Literatura académica sobre el tema "Denarius"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Denarius"
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Leonard Jr., Robert D. "A FIND OF PRE-SEVERAN ROMAN DENARII IN UKRAINE, DISCOVERED IN COMMERCE". Ukrainian Numismatic Annual, n.º 6 (30 de diciembre de 2022): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2616-6275-2022-6-124-130.
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A group of Roman silver denarii minted prior to 194 A.D., and imitations of them, said to have been “Dug up in Ukraine,” appeared on the U.S. market in 2018. The goal of this paper is to discuss finds of Roman denarii in Ukraine briefly, to record four examples from this otherwise unpublished find, and to place these pieces in the context of currency in Ukraine in Late Antiquity.
European Barbaricum – the areas lying outside the Roman Rhine, Danubian and British limites in the end of the Second Century A.D., to the Volga River in the east, including inland Ukraine but not including the Caucasus region and the Black Sea coast – used Roman silver denarii as currency, though probably merely by weight; over 500 denarii hoards from this area have been published, of which 95 were from Ukraine. There is evidence that these coins circulated for a century or more after they became obsolete in the Roman Empire itself, because of the heavy wear present on many examples.
Though the size and location of the find which surfaced in 2018 – and whether it represents a hoard or single finds – cannot be determined, from the number seen (10 to 15), it is more likely to have been a hoard rather than a series of single finds. (Because of the manner in which the coins were sold, it was not possible to contact the seller readily; also, it was doubted that truthful information would be obtained anyhow, since the coins were presumably removed from Ukraine illegally.)
Four examples preserved from it are published herein. These are:
Denarius of Sabina, 128–136, very worn (2.62 g vs. normal weight of 3.0–3.2 g). Diademed bust right/Juno standing left (C 37, RIC II Hadrian 395A).
Denarius of Antoninus Pius, 143/4, very worn (3.02 g) and apparently a fourrée, with base metal showing at top of head. Laureate head right/caduceus between two cornucopiae (RIC III, 107B).
Struck copy (fourrée?) of denarius of Commodus, 190, very worn (1.82 g [sic!]). Laureate head right/Minerva advancing right (RIC III Commodus 222A). The surface is two-tone, as if plating is coming off, or dissolved silver from burial was redeposited.
Struck copy (fourrée?) of denarius of Antoninus Pius – Commodus, 138–192, very worn (1.67 g [sic!]). Laureate head right/Ceres (?) standing left, pseudo? inscriptions. On this coin also it appears that silver plating is coming off, or dissolved silver from burial was redeposited.
The presence of imitation denarii is not unexpected, because 15 of the recorded 95 denarii hoards found in Ukraine contained them. However, the very light weight of these two examples is unusual, and may indicate that a base metal core dissolved from acidic soils, leaving only a thick silver plating.
Nearly all denarii hoards from European Barbaricum close with those of Commodus, 192 A. D.; from 148, the denarius maintained a standard of approximately 75–80% silver, but Septimius Severus reduced the standard to about 65% in 194, and to about 56% two years later. At this point most “Barbarians” refused to accept them as silver, and later denarii are nearly always absent from hoards. The same pattern can be seen in this group.
These pieces offer further evidence that Roman denarii circulated (as silver, by weight) in Ukraine long after issue, some becoming very worn. Their dating is given as circa 200–400 A. D., though this is very approximate. No attempt is made here to assign them to a particular ethnic group.
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Isvoranu, Theodor y Sebastian Matei. "Tezaurul de denari romani descoperit la Pârscov, județul Buzău/ The hoard of Roman denarii discovered at Pârscov, Buzău County". Materiale şi cercetãri arheologice (Serie nouã) 18, n.º 1 (2022): 113–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/mcarh.2022.2277.
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The authors present a coin hoard consisting of 62 Roman Republican denarii and a good style imitation of a denarius, which was recently discovered in the village of Pârscov, Buzău County, in the place called Gorgane‑Observator. The place of discovery is located in the neighbourhoods of the Geto‑Dacian sites from Târcov – Piatra cu Lilieci, Cârlomănești and Pietroasele – Gruiu Dării. The appearance of the coins, in different stages of wear and with numerous incised control‑marks, probably due to the activity of nummularii, indicates a “circulation coin hoard” that reached the north of the Danube in a pre‑constituted form. The denarii fall chronologically between 179– 170 and 19 BC, the imitation having as prototype the denarius of P. Clodius from 42 BC. The core of the hoard consists of three compact groups totalling 51 denarii, each in almost uninterrupted chronological succession, attesting to the intervals 118– 105, 91– 68 and 58– 40 BC. The best documented is the period of Caesar’s ascension, wars and dictatorship, until after the establishment of the 2nd triumvirate, the coins of the 50‑41 decade representing over 25% of the total. The deposit ends with Octavian issues, the last two denarii bearing the title CAESAR AVGVSTVS. It is the first hoard from the time of Augustus discovered on the territory of Buzău County, having as main analogies in terms of chronology and structure the hoards from Valea (Strâmba), Dâmbovița County and Sfântu Gheorghe, Covasna counties. The circumstances of the concealment of the coin hoard are integrated into the context generated by a series of events related by written sources, which took place between about 17/ 16 BC– 10/ 12 AD, which culminated in the relocation of an entire Getic population from north of the Danube, archaeologically confirmed by the cessation of habitation in the great davae and settlements of Wallachia.
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ARSLAN, Melih y Ülkü DEVECİOĞLU. "Erimtan Koleksiyonundaki Roma Denarius Definesi". Höyük, n.º 3 (1 de enero de 2011): 15–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/hoyuk.2011.24.
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Nishida, Kenji y Robert K. Robbins. "One side makes you taller: a mushroom–eating butterfly caterpillar (Lycaenidae) in Costa Rica". Neotropical Biology and Conservation 15, n.º 4 (11 de noviembre de 2020): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neotropical.15.e57998.
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Electrostrymon denarius is the first mushroom-feeding butterfly caterpillar discovered in the New World. It belongs to the Calycopidina, a subtribe of lycaenid butterflies whose caterpillars eat detritus and seeds in the leaf litter. Electrostrymon denarius has not been reared previously, and we illustrate and briefly describe the biology and morphology of its caterpillar and pupa. The significance of this discovery is that it increases the range of organic leaf litter substrates that Calycopidina caterpillars will eat. Increased diet breadth may decrease the likelihood of species extinction.
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Bodzek, Jarosław y Krzysztof Tunia. "New Finds of Roman Coins from the Kazimierza Wielka District, Southern Poland". Notae Numismaticae - TOM XV, n.º 15 (17 de mayo de 2021): 147–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.52800/ajst.1.a.09.
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The article presents and analyzes several hitherto unpublished finds of Roman coins from the area of the Kazimierza Wielka district. The five pieces in question are unofficial “denarii” of the emperors Trajan, Hadrian, and Marcus Aurelius (struck for Lucilla), one antoninianus in the name of Gordian III, and one devalued radiatus of Gallienus, were all found randomly before the year 1995 within the area of the unexcavated settlement site of the Przeworsk culture at Boronice. The denarius of Trajan comes from the research performed at the site of Słonowice by one of the authors. These finds have been described in the context of some other discoveries of Roman coins from the same region.
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Sidarovich, Vital'. "New Finds of Roman Republican Period Denarii in the Territory of Belarus". Notae Numismaticae - TOM XV, n.º 15 (17 de mayo de 2021): 87–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.52800/ajst.1.a.06.
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The article examines data on new finds of the coins of Roman Republic in western Belarus. A hoard found in the vicinity of the village of Luckaŭliany occupies a special place among them. It contained 11 Roman Republican denarii and a Numidian denarius. These data suggest that the distribution of silver coins of the 2nd to the 1st centuries BC in this part of Barbaricum was associated with the expansion of the Przeworsk culture, the bearers of which were quite familiar with Roman silver coins. At the same time, most of the finds under consideration should not be associated with the Przeworsk culture itself, but with population of neighboring cultures that had intensive contacts with the latter.
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Davis, Phillip. "An enigmatic denarius of M. Herennius". KOINON: The International Journal of Classical Numismatic Studies 2 (1 de enero de 2019): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/k.v2i.1146.
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Michael Crawford in Roman Republican Coinage (Cambridge, 1974) from time to time notes varieties which lack control marks, on issues which normally include them on one or the other side; cf. for instance Crawford 364/1a, a denarius issue of Q. Antonius Balbus, struck in 83-82 BC on Crawford’s dating. These varieties can be distinguished by their rarity from issues like Crawford 363/1a-d, struck by L. Censorinus in 82 BC, in which substantial numbers of examples survive both marked and unmarked. This latter sort of differentiation is surely intentional on the part of the mint, the result of a deliberate choice by the moneyer or his agent (even if the reasons for this choice must remain opaque to us,) while cases like 364/1a seem appropriately described as mules, mint errors of a sort, the production of which was promptly stopped after discovery.
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Андриевский, Д. В. y М. М. Чореф. "ROMAN DENARII FROM THE BAYDAR VALLEY (CRIMEA)". Proceedings in Archaeology and History of Ancient and Medieval Black Sea Region, S1 (9 de diciembre de 2022): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.53737/2713-2021.2022.47.63.009.
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В 2008—2013 гг. в Байдарской долине было найдено пять римских денариев. Четыре монеты отчеканены от имени магистратов и полководцев периода Поздней Республики, а одна, позднейшая, поступила в обращение при Веспасиане. Самый ранний денарий, выпущенный Аппием Клавдием Пульхром, Т. Манлием Мациной (Манциной?) и Кв. Урбинием в 111 или 110 г. до н.э., обнаружен близ Скельской пещеры вместе с обломками позднескифской лепной миски. Неподалёку нашли монету Марка Антония, выпущенную в честь IV Скифского легиона. Ещё один артефакт этого типа с эмблемами III Киренского легиона был найден в южной части долины вместе с денарием Г. Юлия Цезаря типа Венера — Эней с Анхисом и палладиумом, в сопровождении обломков позднескифской мисочки на невысокой ножке. Монета Веспасиана была найдена без сопутствовавшего материала. Республиканские денарии в разной степени стёрты, но не пробиты. Приходим к выводу, что местные жители ценили их за содержащийся в них драгоценный металл и использовали как вотивы. Позднейшая монета в подборке могла быть привезена на полуостров римскими легионерами и использоваться в качестве платежного средства. In 2008—2013, five Roman denarii were found in the Baydar Valley. The latest coin entered circulation under Vespasian, while the rest were minted on behalf of magistrates and generals under the Late Republic. The earliest denarius was issued in 111 or 110 BCE by Appius Claudius Pulcher, T. Manlius Macin (Mancin?) and Q. Urbinus; it was discovered near the Skelе Cavetogether with fragments of a Scythian hand formed bowl. Nearby, they found a coin issued in honor of the Legio IV Scythica by Marcus Antonius. Another artifact of this type bearing emblems of the Legio III Cyrenaica was found in the southern part of the valley together with the denarius of G. Julius Caesar of the type known as ‘Venus and Aeneas carrying Anchises and Palladium’, as well as with fragments of a Late Scythian short-stem small bowl. The coin of Vespasian was found without accompanying archaeological material. All Republican denarii are worn to varying degrees, but not perforated. Our conclusion is that the locals valued these coins for the precious metal they contained, so they must have been used as votives. The latest coin in the sample could have been brought to the peninsula by Roman legionnaires and used as a real circulating medium.
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Андриевский, Д. В. y М. М. Чореф. "NEW FINDS OF ROMAN DENARII FROM THE BAYDAR VALLEY (CRIMEA)". Proceedings in Archaeology and History of Ancient and Medieval Black Sea Region, n.º 15 (31 de octubre de 2023): 759–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.53737/6318.2023.62.97.030.
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Изучение памятников античной нумизматики из Южного Крыма продолжается вводом в научный оборот сведений об очередной группе римских денариев из Байдарской долины. Речь пойдёт о подъёмном материале (7 экз.) и о небольшом кладе (обнаружено 22 экз., изучено 10 экз.). Так, на уровне современной поверхности найдены монеты I— начала III вв.: Гальбы (1 экз.) и Веспасиана (1 экз.), а также Адриана (1 экз.), Антонина Пия (1 экз.), Септимия Севера (2 экз.) и Каракаллы (1 экз.). Клад состоял из денариев, выпущенных при императорах из династии Антонинов. Он включал монеты, датируемые правлениями Траяна (1 экз.), Адриана (2 экз.), Антонина Пия (2 экз.), Марка Аврелия (4 экз.) и Коммода (1 экз.). Если изученная выборка верно отражает содержание клада, то он сформировался при последнем из вышеперечисленных императоров или же при его ближайших приемниках. Все эти монеты могли обращаться в среде легионеров, служивших в гарнизоне Харакса. Также был найден обломок литого лимесного денария Коммода, изготовленный из высокооловянистой бронзы. Этот артефакт был изготовлен, по-видимому, в эпоху денария—статера. The study of the classical antiquity numismatic recordfrom Southern Crimea is under way. It is another group of Roman denarii from the Baydar Valleywhich is introduced here into scholarly usage. There are 7 coins recovered during surface investigations in the valley as well as a small hoard of 22 coins, ten of which were studied de visu. Thus, on the present-day surface, a sample of coins of the 1st — early 3rd century was found: one each of Galba, Vespasian, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Caracalla, while Septimius Severus was represented with a pair of coins. The hoard consisted of denarii issued under the emperors of the Antonine dynasty. It contained coins dating back to the reigns of Trajan (1 item), Hadrian (2 items), Antoninus Pius (2 items), Marcus Aurelius (4 items), and Commodus (1 item). If the selected sample correctly reflects the hoard’s content, then it was formed under the latest of the above mentioned emperors or under his closest successors. All these coins could circulate among the legionnaires who served in the garrison of Charax. A fragment of a cast limes denarius of Commodus was found as well, made of high-tin bronze; it is supposed to be made within the same time range as the denarius—stater.
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Kuzmin, Yu N. "PERSEUS, THE «MACEDONIAN SHIELD» AND KAUSIA". Ancient World and Archaeology 21, n.º 21 (2023): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/0320-961x-2023-21-70-82.
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the reverse of the denarii minted in Rome in 63 or 62 BC, with one of the moneyers at the time being L. Aemilius Lepidus Paullus, shows the conqueror of Macedonia L. Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, as well as Perseus, the captured last king of the Antigonid dynasty, his children and a trophy. Some of these coins have the trophy depicting a shield of the so-called «Macedonian type» with its typical geometric and astral design. In 2012 a well preserved sample of this denarius from the so-called «Mayflower Collection» was sold at an auction. On that particular coin Perseus is illustrated wearing a kausia, a headdress probably of Macedonian origin, which became widespread in the Hellenistic world. The captive king’s facial features bear resemblance to the portraits of Perseus on the tetradrachms minted during his reign. Both the «Macedonian shield» and the kausia were seen as symbols of Macedonia and other Hellenistic kingdoms, still recognizable a century after Alexander the Great’s homeland had lost its independence.
Tesis sobre el tema "Denarius"
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ŠTĚPANČÍK, Zdeněk. "Historické stezky a raně středověké mincovní nálezy. Příspěvek k poznání dálkových a regionálních komunikací v jižních a západních Čechách". Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-263204.
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This diploma thesis deals about the findings of early medieval coins in the southern and western Bohemia, which are used as a source base for understanding the long-distance and regional communications. The basic sources of research of this subject are early medieval coinage findings with regard to the settlement at that time known primarily from archaeological knowledge. Further consideration is given to the passage of proven historical roads and map background, which caught scenery before the industrial revolution. The main goal of this work is to determine how the findings of early medieval coins associated with long-distance communications. Another aim is to capture all the previously known findings of the study area and to attempt a possible reconstruction of the regional communications, which could interconnect settlement areas. The aim of the work is not and cannot be directly detected historic roads in the field, since the work is guided from above ,,from the table" too large area.
Libros sobre el tema "Denarius"
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Lind, Lennart. Romerska denarer funna i Sverige. Stockholm: Distribution Förlaget Rubicon, 1988.
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Cantilena, Renata. Il gruzzolo di denari da Paestum: Un rinvenimento di età augustea. Roma: Istituto italiano di numismatica, 2000.
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X. & F. Calicó (Firm), ed. Los Denarios romanos anteriores a J.C. y su nuevo método de clasificación. 2a ed. Barcelona: X. & F. Calicó, 1991.
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Peter, Markus. Eine Werkstätte zur Herstellung von Subaeraten Denaren in Augusta Raurica. Berlin: Gebr. Mann, 1990.
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Federico, De Romanis y Sorda Sara, eds. Dal denarius al dinar: L'Oriente e la moneta romana : atti dell'incontro di studio, Roma 16-18 settembre 2004. Roma: Istituto italiano di numismatica, 2006.
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Novella, Vismara, ed. Il Ripostiglio di Angera: (Varese) 1908. [Milano]: Comune di Milano, Settore cultura, Civiche raccolte numismatiche, 1991.
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Museo archeologico nazionale (Paestum, Italy) y Italy. Soprintendenza archeologica per le province di Salerno, Avellino e Benevento., eds. Accumulare denari: In un tesoro da Paestum : due secoli di storia. Salerno: Ministero per i beni e le attività culturali, Soprintendenza archeologica per le Province di Salerno, Avellino e Benevento, 1999.
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Alteri, Giancarlo. Tipologia delle monete della Repubblica di Roma (con particolare riferimento al denario): Catalogo della mostra, Salone Sistino (21 aprile-30 settembre 1990). Città del Vaticano: Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, 1990.
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Mitkowa-Szubert, Kunka. The Nietulisko Małe hoards of roman denarii. Warszawa: Commissioned by State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw, 1989.
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Prats, Alfredo González. El tesorillo de denarios romanos de Cachapets: Crevillente-Alicante. [Crevillente]: Excmo. Ayuntamiento de Crevillente, Museo Arqueológico Municipal, 1989.
Buscar texto completoCapítulos de libros sobre el tema "Denarius"
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Arandjelović, Ognjen. "Reading Ancient Coins: Automatically Identifying Denarii Using Obverse Legend Seeded Retrieval". En Computer Vision – ECCV 2012, 317–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33765-9_23.
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Orlandi, Angela. "Essere mercante: «governare lui et le sue mercantie et denari» (secc. XIV-XVI)". En Idee di lavoro e di ozio per la nostra civiltà, 387–96. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0319-7.45.
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In this essay, we have attempted to sketch the conception of work of a late medieval and early modern merchant who, by now sedentary, was at the head of medium-sized business systems, engaged in manufacturing, trade and complex financial transactions. We have done so in the knowledge that each trader was different and that his behaviour was influenced by personal attitudes, character and ambitions. What emerges is a picture in which merchants, capable of 'governing' themselves and their activities, especially in the Tuscan world, lived mercantile life not only as a trade, but as a way of understanding life. Almost a mission like that of the doctor who 'works while he lives'.
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"Denarius". En Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology, 376. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58292-0_40144.
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"denarius, n." En Oxford English Dictionary. 3a ed. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oed/6463423125.
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Termeer, Marleen. "The Political Culture of Coinage". En A Community in Transition, 86—C4.P126. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197655245.003.0004.
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Abstract The introduction of the denarius system during the Second Punic War represents a major step in the monetization of the Roman world. The following century saw a great influx of wealth and growth of the urban population on the Italian peninsula. This chapter analyzes how the introduction of the denarius system and its subsequent development reflect and constitute important developments in Rome’s political culture, focusing on two main changes: the introduction of the denarius system itself, and the appearance of private denarius types in the 130s, which was accompanied by a decrease in bronze coinage production. Two main questions are investigated. First, what do the coins tell us about political decision-making processes, and the way coinage helped to define the res publica? Second, who was the audience for the messages on the coins, and how do they relate to the Roman political body? The introduction of a fixed “state emblem” on the denarius coinage was an innovative move away from previous coin-producing practices, and can be read in relation to the conscious development of a Roman civic identity. The change to private types implies a decrease in the importance of Roman civic identity as communicated on coins, and more attention for the families and individuals that constitute Rome as a political entity. This change was restricted to silver coins, however. The bronze coins tell a different story: the Roman types stay the same, but production decreases, while a variety of local productions on the Italian peninsula are widely used.
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"Caesar’s Denarius and God’s Domain (20:20-26)". En Luke 3, 47–57. Fortress Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvb6v8bq.10.
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"The Rise of the Denarius c. 660–900". En Making Money in the Early Middle Ages, 262–316. Princeton University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv360nrxn.13.
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Butcher, Kevin y Matthew Ponting. "Hoarding of Denarii and the Reforms of Nero and Septimius Severus". En Coin Hoards and Hoarding in the Roman World, 273–81. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866381.003.0012.
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Chapter 12 addresses the fact that, in c. AD 64, and again in AD 194, the silver content of the denarius was reduced significantly. This chapter explores some of the metallurgical and hoard evidence, looking at evidence for public reaction to these changes. Both reforms represent something of a watershed in the composition of many hoards. Can public reactions to these changes help to explain some of the measures taken by the state in the decades following the debasements? How do coinage reforms affect patterns of hoard deposition?
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"Chapter 8. The Rise of the Denarius c. 660–900". En Making Money in the Early Middle Ages, 262–316. Princeton University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780691249339-011.
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"THE MYSTERIOUS GODDESS ON THE DENARIUS OF M. PLAETORIUS CESTIANUS OF 67 B.C. (Ch. V, n. 25)". En The Nile Mosaic of Palestrina, 159–63. BRILL, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004283831_024.
Texto completoActas de conferencias sobre el tema "Denarius"
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Н.А., Макаров,, Красникова, А.М. y Угулава, Н.Д. "EXCAVATIONS AT GNEZDILOVO BURIAL SITE IN THE VICINITIES OF SUZDAL’: FIRST RESULTS". En Археология Владимиро-Суздальской земли. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2021.978-5-94375-365-7.7-20.
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В статье представлены результаты раскопок могильника X-XII вв. Гнездилово, произведенных в 2020 г. Средневековые памятники в округе Гнездилова хорошо известны в литературе. Здесь в 1851 г. под руководством графа А. С. Уварова раскопано 28 курганов с кремациями и ингумациями, в 1980-1987 гг. под руководством В. А. Лапшина проходили широкомасштабные исследования одного из крупнейших в Суздальской округе поселений с культурными отложениями эпохи викингов. В современном ландшафте, практически полностью снивелированном распашкой, не сохранилось видимых следов курганного могильника, раскопанного в XIX в. Повторное обнаружение некрополя в 2019 г. позволило провести рекогносцировочные работы, в результате которых в раскопе площадью около 120 кв. м выявлено 15 ингумаций XI - начала XII в. в могильных ямах с западной ориентировкой и остатки кремаций, рассредоточенных в пахотном слое и заполнении ям. В 8 погребениях обнаружен сопровождающий инвентарь - стеклянные бусы, височные кольца, подвески, дирхем и денарий, железные ножи. Особый интерес представляет погребение 13 с помещенным в ногах боевым топором. Новые полевые исследования на памятнике демонстрируют, что Гнездилово было большим средневековым кладбищем с разнообразными погребальными обрядами - подкурганными кремациями и ингумациями, грунтовыми погребениями и кремациями, рассыпанными на поверхности или в неглубоких ямах. The paper presents results of the excavations at the Viking Age burial site Gnezdilovo conducted in 2020. Gnezdilovo local area is known in medieval archaeology as a prominent place with the barrow burial ground first discovered in 1851 and the dwelling site with Late Viking Age cultural deposits, one of the local centers of Suzdal’ region, which had been under excavations in 1980-87. Non of the burial mounds survived in the landscape after the excavation campaign of 1851 which disclosed 28 barrows with cremations and inhumations (28) and appeared to leave poor perspectives for further research. Burial site, totally leveled by ploughing, was re-discovered in 2019. Trail excavations at the area of about 120 sq.m revealed 15 west-oriented inhumation burials in ground pits and remains of cremations dispersed in ploughed deposits and in pits. 8 inhumation burials contained grave goods - glass beads, temple rings, pendants, belt mounts, dirham coin and denarius, iron knives. Of special interest is burial 13 with a battleaxe placed at the feet of the deceased. Inhumation burials date the XI-th - the early XII-th cc. New field research at the site prove that Gnezdilovo was a large cemetery with diverse burial rituals (barrows with cremations and inhumations, cremations in shallow ground pits, inhumations in ground pits). Considerable part of the graves remains well preserved after the excavations conducted in the XIX-th c.
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Абрамзон, М. Г. "BARBARIAN IMITATIONS OF BOSPORAN STATERS AND ROMAN DENARII FROM PHANAGORIA". En Hypanis. Труды отдела классической археологии ИА РАН. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2021.978-5-94375-350-3.7-17.
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В статье рассматриваются находки варварских подражаний позднебоспорским статерам и римским денариям с типом идущего Марса из раскопок Фанагории 2008–2018 гг. Эти две группы имитаций обращались на денежном рынке Фанагории (как и Боспорского царства в целом) в 3–4 вв.н. э. параллельно с боспорскими статерами и небольшим количеством римских монет. Первая группа состоит из подражаний статерам Фофорса и Рескупорида VI. Публикуются два подражания статерам первого и четыре – статерам второго. Присутствие имитаций боспорских статеров в кладах (Фанагорийском 2011 г. и Гай-Кодзорском 1986 г.), а также единичные их находки в позднеантичном слое Фанагории свидетельствуют о том, что варварские подражания, имеющие сходный облик и вес с оригинальными статерами, обращались на денежном рынке синхронно. В денежной массе, состоящей из деградированных статеров, превратившихся из монеты пол ной стоимости в монету условной стоимости при сохранении типологии и веса более ранних статеров, они были незаметны. Остается констатировать, что вопрос места чеканки и этнической принадлежности народа, которым они были выпущены, остаются открытыми до сих пор. По-видимому, следует говорить о сармато-аланах, осевших в Прикубанье. Пред ставляется, что по технике изготовления, стилю и фактуре эти монеты близки к бронзовым подражаниям боспорским электровым статерам, получившим распространение на терри тории Западного Прикубанья – в Усть-Лабинском р-не Краснодарского края. Вторую группу составляют северокавказские подражания римским денариям с ти пом идущего Марса. На данный момент зарегистрировано уже более 30 таких монет, найденных на городище, в основном медных, реже билонных. Концентрация находок северокавказских подражаний охватывает в основном южную и юго-восточную периферию Боспора от Анапы до Краснодара и Новороссийска, а также прилегающие западные районы Северного Кавказа. С этой территории происходят и все известные клады, цели ком состоявшие из таких подражаний или включавшие небольшое их количество вместе с боспорскими статерами (Гай-Кадзорские клады 1972 и 1977 гг.). Часть подражаний проникала и на Европейский Боспор. Чеканка подражаний римским денариям с типом идущего Марса связывается не с готами, как считалось прежде, а с сираками или сармато-аланскими племенами Растущее количество находок подражаний римским денариям в Фанагории дает основание утверждать, что они обращались на денежном рынке города параллельно со статерами Рескупорида V, Фофорса, Радамсада, Рескупорида VI. Вместе с тем, они не играли существенной роли в денежном обращении Боспора. Новый материал из Фанагории дает возможность уделить специальное внимание роли имитаций в денежном обращении позднего Боспора. Несмотря на то, что корпус варварских подражаний существенно расширился в последнее десятилетие, решение вопроса хронологии групп имитаций римских денариев остается не удовлетворительным, поскольку зарегистрированные экземпляры не связаны с конкретным археологическим контекстом. Отсюда фанагорийский материал представляет особую ценность. The article considers finds of barbarian imitations of Late Bosporan staters and Roman denarii of the walking Mars type from Phanagoria made in 2008–2018. These two groups of imitations circulated within the Phanagorian monetary market (as well as in the whole Bosporan in the 3rd – 4th centuries along with Bosporan staters and a small amount of Roman coins. The first group includes imitations of staters minted by Thothorses and Rhescuporis VI. Here we publish two imitations of the first one and four of the second. The presence of the imitations of Bosporan staters in hoards (the Phanagorian 2011 hoard and the Gai-Kodzor 1986 hoard) as well as single finds in the Late Roman layer of Phanagoria testify to the simultaneous circulation of barbarian imitations (of the same appearance and weight as the original staters). Within the monetary mass consisting of degraded staters, initially full-weight coins turning into marks of conventional value, they were unrecognizable. One can only guess of their provenance, including their mint and the ethnic group producing these coins. Possibly, they could be attributed to the Sarmatian and the Alanian tribes inhabiting the Kuban area. The technique, style and facture of these coins are close to bronze imitations of Bosporan electrum staters circulated in the West Kuban area – in the Ust-Labinsk region of the Krasnodar area. The second group includes North Caucasus imitations of Roman denarii of the walking Mars type. At present there are over thirty finds of similar coins from Phanagoria, most of them bronze, though some are billon. The finds of similar North Caucasus imitations are concentrated mostly within the South and South-East areas of the Bosporan kingdom from Anapa to Krasnodar and Novorossiysk and the adjoining West regions of the North Caucasus. From this area come also known hoards consisting of similar imitations or containing a number of them along with Bosporan staters (Gai-Kodzor 1972 and 1977 hoards). Some of these imitations penetrated to the European part of the Bosporos. The production of imitations of the Roman denarii of the walking Mars type should be attributed not to the Goths, as considered previously, but with the Sirakoi or Sarmato-Alanian tribes. The growing number of finds of Roman-type imitations from Phanagoria make us state that they were circulated in the Phanagorian market parallel with staters of Rhescuporis V, Thothorses, Rhadamsades, and Rhescuporis VI. At the same time their role in the monetary system of the Bosporos was insignificant. New finds from Phanagoria make it possible to draw special attention to the significance of imitations in the Late Bosporan currency. Even though the number of barbarian imitations finds in the last decade grew significantly, we are still far from defining the chronology of different groups of the Roman-type imitations, because most of the finds are not associated definitely with any certain archaeological context, which makes the finds from Phanagoria especially valuable.
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Абрамзон, М. Г., А. Н. Ворошилов y О. М. Ворошилова. "COINS IN PHANAGORIAN FUNERARY TRADITION". En Hypanis. Труды отдела классической археологии ИА РАН. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2022.978-5-94375-381-7.21-45.
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В статье анализируются нумизматические материалы из раскопок некрополя Фанагории в 1975–2021 гг. Интерпретация этих находок лежит в дискурсе неоднократно рассматриваемой проблемы о назначении монет в могилах античной эпохи. Впервые публикуемые здесь монетные находки из некрополя этого одного из крупнейших центров Северного Причерноморья безусловно представляют важный источник для изучения денежного обращения региона и особенностей местного погребального обряда. С другой стороны, монеты являются важным хронологическим индикатором как для датировки захоронений, так и для периодизации истории фанагорийского некрополя в целом. Считалось, что традиция класть деньги в могилу в качестве «обола Харона» появилась у греков в середине/конце 5 в. до н. э. Эту датировку подтверждали и материалы боспорских некрополей (Пантикапей и Волна 1). Однако некрополь Фанагории дал пантикапейский диобол 480–460 гг. до н. э., который является на данный момент самой ранней монетой, использованной в погребальной практике Боспора. Всего 128 монет найдено некрополе Фанагории за рассматриваемый период (не считая клада из 3695 позднебоспорских статеров, не связанного с ритуалом). Из них 8 – серебряные: 5 боспорских монет 5–1 вв. до н. э., денарий Траяна, 2 статера Рескупорида V. Все остальные монеты медные. Из 95 автономных монет, 66 отчеканены в Пан тикапее (включая кошелек с 7 монетами 3 в. до н. э.), Фанагории – 26, Ольвии – 1, Ами се – 1. Боспорским царям принадлежат 30 монет, от Полемона I до Фофорса, монеты которого являются позднейшими из боспорских. Кроме двух монет Митридата III и Котиса I с отверстиями, а также двух пробитых монет Феодосия I, использованных в качестве подвесок среди бус, все остальные монеты являются «оболами Харона», представляя важное свидетельство как местного погребального обряда, так и денежного обращения античного Боспора. Процесс исследования монет в погребальном контексте Фанагории позволяет аккумулировать информацию для правильной интерпретации данных о местном (и общегреческом) погребальном обряде. Информация, полученная при изучении монет из этого некрополя, может быть включена в пополняемую базу данных по нумизматическим материалам из других некрополей Боспора и юго-западного Крыма. Однако полная интерпретация погребальных ритуалов Фанагории, где монеты, по-видимому, играют важную роль, зависит от точности полевых наблюдений. The present article analyses numismatic materials from the excavations of the Phanagorian necropolis in 1975–2021. These finds are repeatedly discussed in light of the purpose of coins in ancient graves. Published for the first time, the coin finds from the necropolis of one of the largest centres of the Northern Black Sea region are, without doubt, an important source for studying the monetary circulation in the region and the traits of its funeral rites. Coins are also an important chronological indicator for both the dating of burials and for the historical periodization of the Phanagorian necropolis altogether. It was understood that the tradition of putting money in graves as “Charon’s obol” appeared in the Greek World during the second half of the fifth century BC. Such dating was also confirmed by archaeological finds from the Bosporan necropoleis (Panticapaeum and Volna 1). The Phanagorian necropolis, however, yielded a Panticapaean diobol dating to 480–460 BC, currently the earliest coin used in the burial practice in the Bosporos. A total of 128 coins were found at the Phanagorian necropolis during the aforementioned excavation period (excluding the hoard of 3,695 Late Bosporan staters, which are not associated with ritual practice). Eight of them are silver coins: five Bosporan coins dating to the 5th–1th centuries BC, a denarius of Trajan, two staters of Reskuporides V. The rest are copper coins. Of the 95 autonomous coins, 66 were minted in Panticapaeum (including a purse with seven coins dating to the third century BC), 26 – in Phanagoria, one in Olbia and one in Amis. Thirty coins are associated with Bosporan kings, from Polemon I to Thothorses, whose coins are dated the latest out of Bosporan coins. Except for the two perforated coins of Mithridates III and Cotys I, as well as two, also perforated, coins of Theodosius I, which were used as pendants, all other coins are “Charon’s obols”, which provides important evidence of both the local funerary rites and the monetary circulation of the ancient Bosporos. The study of coins in Phanagorian funerary context allows to accumulate information necessary for a correct interpretation of data on the local (and common Greek) funeral rites. Information obtained during the study of coins from the Phanagorian necropolis can be included in the continuously renewed numismatic “database” from other necropoleis of the Bosporos and southwestern Crimea. However, a complete interpretation of Phanagorian funerary rites, in which coins seem to play an important role, depends on the accuracy of field observations.
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Miščič, Valter. "Vzpostavitev podatkovne baze iz pogorišča". En OTS 2023 Sodobne informacijske tehnologije in storitve. Univerza v Mariboru, Univerzitetna založba, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.feri.8.2023.22.
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Vse pogostejše in obsežnejše naravne in tudi drugim katastrofe spremljajo naše življenje v zadnjem obdobju. Obsežni požari, povodnji in potresi uničujejo naša mesta, rakete uničujejo infrastrukturo. Ogrožena so naša življenja, premoženje in vse, kar smo ustvarjali desetletja in kar nam je najvažnejše in najdražje. Če pogledamo na te stvari iz oči naših podjetij, so najpomembnejša stvar prav gotovo njeni podatki. Firma, ki zgubi svoje najpomembnejše podatke, praktično izgubi vse. Firme se morajo na takšne dogodke pripraviti in svoje podatke ustrezno zaščititi. S podvojevanjem računskih centrov vključno z vso strojno in programsko opremo ter podatki se lahko dokaj dobro zaščitimo. Žal, vse firme nimajo tega privilegija. Dodatni računski center seveda stane in pri denarju se največkrat ustavi. Velikokrat pa gre zgolj za nezavedanje ali podcenjevanje te problematike. Vsekakor je dobro, da imamo pripravljen načrt okrevanja, da mu vsi sledimo in da neprestano vadimo postopke okrevanja.
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Greifelt, Tim, Sabine Klein y David Wigg-Wolf. "Geochemical and isotopic characterisation of the coin metal of Roman denarii - A multifactorial application tool for numismatic, political, strategic and logistic contexts in the Republic and the Imperial Era." En Goldschmidt2021. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2021.7143.
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Завойкина, Н. В. "GRAFITTI OF THE FIRST CENTURIES A. D. FROM PHANAGORIA". En Hypanis. Труды отдела классической археологии ИА РАН. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2020.978-5-94375-324-4.169-183.
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В статье публикуется 8 граффити первых веков из раскопок «Верхнего города» в Фанагории. Граффито № 1 (первая половина 3 в. н. э.) представляет собой финансовую запись, выраженнуювденариях, с упоминаниемвладельца этой суммыпо имениΠολυκρήτᾱς (resp. Πολυκράτης). Имя в такой огласовке встречается впервые. Граффито № 2 сообщает, что некто по имени Гермес располагает суммой 60 драхм или (что нельзя исключать из-за фрагментарной сохранности) одной драхмой и 3 оболами. Граффито № 3 содержит антропоним Ἄννα, имя владелицы тарелки. Граффито № 4 – аббревиация ΜΥΡ, вырезанная до обжига сосуда. По-видимому, это маркировка содержимого в глиняном флаконе (возможно, мирра или мирросодержащая мазь). Граффито № 5 представлено тремя разными частными записями на штукатурной облицовке, скорее всего, колонны. Они относятся к 1 в. Здесь впервые в Фанагории фиксируется женское имя Χαρά и знак-тамга царя Аспурга. Граффито №6 состоит из слова νοσηρός, вырезанного до обжига на нижней части фимиатерия боспорского производства. Предположительно это слово указывает на использование фимиатерия во врачебной практике в 1–2 вв. н. э. Граффито № 7 (1 в. н. э.), процарапанное на фанагорийской керамиде, предлагается рассматривать как запись количества изготовленной продукции (ἐκβάσεις) и ее стоимости. Граффито № 8 представляет сокращение ФА и, возможно, является маркировкой вина фанагорийского производства в 3 в. н. э. Эти граффити пополнили антропонимию города новыми именами (муж. Ἄρατος, Πολυκρήτᾱς, жен. Ἄννα, Χαρά); зафиксировали употребление теонима Ἑρμῆς в качестве личного имени в Фанагории в 1 в., ранее оно было отмечено в 4 в. Они предоставили примеры употребления слов νεσηρός и ἐκβάσεις в новых для словаря боспорской лексики значениях. Впервые отмечен знак-тамга царя Аспурга в граффити из Фанагории. Широкое употребление этой тамги на бытовых пред метах связывают с владельческими знаками представителей аспургиан, военных сторонни ков царя Аспурга и не-греков по происхождению. Особо следует выделить эпиграфическое подтверждение хождения драхмы в денежном обращении Фанагории в 1 в., времени когда Боспорское царство уже не выпускало монет подобного номинала This article is the publication of eight graffiti of the first centuries A. D. from the ‘Upper City’ excavation site at Phanagoria. Graffito No. 1 (first half of the 3rd century) is a financial record in denarii, mentioning the owner of the money Πολυκρήτᾱς (resp. Πολυκράτης). The name in this form occurs for the first time. Graffito No. 2 mentions one Hermes who owned the sum of 60 drachms or (which can not be excluded because of the fragmentary state of the inscription) of one drachmand three obols. Graffito No. 3 contains anthroponym Ἄννα, the name of the woman to whom the plate belonged. It is the first time the name occurs in Phanagorian epigraphy. Graffito No. 4 – abbreviation ΜΥΡ, cut before kilning the vessel. It may have marked the contents of the clay flask (myrrh or myrrh-based liniment). Graffito No. 5 – three different private records on plaster facing of a column (?). These can be dated to the 1st century A. D. Here for the first time we meet female name Χαρά and the sign (tamga) of king Aspurgus. Graffito No. 6 consists of the word νοσηρός cut before kilning in the lower part of a thymiaterion of Bosphoran manufacture. It pos sibly indicates that the vessel was used in medical practice in the 1st–2nd centuries A. D. Graffito No. 7 (1st century A. D.) scratched upon a Phanagorian ceramis is probably a record of the number of produced items (ἐκβάσεις) and their price. Graffito No. 8, abbreviation ФА, possiblymarks some wine produced in Phanagoria in the 3rd century.