the authors want to tackle. Before such an assessment, it seems necessary to identify the issues of resilience and vulnerability that we want to address. This task should not be taken over by scientists alone, but by other stakeholders as well. The question is: how can we incorporate multiple viewpoints in the system design? For this, our framework considers a socioecological system both as a specific representation of the environment offered by a stakeholder, and as a set of elements contributing to one function. This system is organized in a hierarchy of levels of observation, in which each level corresponds to an intermediary function. We developed and tested a process to collect system representations of the environment from various stakeholders, that is to say, the way they structure a socioecological system that makes sense to them, according to the purposes that they assign to their environment. This approach has been tested in the catchment area of the Nam Lik river, Fuang district, Vientiane province, where the Nam Lik 1-2 hydropower dam was built in 2010. A series of workshops were held with residents of the study area, employees of local government and Lao National University teachers. At the earliest stage of a vulnerability or resilience assessment in the field study, this thesis proposes a reflection on the possible framings of these concepts, as well as methods to collect them from multiple stakeholders
Rioust, Emilie. "Gouverner l'incertain : adaptation, résilience et évolutions dans la gestion du risque d'inondation urbaine : les services d'assainissement de la Seine-Saint-Denis et du Val-de-Marne face au changement climatique". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00793160.
Texto completoWaldman, Robin. "Etude multi-échelle de la convection océanique profonde en mer Méditerranée : de l'observation à la modélisation climatique". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30361/document.
Texto completoThe northwestern Mediterranean sea, also named the Liguro-Provençal basin, is one of the few places where ocean deep convection occurs. This localized and intermittent phenomenon is one of the main modes of interaction between the deep ocean and the climate system. It is of paramount importance for the vertical redistribution of heat, carbon dioxyde and biogeochemical elements, and therefore for climate and marine biology. The PhD has been carried out in the framework of HyMeX programme, it aims at characterizing the ocean deep convection phenomenon in the Liguro-Provençal basin from the year 2012-2013 case study and at understanding the role of mesoscale dynamics and of the resulting intrinsic ocean variability on deep convection. The PhD work has first focused on characterizing the ocean deep convection phenomenon from observations collected during the 2012-2013 case study. We estimated the winter deep convection and spring restratification rates and an Observing System Simulation Experiment (OSSE) was developed to estimate the associated observation error. We conclude on the validity of MOOSE network observations to estimate the deep convection and restratification rates in the period 2012-2013. We characterize the period as exceptionally convective with a winter deep water formation rate of 2.3±0.5Sv (1Sv=106m³/s) and we estimate for the first time a spring deep water restratification rate of 0.8±0.4Sv. Two novel numerical approaches were developped during the PhD to characterize the roles of mesoscale dynamics and of intrinsic variability in the deep convection phenomenon. We implemented AGRIF grid refinement tool in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea within NEMOMED12 regional model to document the impact of mesoscale on deep convection and on the Mediterranean thermohaline circulation. In addition, we carried out perturbed initial state ensemble simulations to characterize the impact of ocean intrinsic variability on convection. After extensively evaluating the realism of deep convection in NEMOMED12 numerical model thanks to the 2012-2013 observations, we study with this model the impact of intrinsic variability on deep convection. During the case study as well as in the 1979-2013 historical period, intrinsic ocean variability largely modulates the mixed patch geography, particularly in the open-sea domain. At climatic timescales, intrinsic variability modulates largely the deep convection rate interannual variability. On average over the historical period, it also modulates the mixed patch geography, but it impacts marginally its magnitude and the properties of the deep water formed. Finally, we study with AGRIF tool the impact of mesoscale dynamics on deep convection and on the thermohaline circulation. In the 2012-2013 case study, mesoscale improves the realism of the simulated convection. We show that it increases the deep convection intrinsic variability. In this period as well as during the 1979-2013 historical period, it decreases the mean deep convection rate and it reduces deep water transformations. We mainly relate its impact on convection to the modifincation of the stationary circulation characterized by a relocation and an intensification of boundary currents and the presence of a stationary Balearic Front meander. Also, in the historical period, exchanges with the Algerian basin are increased, which modifies water mass climatological properties. Finally, the surface signature of mesoscale is likely to alter air-sea interactions and the coastal to regional Mediterranean climate
Hanin, Guillaume. "Contrôles structural et hydrogéologique sur la dynamique d'un champ captant en contexte crayeux karstique et sa sensibilité aux variations du signal climatique : Implications en matière de vulnérabilité de la ressource". Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00705759.
Texto completoHamdi, Salwa. "Vulnérabilité des services écosystémiques des sols tunisiens face aux changements climatiques régionaux : sensibilité de la respiration du sol à la température". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20137.
Texto completoTo better understand and assess the impact of climate change on the stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC) and carbon fluxes, and particularly heterotrophic soil respiration (SR), it is necessary to study the sensitivity of SR to temperature. Several studies have been achieved to improve the understanding of factors controlling the temperature dependence of SR and showed that the temperature sensitivity of SR decreases with temperature. These studies suggested that this decrease in temperature sensitivity of SR was related to change in substrate availability. Other studies presented microbial adaptation to warmed conditions. The temperature sensitivity of SR is especially critical in semi-arid regions, such as North West Tunisia, where the SOC stock is low. It is necessary to know the influence of substrate availability on the sensitivity of SR to temperature. In this study, soil samples were incubated for 28 days after a 28-day pre-incubation per iod. Pre-incubation and incubation were carried out at 20, 30, 40 and 50°C. To test the substrate availability effect on the temperature sensitivity of SR, glucose was added to soil at the beginning of the incubation period. Results showed that the highest pre-incubation temperature reduced the temperature sensitivity of SR during the subsequent incubation period. Glucose addition reduced the effect of high pre-incubation temperature on SR response. Thus, it appears that the observed decrease in SR sensitivity to temperature after one month pre-incubation at high temperature was due to a reduce in substrate availability and to a decrease in microbial biomass. Since the soil used in this study is a Calcari-Leptic Cambisol, a second experiment was also performed to determine the amount of CO2 from carbonates and the amount of CO2 from SOC. This study was carried out by measurements of the isotopic signatures (δ13C) of SOC, carbonates and emitted CO2. After 28 days of inc ubation, 23±9% of CO2 came from carbonates. This contribution was low compared to the high initial C-CaCO3 content in soil (4.3%), and it was independent to the incubation temperature. This study showed that reduce in the sensitivity of SR to high temperatures was probably due to a reduction in the substrate availability and to a decrease in microbial biomass
Fabre, Julie. "Changes in the balance between water uses and availability in two Mediterranean hydrosystems : adaptation to climatic and anthropogenic changes". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS086/document.
Texto completoThis thesis proposes an original approach to assess multi-decadal changes in the balance between water use and availability in managed river basins. A modeling framework integrating human and hydro-climatic dynamics and accounting for linkages between resource and demand was developed and applied in two basins of different scales and with contrasted water uses: the Herault (2500 km2, France) and the Ebro (85000 km2, Spain) basins. Natural streamflow was evaluated using a conceptual hydrological model, and a demand-driven reservoir management model was designed to account for streamflow regulations from the main dams. Urban, industrial and agricultural water demands were estimated from socio-economic and agronomic and climatic drivers. Environmental flows were accounted for by defining streamflow thresholds under which water withdrawals were strictly limited. This framework was successfully calibrated and validated under non-stationary human and hydro-climatic conditions over a past period of 40 years before being applied under four combinations of climatic and water use scenarios to differentiate the impacts of climate- and human-induced changes on streamflow and water balance. Climate simulations from the CMIP5 exercise were used to generate 18 climate scenarios at the 2050 horizon and a trend water use scenario was built based on demographic and local socio-economic trends by the mid-21textsuperscript{st}century. Indicators comparing water supply to demand were computed. The impact of the tested climate projections on both water availability and demand could question the water allocations and environmental requirements currently planned for the coming decades. Water shortages for human use could become more frequent and intense, and the pressure on water resources and aquatic ecosystems could intensify. To assess the efficiency of potential adaptation measures under climate change scenarios, the sensitivity of water stress to variations in the main drivers of water demand and dam management was tested. The effectiveness and robustness of individual measures varied between the basins and within each basin. Finally an adaptation scenario combining different measures was tested in both basins, using the integrative modeling framework. This scenario led to encouraging results regarding the decrease of water stress. However, the adaptation strategies were shown to be insufficiently robust to climate change uncertainties. To achieve a sustainable balance between water availability and demand and reduce the vulnerability of water uses to climate change, a complementarity needs to be found between basin-scale studies of the water balance, such as the ones conducted in this thesis, and local assessments of vulnerability and adaptive capacity
Boussougou, Boussougou Guy Fidèle. "Vulnérabilité des paysages forestiers en relation avec les activités humaines et la variabilité climatique en Tanzanie : analyse prospective des dynamiques de l'occupation du sol des réserves forestières de Pugu et de Kazimzumbwi". Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0035/document.
Texto completoThe objective of this work is on one hand to show the vulnerability of forest landscapes in relation to climate variability at the scale of Tanzania and on the other hand to analyze forest dynamics in order to carry out a prospective study of the dynamics of land use in the forest reserves of Pugu and Kazimzumbwi. Analysis of the TRMM data over the period from 2001 to 2013 has allowed revealing a seasonal and inter-annual variability in precipitation across the country. The inter-annual precipitation maps have made it possible to distinguish the years with low rainfall (2003, 2005, 2012 ), the years of high rainfall (2002, 2007, 2006, 2011) and the years of intermediate rainfall (2001, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2013). It has also help to distinguish 11 types of rainfall regimes marked by different patterns of seasonal variability at the scale of Tanzania. There are oppositions between the rainfall regimes of the central savannah region on one hand marked by low annual heights over an important period of seven dry months, also more affected by inter-annual variability, and the northern, southern and eastern forest regions are more humid and presenting low deficits of heights inter-annual rainfall. The sensitivity of plant phenology to rainfall variability has been analyzed by the examination of the spatio-temporal relationships between the standardized vegetation index NDVI-MODIS and rainfall (rain TRMM). The rain / NDVI correlation maps show an opposition between the dry regions of the center marked by savannah landscapes highly vulnerable to rainfall variability and the southern regions of moist forests, mountains and coastal regions, mangrove forests Reacting poorly to this rainfall variability. In the savannah regions of the center, the intensity of rain / NDI dependence is measured by a correlation coefficient of 0.70. A monitoring of the analysis of human pressures on forest reserves was carried out using the example of the Pugu and Kazimzumbwi forests during the period 1995-2015 using SPOT 6 (high resolution) and LANDSAT imagery. The land use classifications were realized from the object oriented method. The forest review shows that in 2015 (55% of which 32% is dense forest), from the two reserves only the reserve of Pugu still preserves nearly the half of its surface in forest while the reserve forest of Kazimzumbwi contains only 5% of its area. Over the entire period studied, the sub-period 2009-2014 was the most critical in terms of forest loss. In fact, within five years the forest reserves of Pugu and Kazimzumbwi have almost lost the double of their area. Based on the increased vulnerability of human pressures in the Pugu and Kazimzumbwi forest reserves and their periphery, a multicriteria analysis has made it possible to identify areas of high and low human pressures. The most vulnerable areas remain those located close to the communication axes and cities. Consequently forest reserves are more vulnerable in their eastern parts, close to major roads and major urban centers such as Pugu and Kazimzumbwi. The use of a model for prospective modeling in 2050 has required the integration of the explanatory variables of the observed changes and the land use maps of 1995 and 2014. The model is validated from a predicted map and a real map. The result shows an exact simulation at 72%, based on this hypothesis of an increase in anthropogenic human pressures on the two forest reserves over time; we have predicted the land use map of 2050 under the effect of explanatory variables. This prospective modeling therefore envisages, by 2050, an expansion and densification of artificial surfaces, notably at the north-eastern periphery of the reserve of Pugu and on the south in the kazimzumbwi reserve. This growth in artificial surfaces will result in a significant decline in existing forest areas within reserves
Weikmans, Romain. "Le financement international de l'adaptation au changement climatique: quelle vision de l'aide ?" Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209004.
Texto completoLes contestations normatives relatives à la nature des transferts financiers Nord-Sud visant l’adaptation au changement climatique et à ses relations avec l’aide publique au développement (APD) se sont considérablement accentuées depuis 2009 lorsque les pays développés se sont conjointement engagés à fournir des ressources «nouvelles et supplémentaires » à hauteur de 30 milliards de dollars pour la période 2010-2012 et à mobiliser collectivement 100 milliards de dollars par an d’ici à 2020, en les répartissant de manière « équilibrée » entre l’atténuation et l’adaptation dans les pays en développement. Mouvements de solidarité internationale, organisations non gouvernementales de protection de l’environnement, représentants des pays en développement, et parfois institutions multilatérales de développement :nombreux sont les acteurs qui appellent à la mise en place d’un financement international de l’adaptation qui existerait séparément de l’aide, en représentant une forme de « compensation » liée à la responsabilité disproportionnée des pays développés dans l’occurrence du changement climatique.
Notre thèse se construit à partir d’un constat :celui de la déconnexion entre une hypothèse largement répandue dans la littérature académique (i.e. l’existence d’un financement international de l’adaptation qui serait distinct de l’APD – et original sous divers aspects) et la réalité observable (i.e. l’existence d’un tel financement ne se vérifie pas dans les faits). Comment expliquer cette déconnexion ?Telle est précisément la question que nous tentons d’élucider dans le présent document. Nous formulons l’hypothèse selon laquelle les discours opposant le financement international de l’adaptation et l’aide au développement sont le produit d’une vision particulière de ce que devrait être l’APD. L’ambition de notre recherche est dès lors de caractériser cette vision normative de l’aide et d’examiner ses manifestations dans une série de débats récurrents qui traversent la question du financement international de l’adaptation. Nous mettons en évidence le fait que ces discours renouvellent une vision de l’aide entre États souverains destinée à répondre aux injustices internationales et à alimenter un transfert de ressources régulier entre pays riches et pays pauvres.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Pineda, Murillo Rogelio. "La cuestión territorial, la planificación y las políticas públicas en el análisis de la vulnerabilitad y la resilencia socio-ambiental : el caso de la extracción de material de arrastre en la cuenca del río Chinchiná, Colombia". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0777/document.
Texto completoThe present thesis deals with a general problem for many developing countries and in particular for Latin America, related to the fight for the survival of the communities of workers who work in informal economies but subject to market rules. the absence of public policies and territorial planning processes that materialize in their favor and lead to a strong inter-institutional dislocation in the territory. The problem is more complex because of the inherent fragility or intrinsic or endogenous vulnerability of the populations themselves, because of the lack of a minimum vital to lead a dignified life, in terms of well-being and quality of life .The research addresses a specific case in a Colombian Andean watershed (the Chinchiná River in the Central Cordillera Range), where a social group extracts river materials (sands, gravels and rocks) for the industry of construction. Although this analysis focuses on the vulnerability factors and the resilience of the social group to global changes and, more particularly, on the dynamics of governance; The thesis focuses on the study of the entire economic production system, as a unit of analysis. The overall objective is to analyze the vulnerability factors and the socio-environmental resilience capacity of poor communities who extract dredged material in the Chinchiná River basin to contribute to the consolidation of planning and sustainable development processes registered in territorial public policies
Coron, Laurent. "Les modèles hydrologiques conceptuelssont-ils robustes face à un climat en évolution ? Diagnostic sur un échantillon de bassins versants français et australiens". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00879090.
Texto completoRioust, Émilie. "Gouverner l’incertain : adaptation, résilience et évolutions dans la gestion du risque d’inondation urbaine : les services d’assainissement de la Seine-Saint-Denis et du Val-de-Marne face au changement climatique". Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1047/document.
Texto completoIn Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne (France) several cities are exposed to pluvial flooding. This situation could worsen with climate change. This research develops a social and political perspective of pluvial flooding and climate change risks, in order to define the specificities of local systems which manage pluvial flooding and the contents of the adaptation policy. From the analysis of different policy instruments used to organize pluvial flooding management and climate change adaptation, as well as interviews with urban water management professionals, local officials elected, and citizens who are living in floodable areas, this study describes the local practices and their evolutions. The current evolutions in local practices correspond only partially to those promoted by the climate change policy. The evolutions of risks management practices also depend on resources and political strategies of local stake holders. This work highlights the political program of climate change adaptation and the evolutions in risk management at the local scale. It emphasizes the concepts of policy statements and strategic interactions as keys to analyse risks policies
Nettier, Baptiste. "Adaptation au changement climatique sur les alpages. Modéliser le système alpage-exploitations pour renouveler les cadres d'analyse de la gestion des alpages par les sytèmes pastoraux". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22707/document.
Texto completoAlpine pastures, or mountain summer pastures can be defined as permanent grasslands used in summer by mountain and surrounding plains farmers (especially Provence in the French Alps). They are rich but fragile ecosystems, managed exclusively through the grazing of herds. Therefore adaptation to climate change is very specific on these spaces. Pastoral diagnosis methods and technical references are insufficient to analyse dynamic management of summer mountain pastures: static vision of vegetation and practices, climatic hazards considered only through a security coefficient, and no consideration for interactions between summer pastures and farms. In order to renew these analytical frameworks, our PhD thesis proposes a conceptual model of how the system “mountain summer pastures-farm” works, both in biophysical terms and in terms of management. The building of this model relies both on researches in ecology and agronomy, and on participatory modelling. We evaluate the model through an analysis of the vulnerability to climatic hazards of a diversified sample of systems. In order to take into account long term dynamics of climate change, we also mobilise the theories of social-ecological resilience
Thiaw, Diatou. "Vulnérabilité et Adaptation des territoires aux effets du changement climatique.Incitations globales, stratégies locales. Perspectives pour un développement territorial axé sur un suivi de l’utilisation de l’espace et des ressources dans les Communes de Mbour, Saly et Malicounda (Sénégal)". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV018/document.
Texto completoThe coast is now affected by different phenomena. Flooding, coastal erosion, biodiversity loss, land degradation ..., are all factors malfunction.The issues are both ecological, socioeconomic and political. The observation on urban and rural areas of Mbour, Saly and Malicounda shows vulnerabilities of both natural and anthropogenic. The observed changes may be specifically the effect of climate change; they also represent a continuation of situations switched by physical, social, economic, political, of territories. According to the perturbations studied, territories appear differently vulnerable. The destruction of homes and infrastructure, declining catches, revenues from fishing, tourism and agriculture are the impacts faced by different actors. The strategies developed are generally neither proactive nor effective. It also poses a problem of responsibility of actors in the mastery of disturbances and their dynamics in this strategic area economically. For a good risk management, this thesis calls for a real policy of regional planning and the establishment of an observatory
Mas, Magali. "Analyse comparative des représentations du risque volcanique en milieu insulaire : Guadeloupe, Martinique et Réunion". Phd thesis, Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00981943.
Texto completoVerlynde, Nicolas. "De la perception du risque d'inondation aux propositions d'adaptation en territoire de côtes basses densément peuplées : le cas de la communauté urbaine de Dunkerque". Thesis, Littoral, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018DUNK0500/document.
Texto completoFlooding is one of the world's main natural hazards. In view of this risk, being amplified by climate change, management has become crucial, especially in low-lying coastal areas. Risk perception, as a complex notion referring to cognitive, social, economic and environmental aspects, is a real contribution to reveal the vulnerability points of populations. This PhD thesis adresses the analysis of the population's perception of the flood risk within the "Communauté Urbaine de Dunkerque". In this territory, located on a densely populated, urbanized and historically flood-affected low-lying coastal area, a large perception survey was carried out among inhabitants and risk management stakeholders. Its aim was to measure their flood risk perception and to bring to light various factors that influence it. The survey was conducted according to a methodology at the crossroads of several disciplines (geography, sociology, psychosociology and economics). The results highlight : (1) a discordant perception of this risk and a low concern ; (2) spatial risk representations very different from official ones ; (3) the influence of risk perception on willingness to pay to prevent themselves from risk. This thesis provides input to cindynics sciences and risk geography. It suggests adjustments to reduce these inhabitant's vulnerability to flood risk
Li, Xiaoming. "Développement d'une méthode connexionniste pour la détection et le diagnostic de défauts de systèmes de chauffage". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529470.
Texto completoLelong, Audrey. "Mise en place de stratégies d'évaluation des pratiques et des programmes de santé à travers une informatique distribuée". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF1MM13/document.
Texto completoThis thesis is part of a project named GINSENG. This project is part of an experimental development for a light grid infrastructure dedicated to e-health and epidemiology. This network aims to collect distributed medical data in order to perform original data analysis thanks to the innovative technologies of grid computing. This project includes the following research areas: medical informatics, epidemiology joined with a socio-economic modeling. This network aims to federate distributed and existing medical databases, particularly cytopathologic data, to make them available to regional and national epidemiologic structures. Thanks to the distributed architecture of the grid, the network should become interoperable with any medical center which would need those medical data.Thanks to GINSENG, this thesis brings quality improvement strategies and its evaluation. A first work concerns the quality of survey design to estimate the indicators of patient record keeping. It plans to exploit some functionalities of GINSENG to increase required sample size to obtain a better estimate. A second work concerns the impact of social deprivation (measured by EPICES score) on access to healthcare for pregnant women and living in rural area. We want to characterize the link between social deprivation and adverse perinatal outcomes. We discuss the possibility to integrate the EPICES score in health care institution. The last work deals with the comparison between organized screening and individual screening. Socio demographic, clinical and prognostic characteristics are analyzed from SIPATH (laboratory), ARDOC and ABIDEC (screening sites) databases. These applications illustrate benefits of using GINSENG
Coron, Laurent. "Les modèles hydrologiques conceptuelssont-ils robustes face à un climat en évolution ? Diagnostic sur un échantillon de bassins versants français et australiens". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0030.
Texto completoHydrologists are asked to estimate the medium- and long-term evolutions of water resources. To answer these questions, they commonly use conceptual models. In addition, they are often required to provide an estimate of the uncertainties associated with model projections. This raises the question of the robustness of conceptual models, especially in the context of climate evolution. Indeed, using a model in conditions different from those of calibration is based on the hypothesis of parameter transferability, i.e. the possibility to use model parameters in conditions different from those used for the model set-up. We focus on this issue with the aim of answering the following questions:• What is the robustness level of conceptual hydrological models in the context of changing climatic conditions?• What are the causes for the lack of robustness, and are there ways to prevent it?We answer these questions by studying the performance of conceptual models through multiple tests of temporal transfer of their parameters. Results show the existence of correlations between the robustness problems and the difference in climate conditions between model calibration and validation periods. The analysis especially points out the situations of systematic bias correlated to differences in air temperature. However, results are heterogeneous in our catchment set, and climate variables or error type associated with the identified problems vary between catchments.The analysis of simulation biases on catchments where the models are not robust shows alternating phases of flow under- or overestimation, with a possible bias in the mean flow up to 20% over a ten-year period.Our work reveals that very similar results can be obtained for various periods or calibration methods. The robustness issues faced by conceptual models used in this study do not solely stem from inadequate calibrations leading to the selection of parameters unable reproduce the catchment behavior. They seem to be the consequence of overall difficulties for models to satisfactorily simulate water balances simultaneously on various periods.This work opens reflections on the limited capacity of some hydrological models to reproduce low-frequency dynamics and raises questions on the role of inputs estimates errors in model failures, especially the temporal variations of evapotranspiration
Pohl, Benjamin. "L'Oscillation de Madden-Julian et la variabilité pluviométrique régionale en Afrique Subsaharienne". Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00269077.
Texto completoTurk, Grégory. "Développement d'un système d'imagerie X dans la bande 10-30 keV à base de scintillateur organique ou inorganique". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00607694.
Texto completoKasse, Mamadou. "Système de Ρréventiοn cοntre les vulnérabilités et de Détectiοn des Anοmalies dans les Réseaux Ιnfοrmatiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. https://theses.hal.science/tel-04885354.
Texto completoTools for vulnerability prevention and anomaly detection are essential for the security of computer networks. This thesis focuses on using MITRE ATT&CK data, CVSS scores, and the ISO 27002:2022 standard to automate and consolidate vulnerability analysis and anomaly detection.The main objectives are: -Vulnerability Diagnosis: Identify the most vulnerable sub-networks by combining MITRE ATT&CK data, CVSS scores, and the ISO 27002:2022 standard. To achieve this, a database called Data ISO-MA was created. An algorithm evaluates the vulnerability of network paths, identifying those most at risk. - Anomaly Detection: Analyze traffic flows to detect unusual behaviors in vulnerable paths. An approach inspired by the Path-scan model introduced by Joshua Neil et al. (2013) was used. Each network connection is modeled with a 3-state Markov model and the Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT), allowing for the capture and identification of abnormal behaviors.These two tools aim to enhance the security of computer networks by providing an integrated solution for vulnerability prevention and anomaly detection