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Vuori, Juha A. "Deterring Things with Words: Deterrence as a Speech Act1". New Perspectives 24, n.º 2 (septiembre de 2016): 23–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2336825x1602400203.
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As Cold War historians and fans of the film Doctor Strangelove know, deterrence can be a tricky business. The complexity of deterrence and the lack of attention that has been paid to its social effects have too often left one of its forms – nuclear deterrence – depoliticized, uncontested, and thus a danger to us all. I argue in this article that speech act theory can provide insights into deterrence and its concomitant political effects. It can be used to philosophically explain the communicative difficulties involved in deterrent relationships, and to form a basis for a critical stance on deterrence as politics. This entails a shift of focus from deterrence as a state of mind to the politics of deterrence and the deontic powers it wields – a shift from the causative aspects of deterrence to the deontology of deterrents. The analysis of such political functions is aided by the neologism of deterrentification, which refers to assertive and declarative acts that alter the status functions of things so that they are thought to act as deterrents and bring about determent in someone or something. It also aids in conceptualizing how the status of deterrents can be cancelled, and how nuclear weapons can be drawn away from the exceptional sphere of deterrence and back into the sphere of politics. Such a status transformation is required to achieve a sustained nuclear disarmament.
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Elhag, E. A., A. H. El Nadi y A. A. Zaitoon. "Ovipositional Deterrence of Methanolic and Etherial Extracts of Five Plants to the Cowpea Bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)". Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 4, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 1999): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol4iss2pp27-33.
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Methanol and diethyl ether extracts of Harmal, Rhazya stricta Decne.; neem seed kernels, Azadirachta indica A.Juss; cloves, Syzygeum aromarticum (L.); citrus peel and Ramram, Heliotropium bacciferum (Forssk-) were evaluated for their deterrence to oviposition by Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) on chickpeas in choice tests. Both extracts of all materials significantly reduced oviposition on treated seeds. Maximum deterrent effects (91.8%) were obtained in the neem seed methanol extract at 0.5% concentration, citrus peel O. l% ether extract (90.9%), R stricta 0.5% methanol extract (83.9%), and clove 0. 1% ether extract (80.0%). Methanol extracts of neem seeds and R. stricta evoked higher deterrent effects than their etherial extracts, whereas the responses for cloves and citrus peel were more pronounced in their ether extracts. H. bacirferum % deterrency due to both types of extracts were practically identical. The results encourage future incorporation of such plant extracts as ovipositional deterrents in stored-product lPM programmes.
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Kajla, Mayur K., Gregory A. Barrett-Wilt y Susan M. Paskewitz. "Bacteria: A novel source for potent mosquito feeding-deterrents". Science Advances 5, n.º 1 (enero de 2019): eaau6141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau6141.
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Antibiotic and insecticidal bioactivities of the extracellular secondary metabolites produced by entomopathogenic bacteria belonging to genusXenorhabdushave been identified; however, their novel applications such as mosquito feeding-deterrence have not been reported. Here, we show that a mixture of compounds isolated fromXenorhabdus budapestensisin vitro cultures exhibits potent feeding-deterrent activity against three deadly mosquito vectors:Aedes aegypti,Anopheles gambiae, andCulex pipiens. We demonstrate that the deterrent active fraction isolated from replicate bacterial cultures is highly enriched in two compounds consistent with the previously described fabclavines, strongly suggesting that these are the molecular species responsible for feeding-deterrence. The mosquito feeding-deterrent activity in the putative fabclavine-rich fraction is comparable to or better than that ofN,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (also known as DEET) or picaridin in side-by-side assays. These findings lay the groundwork for research into biologically derived, peptide-based, low–molecular weight compounds isolated from bacteria for exploitation as mosquito repellents and feeding-deterrents.
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Turunen, Maija y Martti Kari. "Cumulative Cyber Deterrence". International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security 17, n.º 1 (2 de marzo de 2022): 433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/iccws.17.1.55.
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The cumulative cyber deterrence can be seen as a concept in which increasing the weight of different means and their use increases the deterrent effect on a common level or on selected adversaries. Cumulative cyber deterrence may include all traditional options of deterrence, and can be active or passive. Active deterrence can be characterized as targeting specific threats and actors, as a deterrent consisting of several different methods, while passive deterrence is a form of deterrence commonly targeted at all the potential adversaries. The cumulative cyber deterrence can be an independent type of deterrence or part of a state’s overall deterrence. This paper approaches the concept of cumulative cyber deterrence from a military perspective. The purpose is to determine what factors can be formed by cumulative cyber deterrence. It describes how cumulative deterrence will change and be affected and what problems can be associated with that concept. The aim is to find answers to these questions by looking at the way how Israel and Russia use cumulative cyber deterrence as part of their overall deterrence. In its theoretical context, this paper is based on the theory of the character of war. Through the theory of character of war and utilizing the concept of reflexive control, an attempt is made to explain the position of cumulative cyber deterrence as part of overall deterrence. Integrative literature analysis has been used as the research method. The key conclusion of the paper is that creating a credible cyber deterrent is an affect and cost-effective way to increase overall deterrence. However, this presupposes that the state also has offensive cyber methods at its disposal and is able to credibly communicate their existence and the will to use them if necessary. The concept of cumulative cyber deterrence depends on the other means of deterrence available to the state. Both Israel and Russia have all these qualities. A key difference in the deterrence strategies of these states is that Israel uses cumulative methods to make it clear where the red lines are, while Russia’s strategic goal is to blur them
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Guo, Zhenhua y John C. Snyder. "MITE DETERRENCE OF TOMATO GENOTYPES IS CLOSELY RELATED TO LEAF SURFACE CHEMISTRY". HortScience 27, n.º 6 (junio de 1992): 646a—646. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.646a.
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Choice and non-choice bioassays were used to examine deterrence in vitro and in vivo of Tetranychus urticae Koch. In vivo deterrence of leaflets from 11 Lycopersicon hirsutum accessions as well as the tomato cultivar `Ace 55' was measured as was in vitro deterrence of their leaf hexane extracts. Leaf surface chemistry was examined by gas chromatography. All 6 accessions of L. hirsutum f. hirsutum contained sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Each of these extracts also contained one or a few late eluting components. All were deterrent in vitro and 5 out of the 6 were deterrent in vivo. The one lacking in vivo deterrence had low density of type IV trichomes. All 5 accessions of L. hirsutum f. glabratum contained methyl ketones. These accessions were less deterrent in vitro and 4 out of the 5, less deterrent in vivo. The one accession having high in vivo deterrence also had high density of type IV trichomes. `Ace 55', having few hexane extractable compounds was neither deterrent in vitro nor in vivo. Within an accession, secretions from different types of trichomes shared similar chemical profiles and were similar to leaf profiles.
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Hirtenlehner, Helmut y Per-Olof H. Wikström. "Experience or deterrence? Revisiting an old but neglected issue". European Journal of Criminology 14, n.º 4 (12 de octubre de 2016): 485–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370816671750.
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Deterrence theory states that fear of sanctions secures compliance with the law. Empirical research on the deterrent effect of legal sanctions has remained inconclusive though. This applies especially to perceptual deterrence studies. Most of them are cross-sectional in nature and rely on measures of self-reported previous offending, which implies that they actually explain past criminal behaviour from current perceptions of risk. However, such a temporal ordering of the concepts is more congruent with experiential effects according to which previous criminal involvement lowers subsequent risk perceptions rather than depicting deterrent relationships. The few longitudinal studies that have attempted to disentangle experiential and deterrent effects are based on samples from North America. Their common finding is that experiential effects exist and that they are substantially larger than the deterrent effect. Most of them reject the notion of deterrence. This work contributes to the discussion by for the first time addressing the experience–deterrence issue with panel data collected in the UK. Results show that associations between current risk estimates and prior offending found in cross-sectional studies reflect chiefly experiential effects. Evidence in support of deterrence remains very limited.
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Park, MiRang. "A preliminary Study on the 1:1 Electronic Supervision System and Crime Deterrence of Sex Offenders". Korean Association of Public Safety and Criminal Justice 31, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2022): 147–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21181/kjpc.2022.31.3.147.
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The main purpose of this study is to examine the deterrence of punishment of the 1:1 electronic supervision system. The study was conducted on all subjects of 1:1 electronic supervision, and with the cooperation of the Ministry of Justice, 20 subjects were interviewed and 21 subjects were surveyed. The deterrence of punishment perceived by the subjects of 1:1 electronic supervision was queried and investigated by dividing it into celerity, certainty, and severity. In terms of deterrence of punishment, the 1:1 electronic supervision system did not prove the special deterrece effect. However, it was proved that the deterrence of certainty is greater and clearer for the majority of sex offenders than severity or celerity. In addition, in terms of the celerity of punishment, the concern of the 1:1 electronic supervision was evident. In fact, it was recognized that the selection criteria that reflected the dynamic factor on the evaluation of the corrective effect and risk of the subject were necessary because the period of occurrence of the crime and the period of selecting the subject for 1:1 electronic supervision was too long. Although the system was started with great concerns, it was possible to partially confirm the effect of intensive probation that prioritizes human-centered and individual treatment within those concerns.
In addition, it was confirmed that the unfairness of law enforcement or distrust toward the criminal justice system felt by the subjects weakened the net function of punishment. It could be confirmed once again that trust toward the criminal justice system takes precedence in order to expect the deterrent effect of punishment for special deterrence.
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Banasik, Mirosław. "Znaczenie odstraszania strategicznego dla bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego". Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 12, n.º 1 (24 de septiembre de 2021): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.6467.
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The aim of the article was to clarify the essence of the strategic deterrence and to characterize the deterrent mechanisms used to shape international security. The article explains the nature of the deterrent and mechanisms to guarantee international security. It presents the genesis of deterrence and characterizes its evolution. It also indicates the need for changes in the theory and practice of deterrence. As a result of the studies, it has been established that, nowadays, thanks to the complementary use of hard and soft power, strategic deterrence has a multi-faceted character and its importance for international relations is increasing. It is closely linked to diplomacy and constitutes a mechanism, by means of which the foreign political interests of states are realized and the international security order is shaped.
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Dorrian, Jillian y Kevin Purse. "Deterrence and Enforcement of Occupational Health and Safety Law". International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 27, Issue 1 (1 de marzo de 2011): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2011003.
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Deterrence is a central consideration in the regulation of occupational health and safety (OHS) and has been the focus of increased empirical attention by regulators and researchers in recent decades. This article provides an evaluation of quantitative and qualitative studies that have sought to determine the deterrent effect of OHS enforcement on employer behaviour. The main findings are that enforcement does result in deterrence where sanctions are involved but not in the manner presumed by traditional deterrence theory, that the certainty of enforcement appears to be the most important component of deterrence, and that specific deterrence is greater than general deterrence. It is also apparent that there are many gaps in the understanding of the role played by enforcement in promoting compliance with OHS obligations and in reducing work-related injury. Apart from their implications for enforcement activity, these findings highlight the necessity for a fundamental re-conceptualization of deterrence theory.
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Talbot, Brent. "Getting Deterrence Right: The Case for Stratified Deterrence". Journal of Strategic Security 13, n.º 1 (abril de 2020): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.13.1.1748.
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The potential for hostilities in the 21st Century is not likely to be deterred by a Cold War deterrence strategy. And while nuclear deterrence remains important, regional powers armed with weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and accompanying long-range delivery capabilities are a rising concern. New technological breakthroughs in the space, cyber, and unforeseen realms could also provide asymmetric means of undermining deterrence. Moreover, the effort to achieve strategic stability in this day and age has become increasingly complicated in light of the changing relationship among the great powers. Today’s world has become one of “security trilemmas.” Actions one state takes to defend against another can, in-turn, make a third state feel insecure. There is great need for both nuclear diversity (theater and low-yield weapons) and increased conventional capabilities in the U.S. deterrent force to provide strategic stability in the decades ahead. In sum, we need a deterrence construct that both deters nuclear use by the great powers and terminates nuclear use by both regional powers and so called rogue states initiating nuclear wars on neighbors. I propose herein a policy of stratified deterrence which addresses deterrence needs at each potential level of conflict.
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Gharalari, A. H., M. A. H. Smith, S. L. Fox y R. J. Lamb. "Behaviour of Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on spring wheat spikes with and without oviposition deterrence". Canadian Entomologist 142, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2010): 574–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n10-030.
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AbstractWheat, Triticum L. (Poaceae), varieties with deterrence to oviposition by the wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), can be useful in reducing seed damage. The behaviour of ovipositing females on spring wheat, T. aestivum L., with and without oviposition deterrence was investigated to account for observed differences in oviposition on deterrent and nondeterrent hosts. On deterrent wheat, 34% of females landing oviposited compared with 100% of females landing on nondeterrent wheat. The sequence of female behaviours just prior to egg-laying on deterrent spikes was similar to that on nondeterrent spikes. The length of time required to lay an egg and mean egg-batch size were similar on deterrent and nondeterrent wheat, but females spent nearly twice as long on the latter. After landing on deterrent wheat, females took longer to begin ovipositing and longer to leave after the last oviposition event than did females on nondeterrent wheat, which further reduced the time available for oviposition on deterrent compared with nondeterrent wheat. As a result of these behavioural differences, deterrence reduced oviposition by more than 60%.
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Keinonen, Maria. "Using Military Cyber Operations as a Deterrent". International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security 18, n.º 1 (28 de febrero de 2023): 489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/iccws.18.1.1025.
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The Deterrence theory was formed after the World War II to describe the tensions between nuclear-armed states. Because of its origins, deterrence is mainly researched from the point of view of powerful states. However, deterrence nowadays is essential for any state to include in their strategies. The ever-increasing dependence on technology forces states to protect their sovereignty in cyberspace as well as in other domains. Cyber operations should be considered not just as a means to protect the cyber domain, but as means of deterrence. Cross domain deterrence (CDD) is a theory that includes all the warfighting domains in creating deterrence, including cyberspace. Despite these new perspectives, the use of military cyber operations as a deterrent has been studied mainly in terms of offensive strategies. Incorporating all types of military cyber operations into deterrence strategies is understudied. This study focuses on the possibilities of a small state to use cyber operations to create deterrence. The research question is: “How can a small state use cyber operations as a deterrent?” According to the Finnish understanding, cyber operations can be divided into three types: offensive, defensive and supportive operations. Using Finland as a case study, this paper argues that using military cyber operations is noteworthy for any state dependent on cyberspace, not only for military purposes, but for building CDD. The CDD theory and characteristics of cyber operations are studied in order to form better understanding of the topic and provide ideas for academic discussion. The research methods are content and SWOT analysis. The key observation presented is that each type of cyber operation has a role in forming CDD. For a small state, it´s profitable to use every type of cyber operations and thus expand the tool box for deterrence.
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Lamb, R. J., I. L. Wise, M. A. H. Smith, R. I. H. McKenzie, J. Thomas y O. O. Olfert. "Oviposition deterrence against Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in spring wheat (Gramineae)". Canadian Entomologist 134, n.º 1 (febrero de 2002): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent13485-1.
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AbstractSpring wheats, Triticum aestivum L., previously identified as being lightly infested by eggs or larvae of wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), were tested to determine if reduced infestation was the result of oviposition deterrence. Oviposition deterrence was measured as the number of eggs deposited on a wheat line relative to that on a check. Egg densities on some of these lines were 10% or less compared with the susceptible commercial cultivar 'Roblin' in choice tests and 20% or less in no-choice tests in the laboratory. These lines also deterred oviposition in the field, reducing egg densities by at least 50% in single-row and multi-row field plots. Other experimental lines showed levels of oviposition deterrence intermediate between the most deterrent lines and 'Roblin'. One of 12 commercial cultivars tested, 'AC Superb', also had low egg densities in the laboratory and in single-row field tests, but this possible oviposition deterrence was not consistently present in large plots or commercial fields. The most deterrent experimental lines showed a level of oviposition deterrence that would be agriculturally useful and desirable in combination with a previously described antibiotic resistance.
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Sankaran, Jaganath y Steve Fetter. "Defending the United States: Revisiting National Missile Defense against North Korea". International Security 46, n.º 3 (25 de febrero de 2022): 51–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00426.
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Abstract North Korea has made significant strides in its attempt to acquire a strategic nuclear deterrent. In 2017, it tested intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and completed a series of nuclear test explosions. These may provide North Korea with the technical foundation to deploy a nuclear-armed ICBM capable of striking the United States. The Ground-based Midcourse Defense (GMD) missile defense system is intended to deter North Korean nuclear coercion and, if deterrence fails, to defeat a limited North Korean attack. Despite two decades of dedicated and costly efforts, however, the GMD system remains unproven and unreliable. It has not demonstrated an ability to defeat the relatively simple and inexpensive countermeasures that North Korea can field. The GMD system has suffered persistent delays, substantial cost increases, and repeated program failures because of the politically motivated rush to deploy in the 1990s. But GMD and other U.S. missile defense efforts have provoked serious concerns in Russia and China, who fear it may threaten their nuclear deterrents. Diplomacy and deterrence may reassure Russia and China while constraining North Korea's nuclear program. An alternate airborne boost-phase intercept system may offer meaningful defense against North Korean missiles without threatening the Russian or Chinese deterrents.
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Setnik, PhD, Beatrice y Edward J. Cone, PhD. "Establishing “abuse-deterrence equivalence” for generic abuse-deterrent opioid formulations: A proposed development framework". Journal of Opioid Management 12, n.º 2 (1 de marzo de 2016): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jom.2016.0320.
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Abuse-deterrent formulations are one strategy for mitigating the epidemic of prescription opioid abuse. Regulatory guidance documents describe the requirements for developing abuse-deterrent formulations of novel drugs and formulations; however, they do not address “abuse-deterrence equivalence” for generic formulations. As generics may be produced with different excipients and formulations compared to reference drugs, differences in their properties may impact their abuse-deterrent features. Currently, it is unclear what specific studies are needed to support generic abuse-deterrence claims. This commentary outlines several recommendations on the in vitro and in vivo testing required, including the conditions for conducting a human abuse potential study.
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Takacs, David. "Ukraine‘s deterrence failure: Lessons for the Baltic States". Journal on Baltic Security 3, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jobs-2017-0001.
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AbstractThe annexation of Crimea in 2014 was a clear sign that Moscow is looking to extend its sphere of influence and it forced the Baltic States to take a very close look at their deterrent capabilities. The article introduces the basic concepts of deterrence and discusses the differences between the deterrent capabilities of Ukraine and the Baltic States. Furthermore, the threats that Russia presents, the factors that were responsible for Ukraine’s deterrence failure and the challenges that the Baltic States are facing are analysed. The article concludes that while the Baltic States are significantly better prepared for possible Russian aggression, their deterrent capabilities must continuously evolve to reflect the changes in the nature of modern warfare.
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Zhang, Yanyan, Chuansheng Chen, Ellen Greenberger y Eric D. Knowles. "A Cross-Cultural Study of Punishment Beliefs and Decisions". Psychological Reports 120, n.º 1 (7 de diciembre de 2016): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294116679654.
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The current research examined cultural similarities and differences in punishment beliefs and decisions. Participants were European Americans ( N = 50), Chinese Americans ( N = 57), and Chinese in Mainland China ( N = 50). The Functions of Punishment Questionnaire was used to measure participants' beliefs about the retributive or deterrent functions of punishment and a scenario method was used to measure the extent to which punishment decisions were driven by individuals' concerns for retribution or deterrence. The results indicated that, contrary to the hypothesis that the retributive function would be emphasized by individualistic groups and the deterrent function by collectivistic groups, Mainland Chinese participants had a stronger belief in retribution and a weaker belief in deterrence than did European and Chinese Americans. The results also indicated that retribution played a bigger role in punishment decisions for Chinese than for the other two groups, but the importance of the deterrence function in punishment decisions did not differ across the three groups. Finally, the correlation between interdependence orientation and the belief in retribution was positive for Chinese but negative for European Americans. Taken together, the findings provided little evidence that collectivists are more deterrence-oriented and individualists more retribution-oriented.
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Cimbala, Stephen J. "Counterforce finite deterrence: A more stable deterrent". Defense Analysis 1, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1985): 217–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07430178508405208.
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Rothe, Dawn y Christopher Mullins. "Beyond the Juristic Orientation of International Criminal Justice: The Relevance of Criminological Insight to International Criminal Law and its Control A Commentary". International Criminal Law Review 10, n.º 1 (2010): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181209x12584562670893.
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AbstractThis article draws attention to the relevance of criminological insight on issues of international criminal law and criminal justice. In particular, the ideology and theory of deterrence, legitimacy, and international criminal law are drawn from. After all, the deterrent effect has been touted as a solid empirical fact with the progression and development of 'international criminal justice', the international tribunals since the mid 1990s, and the International Criminal Court. Yet, the current rather blind belief in the deterrent impact of international criminal justice remains, regretfully, a bit premature. Additionally, beyond the concepts of deterrence and legitimacy, criminologists have much to contribute to international criminal justice. As noted, there are social, political, cultural, and geographical issues that play a role in not only crime commission, but in the hindrance of and/or facilitation of deterrence. Criminologists are well positioned to show how these connections may facilitate or hinder the broader goals of the legal community.
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Russett, Bruce Martin. "Extended Deterrence with Nuclear Weapons: How Necessary, How Acceptable?" Review of Politics 50, n.º 2 (1988): 282–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670500015680.
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Most policy and normative problems with nuclear weaponry arise in the context of extended deterrence; that is, deterrence of attacks on friends or allies of a nuclear power. This article reviews the history and contradictions of post-World War II Western extended deterrent strategy, considers the sources of differences and similarities in the perspectives of the American and West German Catholic bishops on these matters, presents a logical schema of types of deterrent situations, discusses some systematic historical evidence that suggests the utility of nuclear weapons for many of these situations is often exaggerated, and, after reviewing alternative strategies, suggests a role for a very limited “countercombatant” nuclear strategy.
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Akhtar, Nasreen. "Emerging Challenges to Deterrence Stability in South Asia: A Theoretical Analysis". Journal of Security & Strategic Analyses 8, n.º 2 (2 de enero de 2023): 145–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.57169/jssa.008.02.0156.
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The nuclear deterrent and conventional capabilities of both Pakistan and India contribute extensively towards maintaining peace and strategic stability in the region. In South Asia, both states have significantly increased their nuclear and conventional capabilities. The recent new trends, at regional as well as global levels, such as growing conventional asymmetry, changing policies of the non-proliferation regime, and the introduction of more sophisticated weapon capabilities pose a direct pernicious challenge to deterrence stability of Pakistan and India - as both nuclear states are immensely increasing their defence system. Through the lens of structural deterrence theory, this paper examines the strategic threats posed to deterrence stability in South Asia. Complete deterrence has become a mirage in South Asia. This paper examines the strategic imbalance in South Asia as the most pertinent threat - the two nuclear adversaries, India and Pakistan, are accumulating military power. This paper argues that strategic imbalance has serious implications for the South Asian region. In this paper, we employ the interpretative methodology.
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CHAPMAN, R. F., A. ASCOLI-CHRISTENSEN y P. R. WHITE. "Sensory Coding For Feeding Deterrence in the Grasshopper Schistocerca Americana". Journal of Experimental Biology 158, n.º 1 (1 de julio de 1991): 241–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.158.1.241.
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The electrophysiological responses of sensilla on the tibia of Schistocerca americana (Drury) to six compounds were examined. All the compounds were shown to cause feeding deterrence at high concentrations. Nicotine hydrogen tartrate, quinine, hordenine (all alkaloids) and salicin (a phenolic glycoside) all stimulated one cell in each sensillum. This was shown by differential adaptation experiments to be the same cell. In some sensilla this cell also responded to linamarin (a cyanogenic glycoside). Earlier work had shown that the activity of this cell was correlated with feeding deterrence. However, canavanine (a nonprotein amino acid) did not stimulate this cell, although it caused feeding deterrence. All the compounds, except salicin, produced a marked depression in the activity of cells responding to sucrose, and at higher concentrations of the compounds this inhibition was almost complete. The activity of the deterrent cell and inhibition of the activity of sucrose-sensitive cells appear to act together to produce the behavioural effects of most chemicals, but canavanine appears to act only by suppressing the activity of other cells and salicin primarily through activity of the deterrent cell. In addition, quinine disrupts the activity of all the cells and in its presence the deterrent cell adapts very slowly so that the message signalling deterrence is sustained. At low concentrations, salicin, and probably hordenine, increased the duration of feeding. In the case of hordenine this was due to an increase in the firing rate of sucrose-sensitive neurones; with salicin the increase was associated with a high threshold of response and a rapid rate of adaptation of the deterrent cell. Thus, similar behavioural effects are produced by a variety of sensory phenomena with each compound acting in a slightly different manner from the others.
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Carinci, Adam J. "Abuse-deterrent opioid analgesics: a guide for clinicians". Pain Management 10, n.º 1 (enero de 2020): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/pmt-2019-0052.
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The US FDA has encouraged the development of abuse-deterrent formulations (ADFs) of opioid analgesics as one component in a comprehensive effort to combat prescription opioid abuse. Guidance issued by the FDA outlines three types of premarket studies for evaluating abuse deterrence: laboratory-based in vitro manipulation and extraction studies, pharmacokinetic studies and human abuse potential studies. After approval, postmarket studies are needed to evaluate the impact of an ADF product on abuse in real-world settings. This review summarizes the regulatory issues involved in the development of ADF opioids and clarifies abuse-deterrence claims in product labels, in order to assist clinicians in critically evaluating the available evidence pertaining to the abuse-deterrent features of opioid analgesics.
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Cohen, MA/LS, Dan. "Abuse-deterrent formulations approval reform: Will clinical correctness or real-world results be used to address the nation's opioid crisis: “Noninterference” as a new approval standard". Journal of Opioid Management 13, n.º 6 (7 de diciembre de 2017): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jom.2017.0413.
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To further the public policy objectives of Congress and the country, legislators should now insist that abuse-deterrent formulations (ADFs) be deployed for every C-II opioid and stimulant. The need for these innovative technologies has never been greater. And to most efficiently incentivize innovators to develop and deploy the most effective and modern deterrents, a new and simpler regulatory approval standard for ADF should be adopted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. That standard, based on a concept of “Noninterference” increases the potential for a much earlier deployment of ADFs in a broad range of products and allows deterrence to play its most effective role in combatting the national opioid crisis.
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Betts, Richard K. y Lawrence Freedman. "Deterrence". Foreign Affairs 83, n.º 5 (2004): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20034095.
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Reynolds, Charles. "Deterrence". Review of International Studies 15, n.º 1 (enero de 1989): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500113105.
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These three books cover the gamut of argument about deterrence, ranging from its politics to its theoretical status and its morality. The authors, while diverse in their professional status, being government 'experts', lawyers, theologians, political scientists and philosophers, all have this in common: they seek to tell us what to do. They attempt to relate theory to practice either to justify instrumental means or goals or to prescribe them. In this sense they are all contributors to the field of strategic reasoning.
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Ali, Abbas, Nurhayat Tabanca, Betul Demirci, Vijayasankar Raman, Jane M. Budel, K. Hüsnü Can Baser y Ikhlas A. Khan. "Insecticidal and Biting Deterrent Activities of Magnolia grandiflora Essential Oils and Selected Pure Compounds against Aedes aegypti". Molecules 25, n.º 6 (17 de marzo de 2020): 1359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061359.
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In our natural products screening program for mosquitoes, we tested essential oils extracted from different plant parts of Magnolia grandiflora L. for their insecticidal and biting deterrent activities against Aedes aegypti. Biting deterrence of seeds essential oil with biting deterrence index value of 0.89 was similar to N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET). All the other oils were active above the solvent control but the activity was significantly lower than DEET. Based on GC-MS analysis, three pure compounds that were only present in the essential oil of seed were further investigated to identify the compounds responsible for biting deterrent activity. 1-Decanol with PNB value of 0.8 was similar to DEET (PNB = 0.8), whereas 1-octanol with PNB value of 0.64 showed biting deterrence lower than 1-decanol and DEET. The activity of 1-heptanol with PNB value of 0.36 was similar to the negative control. Since 1-decanol, which was 3.3% of the seed essential oil, showed biting deterrence similar to DEET as a pure compound, this compound might be responsible for the activity of this oil. In in vitro A & K bioassay, 1-decanol with MED value of 6.25 showed higher repellency than DEET (MED = 12.5). Essential oils of immature and mature fruit showed high toxicity whereas leaf, flower, and seeds essential oils gave only 20%, 0%, and 50% mortality, respectively, at the highest dose of 125 ppm. 1-Decanol with LC50 of 4.8 ppm was the most toxic compound.
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Zagare, Frank C. "Deterrence Is Dead. Long Live Deterrence". Conflict Management and Peace Science 23, n.º 2 (abril de 2006): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07388940600665701.
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Carnohan, Lucas, Sang-Bin Lee y Nan-Yao Su. "Concentration-Dependent Feeding Deterrence to 20-Hydroxyecdysone for Three Subterranean Termite Species (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae)". Insects 12, n.º 3 (4 de marzo de 2021): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12030218.
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Effective active ingredients in toxicant bait formulations must be non-deterrent to insect feeding behavior at lethal concentrations. This study evaluated feeding deterrence for Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, C. gestroi (Wasmann), and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) when provided access to cellulose impregnated with various concentrations of the insect molting hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Termites were exposed to 20E concentrations of 200, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm and to noviflumuron at 5000 ppm in a 24 h choice-test, and the mass of substrate consumption from treated and untreated media pads was compared for each treatment. 20E feeding deterrence was detected at 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm for C. gestroi, and at 2000 ppm for C. formosanus. No significant differences in consumption of treated and untreated substrate was detected at any concentration for R. flavipes. Potential methods for reducing deterrence are discussed.
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de Prez, Paula. "Beyond Judicial Sanctions: The Negative Impact of Conviction for Environmental Offences". Environmental Law Review 2, n.º 1 (marzo de 2000): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146145290000200102.
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This article examines the extent to which the criminal sanctioning mechanism of prosecution can be relied upon to provide a sufficient deterrent in environmental regulation. The implications of criminal law enforcement of pollution controls currently extend beyond the immediate financial burden of payment of fines and legal costs. Some of the dimensions of the adverse publicity attracted by enforcement action against non-compliant operators will be assessed (such as unfavourable entries on pollution control registers and loss of patronage) in order to determine whether they live up to the need for a real and substantial deterrent. Arguably, these publicity-based aspects of deterrence lack reliability: they operate only in exceptional cases and their impact is often sporadic. While the solution to inadequate deterrents is often thought to lie in increased levels of prosecution, this article highlights the disadvantages of such an approach and explores the Agency's more sophisticated practice of strategic litigation.
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Nye, Joseph S. "Deterrence and Dissuasion in Cyberspace". International Security 41, n.º 3 (enero de 2017): 44–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00266.
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Understanding deterrence and dissuasion in cyberspace is often difficult because our minds are captured by Cold War images of massive retaliation to a nuclear attack by nuclear means. The analogy to nuclear deterrence is misleading, however, because many aspects of cyber behavior are more like other behaviors, such as crime, that states try (imperfectly) to deter. Preventing harm in cyberspace involves four complex mechanisms: threats of punishment, denial, entanglement, and norms. Even when punishment is used, deterrent threats need not be limited to cyber responses, and they may address general behavior as well as specific acts. Cyber threats are plentiful, often ambiguous, and difficult to attribute. Problems of attribution are said to limit deterrence and dissuasion in the cyber domain, but three of the major means—denial by defense, entanglement, and normative taboos—are not strongly hindered by the attribution problem. The effectiveness of different mechanisms depends on context, and the question of whether deterrence works in cyberspace depends on “who and what.” Not all cyberattacks are of equal importance; not all can be deterred; and not all rise to the level of significant national security threats. The lesson for policymakers is to focus on the most important attacks and to understand the context in which such attacks may occur and the full range of mechanisms available to prevent them.
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Casey, Rebecca, Eric Tucker, Leah F. Vosko y Andrea M. Noack. "Using tickets in employment standards inspections: Deterrence as effective enforcement in Ontario, Canada?" Economic and Labour Relations Review 29, n.º 2 (11 de abril de 2018): 228–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304618769772.
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It is widely agreed that there is a crisis in labour/employment standards enforcement. A key issue is the role of deterrence measures that penalise violations. Employment standards enforcement in Ontario, like in most jurisdictions, is based mainly on a compliance framework promoting voluntary resolution of complaints and, if that fails, ordering restitution. Deterrence measures that penalise violations are rarely invoked. However, the Ontario government has recently increased the role of proactive inspections and tickets, a low-level deterrence measure which imposes fines of CAD295 plus victim surcharges. In examining the effectiveness of the use of tickets in inspections, we begin by looking at this development in the broader context of employment standards enforcement and its historical trajectory. Then, using administrative data from the Ministry of Labour, we examine when and why tickets are issued in the course of workplace inspections. After demonstrating that even when ticketable violations are detected, tickets are issued only rarely, we explore factors associated with an increased likelihood of an inspector issuing a ticket. Finally, we consider how the overall deterrent effect of workplace inspections is influenced by the use or non-use of deterrence tools. JEL Codes: J88
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Sorensen, Jon, Robert Wrinkle, Victoria Brewer y James Marquart. "Capital Punishment and Deterrence: Examining the Effect of Executions on Murder in Texas". Crime & Delinquency 45, n.º 4 (octubre de 1999): 481–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128799045004005.
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This study tested the deterrence hypothesis in Texas, the most active execution jurisdiction during the modern era. Using monthly observations during 1984 through 1997, both the general relationship between executions and murder rates and the specific relationship between executions and felony murder rates were examined. An initial bivariate relationship between executions and murder rates proved to be spurious when appropriate control variables were included in regression models. Within a context so ideally suited for finding any potential deterrent effects, this study confirmed the results of previous ones that failed to find any evidence of deterrence resulting from capital punishment.
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Betts, Richard K. "Conventional Deterrence: Predictive Uncertainty and Policy Confidence". World Politics 37, n.º 2 (enero de 1985): 153–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2010141.
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For over three decades the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has based its deterrent on the principle that the United States would retaliate with nuclear weapons if a Soviet conventional attack against Western Europe succeeded. This notion has long troubled most strategic analysts. It remained generally acceptable to political elites, however, when U.S. nuclear superiority appeared massive enough to make the doctrine credible (as in the 1950s); when the conventional military balance in Europe improved markedly (as in the 1960s); or when détente appeared to be making the credibility of deterrence a less pressing concern (as in the 1970s). None of these conditions exists in the 1980s, and anxiety over the danger of nuclear war has prompted renewed attention to the possibility of replacing NATO's Flexible Response doctrine (a mixture of nuclear and conventional deterrence) with a reliable conventional deterrence posture that might justify a nuclear no-first-use (NFU) doctrine.1
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Schmidtz, David. "Deterrence and Criminal Attempts". Canadian Journal of Philosophy 17, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1987): 615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1987.10716457.
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It is widely held that the proper role of criminal punishment is to ensure in a cost-efficient manner that criminal laws will be obeyed. As James Buchanan puts it,the reason we have courts is not that we want people to be convicted of crimes but that we want people not to commit them. The whole procedure of the law is one, essentially, of threatening people with unpleasant consequences if they do things which are regarded as objectionable.According to the deterrence theory of punishment, which I will here accept without argument in order to tease out some of its implications, legislators must be aware of opportunities to maximize the threat value of criminal prohibitions. By maximizing deterrence, we minimize the cost of crime. On the other hand, creating these threats, and carrying them out, is also costly. So we also wish to minimize the cost of avoiding crime. An efficient deterrent, therefore, will be one which minimizes the sum of the costs of crime and crime avoidance, where ‘cost’ is to be broadly construed.
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Cooke, Steve y Andrew Futter. "Democracy versus deterrence: Nuclear weapons and political integrity". Politics 38, n.º 4 (5 de octubre de 2017): 500–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263395717733978.
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This article argues that the practice and performance of nuclear deterrence can never be fully representative or democratic due to the particular pressures placed on leaders by the nuclear condition. For nuclear deterrence to be effective – and for nuclear weapons to have any political value – a leader must always convince both their electorate as well as any possible foe, that they are willing to use nuclear weapons in extremis, irrespective of whether this is their true position. In any nuclear-armed state, where politicians privately believe that using nuclear weapons is always wrong, but publicly stress that possessing nuclear weapons to use as a deterrent is right, they are forced to act dishonestly. These tensions are particularly acute in the UK context given the reliance on just one form of nuclear weapons system for deterrence and the concurrent requirement to pre-delegate secret orders through a ‘letter of last resort’. The consequences for democratic nuclear-armed states are troubling; for public morality, the personal integrity of democratic leaders, and for true democratic accountability. This article concludes that public criticism of political leaders, and citizen voting choices, ought to take account of the problem of transparency posed by policies of nuclear deterrence.
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Yan, Huiqi y Juan Li. "Decentred Deterrence and the Effects of Social Relations: Explaining Pesticide Regulatory Compliance in China". Social & Legal Studies 29, n.º 6 (26 de marzo de 2020): 881–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0964663920914072.
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While many have observed the importance of state regulators to the implementation of law, multiple decentralized regulators are crucial for achieving deterrence and compliance. Informed by the deterrence literature, this study conducts in-depth interviews with 150 Chinese farmers and experts and studies how regulated actors perceive detection possibility and sanction impact and how such perceptions shape compliance. The study finds that farmers perceive considerable deterrence risks from multiple actors, helping to explain their pesticide compliance. The study further finds that such perceived threats are linked to social relations or guanxi between farmers and multiple regulators, which are built on frequency of contact, mutual trust and personalized networks among the actors involved. Social relations or guanxi could help to predict sources of deterrent threats and the degree of tolerance for potentially violent actions. Deterrence and regulatory compliance are frequently enhanced when there are close relations between the regulated and regulators. Policymakers and practitioners might want to create a risk environment by first deliberating the relations between polycentric regulation and the generally authoritarian nature of the Chinese state, understanding the regulatory logic of social relations, and then by determining the relevant third parties and formulating policy incentives for utilizing such threats.
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Tan, Veltrice. "The art of deterrence: Singapore’s anti-money laundering regimes". Journal of Financial Crime 25, n.º 2 (8 de mayo de 2018): 467–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-01-2018-0001.
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Purpose In light of the recent 1MDB Scandal in Singapore, this research paper aims to examine the deterrent effect of Singapore’s sanctions against money laundering within financial institutions. Design/methodology/approach Case laws and legislations are examined as are relevant reports by regulators. Findings Singapore’s anti-money laundering (AML) regimes may not act as an effective deterrent against money laundering activities within financial institutions. This is due to the overreliance on the theory of deterrence-based thinking, the lack of an “enforcement pyramid” and economic factors which influence regulators to be lenient towards financial institutions. Research limitations/implications There are limited data available in relation to regulators in Singapore and the prevalence of money laundering activities within Singapore’s financial institution. Any discussions within this article is based on the impressionistic observations of this author, which may not reflect the true state of affairs in Singapore. Practical implications Those who are interested in examining the relationship between money laundering and the deterrent effect of sanctions against financial institutions will have an interest in this topic. Originality/value The value of the paper is to demonstrate that Singapore’s AML regimes may not act as an effective deterrence against money laundering activities within financial institutions.
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García-Verdugo, Javier y Carlos Merino Troncoso. "An Economic Assessment of Antitrust Fines in Spain". World Competition 41, Issue 3 (1 de septiembre de 2018): 335–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2018020.
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Fines remain an essential mechanism of competition enforcement and should deter anticompetitive practices. This article quantifies the deterrent power of fines imposed by the Spanish competition authority from 2011 to 2015. First, we compare the evolution of fines over three sub-periods: From January 2011 to the creation of the CNMC on October 2013, since then until the Supreme Court’s judgment on fines on January 2015, and for the rest of 2015. The average fine per firm is similar in the first two periods but significantly lower in the third period, and now fines are more concentrated around the mean than before. Second, we define three scenarios – according to low, average or high values of the relevant parameters – for which we compute deterrence ratios to compare actual and optimal deterrent fines. The results show that most of the fines were under deterrent – a deterrence ratio lower than one – even when using the lower optimal fines of the lower scenario. More specifically, 80% of the actual fines are under deterrent in that scenario (close to 100% in the other two scenarios), and the average value of the fines imposed to these companies was on average 64% below the optimal deterrent fine, with slight changes across subperiods. We conclude that the fining policy of the Spanish competition authority between 2011 and 2015 should be considered significantly under deterrent.
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Blut, C. y K. Lunau. "Effects of lepidopteran eyespot components on the deterrence of predatory birds". Behaviour 152, n.º 11 (2015): 1481–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003288.
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Circular markings, called eyespots, on the wings of Lepidoptera have been shown to be protective against predators. We tested the ‘conspicuousness-hypothesis’ and ‘eye mimicry-hypothesis’ by examining how ‘sparkle’ and colour pattern of eyespots deter predators. The rationale was to test the deterring effect of shape and colour pattern of the eyespots’ elements that are assumed to mimic lens eyes, namely iris, pupil, and sparkle by simultaneous exposure of lepidopteran dummies with equally conspicuous eyespots that differed in their similarity to lens eyes. The results provide evidence that circular and crescent-shaped ‘sparkles’ were more deterring than rectangular-shaped ‘sparkles’. The ‘sparkle’s’ UV-reflection had no effect on the deterrence. Our results support recent findings on the deterrent effect of the eyespot’s ‘sparkle’ and show that colour is less important for deterrence. The characteristic colour pattern of eyespots and illusion of three-dimensionality created by the ‘sparkle’ might contribute to the deterrent effect.
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Zagare, Frank C. y D. Marc Kilgour. "Asymmetric Deterrence". International Studies Quarterly 37, n.º 1 (marzo de 1993): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2600829.
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Diener, Paul W. "Nuclear Deterrence". Journal for Peace and Justice Studies 1, n.º 1 (1988): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/peacejustice1988114.
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Lewis, Jeffrey. "Minimum deterrence". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 64, n.º 3 (1 de julio de 2008): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2968/064003008.
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Khan, Feroz Hassan. "Minimum Deterrence". RUSI Journal 156, n.º 5 (octubre de 2011): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2011.626274.
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Brown, Richard J. E. "Understanding deterrence". Defence Studies 16, n.º 2 (9 de febrero de 2016): 196–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2016.1144675.
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Mellon, Christian, Jean‐Marie Muller y Jacques Semelin. "Civil deterrence". Peace Review 1, n.º 2 (marzo de 1989): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402658908425495.
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Roberts, Adam y David Bolton. "Rethinking deterrence". RUSI Journal 132, n.º 1 (marzo de 1987): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071848708522833.
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Stocker, Jeremy. "Nuclear Deterrence". Adelphi Papers 46, n.º 386 (enero de 2007): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05679320701266356.
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Byford, Martin C. y Joshua S. Gans. "Exit Deterrence". Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 23, n.º 3 (10 de julio de 2014): 650–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jems.12063.
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Armstrong, Mark y Jidong Zhou. "Search Deterrence". Review of Economic Studies 83, n.º 1 (21 de julio de 2015): 26–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdv036.
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