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1
Liang, Long, Song-Charng Kong, Chulhwa Jung, and Rolf D. Reitz. "Development of a Semi-implicit Solver for Detailed Chemistry in Internal Combustion Engine Simulations." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 129, no. 1 (2006): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2204979.
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An efficient semi-implicit numerical method is developed for solving the detailed chemical kinetic source terms in internal combustion (IC) engine simulations. The detailed chemistry system forms a group of coupled stiff ordinary differential equations (ODEs), which presents a very stringent time-step limitation when solved by standard explicit methods, and is computationally expensive when solved by iterative implicit methods. The present numerical solver uses a stiffly stable noniterative semi-implicit method. The formulation of numerical integration exploits the physical requirement that the species density and specific internal energy in the computational cells must be non-negative, so that the Lipschitz time-step constraint is not present and the computation time step can be orders of magnitude larger than that possible in standard explicit methods. The solver exploits the characteristics of the stiffness of the ODEs by using a sequential sort algorithm that ranks an approximation to the dominant eigenvalues of the system to achieve maximum accuracy. Subcycling within the chemistry solver routine is applied for each computational cell in engine simulations, where the subcycle time step is dynamically determined by monitoring the rate of change of concentration of key species, which have short characteristic time scales and are also important to the chemical heat release. The chemistry solver is applied in the KIVA-3V code to diesel engine simulations. Results are compared to those using the CHEMKIN package, which uses the VODE implicit solver. Good agreement was achieved for a wide range of engine operating conditions, and 40-70% CPU time savings were achieved by the present solver compared to the standard CHEMKIN.
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Matrisciano, Andrea, Tim Franken, Laura Catalina Gonzales Mestre, Anders Borg, and Fabian Mauss. "Development of a Computationally Efficient Tabulated Chemistry Solver for Internal Combustion Engine Optimization Using Stochastic Reactor Models." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24 (2020): 8979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10248979.
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The use of chemical kinetic mechanisms in computer aided engineering tools for internal combustion engine simulations is of high importance for studying and predicting pollutant formation of conventional and alternative fuels. However, usage of complex reaction schemes is accompanied by high computational cost in 0-D, 1-D and 3-D computational fluid dynamics frameworks. The present work aims to address this challenge and allow broader deployment of detailed chemistry-based simulations, such as in multi-objective engine optimization campaigns. A fast-running tabulated chemistry solver coupled to a 0-D probability density function-based approach for the modelling of compression and spark ignition engine combustion is proposed. A stochastic reactor engine model has been extended with a progress variable-based framework, allowing the use of pre-calculated auto-ignition tables instead of solving the chemical reactions on-the-fly. As a first validation step, the tabulated chemistry-based solver is assessed against the online chemistry solver under constant pressure reactor conditions. Secondly, performance and accuracy targets of the progress variable-based solver are verified using stochastic reactor models under compression and spark ignition engine conditions. Detailed multicomponent mechanisms comprising up to 475 species are employed in both the tabulated and online chemistry simulation campaigns. The proposed progress variable-based solver proved to be in good agreement with the detailed online chemistry one in terms of combustion performance as well as engine-out emission predictions (CO, CO2, NO and unburned hydrocarbons). Concerning computational performances, the newly proposed solver delivers remarkable speed-ups (up to four orders of magnitude) when compared to the online chemistry simulations. In turn, the new solver allows the stochastic reactor model to be computationally competitive with much lower order modeling approaches (i.e., Vibe-based models). It also makes the stochastic reactor model a feasible computer aided engineering framework of choice for multi-objective engine optimization campaigns.
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Deepu, M., M. P. Dhrishit, and S. Shyji. "Numerical simulation of high speed reacting shear layers using AUSM+- up scheme-based unstructured finite volume method solver." International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 08, no. 03 (2017): 1750020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793962317500209.
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Development of an Advection Upstream Splitting Method (AUSM[Formula: see text]-up) scheme-based Unstructured Finite Volume (UFVM) solver for the simulation of two-dimensional axisymmetric/planar high speed compressible turbulent reacting shear layers is presented. The inviscid numerical flux is evaluated using AUSM[Formula: see text]-up upwind scheme. An eight-step hydrogen–oxygen finite rate chemistry model is used to model the development of chemical species in a supersonic reacting flow field. The chemical species terms are alone solved implicitly in this explicit flow solver by rescaling the equation in time. The turbulence modeling has been done using RNG-based [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] model. Three-stage Runge–Kutta method has been used for explicit time integration. The nonreacting two-dimensional Cartesian version of the same solver has been successfully validated against experimental and numerical results reported for the wall static pressure data in sonic slot injection to supersonic stream. Detailed validation studies for reacting flow solver has been done using experimental results reported for a coaxial supersonic combustor, in which species profile at various axial locations has been compared. Present numerical solver is useful in simulating combustors of high speed air-breathing propulsion devices.
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Zhou, Dezhi, Hongyuan Zhang, and Suo Yang. "A Robust Reacting Flow Solver with Computational Diagnostics Based on OpenFOAM and Cantera." Aerospace 9, no. 2 (2022): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9020102.
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In this study, we developed a new reacting flow solver based on OpenFOAM (OF) and Cantera, with the capabilities of (i) dealing with detailed species transport and chemistry, (ii) integration using a well-balanced splitting scheme, and (iii) two advanced computational diagnostic methods. First of all, a flaw of the original OF chemistry model to deal with pressure-dependent reactions is fixed. This solver then couples Cantera with OF so that the robust chemistry reader, chemical reaction rate calculations, ordinary differential equations (ODEs) solver, and species transport properties handled by Cantera can be accessed by OF. In this way, two transport models (mixture-averaged and constant Lewis number models) are implemented in the coupled solver. Finally, both the Strang splitting scheme and a well-balanced splitting scheme are implemented in this solver. The newly added features are then assessed and validated via a series of auto-ignition tests, a perfectly stirred reactor, a 1D unstretched laminar premixed flame, a 2D counter-flow laminar diffusion flame, and a 3D turbulent partially premixed flame (Sandia Flame D). It is shown that the well-balanced property is crucial for splitting schemes to accurately capture the ignition and extinction events. To facilitate the understanding on combustion modes and complex chemistry in large scale simulations, two computational diagnostic methods (conservative chemical explosive mode analysis, CCEMA, and global pathway analysis, GPA) are subsequently implemented in the current framework and used to study Sandia Flame D for the first time. It is shown that these two diagnostic methods can extract the flame structure, combustion modes, and controlling global reaction pathways from the simulation data.
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Myriokefalitakis, Stelios, Nikos Daskalakis, Angelos Gkouvousis, et al. "Description and evaluation of a detailed gas-phase chemistry scheme in the TM5-MP global chemistry transport model (r112)." Geoscientific Model Development 13, no. 11 (2020): 5507–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5507-2020.
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Abstract. This work documents and evaluates the tropospheric gas-phase chemical mechanism MOGUNTIA in the three-dimensional chemistry transport model TM5-MP. Compared to the modified CB05 (mCB05) chemical mechanism previously used in the model, MOGUNTIA includes a detailed representation of the light hydrocarbons (C1–C4) and isoprene, along with a simplified chemistry representation of terpenes and aromatics. Another feature implemented in TM5-MP for this work is the use of the Rosenbrock solver in the chemistry code, which can replace the classical Euler backward integration method of the model. Global budgets of ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), hydroxyl radicals (OH), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are analyzed, and their mixing ratios are compared with a series of surface, aircraft, and satellite observations for the year 2006. Both mechanisms appear to be able to satisfactorily represent observed mixing ratios of important trace gases, with the MOGUNTIA chemistry configuration yielding lower biases than mCB05 compared to measurements in most of the cases. However, the two chemical mechanisms fail to reproduce the observed mixing ratios of light VOCs, indicating insufficient primary emission source strengths, oxidation that is too fast, and/or a low bias in the secondary contribution to C2–C3 organics via VOC atmospheric oxidation. Relative computational memory and time requirements of the different model configurations are also compared and discussed. Overall, the MOGUNTIA scheme simulates a large suite of oxygenated VOCs that are observed in the atmosphere at significant levels. This significantly expands the possible applications of TM5-MP.
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Bigalli, Simone, Iacopo Catalani, Francesco Balduzzi, et al. "Numerical Investigation on the Performance of a 4-Stroke Engine with Different Passive Pre-Chamber Geometries Using a Detailed Chemistry Solver." Energies 15, no. 14 (2022): 4968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15144968.
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Pre-chamber turbulent jet ignition represents one of the most promising techniques to improve spark ignition engines efficiency and reduce pollutant emissions. This technique consists of igniting the air-fuel mixture in the main combustion chamber by means of several hot turbulent flame jets exiting a pre-chamber. In the present study, the combustion process of a 4-stroke, gasoline SI, PFI engine equipped with a passive pre-chamber has been investigated through three-dimensional CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) analysis. A detailed chemistry solver with a reduced reaction mechanism was employed to investigate ignition and flame propagation phenomena. Firstly, the combustion model was validated against experimental data for the baseline engine configuration (i.e., without pre-chamber). Eventually, the validated numerical model allowed for predictive simulations of the pre-chamber-equipped engine. By varying the shape of the pre-chamber body and the size of pre-chamber orifices, different pre-chamber configurations were studied. The influence of the geometrical features on the duration of the combustion process and the pressure trends inside both the pre-chamber and main chamber was assessed and discussed. Since the use of a pre-chamber can extend the air-fuel mixture ignition limits, an additional sensitivity on the air-fuel ratio was carried out, in order to investigate engine performance at lean conditions.
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Kawka, László, Gergely Juhász, Máté Papp, Tibor Nagy, István Gy Zsély, and Tamás Turányi. "Comparison of detailed reaction mechanisms for homogeneous ammonia combustion." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 234, no. 7-9 (2020): 1329–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2020-1649.
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AbstractAmmonia is a potential fuel for the storage of thermal energy. Experimental data were collected for homogeneous ammonia combustion: ignition delay times measured in shock tubes (247 data points in 28 datasets from four publications) and species concentration measurements from flow reactors (194/22/4). The measurements cover wide ranges of temperature T, pressure p, equivalence ratio φ and dilution. The experimental data were encoded in ReSpecTh Kinetics Data Format version 2.2 XML files. The standard deviations of the experimental datasets used were determined based on the experimental errors reported in the publications and also on error estimations obtained using program MinimalSplineFit. Simulations were carried out with eight recently published mechanisms at the conditions of these experiments using the Optima++ framework code, and the FlameMaster and OpenSmoke++ solver packages. The performance of the mechanisms was compared using a sum-of-square error function to quantify the agreement between the simulations and the experimental data. Ignition delay times were well reproduced by five mechanisms, the best ones were Glarborg-2018 and Shrestha-2018. None of the mechanisms were able to reproduce well the profiles of NO, N2O and NH3 concentrations measured in flow reactors.
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Arrighetti, Cinzio, Stefano Cordiner, and Vincenzo Mulone. "Heat and Mass Transfer Evaluation in the Channels of an Automotive Catalytic Converter by Detailed Fluid-Dynamic and Chemical Simulation." Journal of Heat Transfer 129, no. 4 (2006): 536–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2709657.
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The role of numerical simulation to drive the catalytic converter development becomes more important as more efficient spark ignition engines after-treatment devices are required. The use of simplified approaches using rather simple correlations for heat and mass transfer in a channel has been widely used to obtain computational simplicity and sufficient accuracy. However, these approaches always require specific experimental tuning so reducing their predictive capabilities. The feasibility of a computational fluid dynamics three-dimensional (3D) model coupled to a surface chemistry solver is evaluated in this paper as a tool to increase model predictivity then allowing the detailed study of the performance of a catalytic converter under widely varying operating conditions. The model is based on FLUENT to solve the steady-state 3D transport of mass, momentum and energy for a gas mixture channel flow, and it is coupled to a powerful surface chemistry tool (CANTERA). Checked with respect to literature available experimental data, this approach has proved its predictive capabilities not requiring an ad hoc tuning of the parameter set. Heat and mass transfer characteristics of channels with different section shapes (sinusoidal, hexagonal, and squared) have then been analyzed. Results mainly indicate that a significant influence of operating temperature can be observed on Nusselt and Sherwood profiles and that traditional correlations, as well as the use of heat/mass transfer analogy, may give remarkable errors (up to 30% along one-third of the whole channel during light-off conditions) in the evaluation of the converter performance. The proposed approach represents an appropriate tool to generate local heat and mass transfer correlations for less accurate, but more comprehensive, 1D models, either directly during the calculation or off-line, to build a proper data base.
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Pala, M. G., and G. Iannaccone. "A three-dimensional solver of the Schrödinger equation in momentum space for the detailed simulation of nanostructures." Nanotechnology 13, no. 3 (2002): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/13/3/325.
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Mallet, V., and B. Sportisse. "3-D chemistry-transport model Polair: numerical issues, validation and automatic-differentiation strategy." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 4, no. 2 (2004): 1371–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-4-1371-2004.
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Abstract. We briefly present in this short paper some issues related to the development and the validation of the three-dimensional chemistry-transport model Polair. Numerical studies have been performed in order to let Polair be an efficient and robust solver. This paper summarizes and comments choices that were made in this respect. Simulations of relevant photochemical episodes were led to assess the validity of the model. The results can be considered as a validation, which allows next studies to focus on fine modeling issues. A major feature of Polair is the availability of a tangent linear mode and an adjoint mode entirely generated by automatic differentiation. Tangent linear and adjoint modes grant the opportunity to perform detailed sensitivity analyses and data assimilation. This paper shows how inverse modeling is achieved with Polair.
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Benim, Ali Cemal, and Björn Pfeiffelmann. "Computational investigation of laminar premixed hydrogen flame past a quenching mesh." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 30, no. 4 (2019): 1923–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-11-2018-0705.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is the computational analysis of atmospheric, laminar, stoichiometric and premixed hydrogen-air flames in the presence of a quenching mesh. The assessment of the predictive capability of different reaction mechanisms, the clarification of the relative importance of the thermal and chemical effects for mesh quenching and the investigation of the influence of the mesh geometry on the quenching effectiveness are the focal points of the investigation. Design/methodology/approach The problem is posed as unsteady, two-dimensional. Differential governing equations are numerically solved by the finite volume method for the reacting hydrogen/air mixture, assuming an ideal gas behaviour. Thermal radiation and buoyancy are neglected. A coupled solver is used to treat the velocity-pressure coupling, along with a stiff-chemistry solver for the chemical kinetics. Second-order discretization schemes are used in space and time. A uniform grid resolution is used, where the grid independence in terms of the flame speed prediction is ensured in preliminary calculations for one-dimensional flames. Findings It is found that a detailed reaction mechanism is necessary for an accurate prediction. Meshes with round openings are found to be more effective that those with slit openings (SOs), by a factor of two in the maximum safe gap size. A perforated plate is observed to have a higher quenching potential compared to a wire mesh, for SOs. It is also found that the heat loss to the wall is the dominating quenching mechanism for the present problem, whereas adsorption of radicals plays a subordinate role. Originality/value In contrast to the previous studies in the field, a detailed reaction mechanism is applied instead of a single-step one, while still using the latter for comparison. The role of wall-radicals interaction for the quenching effectiveness of the mesh is addressed for the first time. Parametric studies are performed on the mesh geometry, which was not done before. Hydrogen is considered as fuel in contrast to the great majority of the previous work.
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Sun, Jintao, Qi Chen, Baoming Zhao, et al. "Temperature-dependent ion chemistry in nanosecond discharge plasma-assisted CH4 oxidation." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 13 (2022): 135203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac45ac.
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Abstract Ion chemistry with temperature evolution in weakly ionized plasma is important in plasma-assisted combustion and plasma-assisted catalysis, fuel reforming, and material synthesis due to its contribution to plasma generation and state transition. In this study, the kinetic roles of ionic reactions in nanosecond discharge (NSD) plasma-assisted temperature-dependent decomposition and oxidation of methane are investigated by integrated studies of experimental measurements and mathematical simulations. A detailed plasma chemistry mechanism governing the decomposition and oxidation processes in a He/CH4/O2 combustible mixture is proposed and studied by including a set of electron impact reactions, reactions involving excited species, and ionic reactions. A zero-dimensional model incorporating the plasma kinetics solver ZDPlasKin and the combustion chemical kinetics solver CHEMKIN is used to calculate the time and temperature evolution of the ion density. Uncertainty analysis of ionic reactions on key species generation is conducted by using different referenced data, and insignificant sensitivity is found. The numerical model is consistent with experimental data for methane consumption and generation of major species including CO, CO2, and H2. By modeling the temporal evolution of key ions, it is observed that O2 + presents the largest concentration in the discharge stage, followed by CH4 +, CH3 +, and CH2 +, which is in accordance with the traditional ion chemistry in hydrocarbon flames and agrees well with molecular-beam mass spectrometer investigations. The path flux shows that the concentrations of key species, including electrons, O, OH, H, O(1D), O2(a1Δg), O2 +, CH3 +, and CH4 +, change within 1–2 orders of magnitude and that the transition from a homogeneous state to a contracted/constricted state does not occur. The path flux and sensitivity analysis reveal the significant roles of cations in the stimulation of active radical generation, including CH, O, OH, and O(1D), thus accelerating methane oxidation. This work provides a deep insight into the ion chemistry of temperature-dependent plasma-assisted CH4 oxidation.
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Alvanos, Michail, and Theodoros Christoudias. "GPU-accelerated atmospheric chemical kinetics in the ECHAM/MESSy (EMAC) Earth system model (version 2.52)." Geoscientific Model Development 10, no. 10 (2017): 3679–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3679-2017.
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Abstract. This paper presents an application of GPU accelerators in Earth system modeling. We focus on atmospheric chemical kinetics, one of the most computationally intensive tasks in climate–chemistry model simulations. We developed a software package that automatically generates CUDA kernels to numerically integrate atmospheric chemical kinetics in the global climate model ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC), used to study climate change and air quality scenarios. A source-to-source compiler outputs a CUDA-compatible kernel by parsing the FORTRAN code generated by the Kinetic PreProcessor (KPP) general analysis tool. All Rosenbrock methods that are available in the KPP numerical library are supported.Performance evaluation, using Fermi and Pascal CUDA-enabled GPU accelerators, shows achieved speed-ups of 4. 5 × and 20. 4 × , respectively, of the kernel execution time. A node-to-node real-world production performance comparison shows a 1. 75 × speed-up over the non-accelerated application using the KPP three-stage Rosenbrock solver. We provide a detailed description of the code optimizations used to improve the performance including memory optimizations, control code simplification, and reduction of idle time. The accuracy and correctness of the accelerated implementation are evaluated by comparing to the CPU-only code of the application. The median relative difference is found to be less than 0.000000001 % when comparing the output of the accelerated kernel the CPU-only code.The approach followed, including the computational workload division, and the developed GPU solver code can potentially be used as the basis for hardware acceleration of numerous geoscientific models that rely on KPP for atmospheric chemical kinetics applications.
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Kong, S.-C., Y. Ra, and R. D. Reitz. "Performance of multi-dimensional models for simulating diesel premixed charge compression ignition engine combustion using low- and high-pressure injectors." International Journal of Engine Research 6, no. 5 (2005): 475–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/146808705x30567.
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An engine CFD model has been developed to simulate premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) combustion using detailed chemistry. The numerical model is based on the KIVA code that is modified to use CHEMKIN as the chemistry solver. The model was applied to simulate ignition, combustion, and emissions processes in diesel engines operated to achieve PCCI conditions. Diesel PCCI experiments using both low- and high-pressure injectors were simulated. For the low-pressure injector with early injection (close to intake valve closure), the model shows that wall wetting can be minimized by using a pressure-swirl atomizer with a variable spray angle. In the case of using a high-pressure injector, it is found that late injection (SOI = 5 ° ATDC) benefits soot emissions as a result of low-temperature combustion at highly premixed conditions. The model was also used to validate the emission reduction potential of an HSDI diesel engine using a double injection strategy that favours PCCI conditions. It is concluded that the present model is useful to assess future engine combustion concepts, such as PCCI and low-temperature combustion (LTC).
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Stempka, Jakub, and Artur Tyliszczak. "Large Eddy Simulations of excited flames issuing from rectangular nozzles." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2367, no. 1 (2022): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2367/1/012025.
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Abstract In the current study we assess an impact of passive and active flow control methods applied to the flames emanating from rectangular nozzles. The passive control is realised by varying a jet aspect ratio using differently shaped nozzles, while the active control relies on applying a forcing to the axial component of velocity. The analysis is performed through a series of high fidelity Large Eddy Simulations (LES) using a high order in-house solver. Combustion process is modelled using the detailed chemistry model of a hydrogen oxidation with a corresponding set of species transport equations. It is shown that the passive flow control affects the jet flames significantly only up to a moderate forcing frequency. For a high frequency excitation the effect of the aspect ratio is weak. A combination of both control methods is found as very efficient in altering important practical flame features like a lift-off height and flame shape.
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Ghafouri, Jafar, Sina Shafee, and Amin Maghbouli. "Investigation on effect of equivalence ratio and engine speed on homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion using chemistry based CFD code." Thermal Science 18, no. 1 (2014): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci130204128g.
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Combustion in a large-bore natural gas fuelled diesel engine operating under Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition mode at various operating conditions is investigated in the present paper. Computational Fluid Dynamics model with integrated chemistry solver is utilized and methane is used as surrogate of natural gas fuel. Detailed chemical kinetics mechanism is used for simulation of methane combustion. The model results are validated using experimental data by Aceves, et al. (2000), conducted on the single cylinder Volvo TD100 engine operating at Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition conditions. After verification of model predictions using in-cylinder pressure histories, the effect of varying equivalence ratio and engine speed on combustion parameters of the engine is studied. Results indicate that increasing engine speed provides shorter time for combustion at the same equivalence ratio such that at higher engine speeds, with constant equivalence ratio, combustion misfires. At lower engine speed, ignition delay is shortened and combustion advances. It was observed that increasing the equivalence ratio retards the combustion due to compressive heating effect in one of the test cases at lower initial pressure. Peak pressure magnitude is increased at higher equivalence ratios due to higher energy input.
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Volkov, D. V., A. A. Belokin, D. A. Lyubimov, V. M. Zakharov, and G. Opdyke,. "Flamelet Model of NOx in a Diffusion Flame Combustor." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 123, no. 4 (2000): 774–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1374438.
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This paper describes a model used for the prediction of the formation of nitrogen oxides in modifications of an industrial diffusion flame, natural gas fueled can combustor. The flowfield inside the modified combustors is calculated using a Navier-Stokes solver. A fast chemistry assumption is used for modeling the heat release. Calculated turbulence parameters are then used for the calculation of the NOx formation rate in the post-processing mode with the aid of a flamelet model. The flamelet model permits the use of detailed kinetics with only minimal computational expense. The dependence of the NOx formation rate on the mixture fraction and scalar dissipation is calculated separately for each given condition. The validation of the model predictions is based on field test data taken earlier on several low NOx modifications recently applied to an industrial, reverse flow can type combustor. The reduced level of NOx emissions was achieved in these modifications by changes in the air distribution within the combustor liner. A comparison of the predicted and measured NOx emission levels shows good potential of the flamelet model.
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Maritano, Lorenzo, Francesco Maria Marin, Cristina Bertani, Dario Pastrone, Maddalena Angelucci, and Giuseppe Caggiano. "Numerical Prediction of Internal Flows in He/LOx Seals for Liquid Rocket Engine Cryogenic Turbopumps." Applied Sciences 12, no. 21 (2022): 10776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122110776.
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Cryogenic turbopumps are used in high-performance, lightweight liquid rocket engines for space applications. The development of bearings and shaft seals for cryogenic turbopumps requires detailed characterization of the internal flow, taking into account the effects of boiling and multi-component two-phase flow. Here, a flow network solver was developed to analyse the secondary flow circuit of a cryogenic turbopump where the propellant is mixed with high-temperature helium after bearing cooling. The network solver is based on an extension of a classic 1D homogeneous model, originally developed for a pure substance, to the case of two-phase multi-component flow. The solver is capable of predicting pressures, temperatures, flow rates, and species concentrations in a complex two-phase flow in the presence of non-condensable gases. The unsteady mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations are implemented in conjunction with the thermodynamic equations of state using a general-purpose finite volume formulation, where the pressure drop and the heat transfer are calculated using correlations. The numerical tool was validated by comparing its predictions with experimental data obtained during tests on the secondary circuit of an oxygen turbopump developed at Avio S.p.A. A number of engine operating conditions were considered (inlet helium temperature in the range of 250–280 K, helium/liquid oxygen drain in the range of 165–230 K). The predicted temperature values showed good agreement with the experimental data in most conditions.
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Perini, Federico, Emanuele Galligani, and Rolf D. Reitz. "A study of direct and Krylov iterative sparse solver techniques to approach linear scaling of the integration of chemical kinetics with detailed combustion mechanisms." Combustion and Flame 161, no. 5 (2014): 1180–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.11.017.
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Huang, Jian, Gordon McTaggart-Cowan, and Sandeep Munshi. "Large-eddy simulation of direct injection natural gas combustion in a heavy-duty truck engine using modified conditional moment closure model with low-dimensional manifold method." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 5 (2018): 824–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418782855.
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This article describes the application of a modified first-order conditional moment closure model used in conjunction with the trajectory-generated low-dimensional manifold method in large-eddy simulation of pilot ignited high-pressure direct injection natural gas combustion in a heavy-duty diesel engine. The article starts with a review of the intrinsic low-dimensional manifold method for reducing detailed chemistry and various formulations for the construction of such manifolds. It is followed by a brief review of the conditional moment closure method for modelling the interaction between turbulence and combustion chemistry. The high computational cost associated with the direct implementation of the basic conditional moment closure model was discussed. The article then describes the formulation of a modified approach to solve the conditional moment closure equation, whose reaction source terms for the conditional mass fractions for species were obtained by projecting the turbulent perturbation onto the reaction manifold. The main model assumptions were explained and the resulting limitations were discussed. A numerical experiment was conducted to examine the validity the model assumptions. The model was then implemented in a combustion computational fluid dynamics solver developed on an open-source computational fluid dynamics platform. Non-reactive jet simulations were first conducted and the results were compared to the experimental measurement from a high-pressure visualization chamber to verify that the jet penetration under engine relevant conditions was correctly predicted. The model was then used to simulate natural gas combustion in a heavy-duty diesel engine equipped with a high-pressure direct injection system. The simulation results were compared with the experimental measurement from a research engine to verify the accuracy of the model for both the combustion rate and engine-out emissions.
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Adámek, Tomáš. "SUBSALS: a subchannel thermal-hydraulic code for IRT type fuel analysis." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 37 (December 6, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2022.37.0001.
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The LVR-15 research reactor is operated with a tube type fuel IRT-4M. Due to fuel’s unique concentric square annular shape with, coolant flow is subject to significant pressure driven crossflow. Detailed calculation of such flow patterns is beyond capabilities of standard system codes used for the thermal hydraulic safety analysis. To assess safety of core designs consisting of the IRT-4M fuel assemblies, a new subchannel code is under development at Research Centre Rež and Czech Technical University in Prague.Computer program SUBSALS is single phase, steady state, subchannel solver in development. Rigid computational mesh describes IRT-like geometries, and it is also suitable for other specific doubly connected ducts.In this contribution, general description of calculation procedure and computational capabilities is presented along with code-to-code comparison. It could be used as proof of concept for future improvements in thermal hydraulic calculations of research reactors.
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Tiwari, Shashank S., Shivkumar Bale, Diptendu Das, et al. "Numerical Simulations of a Postulated Methanol Pool Fire Scenario in a Ventilated Enclosure Using a Coupled FVM-FEM Approach." Processes 10, no. 5 (2022): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10050918.
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Numerical investigations have been carried out for a postulated enclosure fire scenario instigated due to methanol pool ignition in a chemical cleaning facility. The pool fire under consideration is radiation-dominated and poses a risk to the nearby objects if appropriate safety requirements are not met. The objective of the current study was to numerically evaluate the postulated fire scenario and provide safety recommendations to prevent/minimize the hazard. To do this, the fire scenario was first modeled using the finite volume method (FVM) based solver to predict the fire characteristics and the resulting changes inside the enclosure. The FDS predicted temperatures were then used as input boundary conditions to conduct a three-dimensional heat transfer analysis using the finite element method (FEM). The coupled FVM–FEM simulation approach enabled detailed three-dimensional conjugate heat transfer analysis. The proposed FVM–FEM coupled approach to analyze the fire dynamics and heat transfer will be helpful to safety engineers in carrying out a more robust and reliable fire risk assessment.
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Rusumdar, A. J., R. Wolke, A. Tilgner, and H. Herrmann. "Treatment of non-ideality in the SPACCIM multiphase model – Part 1: Model development." Geoscientific Model Development 9, no. 1 (2016): 247–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-247-2016.
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Abstract. Ambient tropospheric deliquesced particles generally comprise a complex mixture of electrolytes, organic compounds, and water. Dynamic modeling of physical and chemical processes in this complex matrix is challenging. Thus, up-to-date multiphase chemistry models generally do not consider non-ideal solution effects. Therefore, the present study was aimed at presenting further development of the SPACCIM (Spectral Aerosol Cloud Chemistry Interaction Model) through treatment of solution non-ideality, which has not been considered before. The present paper firstly describes the model developments including (i) the implementation of solution non-ideality in aqueous-phase reaction kinetics in the SPACCIM framework, (ii) the advancements in the coupling scheme of microphysics and multiphase chemistry and (iii) the required adjustments of the numerical schemes, especially in the sparse linear solver and the calculation of the Jacobian. Secondly, results of sensitivity investigations are outlined, aiming at the evaluation of different activity coefficient modules and the examination of the contributions of different intermolecular forces to the overall activity coefficients. Finally, first results obtained with the new model framework are presented. The SPACCIM parcel model was developed and, so far, applied for the description of aerosol–cloud interactions. To advance SPACCIM also for modeling physical and chemical processes in deliquesced particles, the solution non-ideality has to be taken into account by utilizing activities in reaction terms instead of aqueous concentrations. The main goal of the extended approach was to provide appropriate activity coefficients for solved species. Therefore, an activity coefficient module was incorporated into the kinetic model framework of SPACCIM. Based on an intercomparison of different activity coefficient models and the comparison with experimental data, the AIOMFAC approach was implemented and extended by additional interaction parameters from the literature for mixed organic–inorganic systems. Moreover, the performance and the capability of the applied activity coefficient module were evaluated by means of water activity measurements, literature data and results of other activity coefficient models. Comprehensive comparison studies showed that the SpactMod (SPACCIM activity coefficient module) is valuable for predicting the thermodynamic behavior of complex mixtures of multicomponent atmospheric aerosol particles. First simulations with a detailed chemical mechanism have demonstrated the applicability of SPACCIM-SpactMod. The simulations indicate that the treatment of solution non-ideality might be needed for modeling multiphase chemistry processes in deliquesced particles. The modeled activity coefficients imply that chemical reaction fluxes of chemical processes in deliquesced particles can be both decreased and increased depending on the particular species involved in the reactions. For key ions, activity coefficients on the order of 0.1–0.8 and a strong dependency on the charge state as well as the RH conditions are modeled, implying a lowered chemical processing of ions in concentrated solutions. In contrast, modeled activity coefficients of organic compounds are in some cases larger than 1 under deliquesced particle conditions and suggest the possibility of an increased chemical processing of organic compounds. Moreover, the model runs have shown noticeable differences in the pH values calculated with and without consideration of solution non-ideality. On average, the predicted pH values of the simulations considering solution non-ideality are −0.27 and −0.44 pH units lower under 90 and 70 % RH conditions, respectively. More comprehensive results of detailed SPACCIM-SpactMod studies on the multiphase processing in organic–inorganic mixtures of deliquesced particles are described in a companion paper.
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Ilg, Patrick. "Multiparticle collision dynamics for ferrofluids." Journal of Chemical Physics 156, no. 14 (2022): 144905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0087981.
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Detailed studies of the intriguing field-dependent dynamics and transport properties of confined flowing ferrofluids require efficient mesoscopic simulation methods that account for fluctuating ferrohydrodynamics. Here, we propose such a new mesoscopic model for the dynamics and flow of ferrofluids, where we couple the multi-particle collision dynamics method as a solver for the fluctuating hydrodynamics equations to the stochastic magnetization dynamics of suspended magnetic nanoparticles. This hybrid model is validated by reproducing the magnetoviscous effect in Poiseuille flow, obtaining the rotational viscosity in quantitative agreement with theoretical predictions. We also illustrate the new method for the benchmark problem of flow around a square cylinder. Interestingly, we observe that the length of the recirculation region is increased, whereas the drag coefficient is decreased in ferrofluids when an external magnetic field is applied compared with the field-free case at the same effective Reynolds number. The presence of thermal fluctuations and the flexibility of this particle-based mesoscopic method provide a promising tool to investigate a broad range of flow phenomena of magnetic fluids, and the method could also serve as an efficient way to simulate solvent effects when colloidal particles are immersed in ferrofluids.
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Rajkumar, A., L. L. Ferrás, C. Fernandes, Olga S. Carneiro, and J. Miguel Nóbrega. "Guidelines for balancing the flow in extrusion dies: the influence of the material rheology." Journal of Polymer Engineering 38, no. 2 (2018): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2016-0449.
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Abstract In this work we present improved design guidelines to support the die designer activity, when searching for the flow channel geometry that allows the achievement of a balanced flow distribution, in complex profile extrusion dies. The proposed methodology relies on surrogate models, obtained through a detailed and extensive numerical study, carried out with the open source computational library OpenFOAM®, in which an appropriate numerical solver for the problems under study was implemented. The main contribution of this work is to further enlarge the applicability of the simplified design methodology (Rajkumar A, Ferrás LL, Fernandes C, Carneiro OS, Becker M, Nóbrega JM. Int. Polym. Proc. 2017, 32, 58–71.) previously proposed by this group for similar purposes, by considering the effect of processing parameters and material rheology. The sensitivity analyses performed showed that, among the studied parameters, the power-law exponent was the only one that affected the system behavior. Thus, the previous proposed surrogate models were modified to include the effect of this parameter. Verification studies performed for three geometries and different rheological and process parameters evidenced the effectiveness of the proposed simplified design methodology.
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Rusumdar, A. J., R. Wolke, A. Tilgner, and H. Herrmann. "Treatment of non-ideality in the multiphase model SPACCIM – Part 1: Model development." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 8, no. 6 (2015): 4155–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-8-4155-2015.
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Abstract. Ambient tropospheric deliquesced particles generally comprise a complex mixture of electrolytes, organic compounds, and water. Dynamic modeling of physical and chemical processes in this complex matrix is challenging. Thus, up-to-date multiphase chemistry models do generally not consider non-ideal solution effects. Therefore, the present study was aimed at the further development of the SPACCIM model to treat both complex multiphase chemistry and phase transfer processes considering newly non-ideality properties of concentrated aerosol solutions. The present paper describes firstly, the performed model development including (i) the kinetic implementation of the non-ideality in the SPACCIM framework, (ii) the advancements in the coupling scheme of microphysics and multiphase chemistry and (iii) the required adjustments of the numerical schemes, especially in the sparse linear solver and the calculation of the Jacobian. Secondly, results of performed sensitivity investigations are outlined aiming at the evaluation of different activity coefficient modules and the examination of the contributions of different intermolecular forces to the overall activity coefficients. Finally, first results obtained with the new model framework are presented. The main product of the performed model development is the new kinetic model approach SPACCIM-SpactMod, which utilizes activities in reaction terms instead of aqueous concentrations. Based on an intercomparison of different activity coefficient models and the comparison with experimental data, AIOMFAC was selected as base model and extended by additional interaction parameters from literature for mixed organic–inorganic systems. Moreover, the performance and the capability of the applied activity coefficient module were evaluated by means of water activity measurements, literature data and results of other thermodynamic equilibrium models. Comprehensive comparison studies showed that the SpactMod (SPACCIM activity coefficient module) is valuable to predict the thermodynamic behavior of complex mixtures of multicomponent atmospheric aerosol particles. First simulations with a detailed chemical mechanism have demonstrated the applicability of SPACCIM-SpactMod. The simulations have implied that the treatment of non-ideality should be mandatory for modeling multiphase chemistry processes in deliquesced particles. The modeled activity coefficients implicate that turnovers of chemical processes in deliquesced particles can be both decreased and increased depending on the particular species involved in the reactions. For key ions, activity coefficients on the order of 0.1–0.8 and a strong dependency on the charge state as well as the RH conditions are modeled implicating a lowered chemical ion processing in concentrated solutions. In contrast, modeled activity coefficients of organic compounds are partly > 1 and suggest the possibility of an increased organic processing. Moreover, the model runs have shown noticeable differences in the pH values calculated with and without consideration of non-ideality. On average, the predicted pH values of the simulations considering non-ideality are −0.27 and −0.44 pH units lower under 90 and 70% RH conditions, respectively. More comprehensive results of detailed SPACCIM-SpactMod studies on the multiphase processing in organic–inorganic mixtures of deliquesced particles are described in a companion paper.
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Schoder, Stefan, Paul Maurerlehner, Andreas Wurzinger, et al. "Aeroacoustic Sound Source Characterization of the Human Voice Production-Perturbed Convective Wave Equation." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (2021): 2614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062614.
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The flow-induced sound sources of human voice production are investigated based on a validated voice model. This analysis is performed using a hybrid aeroacoustic workflow based on the perturbed convective wave equation. In the first step, the validated 3D incompressible turbulent flow simulation is computed by the finite volume method using STARCCM+. In a second step, the aeroacoustic sources are evaluated and studied in detail. The formulation of the sound sources is compared to the simplification (neglecting the convective sources) systematically using time-domain and Fourier-space analysis. Additionally, the wave equation is solved with the finite element solver openCFS to obtain the 3D sound field in the acoustic far-field. During the detailed effect analysis, the far-field sound spectra are compared quantitatively, and the flow-induced sound sources are visualized within the larynx. In this contribution, it is shown that the convective part of the sources dominates locally near the vocal folds (VFs) while the local time derivative of the incompressible pressure is distributed in the whole supra-glottal area. Although the maximum amplitude of the time derivative is lower, the integral contribution dominates the sound spectrum. As a by-product of the detailed perturbed convective wave equation source study, we show that the convective source term can be neglected since it only reduces the validation error by 0.6%. Neglecting the convective part reduces the algorithmic complexity of the aeroacoustic source computation of the perturbed convective wave equation and the stored flow data. From the source visualization, we learned how the VF motion transforms into specific characteristics of the aeroacoustic sources. We found that if the VFs are fully closing, the aeroacoustic source terms yield the highest dynamical range. If the VFs are not fully closing, VFs motion does not provide as much source energy to the flow-induced sound sources as in the case of a healthy voice. As a consequence of not fully closing VFs, the cyclic pulsating velocity jet is not cut off entirely and therefore turbulent structures are permanently present inside the supraglottal region. These turbulent structures increase the broadband component of the voice signal, which supports research results of previous studies regarding glottis closure and insufficient voice production.
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Ortega-Delgado, Bartolomé, Patricia Palenzuela, and Diego-César Alarcón-Padilla. "Analysis of the Time Step Influence in the Yearly Simulation of Integrated Seawater Multi-Effect Distillation and Parabolic trough Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Plants." Processes 10, no. 3 (2022): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10030573.
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The joint demand for power and freshwater is continuously increasing due to population growth, the rise of economic activity, and climate change. Integrated concentrating solar thermal power and desalination (CSP+D) plants may provide a key solution for the pressing freshwater deficit and energy problems in many regions of the world. Simulation tools with an accurate prediction of the yearly electric energy and freshwater production are needed. This paper analyzed the influence of the time step in the annual simulation of a CSP+D plant composed of a seawater multi-effect distillation unit and a parabolic trough concentrating solar thermal power plant, considering the location of Tabernas (Spain). A dynamic simulation tool of this system was developed, implementing the models in Engineering Equation Solver. The annual electricity and water productions obtained for the study case considered were 154 GWh and 3.45 hm3, respectively, using 5 min time steps, and 94 GWh and 2.1 hm3, respectively, with 1 h time steps. The results obtained show that a short time step interval (5 min) is recommended when using the detailed CSP model considered, which is prepared for simulation with short time steps. Step times of 1 h lead to excessive errors (about 30% in summer and 100% in winter), which underestimate the actual production.
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Andronikos, Theologos, George Papadakis, Vasilis Riziotis, and Spyros Voutsinas. "Revising of the Near Ground Helicopter Hover: The Effect of Ground Boundary Layer Development." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (2021): 9935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11219935.
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The interaction of a helicopter rotor with the ground in hover flight is addressed numerically using a hybrid Eulerian–Lagrangian CFD model. When a helicopter takes off or lands, its wake interferes with the ground. This interaction, depending on the height-to-rotor diameter ratio, causes the altering of the rotor loading and performance as compared to the unconstrained case and gives rise to the development of a complex outwash flow field in the surrounding of the helicopter. The present study aims to characterize the interactional phenomena occurring in the early stages of the rotor wake development and in particular the interference of the starting vortex with the ground boundary layer and the effect of this interaction in the motion of the vortex in the rotor outwash flow. The hybrid CFD method employed combines a standard URANS compressible finite volume solver, the use of which is restricted to confined grids around solid bodies, and a Lagrangian approximation of the entire flow field in which conservation equations are solved in their material form, disctretized using particle representation of the flow quantities. The two methods are strongly coupled to each other through an appropriate iterative scheme. The main advantage of the proposed methodology is that it can conveniently handle complex configurations with several bodies that move independently from one another, with affordable computational cost. In this paper, thrust coefficient predictions of the hybrid model are compared to predictions of a free wake code and to experimental data indicating that consistent prediction of the rotor load requires the inclusion of the ground boundary layer in the analysis. Moreover, detailed comparisons of the rotor wake evolution predicted by the hybrid model are presented.
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Zhang, Qin, Xiaoning Zhu, and Li Wang. "Track Allocation Optimization in Multi-Direction High-Speed Railway Stations." Symmetry 11, no. 4 (2019): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11040459.
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Track allocation optimization in railway stations is one of the most fundamental problems for scheduling trains, especially in multi-direction high-speed railway stations. With the construction of high-speed rail networks, this kind of station has become increasingly common. However, the track allocation depends not only on the station tracks, train timetable, and rolling stock plan, but also on the resources in the station throat area. As a result, an effective track allocation plan becomes significant but also difficult. In this paper, we consider all these factors to make the results more practicable and an integer linear model that minimizes the total occupation time of resources in the throat area is presented. A flexible track utilization rule is also adopted to this model to fit the characteristics of the multi-direction station. Meanwhile, a detailed explanation of resources’ occupation time is illustrated to facilitate the representation of the conflicting constraints. To resolve these issues, we use a commercial solver with its default parameters. A computational experiment of a station is conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model. The resources utilization plan indicates that the capacity of a station is limited by the throat area, rather than by the station tracks.
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Darbandi, Masoud, and Majid Ghafourizadeh. "Extending a low-order upwind-biased scheme to solve turbulent flames using detailed chemistry model." Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B: Fundamentals 73, no. 6 (2018): 343–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10407790.2018.1493851.
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Babajimopoulos, A., D. N. Assanis, D. L. Flowers, S. M. Aceves, and R. P. Hessel. "A fully coupled computational fluid dynamics and multi-zone model with detailed chemical kinetics for the simulation of premixed charge compression ignition engines." International Journal of Engine Research 6, no. 5 (2005): 497–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/146808705x30503.
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Modelling the premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) engine requires a balanced approach that captures both fluid motion as well as low- and high-temperature fuel oxidation. A fully integrated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and chemistry scheme (i.e. detailed chemical kinetics solved in every cell of the CFD grid) would be the ideal PCCI modelling approach, but is computationally very expensive. As a result, modelling assumptions are required in order to develop tools that are computationally efficient, yet maintain an acceptable degree of accuracy. Multi-zone models have been previously shown accurately to capture geometry-dependent processes in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines. In the presented work, KIVA-3V is fully coupled with a multi-zone model with detailed chemical kinetics. Computational efficiency is achieved by utilizing a low-resolution discretization to solve detailed chemical kinetics in the multi-zone model compared with a relatively high-resolution CFD solution. The multi-zone model communicates with KIVA-3V at each computational timestep, as in the ideal fully integrated case. The composition of the cells, however, is mapped back and forth between KTVA-3V and the multi-zone model, introducing significant computational time savings. The methodology uses a novel re-mapping technique that can account for both temperature and composition non-uniformities in the cylinder. Validation cases were developed by solving the detailed chemistry in every cell of a KIVA-3V grid. The new methodology shows very good agreement with the detailed solutions in terms of ignition timing, burn duration, and emissions.
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Bellos, Evangelos, Dimitrios Tsimpoukis, Panagiotis Lykas, et al. "Investigation of a High-Temperature Heat Pump for Heating Purposes." Applied Sciences 13, no. 4 (2023): 2072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13042072.
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High-temperature heat pumps consist of a promising choice for substituting conventional boilers and producing hot water with temperature levels in the range of 70–80 °C. The use of high-temperature heat pumps makes it possible to exploit the existing radiators in existing buildings to achieve effective heating of the indoor space and keep thermal comfort at high standards. The goal of this work is the detailed investigation of a high-temperature heat pump, with the R1234ze(E) as the working medium for producing heating at 80 °C for space-heating purposes, in Greek climate conditions. The analysis was conducted at two locations, one in the south (Athens—Zone B) and one in the north (Thessaloniki—Zone C), in order to examine the performance of the study’s technology in the most representative locations of Greece. The thermodynamic analysis of the heat pump was performed with a developed model in Engineering Equation Solver by exploiting real data from the compressor manufacturer and by practically using a gray box model. The heating thermal loads were calculated with a dynamic analysis using TRNSYS software. According to the final results, the high-temperature heat pump was beneficial when compared to a conventional oil boiler from energy, financial, and environmental points of view. The net savings were found at EUR 6448 for Athens and EUR 13,161 for Thessaloniki; the simple payback period resulted in 8.03 years for Athens and 6.11 years for Thessaloniki, while the CO2 emissions avoidance was found at 35% for Athens and 32% for Thessaloniki. Last but not least, the lifetime CO2 emissions reduction was calculated at 20,882 kgCO2 for Athens and 35,278 kgCO2 for Thessaloniki.
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Salamonowicz, Zdzislaw, Malgorzata Majder-Lopatka, Anna Dmochowska, Aleksandra Piechota-Polanczyk, and Andrzej Polanczyk. "Numerical Description of Jet and Duct Ventilation in Underground Garage after LPG Dispersion." Processes 10, no. 1 (2021): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10010053.
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Contamination of toxic and odorous gases emitted from stacks in buildings located in an urban environment are potential health hazards to citizens. A simulation using the computational fluid dynamic technique may provide detailed data on the flammable region and spatial dispersion of released gases. Concentrations or emissions associated with garage sources and garage-to-house migration rates are needed to estimate potential exposures and risk levels. Therefore, the aim of the study was to use an original mathematical model to predict the most accurate locations for LPG sensors in an underground garage for vehicles powered with LPG. First, the three-dimensional geometry of an underground garage under a multi-family building was reconstructed. Next, two types of ventilation, jet and duct, were considered, and different sources of LPG leakage were assumed. Then, the Ansys Fluent software was applied as a solver, and the same initial value of released LPG (5 kg) was assumed. As a simplification, and to avoid the simulation of choked outflow, the emission from a large area was adopted. The results showed stagnation areas for duct ventilation in which gas remained for both the jet and duct ventilation. Moreover, it was observed that the analyzed gas would gather in the depressions of the ground in the underground garage, for example in drain grates, which may create a hazardous zone for the users of the facility. Additionally, it was observed that for jet ventilation, turbulence appearance sometimes generated differentiated gas in an undesirable direction. The simulation also showed that for blowing ventilation around the garage, and for higher LPG leakage, a higher cloud of gas that increased probability of ignition and LPG explosion was formed. Meanwhile, for jet ventilation, a very low concentration of LPG in the garage was noticed. After 35 s, LPG concentration was lower than the upper explosive limit. Therefore, during the LPG leakage in an underground garage, jet ventilation was more efficient in decreasing LPG gas to the non-explosive values.
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Kong, Song-Charng, Hoojoong Kim, Rolf D. Reitz, and Yongmo Kim. "Comparisons of Diesel PCCI Combustion Simulations Using a Representative Interactive Flamelet Model and Direct Integration of CFD With Detailed Chemistry." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 129, no. 1 (2006): 252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2181597.
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Diesel engine simulation results using two different combustion models are presented in this study, namely the representative interactive flamelet (RIF) model and the direct integration of computational fluid dynamics and CHEMKIN. Both models have been implemented into an improved version of the KIVA code. The KIVA/RIF model uses a single flamelet approach and also considers the effects of vaporization on turbulence-chemistry interactions. The KIVA/CHEMKIN model uses a direct integration approach that solves for the chemical reactions in each computational cell. The above two models are applied to simulate combustion and emissions in diesel engines with comparable results. Detailed comparisons of predicted heat release data and in-cylinder flows also indicate that both models predict very similar combustion characteristics. This is likely due to the fact that after ignition, combustion rates are mixing controlled rather than chemistry controlled under the diesel conditions studied.
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O'Meara, Simon Patrick, Shuxuan Xu, David Topping, et al. "PyCHAM (v2.1.1): a Python box model for simulating aerosol chambers." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 2 (2021): 675–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-675-2021.
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Abstract. In this paper the CHemistry with Aerosol Microphysics in Python (PyCHAM) box model software for aerosol chambers is described and assessed against benchmark simulations for accuracy. The model solves the coupled system of ordinary differential equations for gas-phase chemistry, gas–particle partitioning and gas–wall partitioning. Additionally, it can solve for coagulation, nucleation and particle loss to walls. PyCHAM is open-source, whilst the graphical user interface, modular structure, manual, example plotting scripts, and suite of tests for troubleshooting and tracking the effect of modifications to individual modules have been designed for optimal usability. In this paper, the modelled processes are individually assessed against benchmark simulations, and key parameters are described. Examples of output when processes are coupled are also provided. Sensitivity of individual processes to relevant parameters is illustrated along with convergence of model output with increasing temporal resolution and number of size bins. The latter sensitivity analysis informs our recommendations for model setup. Where appropriate, parameterisations for specific processes have been chosen for their general applicability, with their rationale detailed here. It is intended for PyCHAM to aid the design and analysis of aerosol chamber experiments, with comparison of simulations against observations allowing improvement of process understanding that can be transferred to ambient atmosphere simulations.
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Partridge, D. G., J. A. Vrugt, P. Tunved, A. M. L. Ekman, D. Gorea, and A. Sorooshian. "Inverse modeling of cloud-aerosol interactions – Part 1: Detailed response surface analysis." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 14 (2011): 7269–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7269-2011.
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Abstract. New methodologies are required to probe the sensitivity of parameters describing cloud droplet activation. This paper presents an inverse modeling-based method for exploring cloud-aerosol interactions via response surfaces. The objective function, containing the difference between the measured and model predicted cloud droplet size distribution is studied in a two-dimensional framework, and presented for pseudo-adiabatic cloud parcel model parameters that are pair-wise selected. From this response surface analysis it is shown that the susceptibility of cloud droplet size distribution to variations in different aerosol physiochemical parameters is highly dependent on the aerosol environment and meteorological conditions. In general the cloud droplet size distribution is most susceptible to changes in the updraft velocity. A shift towards an increase in the importance of chemistry for the cloud nucleating ability of particles is shown to exist somewhere between marine average and rural continental aerosol regimes. We also use these response surfaces to explore the feasibility of inverse modeling to determine cloud-aerosol interactions. It is shown that the "cloud-aerosol" inverse problem is particularly difficult to solve due to significant parameter interaction, presence of multiple regions of attraction, numerous local optima, and considerable parameter insensitivity. The identifiability of the model parameters will be dependent on the choice of the objective function. Sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the location of the information content within the calibration data to confirm that our choice of objective function maximizes information retrieval from the cloud droplet size distribution. Cloud parcel models that employ a moving-centre based calculation of the cloud droplet size distribution pose additional difficulties when applying automatic search algorithms for studying cloud-aerosol interactions. To aid future studies, an increased resolution of the region of the size spectrum associated with droplet activation within cloud parcel models, or further development of fixed-sectional cloud models would be beneficial. Despite these improvements, it is demonstrated that powerful search algorithms remain necessary to efficiently explore the parameter space and successfully solve the cloud-aerosol inverse problem.
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Kulkarni, Rohit, and Wolfgang Polifke. "Large Eddy Simulation of Autoignition in a Turbulent Hydrogen Jet Flame Using a Progress Variable Approach." Journal of Combustion 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/780370.
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The potential of a progress variable formulation for predicting autoignition and subsequent kernel development in a nonpremixed jet flame is explored in the LES (Large Eddy Simulation) context. The chemistry is tabulated as a function of mixture fraction and a composite progress variable, which is defined as a combination of an intermediate and a product species. Transport equations are solved for mixture fraction and progress variable. The filtered mean source term for the progress variable is closed using a probability density function of presumed shape for the mixture fraction. Subgrid fluctuations of the progress variable conditioned on the mixture fraction are neglected. A diluted hydrogen jet issuing into a turbulent coflow of preheated air is chosen as a test case. The model predicts ignition lengths and subsequent kernel growth in good agreement with experiment without any adjustment of model parameters. The autoignition length predicted by the model depends noticeably on the chemical mechanism which the tabulated chemistry is based on. Compared to models using detailed chemistry, significant reduction in computational costs can be realized with the progress variable formulation.
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Rhodes, Kent. "Modern Microscopy on the Light Side Analyzing Chemical States and Phases." Microscopy Today 1, no. 7 (1993): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500068851.
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As an industrial consulting laboratory specializing in small particle, thin film, and surface analysis, instrumental techniques to solve problems involving contamination, failure analysis, processing control, and materials research are used on a daily basis. In many cases, elemental analysis for samples is sufficient to pinpoint problems and suggest solutions. However, some cases require a more detailed understanding of chemical states and phases in small particles and films than that typically obtained from light and electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis.The chemical states and phases in crystalline particles and thick films can be analyzed with several techniques found in many laboratories, including polarized light microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and electron diffraction. In combination with elemental analysis, these techniques oftentimes provide a very detailed understanding of the chemistry of particles and films.
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Khaniani, Yeganeh, and Alireza Badiei. "Linnett Double Quartet Theory, Challenging the Pairing Electrons." E-Journal of Chemistry 6, no. 1 (2009): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/489153.
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Linnett proposed his theory 45 years after Lewis's supposition. During these years Pauling, Mulliken and Hund made different molecular structure models based on valance bond and molecular orbital theory. Their theories were seemed to fit many experiences but had some inabilities. Linnett's double quartet theory could solved some important problems about stability of radicals, paramagnetism / diamagnetism in molecular systems, electronic structure in transition states and finally challenge of resonance and aromaticity. In this article we review some basic ideas and concepts concerning different models and then we give a detailed discussion of the LDQ and use it in diverse branches of chemistry.
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Erkimbaev, Adilbek O., Vladimir Yu Zitserman, Georgii A. Kobzev, and Andrey V. Kosinov. "Ontological Concepts and Taxonomies for Nano World." Journal of Information & Knowledge Management 18, no. 02 (2019): 1950014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021964921950014x.
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The purpose of the paper is to provide a detailed overview of the methods of indexing and categorizing data generated to solve problems in a complex and multifaceted field of knowledge related to the application of nanotechnology. Analysis of the capabilities and restrictions of various categorization methods are applied to the issues of the subject field, starting with simple classification schemes and up to high level ontologies. The content of integrating methods and approaches developed in many natural sciences is considered: life science, chemistry, material science, etc. The main restriction of the currently applicable ontologies and vocabularies has been identified — a primary focus on the tasks of bio- and medical informatics. It is shown that the way to overcome them includes the adoption of a new system for describing nanomaterials proposed in the CODATA-VAMAS international project. The overview shows how the extreme broadness and continuous evolution of the subject field are reflected in the means of data categorization. It is shown that the most developed of them can serve as a basis for building a knowledge base. The prospective tasks of nanoinformatics are stated required to be solved to cover fundamentally unlimited classes of materials, their properties and fields of application.
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Mazaheri, Karim, and Alireza Shakeri. "Numerical Study of Pollutant Emissions in a Jet Stirred Reactor under Elevated Pressure Lean Premixed Conditions." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4179638.
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Numerical study of pollutant emissions (NO and CO) in a Jet Stirred Reactor (JSR) combustor for methane oxidation under Elevated Pressure Lean Premixed (EPLP) conditions is presented. A Detailed Flow-field Simplified Chemistry (DFSC) method, a low computational cost method, is employed for predicting NO and CO concentrations. Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations with species transport equations are solved. Improved-coefficient five-step global mechanisms derived from a new evolutionary-based approach were taken as combustion kinetics. For modeling turbulent flow field, Reynolds Stress Model (RSM), and for turbulence chemistry interactions, finite rate-Eddy dissipation model are employed. Effects of pressure (3, 6.5 bars) and inlet temperature (408–573 K) over a range of residence time (1.49–3.97 ms) are numerically examined. A good agreement between the numerical and experimental distribution of NO and CO was found. The effect of decreasing the operating pressure on NO generation is much more than the effect of increase in the inlet temperature.
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Bonn, B., H. Korhonen, T. Petäjä, M. Boy та M. Kulmala. "Understanding the formation of biogenic secondary organic aerosol from α-pinene in smog chamber studies: role of organic peroxy radicals". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, № 2 (2007): 3901–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-3901-2007.
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Abstract. This study focusses on the description of the nucleation process observed during the ozone reaction of the biogenic monoterpene α-pinene in smog chambers. Therefore, a detailed aerosol dynamics model (UHMA) was extended by a tropospheric chemistry module and a detailed description of the first steps of organic nucleation. We assume secondary ozonides to act as nucleation initiating molecules, which are subsequently activated by reactions with organic peroxy radicals (RO2). With this set-up the observed particle size distributions of an exemplary experiment in Valencia was reproduced, when only the long-lived organic compounds like carboxylic acids and carbonyl compounds are detected by the available aerosol size distribution instruments. Our results indicate that fragile or reactive species might get destroyed because of weak bond breakage during the size classification. This assumption would imply a serious detection problem in nucleation studies to be solved.
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Riesmeier, E., S. Honnet, and N. Peters. "Flamelet Modeling of Pollutant Formation in a Gas Turbine Combustion Chamber Using Detailed Chemistry for a Kerosene Model Fuel." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 126, no. 4 (2004): 899–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1787507.
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Combustion and pollutant formation in a gas turbine combustion chamber is investigated numerically using the Eulerian particle flamelet model. The code solving the unsteady flamelet equations is coupled to an unstructured computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code providing solutions for the flow and mixture field from which the flamelet parameters can be extracted. Flamelets are initialized in the fuel-rich region close to the fuel injectors of the combustor. They are represented by marker particles that are convected through the flow field. Each flamelet takes a different pathway through the combustor, leading to different histories for the flamelet parameters. Equations for the probability of finding a flamelet at a certain position and time are additionally solved in the CFD code. To model the chemical properties of kerosene, a detailed reaction mechanism for a mixture of n-decane and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene is used. It includes a detailed NOx submechanism and the buildup of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons up to four aromatic rings. The kinetically based soot model describes the formation of soot particles by inception, further growth by coagulation, and condensation as well as surface growth and oxidation. Simulation results are compared to experimental data obtained on a high-pressure rig. The influence of the model on pollutant formation is shown, and the effect of the number of flamelets on the model is investigated.
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Si, Pengfei, Xiangyang Rong, Angui Li, Xiaodan Min, Zhengwu Yang, and Wei Xie. "The Design of Water Intake System and Analysis of Water Quality Conditions of the Regional Energy System of Complex River Water Source Heat Pump." Open Fuels & Energy Science Journal 8, no. 1 (2015): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876973x01508010038.
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As a realization of the energy cascade utilization, the regional energy system has the significant potential of energy saving. As a kind of renewable energy, river water source heat pump also can greatly reduce the energy consumption of refrigeration and heating system. Combining the regional energy and water source heat pump technology, to achieve cooling, heating and power supply for a plurality of block building is of great significance to reduce building energy consumption. This paper introduces a practical engineering case which combines the regional energy system of complex river water source heat pump, which provides a detailed analysis of the hydrology and water quality conditions of the river water source heat pump applications, and discusses the design methods of water intake and drainage system. The results show that the average temperature of cold season is about 23.5 °C, the heating season is about 13.2 °C; the abundant regional water flow can meet the water requirement of water source heat pump unit; the sediment concentration index cannot meet the requirement of river water source heat pump if the water enters the unit directly; the river water chemistry indicators (pH, Cl-, SO42-, total hardness, total iron) can meet the requirement of river water source heat pump, and it is not required to take special measures to solve the problem. However, the problem of sediment concentration of water must be solved.
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Farajzadeh, R., T. Matsuura, D. van Batenburg, and H. Dijk. "Detailed Modeling of the Alkali/Surfactant/Polymer (ASP) Process by Coupling a Multipurpose Reservoir Simulator to the Chemistry Package PHREEQC." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 15, no. 04 (2012): 423–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/143671-pa.
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Summary Accurate modeling of an ASP flood requires detailed representation of geochemistry and, if natural acids are present, the saponification process. Geochemistry and saponification affect the propagation of the injected chemicals and the amount of generated natural soaps. These in turn determine the chemical phase behavior and, hence, the effectiveness of the ASP process. In this paper, it is shown that by coupling a multipurpose reservoir simulator (MPRS) with PHREEQC (Parkhurst and Appelo 1999; Charlton and Parkhurst 2008), a robust and flexible tool is developed to model ASP floods. PHREEQC is used as the chemical-reaction engine, which determines the equilibrium state of the chemical processes modeled. The MPRS models the impact of the chemicals on the flow properties, solves the flow equations, and transports the chemicals. The validity of the approach is confirmed by benchmarking the results with the ASP module of the UTCHEM simulator (Delshad et al. 2000). Moreover, ASP corefloods have been matched with the new tool. The functionality of the model also has been tested on a 2D sector model. The advantages of using PHREEQC as the chemical engine include its rich database of chemical species and its flexibility in changing the chemical processes to be modeled. Therefore, the coupling procedure presented in this paper can also be extended to other chemical enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) methods.
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Sabelfeld, Karl K., and Nikita Popov. "Monte Carlo tracking drift-diffusion trajectories algorithm for solving narrow escape problems." Monte Carlo Methods and Applications 26, no. 3 (2020): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mcma-2020-2073.
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AbstractThis study deals with a narrow escape problem, a well-know difficult problem of evaluating the probability for a diffusing particle to reach a small part of a boundary far away from the starting position of the particle. A direct simulation of the diffusion trajectories would take an enormous computer simulation time. Instead, we use a different approach which drastically improves the efficiency of the diffusion trajectory tracking algorithm by introducing an artificial drift velocity directed to the target position. The method can be efficiently applied to solve narrow escape problems for domains of long extension in one direction which is the case in many practical problems in biology and chemistry. The algorithm is meshless both in space and time, and is well applied to solve high-dimensional problems in complicated domains. We present in this paper a detailed numerical analysis of the method for the case of a rectangular parallelepiped. Both stationary and transient diffusion problems are handled.
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Ouyed, Amir, Rachid Ouyed, and Prashanth Jaikumar. "The Structure of the Hadron-Quark Combustion Zone." Universe 5, no. 6 (2019): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe5060136.
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Hadron-quark combustion in dense matter is a central topic in the study of phases in compact stars and their high-energy astrophysics. We critically reviewed the literature on hadron-quark combustion, dividing them into a “first wave” that treats the problem as a steady-state burning with or without constraints of mechanical equilibrium, and a “second wave” which uses numerical techniques to resolve the burning front and solves the underlying partial differential equations for the chemistry of the burning front under less restrictive conditions. We detailed the inaccuracies that the second wave amends over the first wave and highlight crucial differences between various approaches in the second wave. We also include results from time-dependent simulations of the reaction zone that include a hadronic EOS, neutrinos, and self-consistent thermodynamics without using parameterized shortcuts.
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Nagorny, Pavlo. "REVIEW OF THE TEXTBOOK “NANOCHEMISTRY AND NANOTECHNOLOGIES” TEREBILENKO K. V, OGENKO V. M." Ukrainian Chemistry Journal 86, no. 10 (2020): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33609/2708-129x.86.10.2020.129-131.
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A review of the textbook «Nanochemistry and nanotechnology» for students of the chemical specialties of the basic set of knowledge, which aims аре to form opportunities of the students to solve professional problems and in-depth analysis of modern nanomaterials for the latest technologies. The authors give clear definitions of scientific terms that are used in both the world literature and in highly specialized areas of research. The developers of the manual summarize and systematize the theoretical achievements in the field of classification, methods of obtaining, stabilizing and using various nanostructured materials. The textbook on the subject “Nanochemistry and Nanotechnology” meets the requirements for the preparation of educational literature for masters of chemistry, contains modern, well-structured and clearly stated information, which is the basis for comprehensive and thorough training of specialists in chemistry. The textbook is aimed at in-depth study of the most typical approaches to the synthesis of nanomaterials, methods of their classification, study of their properties, students’ mastery of the latest data in the field of nanochemistry and nanotechnology. The literature used contains many reviews in high-ranking journals, a detailed analysis of modern literature in this area.
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Holton, James M. "A beginner's guide to radiation damage." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 16, no. 2 (2009): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049509004361.
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Many advances in the understanding of radiation damage to protein crystals, particularly at cryogenic temperatures, have been made in recent years, but with this comes an expanding literature, and, to the new breed of protein crystallographer who is not really interested in X-ray physics or radiation chemistry but just wants to solve a biologically relevant structure, the technical nature and breadth of this literature can be daunting. The purpose of this paper is to serve as a rough guide to radiation damage issues, and to provide references to the more exacting and detailed work. No attempt has been made to report precise numbers (a factor of two is considered satisfactory), and, since there are aspects of radiation damage that are demonstrably unpredictable, the `worst case scenario' as well as the `average crystal' are discussed in terms of the practicalities of data collection.