Tesis sobre el tema "Developing countries"
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1
Elbeshlawy, Ahmed Farouk. "That dangerous carnival : the Third World and its relation to the west /". Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25943327.
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Chattopadhyay, Pradip. "Three essays on development economics /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7465.
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Kalarickal, Jerry. "Urbanization in developing countries". Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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R, Maharajh y Kraemer-Mbula E. "Innovation Strategies in Developing Countries". Tshwane University of Technology, 2009. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001623.
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Abstract
This paper is a contribution to the discussion on Innovation for Development. It is argued that
innovation strategies in developing countries are the result of competing policy and contextual
factors. In exploring this theme, it suggests that innovation strategies which are shaped by domestic
market and policy realities are more robust and contribute towards improving the country-level
performance of enterprises. The paper has seven sections which include a brief review of the
literature related to innovation strategies in developing countries; a small discussion of success
factors and policies of countries that offer good experiences and lessons in applying innovation
strategies; a part on what policy implications to draw from the literature and the success stories for
less developed countries; and a final section on the role of the donor countries in facilitating the
implementation of the innovation strategies. The paper puts forward some tentative conclusions that
summarise what has been learnt from the paper and affirms that the innovation-systems based
strategies are indeed internationally replicable. The resulting policy and developmental frameworks
will invariably exhibit high levels of variation. These differences emerge primarily from the systemic
approach encouraged by the use of innovation policy. Secondly, the innovation-systems approaches
ensure adaptability whilst maintaining methodological rigour. It also enables comparability and
thereby also promotes appropriate and relevant benchmarking. Finally, the innovation-systems
paradigm has a normative capacity to dynamically absorb and respond to the needs and demands of
locally-specified domestic contexts.
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Wang, Yichen y Boxin Mu. "How technology spillovers from developed to developing countries influence labor productivity in developing countries". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-21149.
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Advanced technology plays a more and more important role in economic growth. With increasing international transactions, technology spillover between countries is becoming more important for especially developing countries. The main objective of this essay is to investigate the relationship between labor productivity and technological spillovers measured by Foreign Direct Investments (FDI), import and Research and Development expenditure (R&D). We use data covering 41 developing countries for the time period 2005 to 2008 to assess the extent to which technological spillovers from US influence labor productivity in the selected developing countries. Our results show that the relationship between technological spillovers and labor productivity in developing countries are highly sensitive to model specification and estimation techniques. Simple pooled data estimations revels a clear relation between technological spillover an labor productivity while more complex models such as dynamic panel data models fails in this task.
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Minaev, Ilia. "Entrepreneurial activity in developing countries". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för organisation och entreprenörskap (OE), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-56573.
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Modern literature has many research in the field of entrepreneurship, but most of them do not explain the characteristics of entrepreneurial activity in developing countries. Thus, this research uses regression analysis of panel data for the cross-country analysis of factors influence the level of entrepreneurial activity in 52 developing countries. The paper provides empirical information about the individual characteristics, regulatory standards countries, as well as some macroeconomic indicators. Individual factors (gender, age), indicators of respondents’ self-evaluation and assessment of the environment, in which they are located have a significant impact on entrepreneurial activity in developing economies. In terms of macroeconomic indicators, it was concluded on the positive effects of GDP growth and the lack of impact of unemployment on the level of entrepreneurial activity.
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Graf, Andreas. "Agricultural Insurance for Developing Countries". St. Gallen, 2009. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/02604684002/$FILE/02604684002.pdf.
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Yavuz, Ayse Arzu. "Labour markets in developing countries". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/89593.
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This thesis basic aim is to have a better understanding of how labour markets work and to explore different transmission mechanisms that might be responsible for making these markets different from their counterparts in the developed world. I analyzed problems created by large public sector employment by using two different frameworks and I made an empirical study about the social factors related to gender issues. In the second chapter, the government's excess employment in the economy is placed under the efficiency wage framework. It is aimed to find out how the wage and effort differentials between public and private sectors actually affect the labour market or more specifically equilibrium levels of employment, wages and productivity. The chapter investigates how the total welfare responds to changes in these differentials in terms of two different models. The results show that an effort of raising employment by the government eventually leads to a reduction in the total welfare by curbing private employment. This chapter contributes to the existing literature by providing a different approach by defining an explicit outside option, namely the government sector, to the efficiency wage theory. Another aspect analyzed is the relation between public sector employment and output growth. In chapter three, I try to establish a link between the government employment and economic growth rate underlying several mechanisms; distortionary taxes, productive government expenditure and productivity link resulting from the interaction of government and private labour markets inspiring from the efficiency wage theory. I endogenize the growth rate by introducing a public sector capital term in government expenditures. The production function in the growth model is constructed such that productivity of private worker decreases when size of public employment increases. I concluded that the abundant government employment force private sector either to pay higher wages or to have lower productivity of labour as outside option for the workers are now plenty. While higher wage leads more unemployment, productivity decline causes output to reduce. Developing countries social dynamics have unforeseen consequences on the labour markets. Thus, in order to understand the social and traditional values explaining the employment decisions taken by the labour force in the developing countries, in the fourth chapter of this thesis an empirical study is carried out to investigate the existence of and the potential behavioral change in son preference in Turkey, by using different statistical techniques. The main contribution of this part is that, it provides a broad analysis of son preference behavior in Turkey by using the latest econometric techniques. In particular, it investigates whether the process of urbanization and modernization in Turkey had an effect on son preference behavior over time. The results imply that there is clear and strong son preference in Turkey and the difference between progression ratios of families with and without sons is larger in 1993 compared to 1998. It is also found that the regional effects are more dominant on childbearing decision and urbanization had a diminishing effect on son preference behavior in Turkey.
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Mastromarco, Camilla. "Measuring efficiency in developing countries". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2005. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5342/.
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Chapter one presents a critical and detailed review of the stochastic frontier methodology from a macro-data perspective. The advantages over the standard growth accounting approach are emphasised, and the main features of the translog production function, used throughout the thesis, are discussed. Chapter two uses the stochastic frontier approach to estimate different specifications of the production function, technological catch-up (efficiency improvements) and technological change (shifts in the production frontier) for 57 developing countries over the period 1960-1990. It is well known that alternative specifications of the production function lead to ambiguous empirical evidence for competing theories of economic growth (Durlauf and Quah 1999). Therefore, tests are performed to find the specification in line with the data under analysis. Then the important issue of the role of human capital in the process of economic growth is also investigated, since it is not yet unambiguously determined (Islam 1995, p.1154). Chapter three analyses the results based on Model 4* (Chapter 2) in more detail to provide a consistent decomposition of output growth. The evolution of the entire distribution of the growth and productivity sources is analysed and a formal test for assessing the importance of growth factors is performed. With respect to regression analysis, this approach is likely to be more informative (Quah, 1996a,b, 1997). The base of both the test and the visual analysis is the non-parametric kernel density estimator. The findings in the previous chapters motivate Chapter 4 of the thesis, which further explores the relative importance of FDI, imports of capital goods and human capital accumulation in the development process.
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Bandiera, Oriana. "Economic Institutions in Developing Countries". Thesis, Boston College, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1752.
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This thesis is a collection of three essays, each of which analyses an economic institution in one or more developing countries. A careful analysis of institutions is crucial for the understanding of economic performance and for the design of effective policy measures. In the first essay, "On the Structure of Tenancy Contracts" I analyse the effect of crop and tenant characteristics on the form and on the length of tenancy contracts. Using a principal-agent model I show that highpowered incentives are used when, due to the characteristics of the crop, their benefit is high and/or when, due to the characteristics of the tenant, their cost is low. The theoretical predictions are consistent with the empirical evidence from a unique data set of 705 contracts. The purpose of the second essay, "Competing for Protection: Land Fragmentation and the Rise of Mafia in 19th Century Sicily", is to identify the conditions that fostered the development of the mafia. I argue that in the context of 19th century Sicily, land fragmentation was crucial for the rise of mafia. Using a menu-auction model I show that, by inducing landlords' competition for protection, land fragmentation increases the profits of mafia groups even if the assets in need of protection are unchanged. I show that the predictions of the theory are consistent with the available empirical evidence from a sample of 70 Sicilian villages. In the third essay, "Does Financial Reform Raise or Reduce Savings?", we analyse the effect of financial liberalisation on private savings in eight developing countries. To this purpose we construct an index which summarises the reform process and estimate an error correction model for savings. We find that the effect of financial reform on savings is ambiguousThesis (PhD) — Boston College, 1999
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics
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Memari, Mashan. "Risk management in developing countries". Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-9919.
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My thesis will focus on risk management practically in developing countries. In this research study, first a literature review about the concept of risk management and its concerns is provided which is the output of extensive review of resources such as journal papers, books and research studies. Then a case study will be reviewed in Iran which is considered as a developing country. In this step, the researcher attempts to extract needed information for her research based on the theory of frames. After gathering needed information the findings which are extracted from practical environment are compared to the academics material to answer the questions which are defined in the primary steps. Meanwhile, the main purpose of this study is reviewing the conditions of work environment in developing countries and extract main concerns and compare them to the standards, methodologies and tools and techniques of risk management to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of using these tools in performing risk management in developing countries.
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Clarke, Daniel J. "Insurance design for developing countries". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4a1f1a29-e86f-4686-b0a7-e2abec621830.
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Over the last ten years there has been a renewed interest in providing agricultural insurance in developing countries. However, voluntary demand for unsubsidised insurance products has been low, particularly from the poorest farmers. Chapter One presents a model of rational demand for hedging products, where there is a risk of contractual nonperformance. Demand is characterised and bounded for risk averse and decreasing absolute risk averse decision makers. For constant absolute and relative risk averse utility functions, demand is hump-shaped in the degree of risk aversion when the price is actuarially unfair, first increasing then decreasing, and either decreasing or decreasing-increasing-decreasing in risk aversion when the price is actuarially favourable. The apparently low level of demand for consumer hedging instruments, particularly from the most risk averse, is explained as a rational response to deadweight costs and the risk of contractual nonperformance. A numerical example is presented which suggests that some of the unsubsidised weather derivatives currently being designed for and marketed to poor farmers may in fact be poor products. Chapter Two presents experimental evidence collected from a framed microinsurance lab experiment using poor subjects in rural Ethiopia. In line with the theoretical model of Chapter One, demand for actuarially unfair index insurance is hump-shaped in wealth, first increasing then decreasing. In contrast with recent field experiments where it is not possible to demonstrate that low demand for indexed insurance is `too low', use of a laboratory experiment with an objectively known joint probability distribution allows normative statements to be made about the observed level of demand. The observed level of demand for index insurance in the experiment is higher than the decreasing absolute risk averse upper bound of Chapter One, suggesting that subjects bought `too much' index insurance. Chapter Three presents a vision of insurance design for the poor. Technically optimal arrangements involve insurance providers, such as microinsurers or governments, acting as reinsurer to groups of individuals who have access to cheap information about each other, such as extended families or members of close-knit communities, who in turn offer mutual insurance to each other.
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Балацький, Олег Федорович, Олег Федорович Балацкий, Oleh Fedorovych Balatskyi, Євгенія Владиславівна Кірсанова, Евгения Владиславовна Кирсанова y Yevheniia Vladyslavivna Kirsanova. "Sustainable management in developing countries". Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2004. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/22931.
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Sendrea, Veronica. "Nation Branding of Developing Countries". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192473.
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This Master's thesis focuses on nation branding in developing countries. Nation branding is an emerging discipline that aims to build and improve a nation's image through the application of marketing techniques. The aim of the thesis is to contextualize the nation branding of developing countries within the broader framework of the theory and practice of nation branding and development studies. The thesis is structured into three chapters. The first chapter offers an introduction into the theory and practice of nation branding and the critique attached to it. The second chapter then looks at how nation branding fits into the wider context of development studies, and the scale of its relevance for developing countries with a special focus on its application for export, FDI and tourism promotion and its significance in development co-operation. The last chapter is dedicated to case studies of application of nation branding in two developing countries: Uruguay and Thailand. The conclusion sums up the results.
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Nakamura, Yui. "Economic policies in developing countries". Kyoto University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/136103.
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Wighton, Hilary. "Clean water for developing countries /". Click here to view, 2009. http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/socssp/8.
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Thesis (B.S.)--California Polytechnic State University, 2009.Project advisor: Benjamin F. Timms. Title from PDF title page; viewed on Jan. 14, 2010. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on microfiche.
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MUJYAMBERE, Honorine. "Wireless Systems in Developing Countries". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2389433.
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The technology is among the important tools for sustainable development in the world. The
way is spread in various countries is somehow dissimilar according the economic resources
of each country.
It is for that reason our work focuses on the use of technology in different countries with
a particular attention to developing countries. The technology on which we underscored
is wireless system, as emphasized by many examples is nowadays more used than wired
system thanks to its advantages in deployment and utilization.
In order to analyze how wireless systems are used in developing countries certain
methodologies are adopted. At first sight, the current use of wireless systems in developing
world is shown with the aid of a table. Above all, we have also considered the architecture
of wireless systems where through a project aimed to make intelligibility tests an architecture
is designed and implemented with wireless equipments.
Among the principal methods for the transmission of data in wireless systems, the
multicast transmission is analyzed with greater interest through the protocols and algorithms
most important. This study suggests that the multicast transmission makes better
use of wireless systems.
Taking into account the best utilization of wireless system, it is obviously clear that this
technology would not be well utilized and exploited when the frequency is not well managed.
Therefore, a study concerning the spectrum management, spectrum cost and methodologies
applicable in both developed and developing countries is carried out which further availed to suggest a better frequency utilization in developing countries.
At the end of this work it is observed that the use of wireless technologies is moving
forward rapidly in developing countries as indicated by the rapid growth of mobile phone
users and other wireless technologies. The implementation of new technologies is easier
in these countries as it does not require an upgrade from old to new technologies which
sometimes seems impossible or demands expensive and a lot of work. Several conclusions
are then drawn for particular cases.
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Gadzikwa, Francis. "Remittances as an external source of finance for investments in developing countries". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/7664.
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A number of studies by academics, scholars and researchers have been conducted on the subject of remittances. The focus of these studies has been on developing countries where remittance corridors have long been established. These studies have focused more on the effects of remittances at micro level, in other words poverty alleviation as result of the decline of FDI; PI and ODA. Established remittance corridors are found in Asia, the Pacific Rim, the Middle East, South America, the Caribbean, West Africa as well as North Africa. Few studies have been conducted into new emerging corridors that are still being established, such as the South Africa-Zimbabwe, Botswana-Zimbabwe and the Namibian-Zimbabwe corridors where a large number of Zimbabweans have migrated to. Economic growth and development are major challenges facing developing countries due to lack of finance. With the decline of FDI, PI, ODA as well as credit since the global financial crisis in 2008, there is a need for research to determine other alternative sustainable sources of finance to enable economic growth and development. Available literature and empirical evidence on the subject matter suggest remittances as a complementary source not a substitute of FDI, PI, ODA and credit. This means that governments in developing countries should not neglect their duty to collect revenue, should promote FDI and PI and not be dependant solely on remittances. Like FDI, PI and ODA, the flow of remittances is also determined by the socio-economic and political factors. Any negative effect on the socio-economic and political factors may also lead to the decline of remittance flows. Whilst other developing countries in established remittance corridors have put policies and systems in place to harness and ensure maximum benefits of remittances, countries such as Zimbabwe have not done much to realise potential and the impact that remittances can make. This is evidenced from the lack of reliable data which according to Chami et al. (2008:21) places severe constraints on the types of questions that can be asked and conclusions that can be drawn from statistical analyses. Secondly, emigration from Zimbabwe can be regarded to be in its infancy stage compared countries like Nigeria and Egypt where migration to developed countries has reached maturity stage. The evidence of this is seen on the volume of remittances currently being received by these two countries. Therefore, this study will complement existing data and literature available particularly on this corridor. Remittances are channelled either through formal or informal channels. The literature available and empirical evidence suggests that the bulk of remittances are channelled through informal channels as opposed to formal channels (Crush et al.,2012:20). Within the South Africa-Zimbabwe corridor, 85 percent of remittances to Zimbabwe are channelled informally (von Burgsdorff, 2012: 17) and are not captured in the official statistics such as the Balance of Payments. The drawback of this is lack of accurate data which precludes more rigorous statistical analysis in this field (von Burgsdorff, 2010:12). This study will endeavour to capture valuable statistics with regards to remittances. Most developing countries that have relied on aid are also burdened with huge unsustainable external debts (Obasanjo, 2000). The external debts continue to have an adverse effect of slowing down economic growth and development as these countries have an obligation to pay back the debts. Settling of external debts has been one of the biggest challenges facing developing countries. With the rise of remittances, Olubiyi (2013:1) sees them as a replacement to credit to a country that is constrained. Instead of borrowing finance for growth and development, remittances can be used instead. Apart from substituting credit with remittances, countries which are not burdened with external debts are able to use remittances as a leverage to obtain foreign loans (Taylor, 1999:69). The loans acquired can used for supplementing revenue derived from the fiscus and other sources of external finance such as FDI, PI and ODA.
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Loubier, Christine. "Les technologies de l'information dans les pays en voie de développement : regard particulier sur l'électronique et le commerce". Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33362.
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Knowledge is the key to growth and development. Unfortunately, the knowledge gap which exists between industrialized countries and developing ones is large. As information technologies play an essential role in the movement of knowledge and information, they hold promise for the reduction of this gap. Information technologies are being introduced progressively in all activities of both the public and private sectors. Business organizations and commercial activities are thus being profoundly transformed, at varying levels and by different instruments. Developing countries cannot afford to be left behind in this information revolution. The international community recognizes this, and has instituted a range of programmes promoting electronic commerce in developing countries. However, to maximize the benefits, developing countries must put in place an environment that favours and promotes the acquisition, absorption and communication of knowledge by their citizens and business enterprises.
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Sirirangsi, Rangsima. "Population Policy Implementation and Evaluation in Less Industrialized Countries". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279258/.
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This study emphasizes the impact of family planning program components on contraceptive prevalence in less industrialized countries. Building on Lapham and Mauldin's "Program Effort and Fertility Decline" framework and policy evaluation's theory, the author developed two models to examine the impact of family planning programs on contraceptive prevalence and fertility under the constraints of socioeconomic development and demand for family planning. The study employed path analysis and multiple regression on data from the 1982 program effort study in 94 less developed countries (LDCs) by Lapham and Mauldin and 98 LDCs of the 1989 program effort study by Mauldin and Ross. The results of data analyses for all data sets are consistent for the most part. Major findings are as follows: (1) A combination of program effort and socioeconomic development best explains the variation of contraceptive prevalence. (2) Among socioeconomic variables, female literacy exerts the strongest direct and indirect influences to increase contraceptive prevalence and indirect influence to decrease total fertility rate. (3) Christianity performs a significant role in reducing contraceptive prevalence. (4) Among program effort components, availability and accessibility for fertility-control supplies and services have the most influence on contraceptive prevalence. (5) When controlling for demand for family planning, female literacy and Christianity have expected and significant relationships with contraceptive prevalence. Availability and accessibility to fertility-control supplies and services exerts a positive and statistically significant impact on contraceptive prevalence. Demand for family planning has a positive and statistically significant effect on program variables, availability, and contraceptive prevalence. (6) There is a strong inverse relationship between contraceptive use and fertility. Demand for family planning, program effort, and socioeconomic development influence fertility through contraceptive prevalence. The findings of this study suggest that governments in LDCs should give priorities to increasing female education and availability of contraception to effectively reduce fertility.
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Bowazi, Kenneth Mtunduwatha. "Maintenance of university facilities in developing countries". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1008472.
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Universities in developing countries are deteriorating physically due to lack of planned maintenance, lack of maintenance policies in the institutions, lack of up-to-date security system, and also lack of qualified personnel at decision-making level. Lack of planning leads to reactive maintenance. It also leads to unbudgeted expenditure and has an impact on the amount of money allocated to maintenance which results in unavailability of funds to carry out maintenance duties. Institutions which have no maintenance policy lack guidelines to follow when a maintenance problem arises. Most personnel in charge of maintenance are junior management or at supervisory level as a result they are not part of middle management that strategically directs the organisation. Most of the decisions made at supervisory scale are easily overruled at management level where the maintenance manager is not present during meetings to motivate maintenance cases. Lack of efficient security also allows vandalism to rise which contributes to the deterioration of facilities. Universities lack creativity and cost management skills to raise its own funds to supplement the maintenance budget, which is largely funded by the government. This study recommends employment of built environment professionals in decision-making positions. It also recommends that organizations should have a maintenance policy in place. Investment should be made in good security systems and management of the facilities should include income generating activities that could subsidise the maintenance budget.
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Bruce, Colin (Colin Ashley). "Contractual unenforceability, external debt renegociation and the effective incidence of the burden of debt service". Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=72816.
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Iheanacho, Vitalis Akujiobi. "Decentralization, Privatization, and Economic Development in Developing Countries : A Theoretical and Quantitative Analysis". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278068/.
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Inyang, Ambrose. "A Cross-National Study of the Effects of Direct Foreign Investment on the Developmental Process of Developing Countries". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501080/.
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Using the assumptions of various schools of thought on development as the theoretical framework, an attempt is made to examine the effects of foreign investment on the socioeconomic growth of 50 developing countries by means of multiple regression models that utilize some external and internal variables assumed to affect the growth rate of GNP. Results from these models indicate that new inflows of foreign investments and amounts of domestic investments are positively related to growth while accumulated stocks of foreign investments have no effect on growth. This suggests that development funds, designed specifically for increased domestic investments, would be the most effective way to increase GNP.
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van, Vliet Lisette. "Debt-for-Nature Swaps : transnational environmental politics in a changing global political economy or NGOs, LDCs and IOUs". Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/128737.
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Debt-for-nature swaps are a new phenomenon in world politics. Initiated as a response
to third world debt problems and the urgent need for environmental protection, debt-for-nature
swaps represent a very interesting development in the areas of international finance,
international negotiation and international roles for non-state actors. To date, at least nineteen
swaps have taken place, and according to some observers, they fit a niche that will exist for
some time to come.
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Urban, Frauke. "Sustainable energy for developing countries modelling transitions to renewable and clean energy in rapidly developing countries /". [S.l. : [Groningen : s.n.] ; University of Groningen] [Host], 2009. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/.
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Brown, Chelsea Denise Booth John A. "The road to development is paved with good institutions the political and economic implications of financial markets /". [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2008. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-6131.
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Mallela, Vamsi Krishna. "E-waste Management by Developing Countries". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
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Electronic waste, also called e-waste, are various forms of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) that have ceased to be of value to their users or no longer satisfy their original purpose. E-waste products have exhausted their utility value through either redundancy, replacement, or breakage and include both “white goods” such as refrigerators, washing machines, and microwaves and “brown goods” such as televisions, radios, computers, and cell phones. Given that the technology revolution has exponentially increased the use of new electronic equipment, it has also produced growing volumes of obsolete products; e-waste is one of the fastest-growing waste streams. Although e-waste contains complex combinations of highly toxic substances that pose a danger to health and the environment, many of the products also contain recoverable precious materials, making it a different kind of waste compared with traditional municipal waste. Globally, e-waste constitutes more than 5 percent of all municipal solid waste and is increasing with the rise of sales of electronic products in developing countries. Most of the world’s e-waste is recycled in developing countries, where informal and hazardous setups for the extraction and sale of metals are common. Recycling companies in developed countries face strict environmental regulatory regimes and an increasing cost of waste disposal and thus may find exportation to small traders in developing countries more profitable than recycling in their own countries. There is also a significant illegal transboundary movement of e-waste in the form of donations and charity from rich industrialized nations to developing countries. E-waste profiteers can harvest substantial profits owing to lax environmental laws, corrupt officials, and poorly paid workers, and there is an urgent need to develop policies and strategies to dispose of and recycle e-waste safely to achieve a sustainable future.
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Sesay, Fatmata Lovetta. "Conflicts and refugees in developing countries". Diss., lmu, 2004. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-23195.
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Al-hijazi, Yahya Z. D. "Developing countries and foreign direct investment". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0025/MQ50916.pdf.
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Vijakkhana, Charumporn Fon Jackson John D. "Differential economic performance in developing countries". Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/FALL/Economics/Thesis/Phoka_Charumporn_54.pdf.
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Alhijazi, Yahya Z. D. "Developing countries and foreign direct investment". Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21670.
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Along with international trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) has been the engine driving the current economic globalization of the world economy. The growth rate of FDI, which exceeded that of international trade and world output throughout the 1990s, raises important questions regarding the value of FDI to developing countries as host countries to FDI and the role it can play in their development.In an attempt to answer these questions, this thesis tackles the main issues underlining FDI and developing countries. After analysing the pros and cons of FDI for developing countries and other interested parties, this thesis scrutinizes the regulation of FDI as a means to balance the interests of the concerned parties, giving an assessment of the balance of interests in some existing and potential FDI regulations. Furthermore, this thesis highlights the case against the deregulation of FDI and its consequences for developing countries. It concludes by formulating regulatory FDI guidelines for developing.
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Ganguly, Gaurav. "Trade and investment in developing countries". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422468.
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Monk, Courtney. "Health and education in developing countries". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.522771.
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Khwaja, Yasmeen. "Migration under uncertainty in developing countries". Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.497546.
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This thesis analyses four aspects of migration in developing countries with uncel1ainty as the critical feature. First, we consider the effects of uncertainty on the decision to migrate. Our findings show that uncertainty matters in the timing of migration by bringing it forward or delaying it depending on the source of uncertainty. Uncertainty results in cautious behaviour by households, which explains why, in spite of observing huge wage differentials between regions, the scale of migration appears relatively small. Income differentials are thus not sufficient for migration. Second, we build on the uncertainty in the area of migrant origin by analysing the relationship between vulnerability to poverty and migration. We develop a conceptual framework that identities the uncertainty of migration outcomes as an important variable in affecting household vulnerability, even though migration is widely regarded as a strategy to offset the risk of falling into poverty. Third, we consider how the poor finance their migration. We develop an interlinked contract in which migrant households can borrow form richer households. Our model explains the empirical observation that migration rates by the very poor from villages with high inequalities are high even though the poor are generally prevented from migration because of the costs. The uncertainty of lending to a household with no collateral for migration, which itself is uncertain, is overcome through the interlinked contract. Fourth, we show that migration has a signalling effect. which can reveal infom1ation on the quality of skilled migrants. There is uncertainty on migrant productivity that is only resolved by migration. Thus the information generated can he used to develop modern sectors in the sending region if migration results in favourable outcomes. The thesis makes a theoretical and methodological contribution in the analysis of these four aspects.
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Beqiri, Zana. "Essays on banking in developing countries". Thesis, City, University of London, 2016. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/18102/.
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This thesis consists of three essays examining different aspects relevant to the banking sectors of developing economies. The first two essays focus on Emerging Europe a region with one of the highest foreign bank presence in the world - to study the impact of foreign bank ownership and bank organizational structure on the cost of financial intermediation and terms of loan contracts. The last essay focuses on Kenya which is home to M-Pesa the mobile-phone based money trans-fer and financing service initially launched in Kenya in 2007 and subsequently in other emerging countries such as Albania, Romania, India, Egypt and several other African countries - to examine its impact on the performance and outreach of commercial banks. The first essay investigates the impact of foreign bank entry, home and host country conditions on net interest margins (NIMs), using a newly collected panel dataset with ownership information for 265 banks operating in nine Southeast European countries over the period 1995 2011. As the banking sector of many emerging markets and in particular the European transition economies have been dominated by foreign banks understanding the impact of such reforms on host country banking sectors is important for designing supportive policies. We do not find evidence of foreign bank entry having a beneficial effect for host countries in terms of reducing the cost of financial intermediation in the long run, as foreign banks change their behaviour over time. We show that foreign banks have initially lower NIMs compared to domestic banks, however this effect weakens the larger the foreign presence and the more established foreign banks become. We find that home country regulation and supervision have an effect on bank behaviour, with foreign banks coming from countries with stricter regulation having higher NIMs in host countries. The second essay studies the impact of institutions on bank organizational hierarchy. Studying the internal organizational structure of banks is important as it determines the type of information acquired and used in lending decisions and consequently the type of borrowers banks lend to. This is important not only for bank's loan portfolio composition and their financial soundness but also for borrower's ability to access funds on favourable terms and the overall financial system stability and economic development. Using a unique bank-level survey dataset covering 32 countries and 611 banks, we introduce a new and direct measure of organizational hierarchy and exploit the distinctive feature of multi-national banks which face different institutional environments in the countries they operate. We find that the same parent bank is more likely to grant decision-making authority to its foreign affiliates operating in countries with stronger institutions compared to those operating in weaker institutional environments. Combining the bank- with firm-level data we further find that a strong institutional environment which favours a decentralized organizational structure leads to better lending terms to SMEs decentralized banks grant loans with longer maturities, lower interest rates and are less likely to require collateral compared to their centralized counterparts. These findings further our understanding of bank organizational structure as a channel through which law affects lending. In the last essay we use the advent of the mobile money innovation in Kenya in 2007 as an interesting laboratory to investigate the impact of a financial innovation on the performance and outreach of commercial banks. Providing more insights about this link is important as it helps inform the debate among policy-makers and regulators on the impact of a non-traditional source of competition on the service provision of formal financial institutions. Given that financial inclusion is a major problem in developing countries, detailed micro-level evidence on this issue is important for promoting household welfare. Combining the 2006, 2009 and 2013 FinAccess household surveys with bank financial statement and branch penetration data at the county level we find that banks more exposed to the competitive pressure induced by the mobile money innovation improved their performance and expanded their outreach towards households traditionally excluded by formal financial institutions. Additional results further show that households report less supply side barriers to financial access in counties more exposed to the advent of the mobile money innovation. These results highlight the importance of increasing the contestability of banking markets in order to promote financial inclusion and a more competitive banking sector.
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Breitbach, Timothy W. "Supply chain financing in Developing countries". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/112624.
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Thesis: Ph. D. in Engineering Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
There is no definitive blueprint for ending poverty and increasing prosperity across the globe, but the World Bank argues that inclusive economic growth is critical to achieving global development goals. This thesis focuses on supply chain financing, and its potential to make a positive and lasting impact on people and businesses in resource-constrained environments. It seeks to develop a better understanding of how supply chain and finance structures impact profits, sales growth and risk. The two-phased research design seeks to address the gap in the supply chain and development literature on supply chain finance in small and medium sized firms in developing countries. The first phase consists of exploratory, semi-structured interviews with stakeholders in international development, financing and supply chain management. The exploratory interviews were used to develop an understanding of how relevant stakeholders think about and make supply chain finance decisions. Additionally, the interviews were used to identify a company and supply chain for a multiple case study upon which the second phase of research is based. The company is a clean energy product distributor that has partnered with one of the largest banks in Kenya to provide consumer financing for clean energy products. The case analysis includes an in-depth examination of the company's financial performance by sales channel, drawing upon sales records and accounting documents. Interviews were conducted with the company's management, suppliers, sales force, retailers and bank lending agents. The mixed methods case study is used to extend hypotheses developed during the exploratory interviews and further develop theory on the role of financing in developing country supply chains. The exploratory interviews and case study are used to develop a framework of how stakeholders in consumer durable goods markets think about scale in developing countries. The World Bank's Logistics Performance Index (LPI) and Doing Business Report (DBR) data sets are used to demonstrate how organizations can base supply chain decisions on infrastructure, logistics and governance structures within a country. This research can be used by for-profit and not-for-profit entities when making resource allocation and supply chain design decisions in developing markets.
by Timothy W. Breitbach.
Ph. D. in Engineering Systems
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Jain, Neera S. B. Massachusetts Institute of Technology y Somin Lee. "Peanut oil press for developing countries". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/36750.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 34-35).
Despite the problems with obesity that the United States is facing today, malnutrition, caused in part by severely low dietary fat consumption, remains a problem among many people living in Sub-Saharan Africa. According to the World Health Organization, one third of people in developing countries are malnourished as well as vitamin or mineral deficient. While villagers do not have access to commercially produced vegetable oil (a common source of dietary fat), nor are industrial scale oil extraction methods appropriate for small scale production. As a result, they turn to traditional methods, such as a mortar and pestle, to extract oil from peanuts, sunflower seeds, and other oil bearing seeds and nuts. This process is both time and labor intensive, and still does not yield sufficient amounts of oil to satisfy the need for it. The need for a small scale press is clear. This thesis introduces a simple design which achieves a yield of 46.9 mL per cup (U.S.) which matches the yield produced using industrial technologies. This corresponds to 153% increase in yield and 38.5% increase in rate over using traditional methods such as a mortar and pestle. The design consists of two fixed plates connected by four rods, with a third plate which slides along the four guide rods.
(cont.) A standard scissor jack is the mechanism by which the necessary pressure of 800-1000 psi is generated to extract the oil. A peanut container with a removable bottom holds the peanuts as they are pressed, and holes drilled into its cylindrical face allow the oil to spill out into a collection dish underneath the container. The entire design is compact, with a footprint of one square foot and a height of 22 inches. This is 12 times smaller than the Beilenberg ram press, the standard for small scale presses currently used in developing countries. Experimental results of the loading profile as function of time show that the jack does not need to be turned continuously once the oil begins to appear. This requires significantly less strength than current methods of oil extraction. Although future work is recommended to further develop and improve the press, it shows promise of alleviating the need for such a device in many impoverished parts of the world.
by Neera Jain and Somin Lee.
S.B.
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Gamman, John K. "Environmental policy implementation in developing countries". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/27977.
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Bai, Jie Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Essays on firms in developing countries". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104483.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 223-231).
This thesis consists of three chapters on microeconomic issues of firms in developing countries and the impact of government policies on business growth. The first chapter examines firms' incentive to establish a reputation for quality. A key problem in developing countries is the lack of reliable provision of high quality goods and services. I designed an experiment to understand this phenomenon in a setting that features typical market conditions in a developing country: the retail watermelon market in a major Chinese city. I begin by demonstrating empirically that there is substantial asymmetric information between sellers and buyers on sweetness, the key indicator of quality for watermelons, yet sellers do not sort and price watermelons by quality. I then randomly introduce one of two branding technologies into 40 out of 60 markets-one sticker label that is widely used and often counterfeited and one novel laser-cut label. I track sellers' quality, pricing and sales over an entire season and collect household panel purchasing data to examine the demand side's response. I find that laser branding induced sellers to provide higher quality and led to higher sales profits, establishing that reputational incentives are present and can be made to pay. However, after the intervention was withdrawn, all markets reverted back to baseline. To rationalize the experimental findings, I build an empirical model of consumer learning and seller reputation. The results indicate that information frictions and fragmented markets lead to significant under-provision of quality in this setting. Though there is a high demand for quality, trust could take a long time to establish under the existing branding technology, which makes reputation building a low return investment. While the new branding technology enhances consumer learning, small individual sellers do not have the incentive to invest in this technology due to their small market size and market competition. The second chapter (co-authored with Seema Jayachandran, Edmund J. Malesky and Benjamin Olken) considers how local governments' bribe extraction could interact with firms' growth. We propose a model in which government officials' choice of how much bribe money to extract from firms is modulated by inter-jurisdictional competition. The model predicts that economic growth decreases the rate of bribe extraction under plausible assumptions, with the benefit to officials of demanding a given share of revenue as bribes outweighed by the increased risk that firms will move elsewhere. A second prediction is that the negative effect of growth on bribery is larger if firms are more mobile. We find empirical support for these predictions. In particular, we employ two instrumental variables strategies-one based on growth in a firm's industry in other provinces within Vietnam and another based on industry growth in neighboring China and find that growth causes a decrease in bribe extraction. Our results suggest that as poor countries grow, corruption could subside on "its own." Consistent with the model's predictions, we find that the effect is for firms whose property rights to their land are transferable and who have operations in multiple provinces, two proxies for geographic mobility. The third chapter examines the impact of internal trade barriers on firms' performance and export activities. It is well known that various forms of non-tariff barriers exist among Chinese provinces. However, empirically, it is difficult to measure these barriers because they can take many forms. I take advantage of an export VAT rebate policy reform in 2004 as a natural experiment to identify the existence of internal trade barriers and study the impact on TFP and resource allocation. In particular, as a result of shifting tax rebate burdens, the 2004 reform leads to a greater incentive for the provincial governments to block the domestic flow of non-local goods related to exporting. I find that foreign trade companies in the coastal region become more "inward-looking" in the years after the reform, consistent with rising local trade barriers. The value of exports through intermediaries grows less in the inland region relative to the coastal region, and the negative effect is larger in inland provinces with greater exposure to the reform, measured using baseline reliance on trade through intermediaries. I extend the standard open-economy heterogeneous firm model by adding an intermediary sector as in Ahn, Khandelwal and Wei (2011) but with a new focus on the intermediary's role of domestic sourcing. The model can be used to analyze general equilibrium effects, examine firms' entry and exit into exporting, and quantify the distortion on TFP.
by Jie Bai.
Ph. D.
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Wren-Lewis, Liam. "Regulation of utilities in developing countries". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a64d775e-29f4-4c75-a6a3-d2c16098f2a1.
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The efficient operation and expansion of utilities in developing countries is crucial for growth and poverty reduction. However, recent reforms aimed at improving the performance of these sectors through privatization and the introduction of new regulatory regimes have had limited success. This thesis aims to consider the most pertinent problems for utility regulation in developing countries and how policy may need to be adapted appropriately. The thesis begins by surveying the most recent empirical and theoretical work on the area. I argue that four key institutional limitations commonly found in developing countries must be considered when designing regulatory policy: Limited capacity, limited accountability, limited commitment and limited fiscal efficiency. The remainder of the thesis then focuses on two of these weaknesses – limited commitment and limited accountability – to develop further insights into how regulatory policy may be most suitably adapted. In considering the effect of limited commitment, I pursue a theoretical approach. I first focus on the relationship between the government and the utility operator when the government cannot commit to a time-inconsistent policy of not expropriating investment. After building a model where reputation is used to sustain investment in equilibrium, I consider the model’s implications for policy. The thesis then builds a different model to consider the impact of governments’ inability to commit when trading electricity internationally. I focus on the resulting hold-up problem and the impact this has on investment levels within trading countries. The effect of limited accountability is then investigated empirically through the analysis of data on electricity firms and regulators in Latin America. In particular, I consider how firms’ performance is affected by corruption, ownership and regulatory governance, looking in detail at interactions between these variables and attempting to break down regulatory governance into its various components.
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Campusano, Gárate Rolando. "Competition and innovation in developing countries". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2012. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/113653.
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Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Análisis EconómicoUsing the Climate Investment Survey from the World Bank, we find a negative relationship between competition and innovation in developing countries. This result supports the idea of Schumpeter (1942) that competition can harm innovation. We deal with endogeneity issues using as instrument the interaction between industry turnover and entry regulation in the U.S. The basic idea is that entry regulations have a more pronounced and negative effect on competition in those industries with more natural entry. For this, we find that relevant competition is at the country-level rather than at country-industry level. Finally, we find no evidence of heterogeneity on this relationship across firms and industries.
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Li, Yiting Li. "Mitigation Index Insurance in Developing Countries". The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu150328419452699.
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Valero, Mathilde. "Education and gender in developing countries". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AIXM0217.
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Trois ans après l’adoption des Objectifs de Développement Durable pour une éducation primaire et secondaire universelle à l’horizon 2030, les progrès en matière de décrochage scolaire restent insuffisants. Pour tenter de répondre à ce défi majeur, cette thèse explore comment les familles investissent stratégiquement dans l’éducation de leurs enfants, selon le genre. Le chapitre 1 introduit les principaux déterminants du capital humain et examine en particulier la relation entre les droits économiques des femmes et l’éducation des enfants dans plusieurs pays en développement. Le deuxième chapitre revisite le lien entre chocs de revenu et éducation en prenant en compte le rôle de la composition des frères et soeurs dans une région rurale de Tanzanie. L’étude montre que le choc négatif affecte davantage les enfants ayant relativement plus de (jeunes) soeurs que de (jeunes) frères. Enfin, les parents peuvent décider de sous-investir dans l’éducation de leurs enfants, notamment des filles, s’ils anticipent qu’ils ne toucheront pas les fruits de leur investissement. Ainsi, le dernier chapitre évalue de façon théorique et empirique les échanges intergénérationnels entre parents-enfants en Indonésie. Nous trouvons qu’une partie des gains d’une hausse du niveau d’éducation à la fois pour les filles et les garçons, générée par une réforme de l’éducation primaire en Indonésie, est partagée avec la génération des parents. L’éducation affecte positivement les transferts envoyés aux parents à travers davantage de bénéfices à la fois sur le marché du travail et sur le marché du mariageIn the past decade, millions of children around the world have gained access to educational opportunities. However, three years after the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals of universal primary and secondary education by 2030, there has been no progress in reducing the global number of out-of-school children. To address this issue, this thesis explores how families strategically invest in their offsprings’ education, by gender. Chapter 1 introduces the broad determinants of children’s human capital with a focus on family backgrounds such as mothers’ endowments. The study explores the relationship between women’s economic rights and children’s education in developing countries. Implicit in many researches on education is the existence of interactions between family members. Accordingly, the second chapter revisits the link between income shocks and educational achievement by considering the role of sibling composition in a rural region of Tanzania. Children suffer an additional penalty during income shocks the larger the share of girls among (younger) siblings. Finally, families might decide to underinvest in children’s education, mostly in their daughters, if they expect that they will not be able to obtain the returns for this education. Thus, the last chapter assesses theoretically and empirically the intergenerational parent-child exchange in Indonesia. We find that a substantial fraction of human capital gains for both girls and boys, generated by exposure to an educational reform, is shared with the parental generation. We show that education positively affects old-age transfers through additional labor and marital market returns for both men and women
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Caldeira, Emilie. "Essays on decentralization in developing countries". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CLF10368/document.
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Cette thèse en quatre parties aborde différents aspects de la décentralisation dans les pays en développement. Après avoir introduit notre travail et passé en revue la littérature sur ce thème(chapitre 1), nous nous attachons à étudier l'existence et la nature des interactions horizontales entre les gouvernements locaux dans un contexte de faibles ressources budgétaires et d'absence de démocratie locale (respectivement, chapitres 2 et 3). Nous analysons ensuite les relations verticales entre le gouvernement central et les gouvernements locaux, plus précisément, les effets et les déterminants de l’allocation des transferts intergouvernementaux (respectivement,chapitres 4 et 5). Enfin, nous déterminons l’impact final de la décentralisation sur l’accès des populations locales aux services de base (chapitre 6)To improve the efficiency of the public sector, a decentralization process has been engaged in a large number of developing countries. This thesis, in four parts, analyzes various aspects of decentralization in developing countries. Part 1, which consists in a review of literature, studies the expected theoretical effects of decentralization, examines their relevance in the particular context of developing countries and, draws up a critical assessment of empirical studies evaluating the existence of such effects (chapter 1). Part 2 focuses on the relevance of an essential argument in favor of decentralization, largely ignored in studies on developing countries: the "competition principle". More precisely, we analyze the existence of strategic interactions between local governments in a context of weak fiscal resources (case of Benin, chapter 2) and in the absence of local democracy (case of China, chapter 3). Part 3 relates to the vertical relationship between the central government and local governments. In particular, we focus on the effect of central fiscal transfers on the level of local own-Revenue in Benin (chapter 4) and on the determinants of the allocation of fiscal transfers between local governments in Senegal (chapter 5). Finally, in part 4, we determine the average and distributional impacts of decentralization on the access to basic services by local population (chapter 6)
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Marchand, Sébastien. "Institutions and deforestation in developing countries". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CLF10372/document.
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Cette thèse étudie le rôle des institutions dans la compréhension du processus de déforestation dans les pays en développement. L'approche retenue est celle de la nouvelle économie institutionnelle qui définit les institutions comme le cadre incitatif d'une économie, qui structure les interactions économiques des individus. Le cadre institutionnel est donc un élément à part entière du système économique, qui agit sur l'environnement humain à travers la modulation des incitations des agents. A ce titre, les institutions jouent donc un rôle majeur dans le processus de conservation ou de conversion des forêts. L'analyse de ce rôle est la problématique centrale de cette thèse et s'articule autour de trois grandes parties: (1) le rôle de la persistance des institutions ou rôle de l'histoire dans la compréhension de celui des institutions, (2) le rôle de la demande de bonne gouvernance, et (3) le rôle des institutions comme élément catalytique conditionnant l'effet de causes plus directes de la déforestation. La première partie conclut sur le rôle majeur de la prise en compte des legs légaux et coloniaux pour expliquer l' effet des institutions sur la déforestation. La seconde partie explique le rôle majeur de la demande de bonne gouvernance pour préserver la forêt, en étant un substitut (complément) d'une mauvaise (bonne) offre de bonne gouvernance. Enfin, la troisième partie de la thèse suggère de comprendre les institutions comme un facteur catalytique de la déforestation qui permet de comprendre l' effet des causes directes de celle-Ci telles que la productivité agricole des fermes de l'Amazonie Légale, ou les comportements stratégiques entre communes du Paraná dans la création de parcs municipauxThis thesis investigates the role of institutions on deforestation within the framework of the New Institutional Economics. This theory states that institutions can be defined such as the incentive systm wich shape economic interactions throughout the modulations of the incentives of agents. This way, institutions are at stake in the process of deforestation and the analysis of this role is the core of this thesis, articulated around three parts : the role of institutional persistence (1), the importance of the deman for good governance (2) and the implications of institutions and governance system as an underlying framework shaping proximate causes of deforestation (3). The first part stresses the importance of taking into account colonial and legal legacies to understand the role of institutions on deforestation. The second part explains the leading role of the demand for good governance. the third part proposes two micro-Economics applications in Brazil. The role of institutions and governance systmem on forest cover is defined as a catalytic role precipitating the effect of proximate causes on deforestation such as agricultural productivity in the Legal Amazon, or strategic behaviors between counties in the creation of municipal conservation units in the state of Paranà
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Azam, Md Shafiul. "Poverty and vulnerability in developing countries". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/poverty-and-vulnerability-in-developing-countries(82a046b0-2e65-4d41-aef5-9dbe70455a9b).html.
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The dissertation comprises of three self-contained papers. The common theme of all the papers is to estimate and examine the broader issues of rural poverty and vulnerability in developing countries. A variety of micro-econometric techniques were used depending on the context and objectives of the papers. The first paper estimates ex ante poverty and vulnerability of households in Bangladesh using Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) data 2005. We use a simple two-level random intercept model to estimate consumption variance due to idiosyncratic and covariate shocks. Our results show that poverty is not same as vulnerability as a substantial share of those currently above the poverty line is highly vulnerable to poverty in the future. The study finds that those without education or agricultural households are likely to be the most vulnerable. The geographical diversity of vulnerability is considerable. It is suggested that ex ante measures to prevent households from becoming poor as well as ex post measures to alleviate those already in poverty should be combined. The second paper examines whether microfinance reduces poverty in Bangladesh drawing upon 4 rounds of household panel data covering the period 1997 to 2005. We estimate the effects of general microfinance loans as well as loans for productive purposes on three different welfare measures- household income, food consumption and women’s Body Mass Index (BMI) employing a number of methods including DID-PSM and Household Fixed Effects Model. The results of Propensity Score Matching (PSM) applied for each round show mostly positive effects of MFI’s general and productive loans on income and food consumption before 2000, but these turned negative in 2004, whilst the results of DID-PSM confirm a positive impact of MFI’s general loans on food consumption’s growth in 1999-2004. It has been found by household fixed-effects model that overall effects of MFI’s loans on income and food consumption in 1997-2004 were positive and that the purpose of the loan is important in predicting which welfare indicator is improved. Finally, the third one explores the key causal factors behind agricultural supply response and farmers' market participation decisions in Cambodia. A stylized farm household model with market imperfections is considered and a two-step decision making process is outlined. Farmers decide, first, whether or not to participate in the market and then they decide how much to sell. The model is estimated using a Heckman type regression approach. We compute the marginal effects for the full sample as well as for small and large holders. Non-price factors such as risk, technology and rural infrastructure come out as important determinants of commercialization of agriculture in Cambodia. The marginal effects for the small and large holders differ substantially both in quantitative and qualitative terms. This suggests differential treatment in terms of intervention and incentives for small and large holders would be more effective to promote market access.
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Morling, Steven R. "Asymmetric inflation dynamics in developing countries /". St. Lucia, Qld, 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16337.pdf.
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Atijosan, Oluwarantimi Oluwatunmike. "Measuring musculoskeletal impairment in developing countries". Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.536877.
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Mugova, Terrence Tafadzwa. "Interdependence and business cycle transmission between South Africa and the USA, UK, Japan and Germany". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002680.
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The process of globalisation has had a large impact on the world economy over the past three decades. Economic globalisation has manifested itself in the increasing integration of goods and services through international trade and the integration of financial markets. As a consequence the existence of co-movements in economic variables of different countries has become more evident. The extent to which globalisation causes a country’s economy to move together with the rest of the world concerns policy-makers. When such co-movement is significant, the influence of policy-makers on their respective domestic economies is significantly reduced. South Africa re-entered the international economy in the early 1990s when the forces of globalisation, especially for developing countries, seemed to gain momentum. Empirical research such as Kabundi and Loots (2005) found strong evidence of international co-movement between the world business cycle and the South African business cycle, particularly following South Africa’s integration into the global economy. This study examines the relationship and interdependence between South Africa and four of its major developed trading partners. More particularly, the study examines the question of whether business cycles are transmitted from Germany, Japan, US and UK to South Africa, and/or from South Africa to Germany, Japan, the US and UK. The study employs structural vector autoregressive (SVARs) models to analyse monthly data from 1980:01–2008:04 on industrial production, producer prices, short-term interest rates and real effective exchange rates. The results show that South Africa benefits from economic growth in both the UK and US. They also indicate significant price transmission from Germany and Japan to South Africa, with transmission in the opposite direction being statistically insignificant. The impulse response graphs show that a positive one standard deviation shock to both German and Japanese producer prices has a negative impact on South African output (industrial production) growth. Furthermore, South African monetary policy is relatively unresponsive to international monetary policy stances. The findings of this study indicate that South African policymakers need to take into consideration economic performance of the country’s major trading partners, with particular emphasis on the UK and US economies.