Tesis sobre el tema "Détection de la fumée"
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Kaabi, Rabeb. "Apprentissage profond et traitement d'images pour la détection de fumée". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOUL0017.
Texto completoThis thesis deals with the problem of forest fire detection using image processing and machine learning tools. A forest fire is a fire that spreads over a wooded area. It can be of natural origin (due to lightning or a volcanic eruption) or human. Around the world, the impact of forest fires on many aspects of our daily lives is becoming more and more apparent on the entire ecosystem.Many methods have been shown to be effective in detecting forest fires. The originality of the present work lies in the early detection of fires through the detection of forest smoke and the classification of smoky and non-smoky regions using deep learning and image processing tools. A set of pre-processing techniques helped us to have an important database which allowed us afterwards to test the robustness of the model based on deep belief network we proposed and to evaluate the performance by calculating the following metrics (IoU, Accuracy, Recall, F1 score). Finally, the proposed algorithm is tested on several images in order to validate its efficiency. The simulations of our algorithm have been compared with those processed in the state of the art (Deep CNN, SVM...) and have provided very good results. The results of the proposed methods gave an average classification accuracy of about 96.5% for the early detection of smoke
Frizzi, Sebastien. "Apprentissage profond en traitement d'images : application pour la détection de fumée et feu". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOUL0007.
Texto completoResearchers have found a strong correlation between hot summers and the frequency and intensity of forestfires. Global warming due to greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide is increasing the temperature in someparts of the world. Fires release large amounts of greenhouse gases, causing an increase in the earth'saverage temperature, which in turn causes an increase in forest fires... Fires destroy millions of hectares offorest areas, ecosystems sheltering numerous species and have a significant cost for our societies. Theprevention and control of fires must be a priority to stop this infernal spiral.In this context, smoke detection is very important because it is the first clue of an incipient fire. Fire andespecially smoke are difficult objects to detect in visible images due to their complexity in terms of shape, colorand texture. However, deep learning coupled with video surveillance can achieve this goal. Convolutionalneural network (CNN) architecture is able to detect smoke and fire in RGB images with very good accuracy.Moreover, these structures can segment smoke as well as fire in real time. The richness of the deep networklearning database is a very important element allowing a good generalization.This manuscript presents different deep architectures based on convolutional networks to detect and localizesmoke and fire in video images in the visible domain
Bigourd, Damien. "Etude et détection de polluants atmosphériques dans le domaine THz". Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00120948.
Texto completopartie du spectre électromagnétique est encore peu exploitée et a souvent été qualifiée de "gap spectral" en raison des nombreuses difficultés à émettre ce rayonnement à des puissances exploitables. Deux spectromètres dans la gamme THz ont été développés et exploités. Le premier, basé sur la spectroscopie résolue en temps, utilise des impulsions THz et permet d'obtenir un spectre de quelques GHz à 1,2 THz en quelques minutes avec une résolution de l'ordre du GHz. Le second est un spectromètre continu basé sur le photomélange avec
une extension spectrale de 3 THz et une pureté spectrale de 5 MHz. Après des descriptions analytiques et des caractérisations expérimentales des dispositifs, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'étude, à la surveillance et à la détection des polluants atmosphériques dans l'infrarouge lointain en exploitant les deux instruments pour l'analyse de la fumée de cigarette qui représente un excellent exemple de milieu hostile. Cette étude révèle la présence d'acide cyanhydrique (HCN), de monoxyde de carbone (CO), et de formaldéhyde (H2CO). Les concentrations de ces espèces ont été déduites des formes de raies puis confirmées et comparées à des
mesures par méthodes chimiques. La partie fondamentale de ce travail est d'étudier la réponse d'un gaz suite à une excitation subpicoseconde : les signaux de précession libre dans le sulfure de carbonyle (OCS) qui consiste en une série d'impulsions transitoires. Un modèle théorique permet d'interpréter classiquement ces impulsions réémises. La décroissance quasi exponentielle des impulsions transitoires est liée à la largeur de raie des transitions de rotation et les informations d'anharmonicité sont observées sur les formes de ces
impulsions qui sont principalement dues à la propagation, à la dispersion et à la distorsion centrifuge.
Bigourd, Damien. "Etude et détection de polluants atmosphérique dans le domaine THz". Littoral, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006DUNK0152.
Texto completoTerahertz or Far Infrared radiation extends from 100 GHz to 10 THz. This frequency range was considered to be a “spectral gap” due to the considerable technological difficulties in producing a tunable source with reasonable emission powers. Two THz spectrometers have been developed and exploited. The first uses THz pulses and is based on Time Domain Spectroscopy. It is capable of providing a spectrum which extends from few GHz to 1,2 THz within few minutes and has a spectral resolution in the order of few GHz. The second instrument generates continous wave THz photomixing and can reach up to 3 THz with a spectral purity of 5 MHz. After presenting the analytical descriptions and experimentally characterizations of the instruments, we focus on the monitoring and detection of atmospheric pollutants, illustrated by the analysis of cigarette smoke which represents an example of hostile medium. This study reveals the presences of the hydrogen cyanide (HCN), carbon monoxideee (CO) and formaldehyde (H2CO) and allows their concentrations to be measured. This analysis is verified by comparison with standard chemichal methods. The fundamental part of this work is the study of the gas response after a subpicosecond excitation : the free induction decay of carbonyl sulphide that consists of a series of uniformly spaced subpicosecond commensurate transients. A theoretical model is used to understand the classical phenomena. The quasi exponential decrease of the reemitted pulses is linked to the spectral with of the rotational transition while the anharmonicity influences the pulse shape due to the propagation, dispersion and centrifugal distorsion
Bouaoud, Amal. "Méthode de détection de risques de phénomènes thermiques pendant la lutte contre les feux de compartiments". Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMLH14/document.
Texto completoIn compartment fires smokes are a major danger during firemen intervention. Most of the time, they are at high temperature and they flow everywhere through many kinds of ducts, which leads to the propagation of the combustion by the creation other fires in places which may be far from the initial fire. Besides, since the appearance of the new building materials and with the heat insulations which lead to the concentration of heat during a fire, the compartments fire became even more dangerous for firefighters during their phases of attack.In the presente study we will introduce a new approach of the problem, which allows to better follow the fire behavior and especially to detect the dangers that may appear and endanger firefighters. This approach consists in a mathematical analysis based on the comparison of moving averages, calculated on the temperature recordings of the smokes. As a consequence, this method may allow improving decision support in real time and therefore to improve the security and the efficiency of firefighters in their operations against that kind of fires
Breton, Mélanie. "Détection de l'allumage d'un moteur-fusée à propergol solide avec une matrice linéaire de filtres holographiques et par diffraction conique". Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24914/24914.pdf.
Texto completoGacquer, David. "Sur l'utilisation active de la diversité dans la construction d'ensembles classifieurs : application à la détection de fumées nocives sur site industriel". Valenciennes, 2009. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/2a04cf89-c324-43d6-a36b-052aa232f813.
Texto completoDiscussions about the influence of diversity when designing Multiple Classifier Systems is an active topic in Machine Learning. One possible way of considering the design of Multiple Classifier Systems is to select the ensemble members from a large pool of classifiers focusing on predefined criteria, which is known as the Overproduce and Choose paradigm. The objective of this PhD Thesis is to study the trade-off between accuracy and diversity which exists in multiple classifier systems. We review some well known Machine Learning algorithms and ensemble learning techniques from the literature and we present in details the concept of diversity and the way it is used by certain ensemble learning algorithms. We propose a genetic heuristic to design multiple classifier systems by controlling the trade-off between diversity and accuracy when selecting individual classifiers. We compare the proposed genetic selection with several heuristics described in the literature to build multiple classifier systems under the Overproduce and Choose paradigm. The application of our research work concerns the development of a supervised classification system to control atmospheric pollution around industrial complexes. This system is based on the analysis of visual scenes recorded by cameras and aims at detecting dangerous smoke trails rejected by steelworks or chemical factories
Gacquer, David. "Sur l'utilisation active de la diversité dans la construction d'ensembles de classifieurs. Application à la détection de fumées nocives sur site industriel". Phd thesis, Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambresis, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00392616.
Texto completoUne manière particulière de construire un ensemble de classifieurs consiste à sélectionner individuellement les membres de l'ensemble à partir d'un pool de classifieurs en se basant sur des critères prédéfinis.
La littérature fait référence à cette méthode sous le terme de paradigme Surproduction et Sélection, également appelé élagage d'ensemble de classifieurs.
Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont pour objectif d'étudier le compromis entre la précision et la diversité existant dans les ensembles de classifieurs. Nous apportons également certains éléments de réponse sur le comportement insaisissable de la diversité lorsqu'elle est utilisée de manière explicite lors de la construction d'un ensemble de classifieurs.
Nous commençons par étudier différents algorithmes d'apprentissage de la littérature. Nous présentons également les algorithmes ensemblistes les plus fréquemment utilisés. Nous définissons ensuite le concept de diversité dans les ensembles de classifieurs ainsi que les différentes méthodes permettant de l'utiliser directement lors de la création de l'ensemble.
Nous proposons un algorithme génétique permettant de construire un ensemble de classifieurs en contrôlant le compromis entre précision et diversité lors de la sélection des membres de l'ensemble. Nous comparons notre algorithme avec différentes heuristiques de sélection proposées dans la littérature pour construire un ensemble de classifieurs selon le paradigme Surproduction et Sélection.
Les différentes conclusions que nous tirons des résultats obtenus pour différents jeux de données de l'UCI Repository nous conduisent à la proposition de conditions spécifiques pour lesquelles l'utilisation de la diversité peut amener à une amélioration des performances de l'ensemble de classifieurs. Nous montrons également que l'efficacité de l'approche Surproduction et Sélection repose en grande partie sur la stabilité inhérente au problème posé.
Nous appliquons finalement nos travaux de recherche au développement d'un système de classification supervisée pour le contrôle de la pollution atmosphérique survenant sur des sites industriels. Ce système est basé sur l'analyse par traitement d'image de scènes à risque enregistrées à l'aide de caméras. Son principal objectif principal est de détecter les rejets de fumées dangereux émis par des usines sidérurgiques et pétro-chimiques.
Dragancea, Veronica. "Développement de méthodes rapides pour une estimation du taux des composés phénoliques dans les produits fumés : capteur et biocapteur". Nantes, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NANT2113.
Texto completoThis work deals with the preparation and the study of modified screen-printed carbon electrodes to detect phenolic compounds. The main objective was to develop disposable biosensors for a rapid detection of phenolic compounds in complex matrix. For this purpose, two configurations were examined and studied to prepare biosensors to detect phenolic compounds. The first configuration is based on screen-printed carbon electrode modified on its surface by tyrosinase as biorecognising element. The formulation of the biorecognising layer was then optimised for flow injection analysis mode. The resulting modified screen-printed carbon electrode operates at 0 V vs Ag/Ag,Cl. A series of measurement were carried out in various smoked samples as chicken, bacon, salmon and ham. The results of the measurements obtained with the optimised biosensors were then compared with those obtained with gas chromatography. In the second configuration, we examined transparent and conductive electrodes operating on photoelectrochemical detection. For this purpose, ITO covered with TiO2 layer was examined towards the preparation of a sensor for phenolic compounds detection
Iannetti, Alessandra. "Méthodes de diagnostic pour les moteurs de fusée à ergols liquides". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS243.
Texto completoThe main objective of this work is to demonstrate and analyze the potential benefits of advanced real time algorithms for rocket engines monitoring and diagnosis. In the last two decades in Europe many research efforts have been devoted to the development of specific diagnostic technics such as neural networks, vibration analysis or parameter identification but few results are available concerning algorithms comparison and diagnosis performances analysis.Another major objective of this work has been the improvement of the monitoring system of the Mascotte test bench (ONERA/CNES). This is a cryogenic test facility based in ONERA Palaiseau used to perform analysis of cryogenic combustion and nozzle expansion behavior representative of real rocket engine operations.The first step of the work was the selection of a critical system of the bench, the water cooling circuit, and then the analysis of the possible model based technics for diagnostic such as parameter identification and Kalman filters.Three new algorithms were developed, after a preliminary validation based on real test data, they were thoroughly analyzed via a functional benchmark with representative failure cases.The last part of the work consisted in the integration of the diagnosis algorithms on the bench computer environment in order to prepare a set-up for a future real time application.A simple closed loop architecture based on the new diagnostic tools has been studied in order to assess the potential of the new methods for future application in the context of intelligent bench control strategies
Vicente, Jérôme (1970. "Caractérisation de phénomènes dynamiques complexes par traitement d'images : application à la reconnaissance des fumées". Aix-Marseille 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX11054.
Texto completoStrulovici, Barel Yael. "Effects Of Waterpipe Smoking On The Human Lung". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS160/document.
Texto completoWaterpipe, an instrument for smoking fruit-flavored tobacco, is used by millions of people worldwide. There is limited data on the health effects of waterpipe smoking, and no regulations to its use. We hypothesized that even young, light-use waterpipe smokers have abnormalities relevant to lung health. Based on the knowledge that the first abnormalities associated with cigarette smoking are in lung cells long before there are clinical abnormalities, we compared young, light-use waterpipe smokers to nonsmokers, using a variety of lung-related parameters, including: blood carboxyhemoglobin (CO) levels; cough and sputum scores; lung function; metabolites present in lower respiratory tract epithelial lining fluid (ELF); cell differentials and transcriptome of small airway epithelium (SAE); cellular composition of ELF; transcriptome of alveolar macrophages (AM); and levels of total and apoptotic endothelial microparticles (EMPs). Light-use waterpipe smokers displayed abnormalities in all parameters assessed. Compared to nonsmokers, waterpipe smokers had more cough and sputum, higher CO levels, reduced diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO), abnormal ELF metabolome profile, increased proportions of SAE secretory and intermediate cells, reduced proportions of SAE ciliated and basal cells, markedly abnormal SAE and AM transcriptomes, and elevated levels of total and apoptotic EMPs.DLCO, a lung function parameter linked to emphysema and small airway disease, was affected by light-use waterpipe smoking. The relevance of this comes from our studies that demonstrated, in a separate cohort of cigarette smokers with normal spirometry, that reduced DLCO predicted a high risk for developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a leading cause of death worldwide. We assessed the risk for developing COPD, a clinical disorder characterized by a mixture of small airway disease and parenchymal destruction (emphysema), with a serial lung function in cigarette smokers with normal spirometry and no emphysema as assessed by HRCT, by comparing smokers with reduced DLCO vs normal DLCO. Despite having normal spirometry, cigarette smokers with reduced DLCO were at significantly higher risk for developing COPD within <4 years compared to those with normal DLCO i.e., the DLCO can be used to identify smokers at high risk for developing COPD, and could be a unique parameter in future studies to assess waterpipe smokers over time.Plasma levels of total and apoptotic EMPs, indicative of pulmonary capillary endothelial apoptosis, were elevated in light-use waterpipe smokers. The possible importance of this observation was highlighted by a parallel study, where we assessed the stability and reversibility of EMP levels in nonsmokers, healthy cigarette smokers and COPD cigarette smokers at 4 time points over a period of 1 year. The levels of total and apoptotic EMPs remained high with continuous smoking in healthy and COPD cigarette smokers. A subset of the healthy cigarette smokers and COPD cigarette smokers agreed to quit smoking. Following smoking cessation for 1 year, total and apoptotic EMP levels returned to normal nonsmoker levels in healthy cigarette smokers but remained abnormally high in COPD cigarette smokers. High levels of circulating and apoptotic EMPs are indicative of persistent and irreversible destruction of pulmonary capillaries and may be another unique parameter to assess waterpipe smokers over time.In summary, young, light-use waterpipe smokers have a number of lung clinical and biologic abnormalities compared to nonsmokers, including reduced DLCO, found to predict high risk for developing COPD in cigarette smokers, and elevated plasma levels of total and apoptotic EMPs, a marker of alveolar destruction, shown to be persistent and irreversible in COPD cigarette smokers despite smoking cessation. Together, these studies suggest that even light-use waterpipe smokers may be at risk for developing lung disease
Foussard, Thierry. "Assainissement par combustion catalytique d'une atmosphère enfumée au tabac". Le Havre, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1990LEHA0005.
Texto completoLallali, Houda. "Effets du condensé de fumée de cigarette sur les ostéoblastes". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25853.
Texto completoSmoking is a risk factor in the development of periodontal disease. Deregulation of osteoblast function could lead to periodontal gum disease. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of cigarette smoke condensate (CFC) on the adhesion, growth, cell death and mineralization of osteoblasts. Method: Various techniques have been used to assess the effects of CFC on the adhesion, proliferation, cell death and mineralization of osteoblasts. Results: The CFC has direct effects on osteoblasts; their adhesion and proliferation are significantly modified. Increased lactate dehydrogenase and a change in the ratio of Bax / Bcl2 were shown. These effects have an impact on bone mineralization. Nodule formation is reduced in the presence of CFC. CFC is harmful to the osteoblasts, increasing the risk of developing periodontal disease.
Pugliese, Stéphane. "Modélisation numérique des écoulements atmosphériques stratifiés : application au panache de fumée". Aix-Marseille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX11027.
Texto completoMokhtari, Zohreh. "Etude et réalisation de détecteurs ioniques de fumée sans source radioactive". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00825396.
Texto completoLe, Faouder Pauline. "Étude des modifications des protéines induites par la fumée de cigarette". Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10065/document.
Texto completoCigarette smoke, well known to be carcinogen, is a high complex aerosol composed of further thousands of chemicals able to react with biomolecules. Also the identification of post-translational protein modifications induced by cigarette smoke is a major stake for the understanding of some pathology like cancer and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this work was to develop an analytical method based on high resolution mass spectrometry in order to identify and localize protein modifications induced by cigarette smoke. Two techniques were used: a MALDI-TOF-TOF analysis and a on line nano liquid chromatography nanoESI-FT-ICR analysis. In order to optimize reaction with cigarette smoke, model reactions were developed on standard peptides and protein. Thus oxidation and nitration were realized using HO° and NO2° free radicals while formation of adducts was performed using 1 eq of aldehydes (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, malonaldehyde, acrolein, crotonaldehyde and glyoxal). Same proteins were then exposed to cigarette smoke using a smoking machine.By comparison with model reactions, adduct coming from acetaldehyde, acrolein and crotonaldehyde were identified and localized on specific lysine amino acids. These results allowed highlighting that proteins are principally modified by aldehydes contained in cigarette smoke
Maref, Wahid. "Modélisation des champs thermique et dynamique des écoulements turbulents en régime instationnaire dans un conduit de fumée : contribution à l'étude du phénomène de condensation des gaz de combustion". Toulouse, INPT, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPT054H.
Texto completoDombora, Marie-Thérèse de. "La fumée d'Abel : l'œuvre poétique de Lajos Àprily, écrivain hongrois de Transylvanie". Paris, INALCO, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INAL0002.
Texto completoThe main purpose of this dissertation is to let know the poetical work of Lajos Àprily (1887-1967), one of the most interesting characters of the Hungarian literature in Romania. . . Therefore, we endeavoured to give a broad sketch following the evolution of the poet and his work, first leaning on the biographical data and placing tem again in their historical and social context. After succinctly reminding of the poet's biography and main formal characteristics of his work, we have divided our study into three great parts in order to show the beginning of his work ("Birth of a poet"), its ripening ("Maturity and accomplishment"), its uprising ("Death and transfiguration"), and all this following the most precise possible chronology, and quoting and translating many poems inside each of three stages. As a conclusion, we have estimated the value of the Aprilian poetical work, its diffusion's prospects and what it can bring to our world and time
Totel, Eric. "Techniques de détection d'erreur appliquées à la détection d'intrusion". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Rennes 1, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00763746.
Texto completoMorlon, Romain. "Stratification thermique et optique d'un environnement enfumé et interactions eau/fumée sous aspersion". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0138/document.
Texto completoThis work was devoted to the study of water/smoke interactions in the case of water mist activation on a smoke layer. The aim was to investigate the effects observed on thermal and optical properties when injecting water particles using sprinkler or water mist devices through a smoke layer generated with an heptane pool fire. A first review was reported in order to highlight the researches devoted to water aspersion for firefighting and the smoke stratification phenomena. An experimental study based on 50 runs at real scale was presented, involving optical and thermal measurements. In particular, a laser opacimeter system was developed, which allowed measuring the smoke opacity and the effects of smoke/water interactions on opacity and visibility. Afterwards, a numerical study was conducted. On the one hand fire tests were simulated using the FDS 6th version (Fire Dynamics Simulator) and on the other hand a dedicated code allowed us to evaluate the visibility. The values of the soot and droplet concentrations were extracted from FDS and used into the code dedicated to visibility to calculate the optical properties of the corresponding absorbing-scattering environment. Those properties are then used in a Monte Carlo approach combined with PSF (Point Spread Function) and MTF (Modulation Transfer Function) methods to evaluate the intensity and the contrast of reconstructed images. The destratification effects based on thermal and optical criteria were compared experimentally and numerically for each technology
Kamissoko, Adama. "Étude par spectrométrie de masse des aérosols associés à la fumée de cigarette". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0284.
Texto completoThe cigarette smokes are complex mixtures, composed of a gaseous phase and a particulate phase. They are generated by the combustion and the pyrolysis of the cigarette ingredients (tobacco, additive and paper). The toxic effects of cigarette smoke are directly correlated with its chemical composition as well as the morphology of the aerosol itself. The aim of this thesis is to increase our knowledge of the chemical composition of the particulate matter of the cigarette smoke inhaled by an active smoker (MSS). The used approach is a non-targeted analysis ensuring the detection of as many as possible of the cigarette smoke constituents. A prior to this study was the establishment of a repeatable method of smoking cigarettes and collecting the gas phase and the particulate phase. This method has been validated by the monitoring of tracer compounds: BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, ortho- meta- and para-xylene) for the gas phase and the nicotine for the particulate phase. Non-targeted analysis of the particulate matter is carried out without pretreatment by laser desorption/ionization (LDI) or by electrospray ionization (ESI) after extraction. A Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FT-ICR MS) was systematically used. The very high resolution and the very high accuracy measurement achieved by this instrument are required for the examination of such extremely complex samples. The complementarity of LDI and ESI ionization for the analysis of the particle cigarette smoke compounds was established. The ESI analyses evidenced polar compounds and components with a pyridine group and LDI ensured the detection of poly-condensed heteroaromatic species. All the results obtained in this study showed the influence of the morphology of the cigarette, of its origin and the presence of flavoring agents (cloves) on the chemical composition of the particulate matter of the MSS
Garo, Jean-Pierre. "Combustion d'hydrocarbures répandus en nappe sur un support aqueux ; analyse du phénomène de boilover". Poitiers, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996POIT2273.
Texto completoRouthier, Joanie. "Rôle de l'axe SIRPa/CD47 dans l'inflammation pulmonaire induite par la fumée de cigarette". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31470.
Texto completoRATIONAL. Smoking induces an inflammatory response in the lung that can cause significant tissue damage if sustained. Fortunately, there exist inflammatory regulatory pathways that help maintain and restore cellular homeostasis, such as through the signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPa)/CD47 system. SIRPa is mainly expressed by myeloid cells while CD47 is found ubiquitously. It has been shown that activation of SIRPa by CD47-Fc fusion protein reduces the inflammatory pulmonary response in an ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma mouse model. Thus, we hypothesize that activation of SIRPa could limit lung inflammation induced by cigarette smoke exposure. OBJECTIVES. 1) To evaluate the effect of cigarette smoke on SIRPa mRNA and protein levels. 2) To investigate the impact of SIRPa activation on lung inflammatory response induced by cigarette smoke exposure. METHODS. SIRPa mRNA levels were explored by qPCR in BALB/c mice that were exposed to cigarette smoke 2 hours/day, 5 days/week during 2, 8 and 24 weeks. Also, 4 days cigarette smoke protocols were performed to investigate SIRPa protein levels by flow cytometry and to evaluate the impact of SIRPa activation by systemic administration of CD47-Fc. Treatment efficacy was determined via total and differential cellular count in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). RESULTS. SIRPa mRNA levels were increased in the lungs of mice exposed to cigarette smoke. Although, the number of phagocytes expressing SIRPa protein seems to decrease, our data show that these cells expressed SIRPa at a higher intensity. Finally, we found that CD47-Fc treatment reduced neutrophilia in BAL of mice exposed to cigarette smoke. CONCLUSION. These results demonstrate that CD47-Fc treatment can reduce lung inflammation induced by cigarette smoke exposure, suggesting further research into CD47-Fc therapeutic potential is required.
Jung, Christophe. "Détection informatisée d'interférences médicamenteuses". Strasbourg 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988STR15005.
Texto completoKerbrat, Stéphane. "L’exposition à la fumée de cigarette induit la sénescence des lymphocytes T CD4+ Th17 humains". Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1017/document.
Texto completoSmoking worsens chronic inflammatory diseases (COPD, Crohn disease, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis) associated with inflammatory CD4+ IL-17 secreting lymphocytes (Th17). Smoking is associated with an absolute number and proportion increase, at both systemic and pulmonary levels, of Th17 cells. This increase of Th17 cells in smokers contrasts with their usual rarity in peripheral tissues and inflammatory sites. Most of the knowledge about the effects of cigarette smoke exposure comes from COPD studies, and, in COPD increased senescence of pulmonary cells has been associated to the pathogenesis of the disease. The mechanisms responsible for the increase of Th17 cells are still unknown, and the potential role of senescence in this increase and functional modifications of Th17 in smokers has never been explored.In this study, we hypothesized that Th17 present a higher susceptibility to cigarette smoke-induced senescence, as compared to other CD4+ T lymphocytes subsets, which could be responsible for the increased number and proportion of Th17 in smokers, and the higher inflammatory potential of these cells. We analyzed senescence susceptibility of Th17 exposed to cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), and the potential role of ERK1/2 signaling pathway in this phenomenon. We also analyzed the potential role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) known to be implicated, on one hand in ERK1/2 activation, and on another hand in cellular senescence.Quiescent CCR6+ Th17 and CCR6- CD4+ T lymphocytes of healthy donors are exposed in vitro to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). ROS production is measured by H2DCF-DA oxidation (flow cytometry). Senescence is evaluated by p16INK4a expression (ImmunoFluorescence). Expression of relevant cytokines (Luminex/CBA) evaluated inflammatory potential.Our results show that quiescent CD4+ Th17 exposed to CSE present an increase of senescence markers: -galactosidase activity and expression of cell cycle inhibitors p16INK4a and ATF3. Moreover, CSE exposure modifies Th17 secretion pattern and increases IL-8 secretion. Our results also show that ERK1/2 MAPK pathway is implicated in Th17 senescent phenotype induction upon CSE exposure. The overexpression of p16INK4a is associated with a higher activation and a nuclear translocation of ERK1/2 in Th17 cells. Treatment with the anti-oxidant NAC reduces CSE-induced ROS and p16INK4a expression in all CD4+ T cell subsets, but the higher production of ROS and higher p16INK4a expression in Th17 as compared to other CD4+ T cells are maintained. Treatment with mitochondrial complex III inhibitor, antimycine, maintains the higher production of ROS in Th17 as compared to other CD4+ T lymphocytes, whereas p16INK4a expression is reduced to the same level in all subsets. Conversely, treatment with the mitochondrial decoupling agent, FCCP, reduces p16INK4a expression to the same level in Th17 as in other CD4+ T cell subsets, and abrogates the difference of ROS production between Th17 compared to CCR6- CD4+ T lymphocytes.We show that human Th17 lymphocytes present a higher senescence susceptibility to CSE exposure as compared to other CD4+ T lymphocytes sub-populations. Moreover, our results suggest that a higher mitochondrial activity in Th17 in steady state is responsible for the Th17 higher senescence susceptibility upon CSC exposure. Finally, we show for the first time, that mild mitochondrial respiratory chain uncoupling is an effective solution to prevent Th17 senescent phenotype and could represent an anti-inflammatory strategy in Th17-associated chronic inflammatory diseases
Besnier, Marie-Annick. "Les hydrocarbures polycycliques aromatiques dans les viandes et lespoissons fumés". Nantes, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NANT405P.
Texto completoDoz, Emilie. "Etude des réponses immunitaires innées dans des modèles d’inflammation pulmonaire : stérile à la fumée de cigarette et infectieux à Mycobacterium tuberculosis". Orléans, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ORLE2028.
Texto completoBesnard, Hugues. "Détermination de grandeurs caractéristiques d’un incendie localisé en espace semi-confiné". Le Havre, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LEHA0013.
Texto completoThis work focuses on the study of localized fires in a semi-confined space, such as a fire house. The study is conducted on a model tunnel which is closed at one end. The fire is located at the closed end of the tunnel. This simple experimental set-up allows us to do a two dimensional study and at the same time makes it possible to locate at the opened end the combustive which supplies the fire and the smoke which escapes. The first part is a preparatory work. We estimate the heat release rate using thermocouple trees, giving the result using a zone model and energy balance equation. Also in the second part we characterize the heat release rate. The information used to do this is the radiations of the smoke emitted through the opened end of the tunnel. These radiations are recorded by an infrared (IR) camera. A model created on an energy balance coupled to a zone model allows the heat release rate to be estimated from these IR radiations alone. The results are compared with the heat release rate established from the recording of the mass of the fire. In the third part of this work a model is created in order to estimate the velocity of the smoke at the exit of the tunnel. Only the smoke plumes spreading outside of the tunnel are considered and their radiations are analysed. In order to carry out this analysis, a transmission line representing the movement of hot gases is determined using the IR camera. The fundamental principle of dynamics is solved at each point of this curve and these operations are iterated over all thermograms that make up the IR film. In this way, at each point in time a local velocity field can be associated with the movement of the smoke
Jezequel, Loïc. "Vers une détection d'anomalie unifiée avec une application à la détection de fraude". Electronic Thesis or Diss., CY Cergy Paris Université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023CYUN1190.
Texto completoDetecting observations straying apart from a baseline case is becoming increasingly critical in many applications. It is found in fraud detection, medical imaging, video surveillance or even in manufacturing defect detection with data ranging from images to sound. Deep anomaly detection was introduced to tackle this challenge by properly modeling the normal class, and considering anything significantly different as anomalous. Given the anomalous class is not well-defined, classical binary classification will not be suitable and lack robustness and reliability outside its training domain. Nevertheless, the best-performing anomaly detection approaches still lack generalization to different types of anomalies. Indeed, each method is either specialized on high-scale object anomalies or low-scale local anomalies.In this context, we first introduce a more generic one-class pretext-task anomaly detector. The model, named OC-MQ, computes an anomaly score by learning to solve a complex pretext task on the normal class. The pretext task is composed of several sub-tasks allowing it to capture a wide variety of visual cues. More specifically, our model is made of two branches each representing discriminative and generative tasks.Nevertheless, an additional anomalous dataset is in reality often available in many applications and can provide harder edge-case anomalous examples. In this light, we explore two approaches for outlier-exposure. First, we generalize the concept of pretext task to outlier-exposure by dynamically learning the pretext task itself with normal and anomalous samples. We propose two the models SadTPS and SadRest that respectively learn a discriminative pretext task of thin plate transform recognition and generative task of image restoration. In addition, we present a new anomaly-distance model SadCLR, where the training of previously unreliable anomaly-distance models is stabilized by adding contrastive regularization on the representation direction. We further enrich existing anomalies by generating several types of pseudo-anomalies.Finally, we extend the two previous approaches to be usable in both one-class and outlier-exposure setting. Firstly, we introduce the AnoMem model which memorizes a set of multi-scale normal prototypes by using modern Hopfield layers. Anomaly distance estimators are then fitted on the deviations between the input and normal prototypes in a one-class or outlier-exposure manner. Secondly, we generalize learnable pretext tasks to be learned only using normal samples. Our proposed model HEAT adversarially learns the pretext task to be just challenging enough to keep good performance on normal samples, while failing on anomalies. Besides, we choose the recently proposed Busemann distance in the hyperbolic Poincaré ball model to compute the anomaly score.Extensive testing was conducted for each proposed method, varying from coarse and subtle style anomalies to a fraud detection dataset of face presentation attacks with local anomalies. These tests yielded state-of-the-art results, showing the significant success of our methods
Bouchard, Daniel. "Pollution, science et pouvoir: L'histoire du désastre écologique à Sudbury (1883--1945): Derrière l'écran de fumée". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28976.
Texto completoAllen, John Clay. "An Analysis of Du cristal…à la fumée by Kaija Saariaho and Axiom Unearthed, Original Composition". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc799510/.
Texto completoGaillot, Stéphane. "Etude thermo-aéraulique des écoulements de fumée induits par un incendie dans un tunnel ventilé longitudinalement". Poitiers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005POIT2296.
Texto completoIn the context of tunnel fires and smoke removal management, this study proposes, both experimentaly and numerically, to characterize thermal and aeraulic behaviour of fire induced smokes, in a longitudinally ventilated tunnel. The experimental study, conducted in a small scale tunnel and modelling the fire with a butane diffusion flame, gives, with adapted measurement technics, information for the analysis of the relation between the smoke stratification and the study parameters as the ventilation velocity and the heat release rate of the fire. Especially, an approach of the balance between thermal “tenability” and toxicity of the medium is introduced. The contribution of the numerical study, with the CFD FLUENT, proposes a reproduction of the observed flows with the adding of the mean mixture fraction PDF combustion model. In addition to the correlations obtained in the experimental study, simulations concern wall heat loss effect on the backlayer expansion
Freitas, David de. "Sondes de détection gamma : optimisation pour la détection peropératoire dans le cancer du sein". Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CLF1MM25.
Texto completoMatei, Cornel-Marius. "Comparaison entre les approches statistique et géométrique dans la détection des détection des défaillances". Lille 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LIL10125.
Texto completoAlamri, Abdullah y Abdullah Alamri. "Exposure to cigarette smoke condensate and its impact on human gingival fibroblast: mechanisms of molecular pathways involved in survival/apoptosis". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26042.
Texto completoNotre objectif est d'étudier les effets de la fumée de cigarette (FC) sur les fibroblastes gingivaux humains. Nos travaux démontrent que FC réduit la viabilité cellulaire cellules vivantes par le biais de la voie apoptotique/nécrotique. Une analyse génomique a montré une surexpression significative de plusieurs gènes dont les gènes de Bax, récepteurs du TNF et caspases; mais une régulation des gènes Lymphotoxin alpha, BCLA1 et BIRC3. Une analyse protéique montant une augmentation des protéines Bax et p53 et de la caspase -3 confirmant l’effet nocif du FC biais un mécanisme apoptotique/nécrotique. Une exposition répétée au FC pendant de courtes périodes, favorise la prolifération cellulaire en augmentant l'activité de la télomérase. En conclusion, ces résultats démontrent qu’à hautes doses la FC est toxique mais à faibles doses la FC provoque une surcroissance cellulaire qui pourrait contribuer au développement des maladies parodontales et des caries.
Rabot-Querci, Marie-Laure. "Etude d'un dispositif de traitement des imbrûlés des appareils de chauffage indépendants au bois". Nancy 1, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2006_0119_RABOT-QUERCI.pdf.
Texto completoThe main source of pollution from residential wood stoves is due to unburned gas and solid phase compounds in the fumes. In order to reduce these pollutants, we propose to use an exhaust gas-treating device to trap the particles in the chimney and to expose them to microwave to break them down. We first evaluated the emissions and the particulate matter (PM) characteristics from different fireboxes. Then we studied separately each function of the system : we trapped 50 % of PM with a 5 cm layer of refractory cement marbles placed in the chimney and then we heated the filter with microwave. About 200 kJ allowed us to clean completely the filter. This study showed that a microwave post-combustion system is particularly well adapted to particulate matter issued from wood combustion, in comparaison with other sources of energy regeneration. We also described the complete specifications of our device
Esquier, François. "Évolution d'un aérosol constitué de composés semi-volatils en ambiance close : application à la fumée de tabac dans l'environnement". Paris 12, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA120010.
Texto completoMocquet, Vincent. "Contribution à l'élaboration d'un modèle de la réparation de l'ADN par excision de nucléotide". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007STR13152.
Texto completoIn order to preserve the integrity of the DNA, the cell has set up various repair mechanisms. The one dealing with the damages induced by UV or bulky adducts such as aromatic polycyclic compounds, is called nucleotide excision repair ( NER). It can be divided in three steps : the damage recognition, the dual incision and the resynthesis/ligation of the new DNA strand. To elucidate the roles and the functional interactions of the various factors involved in this repair pathway, we set up an in vitro repair system mimicking the in vivo mechanism. With this tool, we were able to describe how the transition between the dual incision and the resynthesis occurs, highly hazardous step for the cell. Thus we highlighted a new role for the XPG endonuclease : il allows for the recruitment of PCNA and the stabilization of the resynthesis complex in association with RPA, enabling the correct coming of the DNA Pol . The use of XP and TTD patient cell line extracts corroborated these data. We also studied the repair of DNA damaged by aromatic polycyclic compounds known as BPDE and present in the cigarette smoke. We demonstrated that the repair efficiency of BPDE is directly correlated to the XPC/HR23B binding efficiency on the damaged DNA. These data also suggest an explanation for the high carcinogenic potential of the some of the cigarette smoke compounds such as (+)trans BPDE
Poulard, Fabien. "Détection de dérivation de texte". Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00590708.
Texto completoRibes, Aurélien. "Détection statistique des changements climatiques". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00439861.
Texto completoJay, Emmanuelle. "Détection en Environnement non Gaussien". Phd thesis, Université de Cergy Pontoise, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00174276.
Texto completoAvec l'évolution technologique des systèmes radar, la nature réelle du fouillis s'est révélée ne plus être Gaussienne. Bien que l'optimalité du filtre adapté soit mise en défaut dans pareils cas, des techniques TFAC (Taux de Fausses Alarmes Constant) ont été proposées pour ce détecteur, dans le but d'adapter la valeur du seuil de détection aux multiples variations locales du fouillis. Malgré leur diversité, ces techniques se sont avérées n'être ni robustes ni optimales dans ces situations.
A partir de la modélisation du fouillis par des processus complexes non-Gaussiens, tels les SIRP (Spherically Invariant Random Process), des structures optimales de détection cohérente ont pu être déterminées. Ces modèles englobent de nombreuses lois non-Gaussiennes, comme la K-distribution ou la loi de Weibull, et sont reconnus dans la littérature pour modéliser de manière pertinente de nombreuses situations expérimentales. Dans le but d'identifier la loi de leur composante caractéristique qu'est la texture, sans a priori statistique sur le modèle, nous proposons, dans cette thèse, d'aborder le problème par une approche bayésienne.
Deux nouvelles méthodes d'estimation de la loi de la texture en découlent : la première est une méthode paramétrique, basée sur une approximation de Padé de la fonction génératrice de moments, et la seconde résulte d'une estimation Monte Carlo. Ces estimations sont réalisées sur des données de fouillis de référence et donnent lieu à deux nouvelles stratégies de détection optimales, respectivement nommées PEOD (Padé Estimated Optimum Detector) et BORD (Bayesian Optimum Radar Detector). L'expression asymptotique du BORD (convergence en loi), appelée le "BORD Asymptotique", est établie ainsi que sa loi. Ce dernier résultat permet d'accéder aux performances théoriques optimales du BORD Asymptotique qui s'appliquent également au BORD dans le cas où la matrice de corrélation des données est non singulière.
Les performances de détection du BORD et du BORD Asymptotique sont évaluées sur des données expérimentales de fouillis de sol. Les résultats obtenus valident aussi bien la pertinence du modèle SIRP pour le fouillis que l'optimalité et la capacité d'adaptation du BORD à tout type d'environnement.
Demattei, Christophe. "Détection d'agrégats temporels et spatiaux". Phd thesis, Université Montpellier I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00134491.
Texto completoNous proposons une revue des méthodes existantes ainsi que notre contribution dans différentes directions. Deux approches sont proposées dans le cadre temporel permettant pour l'une d'éviter l'utilisation de simulations et pour l'autre de prendre en compte les données dont l'information temporelle est incomplète. Nous avons également mis au point une méthode de détection de clusters spatiaux de forme arbitraire permettant d'analyser des données dont on connaît la localisation géographique exacte. Cette approche a été appliquée sur des données particulières, celles obtenues par Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique fonctionnelle. Les perspectives d'analyse spatio-temporelle sont finalement évoquées.
Després, Philippe. "Contrôle et détection du chaos". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ53937.pdf.
Texto completoRoy, Anne-Marie. "Détection de charge rapide radiofréquence". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8155.
Texto completoDematteï, Christophe. "Détection d'agrégats temporels et spatiaux". Montpellier 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON1T012.
Texto completoLavergne, Thomas. "Détection des textes non-naturels". Paris, Télécom ParisTech, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ENST0074.
Texto completoThis thesis concerns unnatural language detection, especially in the context of fighting web spam. The main goal is to improve the quality of results produced by web search engines by automatically distinguishing between legitimate and fake content. In the first part, the thesis focuses on various kinds of fake content that can be found on the web, how it can be used to generate Web spam, and on the existing methods used to detect it. In the second part, a more general problem of the essence of unnatural texts is studied. Three definitions are proposed and illustrated through a taxonomy of such texts, the last one being a pragmatic definition usable in the context of automatic detection of unnatural texts. Te last part describes detection methods adapted to the different kinds of unnatural texts found in Web spam. These methods, based on statistical models, use the structure as well as the content of texts and are validated on both synthetic and real data
Buzid, Sultan. "Détection magnétique de matériaux enterrés". Reims, 2009. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00001027.pdf.
Texto completoThis contribution has been developed in the following of previous work realised in the laboratory. The objective is to design a "smart" and reliable identification system of buried pipelines without excavation. For this purpose, a teledectectable code must be inserted into the existing coloured alarm net commonly used for public works. In this thesis work, a magnetic materiel is used and studied to conceive the code. Its main advantage is that it has a very high magnetic permeability. With the device developed in the laboratory, it is detectable at more than one meter deep. Its response is non-linear, it contains specific harmonic components. The combination of many magnetic elements defines a code family. Its low thickness allows it to be integrated into the existing net alarm used for public works and ensures compatibility with existing standards. In this contribution, the magnetic behaviour of nanocrystalline materials is discussed for understanding the specific properties and justifying the choice of the material. A specific processing is developed, it includes: sensor functioning, acquisition system, signal conditioning. .
Chkeif, Ammar. "Détection multiutilisateur à antennes multiples". Paris, ENST, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ENST0044.
Texto completoAmmar, Mahmoud. "Détection multi-utilisateurs pour l'UMTS". Brest, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BRES2006.
Texto completoThis thesis deals with multiuser detection for the uplink transmissions of third generation radio mobile systems (UMTS). The performance of the conventional detector is limited and it can be significantly degraded by MAI and the near-far effect. These problems can, however, be combatted with multiuser detection. The multiuser detector studied in this thesis is the Subtractive Interference Canceller, chosen because of its relatively low complexity and suitability for hardware implementation. There are two main categories of cancellers: the Parellel Interference canceller (PIC) and the Successive Interference canceller (SIC). We are more particularly interested in the problem of the uplink transmissins of the UMTS-FDD system, for which all the signatures of the users are known by the receiver. In this context, we have proposed a new strategy based on an iterative implementation of the suppression of interferences which makes it possible to deal with this problem in the case of asynchronous transmission on multipath channels. We have proposed two multi-user detectors. The first one is based on the SIC structure (SIC/RAKE) and the second one uses the PIC structure (PIC/RAKE). A comparison of the performances of the two detectors proposed in a UMTS-FDD context shows that the convergence of the SIC/RAKE detector is faster than that of the PIC/RAKE and the PIC/RAKE detector diverges in certain cases. To complete this study, we have proposed a new multi-user method of multipath channel estimation. This method uses conventionel channel estimation algorithms in an iterative interference cancellation structure. We could thus highlight the potentialities of the proposed SIC/RAKE structure in terms of performances as well as in terms of robustness with respect to the errors in the channel estimation