Tesis sobre el tema "Déplacement modal"
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Hammadou, Hakim. "Modélisation du choix modal voyageurs sur les déplacements longue distance : la valeur du temps". Lille 1, 2001. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2001/50374-2001-35.pdf.
Texto completoMargail, Fabienne. "Les parcs relais, outils clés de politiques intermodales de déplacement urbain". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529491.
Texto completoMargail, Fabienne. "Les parcs relais, outils clés de politiques intermodales de déplacement urbain". Phd thesis, Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ENPC9633.
Texto completoMetropolisation, the result of the shifting patterns of concentration and expansion in populations and activities which have been affecting large French cities over the last twenty years, has been accompanied by major developments in lifestyle as well as structural changes in people’s daily travel needs. The individualisation of behaviours, the break-up of traditional forms of relationship, the spatial and temporal de-synchronization of rhythms have resulted in the dispersion of mobility flow over vast areas which tend to be globally appropriated by means of several public transport networks, or more often, the car. These developments have led to the exacerbation of traffic and parking problems in and towards the sectors of greatest density where the most efficient public transport networks are to be found. This is the socio-organisational background against which park and ride strategies, the aim of which is to organise the complementarity of public and individual means of transport, have been implemented in the agglomerations and regions of France. They represent three main types of challenge for their various potential developers between which a compromise with regard to their conception and management must be found : optimisation of profitability for the transport offer through an incease in users, the organisation of intermodality and modal transfers to cover a wider area, and the orientation of urban concentration to which they facilitate access, but on a wider scale, that of the functioning of urban regions, they establish a hierarchical model of network organisation within which a journey may be made using both public transport and the car, one after the other, each in the geographical area where its level of socio-economic efficiency is at its maximum. The comparison between the failures or mixed successes finally obtained in France and the experience both of countries with strong planning policies (Germany, Switzerland) and liberal countries (United States, United Kingdom), show us that technical, organisational and institutional innovations should be introduced at the location, design and operational stages of theses pivots in the modal chain, which are also interfaces with the region. At the same time, they shoul be intergrated into local tranport policies which must be placed at the centre of overall thinking on the functioning and future or urban areas
Kong, Xiangfeng. "Le verbe modal "pouvoir" et ses traductions en chinois. À partir des Confessions de Jean-Jacques Rousseau et la traduction de Pingou Li". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUL096.
Texto completoThe study explores the transposition of the French modality expression into Chinese through the French modal verb pouvoir. Although extensively studied, the translation of the modal verb pouvoir in a textual context, particularly into Chinese, remains underexplored. The objective of this study is thus to understand how pouvoir is translated into Chinese. This research, which is notably situated within a rhetorical-hermeneutic approach developed in interpretative semantics, relies primarily on Halliday's system of modality and Nida's principle of dynamic equivalence. These theoretical frameworks allow for the analysis of how modal shifts can occur during the translation of pouvoir into Chinese in a textual context. The study is conducted on a corpus consisting of the complete works of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Confessions and their translation by Li Pingou. A method combining qualitative and quantitative analyses is implemented to interpret the occurrences of pouvoir and their equivalents in Chinese. This comparative analysis enables the examination of the causes that lead to modal shifts during the translation of this modal verb into Chinese. The result of the analysis reveals that, on the one hand, pouvoir can be faithfully reconstructed in the translation, both formally and semantically, and that, on the other hand, modal shifts frequently appear, highlighting the active and dynamic role of the translator in translation activities. This point is a key issue for understanding the translation mechanism of pouvoir from French to Chinese. This study provides a new perspective for understanding the translation mechanism of the modal verb pouvoir into Chinese in textual translation
Bonci, Tecla. "La reconstruction du mouvement du squelette : l'enjeu de l'artefact des tissus mous". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10056/document.
Texto completoIn 3D human movement analysis performed using stereophotogrammetry and skin markers, bone pose can be only indirectly estimated. During a task, soft tissue deformations make the markers move with respect to the underlying bone generating soft tissue artefacts (STA), causing devastating effects on pose estimation and its compensation remains an open issue. The thesis’ aim was to contribute to the solution of this crucial issue. Modelling STA using measurable trial-specific variables is a prerequisite for its removal from marker trajectories. Two STA model architectures are proposed. A thigh marker-level model is first presented. STA was modeled as a linear combination of joint angles involved in the task. The model was calibrated with direct STA measures. The considerable number of model parameters led to defining STA approximations. Three definitions were proposed to represent STA as series of modes : individual marker displacements, marker-cluster geometrical transformations (MCGT), and skin envelope shape variations. Modes were selected using two criteria : modal energy and selecting them a priori. The MCGT allows to select either rigid or non-rigid components. It was also demonstrated that only the rigid component affects joint kinematics. A model of thigh and shank rigid component at cluster-level was then defined. An acceptable trade-off between STA compensation and number of parameters was obtained. These results lead to two main potential applications : generate realistic STAs for simulation
Charvet, Quemin Françoise. "Synthèse modale des systèmes articulés en grands déplacements". Paris 6, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA066076.
Texto completoCottanceau, Emmanuel. "Simulation numérique du processus d’assemblage de câbles flexibles en grands déplacements". Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ENAM0011/document.
Texto completoWith on-board electronics expansion, electrical cables are an essential partof automotive pieces and the space on board has plummeted. Their flexibility requires to predict their deformation during vehicle assembly in order to avoid the contact with other pieces and damaging. Current numerical tools do not allow a realistic and accurate prediction, which is necessary in the obstructed car space. Assembly steps thus are validated on costly physical mock-ups. This thesis aims at improving numerical simulation of these flexible pieces. We herein propose a 3D algorithm based on a geometrically exact beam model solved by the finite element method. This work’s originality stands in coupling quaternions as rotational parameters and the asymptotic numerical method as nonlinear solver which results in a very robust algorithm. A test bench designed to identify the homogenized beam parameters of the numerical model and to validate it by offering a comparison on the final geometry and the equilibrium path is presented. Analytical developments on shear beams and the results of these experimental tests lead to a critical evaluation of the 3D Timoshenko model for representing stranded cables
Servagent, Noël. "Étude et conception de capteurs optoélectroniques auto-alignés de distances et de déplacements pour le contrôle non destructif". Toulouse, INPT, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPT038H.
Texto completoLopez, Ugo. "Étude expérimentale et modélisation des déplacements collectifs chez deux espèces de poissons, Khulia mugil et hemigrammus rhodostomus". Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30362.
Texto completoBuisson, Jocelyn. "Un modèle d'environnement pour la simulation multi-agents des déplacements en milieu urbain". Thesis, Belfort-Montbéliard, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BELF0252/document.
Texto completoSimulation constitutes a major approach for the conception, development, analysis and evolution of urban systems. This thesis focusses on the modeling and simulation of movements (pedestrian, vehicle, cycle) within urban environments. The industrial context associated with this thesis requires to consider the movements of each entity in a three dimensional universe. In this thesis, we propose to address the scientific and technological challenges by using autonomous entities, called agents, to model the individuals. In agent-based simulation three elements must be defined: the agent behaviors, their interactions with other agents, and with the environment. The environment models the structure of the world and its endogenous dynamics. Unfortunately, it is still difficult to find an environment model that answers all the different scientific and technological problems addressed in this thesis. Consequently, an environment model named HEterogenous Dual Graph Environment (or HEDGE) is proposed. The HEDGE model is based on a decomposition of the environment using zones that are linked with navigation and perception links. This graph structure is at the center of our model. It is designed to “naturally” model the environment, and it allows an efficient simulation of the system composed of the environment and the agents. The environment’s missions and dynamic processes are modeled using mechanisms, which are inspired by the laws of Physics. The actions provided by the agents and the endogenous dynamics algorithms correspond to physical forces to apply to objects in the world. A model of conflict detection and resolution between those forces is used to ensure the coherence of the environment model state. In the last part of this thesis, the HEDGE model is used in the context of two urban planning projects in the city of Belfort, and its metropolitan area. The product of this model’s application is used in the context of technical studies (preliminary studies, pre-project), communication (consultation and public debates) and promotion (exposition, valorization) in the form of interactive 3D software
Riotte-Lambert, Louise. "Se souvenir et revenir : approche théorique et méthodologique des stratégies de déplacement récursif et de leurs conséquences populationnelles". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT169.
Texto completoRecursive movement patterns, by which an individual returns to already visited sites, are very common. Memory use, hypothesized to be advantageous when the environment is predictable, could underlie the emergence of these patterns. However, our understanding of the memory-movement interface has been limited by two knowledge gaps. We still lack appropriate methodologies and theoretical knowledge of the advantages of memory use and of the patterns that emerge from it. During this PhD project, I aimed at filling in some of these gaps. I present here three new frameworks for the analysis of recursive movement patterns. The first one delimits the areas most frequently revisited by an individual, the second one detects periodic revisit patterns, and the third one formally defines and quantifies routine movement behaviour in terms of movement sequence repetitiveness, and presents an algorithm that detects the sub-sequences that are repeated. Using an individual-based model, we show that memory use, when the environment is predictable, is very energetically advantageous compared to foraging strategies that do not use memory, including in a situation of competition, and that it leads to the emergence of stable Home Ranges and spatial segregation between individuals. Memory use invalidates several hypotheses very commonly made in population studies, by leading to a stronger environmental depletion, to a higher equilibrium population size, and to a nonlinear relationship between the total population size and the individually-experienced intensity of competition. Therefore, my PhD thesis contributes to a better understanding of the consequences of memory use for the fitness of individuals, for movement patterns, and for population dynamics. It offers innovative methodologies that quantify and characterize recursive movement patterns that can emerge from its use. These methods should open new opportunities for the comparison of the movements of individuals from different populations and species, and thus the testing of hypotheses about the pressures that select for memory use
Chevrolet, Dominique. "Deux études de transport urbain : ordonnancement des phases d'un carrefour, modèles désagrégés de déplacements dans l'agglomération grenobloise". Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1986. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00321160.
Texto completoAssad, Joseph El. "Analysis of self-mixing moderate and strong feedback regimes for mechatronics applications". Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPT033H.
Texto completoIn this work, the physical theory of the self-mixing effect is introduced and then a state of the art of its main applications in the different fields of instrumentation is accomplished. A detailed study of the self-mixing signal in the moderate feedback regime is achieved introducing the effect of "loss of peaks", its physical interpretation, mechanisms and effect on different types of displacement measurement. Afterwards, the discrepancy concerning the strong feedback regime was cleared out showing that it may be used for relative displacement measurement. A detailed study of this regime covers its statistical aspect and the influence of different parameters on this aspect. Finally, the self-mixing sensor under strong feedback was introduced in modal analysis applications after being characterized. It was applied to study a clamped plate or to detect damage in carbon fiber CFBs
Guéguen-Agenais, Anne-Elise. "LA TARIFICATION DES DEPLACEMENTS : EVALUATION DE LA PERTINENCE D'UNE EVOLUTION TARIFAIRE POUR L'ÎLE-DE-FRANCE". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00408132.
Texto completoMochtar, Subagio Indrayati. "L'analyse de la répartition modale à l'intérieure [i. E. Intérieur] des modes de transport en commun sur les caractéristiques des usagers dans leurs déplacements et leurs perceptions en Indonésie : cas d'étude : Jakarta, la capitale de l'Indonésie". Paris 12, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA120058.
Texto completoThe research projet has been focused on the passengers movements of public transportation in jakarta , as the capital city of indonesia , particularly those of working trip, as the most important aspect in urbain mobility. The model split between the private and public transportation was 39% and 60% respectively in 1972 , which had changed to 45% and 55% in the year of 1977. In the last ten years , the role of public transportation have been decreasing by 10% relative to private transportation. This condition will reach around 65% and 35% by the year of 2000 , if there is no effort done to improve the existing system. Such trend incites the government to choose the alternative of improving the modal split as it will have the least consequence on the social impact of transportation system in jakarta, the objective of this study has been based on this assumption consisting of the modal split analysis within the public transportation with regard to passengers characteristics in terms of theirs trips and motivations in using public transportation. . .
Lezaca, Jorge. "Conception et réalisation d’une méthode de caractérisation hyperfréquence large bande : application à la mesure des propriétés électromagnétiques des diélectriques et des ferrites aimantés". Brest, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BRES2029.
Texto completoThe electromagnetic (EM) characterization of materials is an important phase in the design process of telecommunication devices and systems, in particular in those used in signal processing applications. The magnetic media used in microwave frequencies (ferrites, magnetodielectric composites, etc. ) imposes some difficulties in this area because of the anisotropy and the strong dispersion of ferrites EM properties. One particularity of ferrite characterization is related to the fact that their properties have to be measured at different magnetization states. Currently, no standard measurement method is able to estimate the variation of their properties if their magnetization state is modified. Thus, methods giving direct access b the permeability tensor elements must be developed, considering a wide frequency range and the different magnetization states of the material. The objective of this thesis was to design and develop an EM characterization method for magnetized ferrites from 100 MHz to 10 GHz. We proposed an original measurement cell based on a non-reciprocal stripline structure. To develop the data processing program of the method, we analyzed the measurement cell using a full-wave technique in which we take into account the fundamental propagation mode and the superior modes, in particular the exited magnetostatic modes. We showed that these modes have an important influence on the propagation of the EM wave inside the measurement cell, hence modifying the precision of the obtained results. To minimize the errors related to the signal to noise ratio (SIN) of the measuring equipment (vector network analyzer), we chose a broadband resolution of the inverse problem of the method. This enables the characterization of longer samples (more volume) that those used in traditional techniques (based on monofrequential inverse problem resolutions), thus enhancing the wave/material interaction and the precision of the measurements. The characterization method was validated using samples of well-known EM characteristics and by comparison with 3D simulations (Ansoft HFSS software). The developed method gives the possibility to characterize some of the material properties often used by the ferrite manufacturers and non-reciprocal deceives designers like S\DeltaSH or the gyromagnetic resonance frequency (FRM). This method also authorizes broadband EM characterization of dielectric samples. These two last advantages give a very general character to the method
Thomas, Olivier. "Analyse et modélisation de vibrations non-linéaires de milieux minces élastiques - Application aux instruments de percussion". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005656.
Texto completoPele, Nicolas. "Dépense des ménages pour leur mobilité quotidienne : une approche par les formes urbaines". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2022/document.
Texto completoDaily mobility is at the heart of debate on urban sustainability. A mean to carry out our daily activities and a key to social interactions, economic aspects and especially household expenditures linked to mobility are a major current issue.This thesis proposes a discussion on the interactions between urban form and daily mobility through mobility expenditures. Two interrelated methods of analysis are used to investigate these interactions.The first one relies on a comprehensive understanding of the effects of the built environment on daily mobility budgets. Household surveys are especially suited to this analysis because they provide a wealth of information on individuals’ attributes, their mobility, equipment, opinions and housing characteristics. Combined with various local or national databases, it is possible to estimate a household budget for every surveyed household. The case study for this analysis is the Lyon urban area. It contains very different built environments, and hosts a diverse array of transport modes. Furthermore, numerous databases are available for our analysis.First, we build a typology of territories based on the main daily mobility determinants: density, diversity, design, accessibility to destinations, distance to transit and demography. Then, an analytical framework of relations between urban form and daily mobility is built to identify three indicators to apprehend them: motorization, modal choice and distance per mode. This typology of territories is tested on these three indicators and appears to be highly significant. An analysis of the mobility evolution between 1995 and 2015 also identify various new issues related to prices, behavioral and demographic evolutionsThis line of questioning is extended through the identification and quantification of the effects of built environment characteristics on household mobility budgets. Using a Structural Equation Modelling method, causal paths between local urban form and household expenditures are presented. This method is applied to different types of population and territories – workers and retired households of the Lyon agglomeration then on the same types in suburban areas – in order to understand householdmobility budgets.The second method consists of testing various morphological and functional organizations of the territory in order to measure their effects on daily mobility budgets. This work is conducted using a land use and interaction model (LUTI), SIMBAD, which allows us to conduct a systemic and multiscale analysis of urban form on daily mobility budgets. Different scenarios of urban form are thereafter simulated, contributing to the debate on the durability of monocentric, sprawled or polycentric citiesin a Transit Oriented Development urban form. Besides, lessons learned from data processing of Households Surveys encourage us to conduct a multiscale analysis. A discussion on the differentiation of impacts depending on the global form of the territory is conducted.This thesis work presents innovative methodological elements to analyze the interactions between urban form and mobility budgets, including the construction of structural equations models and the use of a LUTI model to simulate urban environments. It also offers novel results, which contribute to the current scientific literature
Collard, Blanche. "Effet de l’organisation spatiale intra-parcellaire des habitats sur le contrôle biologique par conservation : étude et modélisation des déplacements de dermaptères dans les bananeraies Spatial organisation of habitats in agricultural plots affects per-capita predator effect on conservation biological control: an individual based modelling study". Thesis, Avignon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AVIG0710.
Texto completoIn this thesis, we investigated whether - and how - the intra-plot spatial patterns of habitats favourable to generalist predators could influence the conservation biological control (CBC) through their foraging behaviour. The general approach of this work is based on a modelling approach guided by experiments on the earwig E. caraibea, a generalist predator in banana fields of Martinique. In an experiment in banana fields, we found that the abundance and activity of earwigs seemed to be influenced by habitat types: banana tree residues appeared to be particularly more favourable to earwigs than bare soil.We developed a spatially explicit and individual-based model (Foragescape) of the foraging movements of an earwig-like predator in a banana field - based on the favourable or unfavourable nature of habitats. We found that the per-capita predator effect was strongly affected by a spatial dilution of predators, induced by favourable habitat addition, but this negative effect could be partially or fully mitigated by their spatial organisation.A key hypothesis of the Foragescape model was found on earwigs in a mesocosm experiment: earwigs movements are slower and more sinuous on residues, a favourable habitat, than on bare soil, an unfavourable habitat. Therefore, the model's predictions on spatial organisation and CBC can to some extent be adapted to the earwigs in banana fields
Jebrane, Aissam. "Modélisation du mouvement d'une foule via la théorie de la dynamique non régulière des solides". Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1062.
Texto completoThis work concerns the modeling of pedestrian movement inspired by the non-smooth dynamics approach for the rigid and deformable solids. Firstly, a reformulation of the non-smooth approaches of M.Frémond and J.J.Moreau for rigid body dynamics is developed. The proposed theory relies on the notion of percussion which is the integral of the contact force during the duration of the collision. Contrary to classical discrete element models, it is here assumed that percussions can be only expressed as a function of the velocity before the impact. This assumption is checked for the usual mechanical constitutive laws for collisions. Motion equations are then reformulated taking into account simultaneous collisions of solids. The existence and uniqueness of the solution of the proposed model are discussed according to the regularity of both the forces (Lebesgue-density occurring during the regular evolution of the system) and the percussions (Dirac-density describing the collision). A condition on the internal percussion assuring that the collision is thermodynamically admissible is established. An application to the collision of rigid disks and the flow in a funnel-shaped hourglass is presented. The approach is extended to crowd motion, indeed; the circulation of pedestrians through the bottlenecks is studied and deals with to optimize evacuation and improve the design of pedestrian facilities. A sensitivity analysis is performed to study the effect of the parameters of a 2D discrete crowd movement model on the nature of pedestrian’s collision and on evacuation times. The question of estimation of contact forces and the pressure generated in a moving crowd is approached both from a discrete and continues point of view. A comparison between the second-order microscopic model (2D discrete model) and the continues approaches is presented. Contact forces are rigorously defined taking into account multiple, simultaneous contact and the non-overlapping condition between pedestrians. We show that for a dense crowd the percussions (moment umjump corresponding to instantaneous contact) become contact forces. For continuous approach, the pressure is calculated according to volume and surface constraints. This approach makes it possible to retain an admissible right-velocity (after impact), including both the non local interactions (at a distance interactions) between non neighbor pedestrians and the choice of displacement strategy of each pedestrian. Finally, two applications are presented : a one-dimensional simulation of an aligned pedestrian chain crashing into an obstacle, and a two-dimensional simulation corresponding to the evacuation of a room. In order to make the approach more efficient, we modeled each pedestrian with a deformable solid, the unidimensional case is studied a comparison with the discreet case is presented that corresponding to a crash of a pedestrian chain in a fixed obstacle is treated. The analytical solution of contact equations is developed for both approaches. This allows to calibrate the model parameters and offers an asymptotic study of the solutions. The non-smooth theory of deformable solids makes it possible to calculate the current velocity of the crowd as a continuous medium taking into account the interactions with the environment and their desired velocity. a macroscopic representation is developed through Hyperbolic – Elliptic Equations. indded;the crowd is described by its density whose evolution is given by a non local balance law. the current velocity involved in the equation is given by the collision equation of a deformable solid with a rigid plane. Firstly, we prove the well posedness of balance laws with a non smooth ux and function source in bounded domains, the existence of a weak entropic solution, it’s uniqueness and stability with respect to the initial datum and of the boundary datum. an application to crowdmodeling is presented
Meunier, Hélène. "Etudes des mécanismes sous-jacents aux phénomènes collectifs chez un primate non humain, cebus capucinus: de l'expérimentation à la modélisation". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210689.
Texto completoDoctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie animale
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Camões, Lourenço João. "Numerical Modelling of Non-Displacement Piles in Sand : The importance of the dilatancy in the resistance mobilization". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASC033.
Texto completoThis thesis' focus is the response of non-displacement piles installed in sand when subjected to axial load, specifically in the relevance of soil's volumetric behavior on this response. At the soil-pile interface, when the soil is distorted by shear volumetric deformations (usually dilatation) occur, which causes a significant variation in the stress state. That is done with the support of finite element numerical models by adopting the elastoplastic ECP model, a realistic constitutive law for the soil and the soil-pile interface. This model, written in terms of effective stresses, is a multimechanisms model that takes into account important factors that influence soil behaviour, such as non-linear elasticity, incremental plasticity or the critical state definition. Other important aspects, such as the distinction between dilating or contractive behaviour, flow rule or density index, can be considered via the model parameters. Only with an advanced soil model, that captures the real behaviour of the soil, it is possible to model the involved phenomena
Abdelhedi, Anouar. "Modélisation de l'effet de groupe dans le clouage des pentes". Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066042.
Texto completoTangy, Lucie. "Fiction utopique et modernité anthropologique : L’élaboration d’une figure de l’homme dans « L’histoire des Sévarambes » de Denis Veiras (1676-1678), « Histoire de Calejava » de Claude Gilbert (1700) et « Voyages et aventures de Jacques Massé » de Simon Tyssot de Patot (1710)". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM3063.
Texto completoThe present work focuses on the corpus of so-called “classical” utopian novels (1676-1710), combining three approaches, which are often used separately. The first method deals with their ideological dimension, within the context of a deep crisis in thought, and questions the problematic notion of modernity. The second method tackles the specific constitution of a fictional world, confronting two worlds – the European world and the utopian world –, by resorting to contemporary notions of fiction as “possible world” and as “version of the world”. The third method reflects on the paradoxical inscription of the novels within the classical philosophical and moral tradition, which it perpetuates or subverts, and focuses notably on the intertextual forms of this inscription. These options result in a thematic choice: the analysis focuses more specifically on the anthropological vision at work in the texts. The texts project, in an alternative world, a representation of man composed of figurative and conceptual patterns, which originate from their cultural and philosophical backgrounds, but which are recontextualized, organized and transformed, so as to partake of important displacements, which will consolidate in the triumphant Enlightenment, in the second half o the 18th century. Although modernity stems from a self-creating movement of rupture, in order to postulate a better world, it remains dependent on the old world it attempts to do away with. Classical utopias provide an exemplary laboratory of modernity, by textually actualizing the operations which embody modernity's dynamics, as well as some of its tensions, notably regarding the use of the notion of nature
Papaix, Claire. "Mise en œuvre des instruments de politique publique allant dans le sens d’une mobilité bas carbone des personnes en milieu urbain". Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PEST0059.
Texto completoThis PhD thesis deals with the reconciliation of the global challenge that is climate change and the local and sectoral solutions that need to be accurately designed to remedy to it the most efficiently, equitably and acceptably possible. More specifically, we investigate the conditions for a successful implementation of climate policy at the scale of the urban mobility of passengers
Lenormand, Maxime. "Initialiser et calibrer un modèle de microsimulation dynamique stochastique : application au modèle SimVillages". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00822114.
Texto completoHadžalić, Emina. "Analysis of pore pressure influence on failure mechanisms in structural systems". Thesis, Compiègne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019COMP2502.
Texto completoThis thesis studies the issue of the overall safety of structures built of heterogeneous and pore-saturated materials under extreme loads in application to fluid-structure interaction problems, such as the dam-reservoir interaction. We propose a numerical model of interaction capable of predicting main tendencies and overall behavior of pore-saturated dam structure interacting with the reservoir in failure analyses of practical interest. The proposed numerical model is first presented in two-dimensional (2D) framework and later extended to three-dimensional (3D) framework. We consider the structure built of porous cohesive material. We assume that the external fluid in interaction with the structure acts as a source of pore saturation. We model the response of the pore-saturated structure with the coupled discrete beam lattice model based on Voronoi cell representation of domain with inelastic Timoshenko beam finite elements enhanced with additional kinematics in terms of embedded strong discontinuities acting as cohesive links. The coupling between the solid phase and the pore fluid is handled with Biot’s porous media theory, and Darcy’s law governing the pore fluid flow. The numerical consideration of internal coupling results with an additional pressure-type degree of freedom placed at each node of the Timoshenko beam finite element, which is later used at the fluidstructure interface. The confined conditions met for external fluid placed in the reservoir enable the modeling of external fluid motion with the acoustic wave theory. For the numerical representation of the external fluid limited to small (irrotational) motion, we choose a Lagrangian formulation and the mixed displacement/pressure based finite element approximation. The end result are the displacement and pressure degrees of freedom per node of external fluid finite elements, which allows for the issue of the fluid-structure interface to be solved in an efficient and straightforward manner by directly connecting the structure and external fluid finite elements at common nodes. As a result, all computations can be performed in a fully monolithic manner. All numerical implementations and computations are performed with the research version of the computer code FEAP (Finite Element Analysis Program). The proposed numerical models of structure, external fluid and ultimately numerical model of interaction are validated in the linear elastic regime of structure response by comparing computed results against reference values obtained either with analytical solutions or continuum models. The numerical simulations in the nonlinear regime of structure response are performed with the aim to demonstrate the proposed coupled discrete beam lattice model capabilities to capture complete macro-scale response and failure mechanisms in pore-saturated structures. Finally, the proposed numerical model of interaction ability to deal with the progressive localized failure of a dam structure built of porous cohesive material under damreservoir interaction for a particular loading program was tested. To account for the temperature effects, the thermal coupling is introduced in the numerical model of the structure
Nabolsi, Hawraa. "Contrôle optimal des équations d'évolution et ses applications". Thesis, Valenciennes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018VALE0027/document.
Texto completoThis thesis begins with a rigorous mathematical analysis of the radiative heating of a semi-transparent body made of glass, by a black radiative source surrounding it. This requires the study of the coupling between quasi-steady radiative transfer boundary value problems with nonhomogeneous reflectivity boundary conditions (one for each wavelength band in the semi-transparent electromagnetic spectrum of the glass) and a nonlinear heat conduction evolution equation with a nonlinear Robin boundary condition which takes into account those wavelengths for which the glass behaves like an opaque body. We prove existence and uniqueness of the solution, and give also uniform bounds on the solution i.e. on the absolute temperature distribution inside the body and on the radiative intensities. Now, we consider the temperature $T_{S}$ of the black radiative source S surrounding the semi-transparent body $\Omega$ as the control variable. We adjust the absolute temperature distribution (x, t) 7! T(x, t) inside the semi-transparent body near a desired temperature distribution Td(·, ·) during the time interval of radiative heating ]0, tf [ by acting on $T_{S}$. In this respect, we introduce the appropriate cost functional and the set of admissible controls $T_{S}$, for which we prove the existence of optimal controls. Introducing the State Space and the State Equation, a first order necessary condition for a control $T_{S}$ : t 7! $T_{S}$ (t) to be optimal is then derived in the form of a Variational Inequality by using the Implicit Function Theorem and the adjoint problem. We come now to the goal problem which is the deformation of the semi-transparent body $\Omega$ by heating it with a black radiative source surrounding it. We introduce a weak mixed formulation of this thermoviscoelasticity problem and study the existence and uniqueness of its solution, the novelty here with respect to the work of M.E. Rognes et R. Winther (M3AS, 2010) being the apparition of the viscosity in some of the coefficients of the constitutive equation, viscosity which depends on the absolute temperature T(x, t) and thus in particular on the time t. Finally, we state in this setting the related optimal control problem of the deformation of the semi-transparent body $\Omega$, by acting on the absolute temperature of the black radiative source surrounding it. We prove the existence of an optimal control and we compute the Fréchet derivative of the associated reduced cost functional
Zarabi, Zahra. "Toward more sustainable behavior : an investigation into the mobility responses to an involuntary workplace relocation of 10,000 employees in Montreal, Canada". Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25513.
Texto completoLes embouteillages, le prix élevé des carburants, la pollution atmosphérique et la contribution importante des voitures individuelles aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre, aux accidents de la route et à l’inactivité physique ne semblent pas troubler la grande majorité des propriétaires de voitures des sociétés occidentales, car la voiture reste le mode de transport le plus utilisé. Cette importante dépendance à l’égard de la voiture par rapport aux modes de transport publics et actifs est encore plus évidente aux heures de pointe, lorsque les trajets domicile-travail impliquent une lourde charge sur les réseaux routiers et aux infrastructures. Or, la recherche a montré que l’habitude de l’utilisation d’une voiture individuelle est susceptible d’être perturbée lors de situations significatives qui changent le cours de la vie, comme la naissance d’un enfant ou le déplacement d’un lieu de travail, type de situations qui est l’objet de cette thèse. Dans de telles circonstances, l’attention portée aux solutions et aux modes de transport alternatifs augmente, d’où une plus grande probabilité de (re)considérer les comportements de déplacement actuels et d’éventuellement les changer. Du point de vue de la planification des politiques, ces moments sont très précieux, car ils ouvrent une « fenêtre d’opportunité » pour introduire et encourager l’utilisation de solutions de transport durables et pour promouvoir les préoccupations en matière de santé et d’environnement. Qu’ils soient volontaires ou involontaires, le déracinement et le déplacement d’une activité vers un autre lieu sont des événements complexes d’un point de vue socio-psychologique. Cela expose les gens à une situation nouvelle en ce qui concerne l’accessibilité géographique au domicile, au travail, aux équipements urbains, aux services de transport, au stationnement, aux pistes cyclables ainsi qu’à d’autres dimensions contextuelles, notamment la diversité de la population et la sécurité, ce qui peut alors déclencher le besoin de réaménager la mobilité. En outre, un déménagement peut stimuler le changement de comportement en matière de déplacement en influençant les attitudes, les valeurs et les habitudes des individus. En fait, le choix modal est un processus de décision très complexe déterminé par un large éventail de facteurs spatiaux, économiques, sociaux et psychologiques. Dans ce contexte, il est pertinent de mieux comprendre le comportement quotidien des individus en matière de déplacements et leurs choix modaux afin de prendre des mesures politiques adéquates pour orienter la mobilité vers des comportements plus durables. Dans ce contexte, ce projet de recherche de doctorat s’intéresse aux comportements de déplacement de plus de 10 000 employés du Centre universitaire de santé McGill (CUSM), à Montréal, qui ont vécu en 2015 un événement important qui a changé leur vie lorsque quatre lieux de travail différents du centre-ville ont été fusionnés en un seul lieu péricentral au site Glen. Ce super-hôpital, situé près de la gare intermodale Vendôme, est l’une des plus importantes délocalisations d’emplois de l’histoire en Amérique du Nord. Il constitue une opportunité stratégique de faire progresser les connaissances fondamentales sur la gestion durable de la demande de transport. L’idée principale est de tirer profit de la rupture des habitudes et de l’identification des obstacles à l’utilisation de modes de transport à faible émission de carbone pour offrir des possibilités de transport écologique dans des situations où l’on est de plus en plus attentif aux modes alternatifs. En conséquence, l’objectif principal de cette thèse est de contribuer à la compréhension de la logique, de l’arbitrage et du choix de la mobilité des ménages sur le territoire métropolitain, en répondant à la question de recherche suivante : dans le but d’orienter la mobilité vers une perspective plus durable, comment un déménagement (involontaire) du lieu de travail contribue-t-il à améliorer notre compréhension des (changements de) comportements de déplacement des individus ? Pour répondre à cette question, les objectifs suivants sont visés grâce à la réalisation de trois articles scientifiques construits successivement : 1. Développer une présentation approfondie des déterminants du choix modal, et en particulier des facteurs affectant le comportement de déplacement pendant le processus de délocalisation du lieu de travail ainsi que des mesures efficaces qui incitent à des déplacements durables. 2. Examiner dans quelle mesure le choix du mode de transport et la satisfaction sont interdépendants en examinant les caractéristiques sociodémographiques, le lieu de résidence et la possession d’une voiture dans le contexte d’une relocalisation involontaire du lieu d’emploi. 3. Élargir notre compréhension de causalité complexes qui sous-tendent les choix et les changements liés aux déplacements, ainsi que leurs liens avec les attitudes, la dissonance et la satisfaction en matière de déplacements. 4. Comprendre comment les individus classent et hiérarchisent leurs attitudes et valeurs liées aux déplacements dans les divers domaines de la vie, afin de maximiser leur satisfaction dans la vie lorsqu'ils confrontés à un changement de contexte. En utilisant des méthodes quantitatives (n=1977, taux de réponse d’environ 26 %) et qualitatives (n=19), nous avons recueilli et analysé des données sur les décisions prises par les employés avant et après la relocalisation : 1) leurs habitudes de déplacement, 2) les obstacles à l’utilisation de modes de transport à faible émission de carbone et 3) les raisons sous-jacentes de tout changement (ou non). Alors que la recherche dans ce domaine est dominée par les analyses quantitatives, peu d’études ont appliqué des approches de méthodes mixtes où une enquête qualitative permet de mieux comprendre les relations causales complexes entre des concepts psychologiques subjectifs que les méthodes quantitatives souvent incapables d’aborder de manière approfondie. Le résultat principal montre que, si l’existence d’un train de banlieue (en plus du métro et du bus) vers le lieu de travail important a un impact positif sur la réduction de l’utilisation de l’automobile individuelle (augmentation de 15 % de l’utilisation des transports publics et de 10 % de la satisfaction des navettes quotidiennes), la simple existence d’une alternative à la voiture est insuffisante et des efforts supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour encourager l’utilisation de modes de transport à faible émission de carbone pour les trajets quotidiens. Ces efforts sont d’autant plus efficaces et effectifs lorsqu’ils sont déployés à différents stades du processus de relocalisation, c’est-à-dire avant, pendant et après la relocalisation. La perspective quantitative a également fourni des indications pertinentes sur l’importance de prendre en compte les caractéristiques des déplacements des navetteurs (notamment le lieu de résidence, la possession d’une voiture et d’autres statuts socio-économiques) lors de la planification de relocalisations à grande échelle de lieux d’emplois. En outre, les résultats de nos entretiens approfondis de la perspective qualitative ont mis en lumière le concept de prise de décision pondérée en examinant comment les individus maximisent leurs satisfactions (de mobilité et de la vie) en attribuant différentes valeurs et pondérations attitudinales à leurs choix. La perspective de la prise de décision pondérée a permis de mieux comprendre comment la satisfaction dans divers domaines liés aux navettes est interdépendante et que chacun des domaines peut affecter ou être affecté par la satisfaction globale de la vie. Parmi les répondants, la majorité des ménages à faible revenu relatif (par exemple, les emplois de services) vivaient dans des zones peu accessibles aux transports en commun, tandis que de nombreux employés à revenu élevé (par exemple, les médecins et les spécialistes) vivaient dans des quartiers résidentiels favorisés et orientés vers les transports en commun, ce qui leur permettait de se déplacer par des modes de transport à faible émission de carbone, alors que le premier groupe se considérait obligé de se déplacer en voiture ou d’endurer des déplacements frustrants avec des correspondances multiples. En outre, la construction d’échangeurs autoroutiers et la forte congestion autour du site de Glen ont entraîné une insatisfaction des conducteurs, des utilisateurs de bus, des cyclistes et même des piétons. Cet enjeu a eu une influence négative sur la satisfaction au travail et la qualité de vie des employés. Ce projet de doctorat souligne ainsi le rôle clé des principaux planificateurs des transports urbains pour relever les défis liés aux déplacements afin d’accroître le bien-être subjectif et d’orienter la mobilité vers un avenir plus durable.
Jeanneret-Grosjean, Cédric. "Représentation de trajectoires spatiotemporelles dans un système d’information géographique : le cas des activités d’observation de mammifères marins dans le Parc marin du Saguenay – Saint-Laurent". Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4126.
Texto completoThe considerable volume of commercial boat trips associated with whale-watching activities (WWAs) in the Saguenay-Saint-Laurent National Marine Park (PMSSL) may have negative impacts on the health of the whales visiting the Saint-Lawrence River estuary. This situation has led park officials to seek an appropriate information management system in order to better monitor WWAs. This paper contributes to the design of such a tool by modeling excursion patterns of WWAs, resulting in a database. Based on the space-time path concept used for the study of activity-based travel behavior as well as the mobile-object geomatical concept, our data-model enables us to plot the trajectories of the excursions and the sequence of activities taking place during those excursions. The model is object-oriented and built into a Geodatabase (an ArcGis-processable relational database). The objects in the database are based on data collected by the Marine Mammal Research and Education Group (GREMM) during a three-year WWA monitoring program. Finally, this report demonstrates that geographic information systems can be effectively used to process the database in a way that serves the needs of park officials, and that the representation of excursion data in a GIS opens up new avenues for research on the space-time pattern of observation activities and the travel behavior of boats.
Parc marin du Saguenay - Saint-Laurent, Groupe de recherche et d'éducation sur les mammifères marins, GREMM, excursions aux baleines, bélugas, Tadoussac, règlementation, ArcCatalog, ArcMap.