Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Delegation to the United Nations Conference on International Organization"
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Yablokov, Boris. "Establishing of UNCTAD in 1964 and the Logic of the Cold War: Economic Diplomacy of the GDR in the Struggle for International Recognition". ISTORIYA 13, n.º 10 (120) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840017647-0.
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This article is dedicated to the problem of preparation and participation of the socialist countries in the first United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), held in Geneva from March 23 to June 16, 1964. On the basis of the documents of the Russian State Economy Archive (RGAE) being introduced into science the author shows the importance the Soviet leadership attached to economic diplomacy, actively using for its realization the CMEA mechanisms. The practical embodiment of this was the solidarity position at the conference of socialist countries, prepared through the decisions of the II meeting of the Executive Committee of the CMEA in 1962 and aimed to establish a new international trade organization (ITO), one of the founding principles of which was to be universal membership. Unlike the FRG, which at that time was a member of the specialized organizations of the UN and thus had the right to participate fully in the 1964 conference, the GDR could only rely on collective forms of representation, above all as a member of the CMEA delegation. Thus, the solidarity-based struggle of socialist countries for international legal recognition of the GDR at the UN level, including through international economic organizations such as UNCTAD, strengthened the international status of CMEA, which sought to turn world trade into a tool for expanding its economic influence, including in the Third World.
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Pearson, Jessica Lynne. "The French Empire Goes to San Francisco". French Politics, Culture & Society 38, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2020): 35–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fpcs.2020.380203.
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This article explores the French delegation’s approach to debates about colonial oversight and accountability that took place at the Conference on International Organization in San Francisco in 1945, where delegates from fifty nations gathered to draft the United Nations (UN) Charter. Drawing on documents from the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the UN, and the American press, it argues that while French officials at home and in the empire were eagerly negotiating a new French Union that would put metropolitan France and the colonies on unprecedently equal footing, French delegates to the San Francisco conference were unwilling to take a stand for these reforms-in-progress. Ultimately, French delegates to the conference lacked confidence that the incipient French Union would stand up to international scrutiny as these delegates worked to establish new international standards for what constituted “self-government.”
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Willetts, Peter. "From Stockholm to Rio and beyond: the impact of the environmental movement on the United Nations consultative arrangements for NGOs". Review of International Studies 22, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1996): 57–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500118455.
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No account of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held at Rio de Janeiro in June 1992 and popularly known as the Earth Summit, would be complete without coverage of the activity of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). They generated debate with the government and in the media in many, perhaps most, countries. They took part in the preparatory work, wrote special reports, joined governmental delegations to Rio and ran a large forum in parallel to the official conference. UN officials have described the role of NGOs as having been ‘unprecedented‘, and that is the general view. It is less widely known that NGOs have been influential at UN conferences for decades and that they were in danger of having less access than normal to the Earth Summit. Far from the situation being ‘unprecedented’, the NGOs made such an impact at Rio because the weight of precedents made it impossible to restrict their numbers and their activities.
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Diehl, Paul F. y Michael J. Montgomery. "An Assessment of Simulations on an : International Organization". News for Teachers of Political Science 47 (1985): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0197901900003251.
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Simulation is an increasingly popular pedagogical device; much of the recent literature on the theory and practice of political science instruction attests to this. Probably the most popular simulation device is called model United Nations. In recent articles in Teaching Political Science and NEWS for Teachers of Political Science, William Hazelton and James Jacob have described Model United Nations in glowing terms, focusing on one particular conference and completely ignoring the rest of the 200 or more conferences held annually across the United States.Like Jacob and Hazelton, we recognize the great potential value of United Nations simulations in trying to illuminate the often confusing politics of international organizations. As former participants and directors of these programs, however, we are keenly aware of the shortcomings and difficulties associated with the existing structure of model U.N. programs.
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Zaidi, Waqar H. "‘Aviation Will Either Destroy or Save Our Civilization’: Proposals for the International Control of Aviation, 1920—45". Journal of Contemporary History 46, n.º 1 (enero de 2011): 150–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009410375257.
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Proposals for the internationalization of civil aviation and the formation of an international air force blossomed in Britain, France and the United States between 1920 and 1945. The proposals were promoted by liberal internationalist constituencies in these three countries and reveal an enthusiasm for technocracy and technology within liberal internationalism. Aviation, internationalists argued, was too dangerous and held too much potential to be left in the hands of warring nations. It should instead be controlled by an international organization for the benefit of international peace and prosperity. Proposals were linked to the League of Nations in the interwar period and to the proposed United Nations Organization during the second world war. They were discussed at the 1932 League of Nations Geneva disarmament conference, and in 1944, at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference and the Chicago conference on international civil aviation.
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Taylor, Paul, A. J. R. Groom, Erik Jensen, Sally Morphet y Stephen Chan. "The financing of the United Nations". Review of International Studies 14, n.º 4 (octubre de 1988): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500113166.
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The reform of the United Nations, and particularly of its budgetary procedures and Secretariat staffing, is a matter of considerable current interest among students and practitioners of international organization. These issues form part of what has for some years now been referred to as the financial crisis at the United Nations. This was the subject of a one-day conference at the United Nations held late last year. What follows is a summary of the discussion at that conference, reproduced here in order to reach a wider audience.
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Church, Jim. "In Larger Freedom: Access to Information and International Government Organization Archives". DttP: Documents to the People 47, n.º 4 (6 de diciembre de 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/dttp.v47i4.7211.
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In April 2019 at the International Studies Association (ISA) annual conference, I participated in a panel about International Organization Archives and the UN Depository system. There we learned of a report by the Joint Inspection Unit (JIU) of the United Nations titled “Strengthening Policy Research Uptake in the Context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.” The report notes that “the research value and visibility of United Nations digital outputs, which are currently residing, unconnected, on numerous United Nations websites and in a plethora of diverse, online databases” presents challenges to researchers. They also recommend that “a principle of open access should operate by default for research products and data published or commissioned by the United Nations. This includes publications, authorship and co-authorship in open access journals or collections.” Per their mission statement, the JIU is the “only independent external oversight body of the United Nations system mandated to conduct evaluations, inspections and investigations system-wide.”
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Sidorov, V. N. y E. V. Sidorova. "UNITED NATIONS ACTION IN THE FIELD OF TRADE FACILITATION". Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), n.º 12 (14 de marzo de 2021): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2020.76.12.095-110.
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Trade is defined as one of the key enabler of implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals Agenda 2030. Trade facilitation is important trend of trade in sustainable development, as expected will promote of growth acceleration and international trade and also will enhance economic, ecological and social aspects of sustainable development. In article is offered to consider the main activities of the United Nations in the trade facilitation. In the article it is offered to consider the main activities of the UN in the sphere simplification of procedures of trade The article considers the work of the United Nations in the of trade facilitation field, in particular the work of the United Nations, sustainable development, trade facilitation, International law, United Nations Commission on International Trade law, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Network of Experts for Paperless Trade in Asia and the Pacific.
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Aikman, Colin. "New Zealand and the origins of of Universal Declaration". Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 29, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1999): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v29i1.6052.
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Dr Aikman here provides a personal perspective on the New Zealand's role at the United Nations Conference on International Organisation, held at San Francisco in 1945, and at the time of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights at the meeting of the United Nations General Assembly, held in Paris in 1948. Dr Aikman was adviser to the member of the New Zealand delegation who presented the New Zealand case at the Paris meeting of the UN General Assembly in September 1948. The author provides New Zealand's positions on economic and social rights, trade unions, and the right to petition. The author then discusses the adoption of the Declaration, and core conventions which were later adopted. The author concludes with a discussion on the legal status of the Declaration, as well as its Māori translation.
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Arsanjani, Mahnoush H. "The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court". American Journal of International Law 93, n.º 1 (enero de 1999): 22–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2997954.
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The United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court (ICC) took place in Rome at the headquarters of the Food and Agriculture Organization from June 15 to July 17, 1998. The participants numbered 160 states, thirty-three intergovernmental organizations and a coalition of 236 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The conference concluded by adopting the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court by a nonrecorded vote of 120 in favor, 7 against and 21 abstentions. The United States elected to indicate publicly that it had voted against the statute. France, the United Kingdom and the Russian Federation supported the statute.
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Snider, Christy Jo. "Planning for Peace: Virginia Gildersleeve at the United Nations Conference on International Organization". Peace & Change 32, n.º 2 (abril de 2007): 168–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0130.2007.00425.x.
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van Sloten, Dick H. y M. Holle. "Temperate Fruit Genetic Resources and the IBPGR". HortScience 23, n.º 1 (febrero de 1988): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.1.73.
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Abstract The genetic diversity of crops, represented by traditional local cultivars and wild relatives, has been disappearing rapidly during recent decades. Plant explorers have been active for centuries; however, concerted international activities were initiated only in the early 1960s by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. Technical conferences organized by FAO in 1961, 1967, and 1973 created general awareness for the need to conserve crop genetic resources. Both the 1973 Technical Conference and the United Nations Environment Conference at Stockholm in 1972, led to recommendations for a global program. Subsequently, the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR) was established by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) and started its work in 1974. The FAO agreed to provide headquarters for the IBPGR.
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DRECIN, Mihai D. "FREEMASONRY AND THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE (JANUARY 1919 – JUNE 1920)". Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on History and Archaeology 12, n.º 2 (2020): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.56082/annalsarscihist.2020.2.21.
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The Romanian delegation - headed by Prime Minister Ion I.C. Brătianu - accompanied by other well-known Romanian figures who were not part of the delegation, but represented the Romanian elite who had emigrated to the French capital, attended the Paris Peace Conference and recognised that the political decisions concerning the future borders of the nations emerging from the former Austrian-Hungarian Empire were made by the Roman Catholic Church, the Freemasonry and the Jewish Youth Organisation. These were the institutions behind the political decisions made by the political leaders of France (Georges Clémenceau), Great Britain (Sir David Lloyd George), the United States of America (Woodrow Wilson), and Italy (Vittorio Emanuele Orlando). When, after a conflict with the then French Prime Minister, who was failing to observe the provisions of the August 1916 Treaty concluded between Romania and the Triple Entente, Ion I.C. Brătianu left Paris, Alexandru Vaida-Voevod became his successor as head of the Romanian delegation. The Transylvanian political leader and some of his close associates would also become members of the Ernest Renan Masonic lodge in Paris, on 4 August 1919. The decision was made by Alexandru Vaida-Voevod after extensive consultations with Ion I.C. Brătianu, who had returned to Bucharest by then, and Iuliu Maniu, the Chairman of the Ruling Council in Sibiu. The masonic involvement of the Romanian delegation at the Paris Peace Conference was proof of the diplomatic abilities of its members as well as of the perfect cooperation with the local political decisionmakers, with the purpose of adjusting to the then current international context to the benefit of the country’s national interests. After Romania and Hungary signed the Treaty of Trianon (4 July 1920) whose clauses were favourable to Romania, the Romanian freemasons would leave their Masonic lodges in the coming years.
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Borowy, Iris. "Before UNEP: who was in charge of the global environment? The struggle for institutional responsibility 1968–72". Journal of Global History 14, n.º 1 (14 de febrero de 2019): 87–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022818000360.
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AbstractMany of the international technical agencies formed after 1945 addressed environmental topics within their specific fields of work. By the late 1960s, a growing awareness of pollution and an emerging environmental movement in Western countries led to a perceived need for more coordinated and institutionalized international cooperation on the environment. Before the landmark United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, held in Stockholm in 1972, and the subsequent creation of the UN Environment Programme, several organizations competed for recognition as principal reference organizations for environmental matters. This article analyses the combination of cooperation and rivalry, involving in particular the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE). Among other initiatives, the OECD became the first international organization to establish a permanent committee specifically dedicated to environmental issues and the ECE organized a Conference on Environmental Problems, held in Prague in 1971. Both called for a critical review of the dominant growth-centred economic model. Their analysis adds a neglected dimension to the origins of today’s international structure of environmental cooperation as well as to the long-term evolution of economic environmental thinking.
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de La Fayette, Louise. "The Marine Environment Protection Committee: The Conjunction of the Law of the Sea and International Environmental Law". International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 16, n.º 2 (2001): 155–238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180801x00072.
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AbstractThis article outlines the work of the Marine Environment Protection Committee of the International Maritime Organization in implementing measures to protect the marine environment and to conserve natural resources called for in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and international environmental law, in particular as set forth in Agenda 21 and the Rio Declaration, both products of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. In so doing, the paper examines IMO's collaboration with other intergovernmental organisations and UN bodies, such as the FAO, UNEP, the Commission on Sustainable Development and the United Nations, as well as with the secretariats of multilateral environmental agreements, such as the Basel Convention and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Although the work of IMO is frequently overlooked because it is an older organisation, the treaties, codes and guidelines developed by the MEPC have made an essential and valuable contribution to the progressive development of international environmental law, as well as to the law of the sea.
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Graham, Erin R. "Money and multilateralism: how funding rules constitute IO governance". International Theory 7, n.º 1 (9 de febrero de 2015): 162–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752971914000414.
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International relations scholarship largely accepts that multilateralism lies at the heart of the liberal international order and is instantiated in formal, intergovernmental organizations. This paper revisits the conventional wisdom regarding the multilateral character of international organization (IO) governance by drawing attention to the funding methods used to finance contemporary IOs. I argue that different funding rules constitute different modes of governance. While mandatory funding rules are easily reconciled with traditional conceptions of multilateralism, voluntary rules are not. In particular, restricted voluntary funding rules devolve authority over funding decisions to individual actors, undercutting the collective decision making that is central to multilateral governance. I demonstrate the relevance of the argument in the case of the United Nations, which has transformed from an institution reliant primarily on mandatory contributions, to one disproportionately reliant on restricted, voluntary funds. The counterintuitive result is an increasingly bilateral United Nations. The paper contributes to our understanding of the relationship between multilateralism and IO governance, and has implications for literature related to institutional design, delegation, and development aid. In addition, it raises empirical and normative questions regarding reliance on voluntary funding.
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Nisa, Hana Theresya, Didit Kurniadi y Amin Khudlori. "USE OF ENGLISH IN IMUN (INTERNATIONAL MODEL UNITED NATIONS)". Jurnal CULTURE (Culture, Language, and Literature Review) 9, n.º 2 (2 de diciembre de 2022): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.53873/culture.v9i2.494.
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English is an international language that needs to be mastered by people who want to connect with other people from all over the world. Studying at a school or course institution is not enough to facilitate someone in speaking English quickly. There must be direct communication that is done to improve speaking skills. One of the international organizations that gives a person free space to use English is IMUN (International Model United Nations). IMUN is a simulation forum for the UN session that aims to mobilize young people from all over the world to express their opinions on international issues, which ultimately seeks to find a solution to a series of existing problems. This study's objective is to investigate English use in IMUN. The researchers use the descriptive qualitative method with the participation method as the primary data, and the screen captures of video or photo method to obtain additional data. One of the author's direct involvements in the Internship at IMUN (Campus Ambassador) and the simulation of the UN session (Online Conference) reinforce the fact that IMUN is truly an international organization that can be used as a forum to improve English language skills. With those experiences, the participants can improve their English skills quickly.
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Dorn, Charles. "«A New Global Ethic»: A History of the United Nations International Environmental Education Program, 1975-1995". Foro de Educación 18, n.º 2 (2 de julio de 2020): 83–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/fde.808.
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In 1975, the United Nations, under the auspices of its Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and Environment Program (UNEP), established the International Environmental Education Program (IEEP). For two decades, IEEP aimed to accomplish goals ascribed to it by UNESCO member states and fostered communication across the international community through Connect, the UNESCO-UNEP environmental education newsletter. After reviewing UNESCO’s early involvement with the environment, this study examines IEEP’s development, beginning with its conceptual grounding in the 1968 UNESCO Biosphere Conference. It examines the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm, moves on to the UNESCO-UNEP 1975 Belgrade Workshop, and continues with the world’s first intergovernmental conference dedicated to environmental education held in Tbilisi in 1977. The paper then uses Connect to trace changes in the form and content of environmental education. Across two decades, environmental education shifted from providing instruction about nature protection and natural resource conservation to fostering an environmental ethic through a problems-based, interdisciplinary study of the ecology of the total environment to adopting the concept of sustainable development. IEEP ultimately met with mixed success. Yet it was the primary United Nations program assigned the task of creating and implementing environmental education globally and thus offers a particularly useful lens through which to analyze changes in the international community’s understanding of the concept of the environment over time.
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Gigolaev, German. "Tenth Session of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea: Changing of the US Position (1981)". Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, n.º 6 (2022): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640021209-7.
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40 years ago, the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea adopted the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982). Although the United States, together with the USSR and other major maritime powers, initiated the conference, in 1981, after Reagan became President of the United States, it called for a comprehensive review of the draft Convention that had by then been prepared. Proponents of continuing the compromise policy were removed from the US delegation at the Conference. American efforts during the 10th session of the Conference were focused on delaying negotiations and preventing the formalisation of the Convention text to prolong the work of the Conference for another year. Drawing on US Department of State documents and up-to-date academic literature, the author examines the conduct of US diplomacy during the first year of the Reagan Administration at the 3rd UN Conference on the Law of the Sea, during the preparation and work of the 10th session of the Conference (1981). He concludes that US policy at the 10th session of the Conference was in line with the general policy direction of the US Administration, which had made a definitive break with the détente policy and staked on a new aggravation of the international situation. The Administration's relationship with big business, dissatisfied with the provisions of the draft Convention regarding deep seabed mineral development beyond national jurisdictions, also appears to have been an important factor behind the change in the US position on the draft Convention.
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Kurin, Richard. "U.S. Consideration of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention". Ethnologies 36, n.º 1-2 (12 de octubre de 2016): 325–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1037612ar.
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UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, voted overwhelmingly at the biennial meeting of its General Conference in Paris on October 17, 2003 to adopt a new international Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage. That Convention became international law on April 30, 2006. By the end of 2006 it had been ratified or accepted by 68 countries; today, that number is approaching universal acceptance with more than 160 nations having acceded to the convention. At the 2003 session, some 120 nation-members voted for the convention; more registered their support subsequently. No one voted against it; only a handful of nations abstained – Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States among them. Within some of those nations, debate over whether to ratify the treaty continues. In this paper, the author considers the convention and unofficially examines the U.S. government position with regard to why support for it was withheld in 2003, how deliberations have proceeded since then, and whether or not the U.S. might ultimately accept the treaty.
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VOON, TANIA. "Consolidating International Investment Law: The Mega-Regionals as a Pathway towards Multilateral Rules". World Trade Review 17, n.º 1 (25 de abril de 2017): 33–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474561700009x.
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AbstractPessimism abounds in international economic law. The World Trade Organization (WTO) faces an uncertain future following its Ministerial Conference in Nairobi in 2015. International investment law is under attack in countries around the world, while mega-regional agreements such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership are beset by world events, from the United States’ federal election to the unexpected Brexit outcome. Yet the appetite of numerous States to continue forging plurilateral trade and investment deals provides some cause for hope. Viewed alongside other institutional developments including consensus-building work at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, the potential arguably now exists for credible movement towards multilateral rules in investment law. While the WTO's current negotiating stalemate highlights the difficulties in reaching agreement among 164 Members, international trade law offers lessons for working towards multilateralism in the international investment law field. Alongside informal discussions about a world investment court, mega-regionals provide a vehicle for future multilateral investment rules, particularly through the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement between Canada and the European Union, and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership currently under negotiation in Asia.
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Reuss, Martin. "Historians, Historical Analysis, and International Water Politics". Public Historian 26, n.º 1 (2004): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2004.26.1.65.
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The resolution of international water disputes demands historical analysis. Too often, this analysis is not supplied by professional historians but by policymakers, engineers, and others who may lack the required knowledge and skills. The result inhibits rather than advances sound policy. Fortunately, historians are obtaining increased appreciation for what they bring to the conference table. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), which the United States recently rejoined, is attempting to further sound historical study; and the recently formed International Water History Association (IWHA) provides a forum to focus on the history of global water issues. These developments afford historians new and important means to make a difference in resolving some of the most pressing international resource issues.
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Genina, Víctor. "Proposals for the Negotiation Process on the United Nations Global Compact for Migration". Journal on Migration and Human Security 5, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2017): 682–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/233150241700500307.
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On September 19th, 2016, the United Nations (UN) General Assembly adopted Resolution 71/1, the text of the New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants (the “New York Declaration”). Resolution 71/1 is the outcome document of the high-level plenary meeting on addressing large movements of refugees and migrants, held at the UN headquarters. The New York Declaration reflects how UN member states have decided to address the challenge of large movements of people in two main legal categories: asylum seekers/refugees and migrants. Resolution 71/1 includes an annex titled “Towards a Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration” (the “global compact for migration” or “global compact”). This document is comprised of several thematic issues related to international migration that will be the basis of a globally negotiated agreement on how member states should respond to international migration at the national, regional, and international levels, as well as to issues related to international migration and development. The global compact for migration is intended to be adopted at a conference on international migration and development before the inauguration of the 73rd annual session of the UN General Assembly in September 2018. This paper addresses how UN member states should plan to address international migration in the future. It does not refer to refugees and asylum seekers: a global compact on refugees will be drafted by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in 2018, and to be presented to the UN General Assembly for states' consideration during its 73rd annual session, which starts in September 2018.1 For those who have been involved in migration issues within the United Nations, the fact that member states have finally agreed to convene an international conference on international migration represents a major achievement. It is the result of an extended process that started decades ago and was made possible by a long chain of efforts by many state delegations and other stakeholders. The global compact for migration will not be the first outcome document dealing exclusively with international migration. A declaration2 adopted at a high-level meeting at the United Nations in October 2013, for example, paved the way for the 2018 conference. Nonetheless, the global compact represents a unique opportunity to address international migration comprehensively and humanely. This paper contributes to the discussion on the elements that should be included in the global compact for migration. The paper is divided into two sections. The first section analyzes the main elements of Annex II, “Towards a Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration,” and the criteria that needs to be adopted in order to achieve a substantive outcome. In particular, participants in the negotiation process should aim to balance the concerns of states and the members of host societies, on one hand, with the needs and rights of migrants, on the other. The second section includes proposals to enrich the final global compact for migration and takes into account two documents written by two different actors within the UN system, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Migration, and the Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Migrants. In particular, the paper proposes that the global compact for migration: • sets forth principles that can inform the actions of governments in relation to international migration at all levels; • enunciates a clearer definition of state protection responsibilities in relation to migrants in crisis situations and so-called “mixed flows”3; affords a substantive role to civil society organizations, the private sector, and academic institutions in the global compact's follow-up and review process; • defines the institutional framework for the implementation and follow-up of the global compact within the United Nations, including through the work of the UN High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF); • establishes a mechanism to fund migration policies for states that lack enough resources to invest sufficiently in this task; and • builds a cooperation-oriented, peer-review mechanism to review migration policies. The paper has been conceived as an input for those who will take part in the negotiation of the global compact for migration, as well as those who will closely follow those negotiations. Thus, the paper assumes a level of knowledge on how international migration has been addressed within the United Nations during the last several years and of the complexities of these negotiation processes. The author took part in different UN negotiation processes on international migration from 2004 to 2013. The paper is primarily based on this experience.4
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Kolosov, Igor V. "Harmonization of Restructuring Procedures in Bankruptcy: Results of the Hague Conference on Private International Law 2024". Public International and Private International Law 2 (8 de mayo de 2024): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3910-2024-2-19-22.
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From 5 to 8 March 2024, a meeting of the Council on General Affairs and Policy of the Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH) was held. The meeting was attended by 429 participants accredited by 74 states. The delegation of the Russian Federation included 6 representatives of various federal executive authorities, including the author of this article. One of the pressing issues considered by HCCH was the harmonization of international insolvency law. The main achievement in this direction was the cooperation of the Permanent Bureau of HCCH with Working Group V on Insolvency law of the United Nations Commission On International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) in matters of unification and harmonization of regulation of restructuring procedures, development of documents on issues of applicable legislation in proceedings on cases insolvency, as well as tracking and recovery of assets during insolvency proceedings. This article presents an analysis of the problems in this area that existed before the start of the HCCH’ meeting in 2024, as well as the progress and results of the discussion within HCCH on the unification and harmonization of insolvency restructuring procedures, taking into account its interaction with UNCITRAL Working Group V.
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Sommaruga, Cornelio. "Humanitarian action and peace-keeping operations". International Review of the Red Cross 37, n.º 317 (abril de 1997): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400085107.
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It is an honour and a privilege for me to address this Conference devoted to a topic of great importance to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). As a humanitarian organization, whose mandate it is to provide protection and assistance for victims of armed conflicts and which is operational worldwide, the ICRC has been directly concerned with many peace-keeping missions undertaken by the United Nations.
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ANAND, R. P. "The Formation of International Organizations and India: A Historical Study". Leiden Journal of International Law 23, n.º 1 (2 de febrero de 2010): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156509990318.
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AbstractAs the clash of aspirations increased among European countries, a European ‘civil war’ started in 1914, which engulfed the whole world. With all the terrible destruction and loss of life, it was felt that an international organization must be established to avert war in future. At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, the British government succeeded in gaining separate representation for its dominions, including India. This created a rather anomalous situation, since a dependency of a foreign power, a colony which could not control its internal affairs, was accepted as a sovereign state by an international treaty. Europe had hardly recovered from the First World War in the late 1920s when it drifted towards a second holocaust in 1939. India became a founding member of the United Nations in 1945, even though it was still under British rule, participating in the historic founding conference. But Indian national public opinion was neither very hopeful nor enthusiastic about the conference on the new international organization. Not only India, which was not even independent at that time, but Asian countries as such played a very small and insignificant role in the formulation of the UN Charter.
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Shandurenko, Galina V. "The Round-Table Meeting «United Nations Organization: Twenty Years of Struggling for Your Rights» in the Russian State Library". Bibliotekovedenie [Library and Information Science (Russia)], n.º 6 (11 de diciembre de 2013): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2013-0-6-84-87.
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On celebration at the RSL of the UN Day, dedicated in 2013 to the 20-th anniversary of the Vienna Conference. The event was prepared by the Center of Documents of International Organizations of the Department of Official and Normative Documents of the RSL jointly with the UN Information Center in Moscow and the Representation of the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation (OHCHR).
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Lauterjung, J., P. Koltermann, U. Wolf y J. Sopaheluwakan. "The UNESCO-IOC framework – establishing an international early warning infrastructure in the Indian Ocean region". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10, n.º 12 (20 de diciembre de 2010): 2623–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-2623-2010.
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Abstract. The Sumatra-Andaman earthquake with a magnitude of 9.3, and the subsequent destructive tsunami which caused more than 225 000 fatalities in the region of the Indian Ocean, happened on 26 December 2004. Less than one month later, the United Nations (UN) World Conference on Disaster Reduction took place in Kobe, Japan to commemorate the 1995 Kobe earthquake. The importance of preparedness and awareness on regional, national and community levels with respect to natural disasters was discussed during this meeting, and resulted in the approval of the Hyogo Declaration on Disaster Reduction. Based on this declaration the UN mandated the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO (United Nations Education, Science and Cultural Organization), taking note of its over 40 years of successful coordination of the Pacific Tsunami Warning System (PTWC), to take on the international coordination of national early-warning efforts for the Indian Ocean and to guide the process of setting up a Regional Tsunami Early Warning System for the Indian Ocean.
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Annabi, Alireza y Mahmoud Jalali. "Investigating The Central Performance of International Organizations in Environmental Protection". International Journal of New Findings in Health and Educational Sciences (IJHES) 1, n.º 2 (28 de junio de 2023): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.63053/ijhes.11.
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The environment, as a place where life flows, has undergone crisis and transformation in the contemporary era more than in other periods of history. This process of crisis in the field of the environment has attracted the attention of countries and international institutions to prevent the spread of these crises as much as possible by taking measures at the international, regional and national levels. Undoubtedly, there is no other way to seriously deal with this crisis except for cooperation between governments and international institutions at the global level. The United Nations as an organization that is the manifestation of the presence of governments in the 1960s put attention to the environment on its agenda and prepared the preparations for holding the first international environmental conference in Stockholm in 1972. The United Nations, through its main bodies and subsidiary bodies such as UNEP, the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, as well as through its affiliated specialized institutions such as UNESCO, FAO, IMO, and the World Meteorological Organization, has been able to take measures. To be effective in protecting the environment. Also, international organizations have been able to carry out activities in the direction of education on environmental issues, formulation and development of international environmental laws, settlement of environmental disputes, and cooperation and coordination among institutions active in the field of environment. In general, international organizations with their activities in the field of the environment have been able to solve the gaps in international environmental law to a significant extent. Finally, it can be said that the existence of international environmental law in its current form and the optimal preservation of the environment are largely due to the activities of international organizations.
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Hashmat, Shahid. "Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit Conference 2022 and Pakistan’s Expectations". Pacific International Journal 6, S1 (28 de febrero de 2023): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.55014/pij.v6is1.247.
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The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a permanent intergovernmental international organisation (INGO) that was established on the edifice laid by Shanghai Five. That was established in 1996. The SCO Charter was signed on 7 July 2002 in and entered into force on 19 September 2003. The SCO focuses on cooperation with international and regional organizations. The main objectives of the SCO is to strengthen relations and promote cooperation among member states SCO initial membership of six states has increased to eight permanent members. India and Pakistan have joined SCO 2017. With Iran and Belarus joining soon, ten states will enjoy the status of permanent members of SCO. Four countries have observer status and many countries from the Middle East and West Asia have been granted the Dialogue Partners’ status which displays their confidence in multifaceted cooperative agenda of the SCO. The 22nd SCO Summit was held at Samarkand on 15-16 September 2022. This year’s summit attracted enormous attention from the regional and international media for obvious reasons, including: the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and expected meetings of Heads of States with Chinese President Xi Jinping and President Putin. The contemporary world is facing multiple challenges and threats, while waiting to see more equitable distribution of resources that would help them to reduce and alleviate prevailing poverty. During the 22nd Summit Meeting, Heads of State of the SCO objectively discussed various issues faced by the world and their countries and released a number of statements and documents on safeguarding global food security, international energy security, addressing climate change, and maintaining a secure, stable and diversified supply chain. The SCO has also paid due attention to address regional challenges such as security, connectivity, and economic development. The ‘Declaration’ released after the 22nd Summit Conference announces various new and innovative approaches to ensuring regional stability, sustainable economic development, strengthening of transport and communication links, and determination to build a more representative, democratic and just multipolar international world order. It must be kept in SCO is not a military alliance, rather it is a cooperative organization based on mutual respects and trust, mutually beneficial win-win relations, equality of nations and states, and respect for the diversity of civilizations. The SCO maintains very good working relations with the United Nations and other regional and international organizations. During the 22nd Summit Meeting, President Xi delivered an important statement entitled “Ride on the Trend of the Times and Enhance Solidarity and Cooperation to Embrace a Better Future”. He emphasized that “the SCO should keep itself well-positioned in the face of changing international dynamics, in order to a closer SCO community with a shared future.
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Swepston, Lee. "Crisis in the ILO Supervisory System: Dispute over the Right to Strike". International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 29, Issue 2 (1 de junio de 2013): 199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2013014.
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The International Labour Organization (ILO) has a well-oiled supervisory system for obligations under the Constitution and Conventions, but one of the tripartite partners is attempting to change the way the system has worked for over ninety years. This has implications beyond the ILO itself, and may compromise some aspects of settled human rights law. The Employers' Group in the ILO are claiming that the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations is interpreting the Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize Convention in a way prohibited by the ILO Constitution, and the employers consequently blocked discussion of any cases of individual application of Conventions in the 2012 International Labour Conference. The employers are also claiming a right of the Conference to review and approve or disapprove the findings of the Committee of Experts, which has no basis in the mandates of the two committees. A temporary compromise has been found to allow work to go forward at the 2013 Conference, but this is short term. Behind all this lies a challenge by the employers to the content of the right to strike in international law, and an attempt to separate ILO supervision from the practice in the wider United Nations (UN) system. This article examines the claims of the Employers, finding them misplaced and exaggerated, and contrary to normal international supervisory practice in the ILO and the United Nations, and suggests ways forward.
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WÖBSE, ANNA-KATHARINA. "‘The world after all was one’: The International Environmental Network of UNESCO and IUPN, 1945–1950". Contemporary European History 20, n.º 3 (8 de julio de 2011): 331–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777311000348.
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AbstractThe pursuit of nature conservation was central to the scientific section of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) from the outset. In order to build a network of expertise and practice, UNESCO supported the establishment of a non-governmental organisation, the fledgling International Union for the Protection of Nature (IUPN). This small core of non-governmental actors found itself thrown into the arena of global politics and was forced out of its conservation niche. In August 1949, UNESCO and IUPN jointly convened a global conference on ecology and education. The genesis and progress of this conference highlighted the growing prominence of environmental issues and the increasing reciprocity between these issues and questions of nutrition, development and health in the immediate post-war era.
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Walk, Heike. "Motivationen, Schwierigkeiten und Chancen der Nicht-Regierungs-Organisationen bei der Bildung von Netzwerken". PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 24, n.º 97 (1 de diciembre de 1994): 623–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v24i97.982.
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Due to the intensive collaboration of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) at the parallel »summit« to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and due to the similarily positive experiences at the World Population Conference in Cairo and the World Bank/IMF Meeting in Madrid, the environmental and development NGOs are increasingly gaining influence. At the same time, this development is a challenge to the organization structures and action plans of these organisations. The formation of networks on regional, national and international levels and the linkage of environmental and development policy-action spheres in the »NGO community« are analysed critically in this context.
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Kaya, Ayse y Lynne Steuerle Schofield. "Which Countries Send More Delegates to Climate Change Conferences? Analysis of UNFCCC COPs, 1995–2015". Foreign Policy Analysis 16, n.º 3 (22 de enero de 2020): 478–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fpa/orz031.
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Abstract The size of national delegations at the most critical intergovernmental climate change conferences—the annual gatherings of the Conference of the Parties (COPs) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change—vary greatly. The literature has emphasized the importance of national delegation size (NDS) for states’ formal and informal participation in climate change negotiations. To our knowledge, however, this is the first paper to comprehensively examine the determinants of NDS from 1995–2015. The findings highlight a country's resources and its interest in the mitigation of fossil fuel emissions as important determinants of its NDS. In contrast, the evidence for a connection between vulnerability to climate change and NDS is limited. Interest group politics appear more important than civil society or bureaucratic influence in determining NDS. In terms of policy implications, the distance between the country and the COP location is a robust deterrent of larger delegations, and there is a nonlinear relationship between NDS and financial capacity. Further, there are differences across Annex I and non-Annex I countries.
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Qiang, Zhai. "China and the Geneva Conference of 1954". China Quarterly 129 (marzo de 1992): 103–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000041242.
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The Geneva Conference of 1954 represented an important event in the development of China's foreign policy. For the first time, Beijing's diplomacy became the focus of attention in an international meeting. Despite American opposition and delaying tactics, the conference was a diplomatic triumph for China. It greatly enhanced Beijing's international status. China's leaders clearly perceived their role in global rather than in regional terms. Their pride and confidence were best expressed by the Renmin ribao (People's Daily) editorial of 22 July 1954:For the first time as one of the Big Powers, the People's Republic of China joined the other major powers in negotiations on vital international problems and made a contribution of its own that won the acclaim of wide sections of world opinion. The international status of the People's Republic of China as one of the big world powers has gained universal recognition. Its international prestige has been greatly enhanced. The Chinese people take the greatest joy and pride in the efforts and achievements of their delegation at Geneva.Alone among the great powers, Beijing identified itself as a member of the Afro-Asian camp of newly independent nations. The Chinese leadership perceived China as the champion of the Afro-Asian cause against the oppression and exploitation of the west. It was within this context that China had played the major part in fashioning a new set of principles for world politics-the “Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.” This emphasis on Afro-Asian solidarity would culminate in the Bandung Conference of 1955.Zhou Enlai played an important role in the Geneva Conference. He excelled in playing British and French realism off against the rigidity and inflexibility of American Cold War policies. His diplomacy epitomized the “United Front” strategy which has been a distinct feature of the PRC's foreign policy: to unite with all possible forces to isolate China's most dangerous enemy. Zhou's performance at Geneva suggests that he was a shrewd practitioner of diplomacy of the possible.
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Orakhelashvili, Alexander. "The Attribution Decision Adopted by the opcw’s Conference of States Parties and Its Legality". International Organizations Law Review 17, n.º 3 (9 de diciembre de 2020): 664–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15723747-2019015.
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This contribution examines the legal merit of the Decision Addressing the Treat from Chemical Weapons, adopted by the 89th Session of the General Conference of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (‘opcw’) on 27 July 2018. While relating to matters of high political importance, this Decision still raises important issues of the constitutionality of international organizations’ use of their delegated powers. This contribution pursues the detail of this matter, by focusing, among others, on the scope of the opcw’s authority under the Chemical Weapons Convention and the relationship between the opcw and the United Nations.
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Röhrlich, Elisabeth. "An Attitude of Caution: The IAEA, the UN, and the 1958 Pugwash Conference in Austria". Journal of Cold War Studies 20, n.º 1 (abril de 2018): 31–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00800.
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This article examines the relationship between transnational and intergovernmental organizations in the formation of the international nuclear order in the 1950s. It focuses on three major events in September 1958: the second United Nations (UN) International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in Geneva, the third Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs (held in Tyrol), and the second General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna. The three nuclear conferences of 1958, linked closely in time and location, were shaped by interplays of science and politics at a unique moment in nuclear history. The analysis here sheds light on the organizational and institutional beginnings of the Cold War nuclear order and the evolving distinction between transnational and intergovernmental organizations that shaped it. The article shows that competitive dynamics affected relations between the IAEA and the Pugwash organization and between the IAEA and other organizations of the UN.
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van Dessel, Julia. "International Delegation and Agency in the Externalization Process of EU Migration and Asylum Policy: the Role of the IOM and the UNHCR in Niger". European Journal of Migration and Law 21, n.º 4 (26 de noviembre de 2019): 435–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12340060.
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Abstract This article examines the role of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in the implementation of the European Union (EU) migration and asylum policy in Niger. Building on policy analysis and qualitative interviews with stakeholders, it contributes to the literature on the externalization process of EU borders. The first part of the article focuses on the international and local context in which this process has taken place in Niger since 2015. The second part refers to the principal-agent (PA) theory inspired from economics to model the dynamics of the delegation relationships linking the European Commission (EC) to the IOM and the UNHCR in Niger. It is argued that the two main objectives pursued by the EU through the externalization of its migration and asylum policy—namely the offshoring of border control and the outsourcing of asylum claims processing—are respectively fulfilled by the IOM and the UNHCR in Niger. As such, this article highlights how the cooperation of International Organizations (IOs) is critical to enable the EU to filter and restrict human mobility from the Sahel region.
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VAN BOVEN, THEO. "The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights: The History of a Contested Project". Leiden Journal of International Law 20, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2007): 767–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156507004438.
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This essay recounts the protracted history of the proposal to create a UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, from the days of Cold War controversies and divisions until the post ultimately came into being after the World Conference on Human Rights (Vienna, 1993). While early proposals perceived the High Commissioner as an independent authority receiving complaints and lending good offices, the envisaged role of the High Commissioner progressively evolved over the years – with the setting up of a great variety of treaty-based and charter-based implementation procedures – to encompass comprehensive policy-planning and global human rights advocacy. Thus, as the UN official with principal responsibility for human rights activities, the High Commissioner became firmly embedded in the structure of the UN organization. This paper further underscores the catalytic role of non-governmental organizations in consistently pushing forward the high commissioner project, as it finally emerged in an atmosphere of high expectations.
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Verdon, Christiane. "Le Canada et l’unification Internationale du droit privé". Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 32 (1995): 3–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0069005800005725.
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SummaryThis article reviews Canada's participation in the international unification of private law and private international law that is carried out by international organizations such as The Hague Conference on Private International Law, Unidroit, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, and the Specialized Conferences on Private International Law of the Organization of American States. It describes the new mechanisms that have been established to facilitate this participation, since the conventions developed in these organizations often deal with matters that fall within provincial kgislative competence and thus need to be implemented by the provinces. The new “territorial federal State clause” that Canada has had inserted in these conventions and the federal-provincial consultation mechanisms that have been put in place have been instrumental in facilitating Canada's ratification of conventions that unify private law and private international law.
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Khodnev, A. S. "Lost in Broadcasting: League of Nations, International Broadcasting and Swiss Neutrality". MGIMO Review of International Relations 16, n.º 5 (13 de noviembre de 2023): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2023-5-92-7-27.
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The article delves into the historical context of cross-border radio broadcasting during the 1930s by the League of Nations (LN) and the significant impact of Switzerland's neutrality as the host country on this international organization. Drawing from the recently digitized and accessible LN archive in Geneva, this narrative unveils a minor conflict of interest that evolved into a notable political crisis, marking an international legal precedent by showcasing the influence wielded by a smaller host nation upon a global organization. The architects of the League of Nations envisioned Geneva as an ideal hub for the organization's activities, complete with modern communication technologies for global outreach. However, Switzerland's neutral stance posed an obstacle to the establishment of the League's radio broadcasting infrastructure. Recognizing the absence of robust emergency communications, transport links, and the absence of a dedicated radio station in Geneva during the mid-1920s, the LN sought an agreement with the Radio-Swiss station. Consequently, the LN's own radio station, Radio-Nations, commenced broadcasting on February 2, 1932, coinciding with the start of the Conference on the Reduction and Limitation of Arms. By May 1938, amidst mounting tensions in Europe, Switzerland chose to assert complete neutrality within the League. Discussions within the Federal Council revolved around the possibility of suspending the agreement made on May 21, 1930, along with the support for Radio-Nations. Unexpectedly, on November 3, 1938, the LN leadership in Geneva expressed a desire to re-evaluate the 1930 convention. The outbreak of World War II drastically reshaped the relationship between the LN and Radio-Nations. Switzerland decided against entering into a new agreement with the LN, leading to the closure of Radio-Nations on February 2, 1942. Maintaining the nation's neutrality, the Swiss government vigilantly observed the unfolding events during the war. During the peak of Nazi Germany's advances, Bern adopted stringent measures against the LN, upholding a resolute diplomatic stance. However, the Swiss stance toward the LN and the division of Radio-Nations’ ownership gradually shifted from 1943, culminating in the resolution of several financial matters. Ultimately, in 1947, the LN's liquidation commission transferred the remaining assets of Radio-Nations and its radio waves to the United Nations.
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THOMAS, CAROLINE. "Where is the Third World now?" Review of International Studies 25, n.º 5 (diciembre de 1999): 225–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210599002259.
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As we enter the new millennium, the Third World, far from disappearing, is becoming global. The dynamic of economic driven globalization is resulting in the global reproduction of Third World problems. Growing inequality, risk and vulnerability characterize not simply the state system, but an emerging global social order. This is part of an historical process underway for five centuries: the expansion of capitalism across the globe. Technological developments speed up the process. The demise of the communist bloc and the associated rejection of ‘real existing socialism’ as a mode of economic organization have provided a specific additional fillip to the reconfiguration of the ‘Third World’. The 1980s, and more particularly the 1990s, have witnessed the mainstreaming of liberal economic ideology via the Washington consensus. This approach to development has been legitimated in several global conferences such as United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) and the Copenhagen Social Summit. It has been applied practically through institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and World Trade Organization (WTO). In its wake we have seen a deepening of existing inequalities between and within states, with a resulting tension—contradiction even—between the development targets agreed by the United Nations (UN), and the policies pursued by international organizations and governments to facilitate such results.
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Erciyes, Erdem. "A New Theoretical Framework for Multicultural Workforce Motivation in the Context of International Organizations". SAGE Open 9, n.º 3 (julio de 2019): 215824401986419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244019864199.
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This research investigates the impact of culture, leadership, and power on staff motivation in selected international organizations (IOs) and develops a theoretical framework to assist with the practice of workforce motivation. Utilizing critical theory as a paradigm of inquiry, the study’s philosophical perspective leans heavily on “phenomenology.” Concern for understanding the cultural aspect led to the result of utilizing critical ethnography methodology. Moreover, three qualitative methods were used: semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and, non-participant observations. Twenty-two supervisors, and the same number of staff, from the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Trade Centre (ITC), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), and the World Health Organization (WHO) took part in interviews and focus groups. Non-participatory observations were also carried out on a 3-day working schedule for the four IOs. For the first time in the existing literature, the findings of this research have established a theoretical framework which demonstrates linkages between concepts of culture, leadership, and power on staff motivation.
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Chandra, Vikash. "Rising Powers and International Organisations: The Case of China’s Counter-terrorism Strategy at the United Nations". China Report 55, n.º 2 (mayo de 2019): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009445519834376.
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This article illustrates China’s counter-terrorism strategy at the United Nations (UN), analyses its cornerstones and underscores changing patterns. On this basis, it also seeks to make some broader observations about how rising powers behave in international organisations and to highlight their attitudes towards the liberal international order. It considers Chinese positions in the debates in the General Assembly (1972–2018), its Sixth Committee and the Security Council (since the early 1990s) and identifies four pillars of China’s counter-terrorism strategy. These include norm entrepreneurship, diplomatic measures, promotion of international cooperation and domestic measures to fulfil obligations emanating from UN resolutions, conventions and declarations. It shows how China has shaped the discourse on terrorism at the UN and how its counter-terror narratives and advocacy have been and are being shaped by the discourse among states and competing blocs like the Organization of Islamic Conference over this period. It concludes with the observation that, despite changes in its strategy in recent years, the defining principles of China’s counter-terrorism strategy, such as respect for state sovereignty and non-interference in internal affairs, have not eroded. Changes like accepting that the UN must play a ‘central coordination role’ in international counter-terrorism should be regarded as a further extension of China’s zeal to maintain the international order because the UN is a defining pillar of the present international order.
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Glavič, Peter. "Identifying Key Issues of Education for Sustainable Development". Sustainability 12, n.º 16 (12 de agosto de 2020): 6500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166500.
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This paper elaborates and presents key issues established for a course on Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). ESD is supported by the United Nations (UN) organization and its agency, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Quality education is also one of the seventeen UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The evolution of sustainable development and ESD is overviewed first in order to define the most important content of ESD in future teaching. Because of the fast development of humankind in all the SD pillars (economic, social and environmental), the climate crises as well as the new technologies and knowledge emerging, education leaders and teachers are lacking modern and effective content for ESD. Therefore, twelve key issues of ESD are identified and elaborated in the present article. The issues are organized into four groups (approach, contents, teaching, and organization) with three items each. The approach is including ESD scope, policy, and cooperation, the contents part deals with the three ESD pillars — environmental, social and economic; the third group, teaching, regards ESD methodologies, transformative teaching and learning, and capacity building; the organization group presents ESD metrics, documents, and institutions. The twelve issues have been synthesized after reviewing the available literature, enhanced by the participation in several international projects on education. In addition, they were further elaborated from feedback obtained from three international conferences focused on education for sustainable development, social responsibility, and sustainable consumption and production. The key goals suggested by the audience of the international conference in Vienna were holistic education, stakeholders’ awareness, participation and cooperation, and building capacity of stakeholders, while the challenge was found to be the timely evolution of human society towards the deep transformation. This paper is an informed perspective proposing content for an Education for Sustainable Development course.
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Abeyratne, Ruwantissa. "Outcome of the 37th Session of the ICAO Assembly". Air and Space Law 36, Issue 1 (1 de febrero de 2011): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2011002.
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The 37th Session of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Assembly, held from 28 September to 8 October 2010 in Montreal and attended by a record 1,588 participants from 176 Member States and forty international organizations involved in civil aviation, achieved important advancements in aviation safety and aviation security assuring even greater safety performance in the already safest and most secure mode of mass transport in the world. Reaffirming ICAO’s leadership role, the meeting adopted a comprehensive resolution to reduce the impact of aviation emissions on climate change. The agreement provides a roadmap for action through 2050 for the 190 Member States of the organization. Solidifying its global influence, the organization signed numerous international agreements, including cooperation agreements with regional civil aviation organizations and bodies from all regions of the world. The Assembly endorsed a proactive safety strategy based on the sharing of critical safety information among governments and industry stakeholders. It also endorsed ICAO’s plan to establish a multidisciplinary approach to address the critical issue of runway safety. This will bring together representatives from airlines, airports, air navigation service providers, and regulatory authorities. Following a successful diplomatic Conference in Beijing in August 2010, the Assembly built on this achievement by recognizing the need to strengthen aviation security worldwide. In a Declaration, unanimously adopted by participants, international commitment was reaffirmed to enhance aviation security collaboratively and proactively through screening technologies to detect prohibited articles, strengthening international standards, improving security information sharing, and providing capacity building assistance to States in need. The Assembly also put its full support behind a comprehensive, new ICAO aviation security strategy. The Resolution adopted by the Assembly on climate change makes ICAO the first United Nations Agency to lead a sector in the establishment of a globally harmonized agreement for addressing its CO2 emissions. The resolution was adopted with some States expressing reservations and calling upon the ICAO Council to continue its work on specific aspects of the agreement. This remarkable accomplishment came only two months before negotiations were again undertaken by these very same States at the 16th Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) meeting scheduled in December 2010 in Mexico.
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Tanay, Assadullah y Mohamad Khan Niazi. "Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) and its Journalistic Efforts". Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities 3, n.º 1 (19 de febrero de 2023): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.3.1.21.
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The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is the second largest inter-governmental organization after the United Nations, with a membership of 57 states, covering four continents. The OIC is the collective voice of the Muslim world to ensure and safeguard their interest in economic socio and political areas. The OIC has Institutions, which implement its programs, established in 1969 with its headquarters in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The OIC aims to represent the Muslim world to protect and safeguard the vital interests of Muslims in the spirit of promoting international peace, security, and harmony as well as inter-faith dialogue among various people of the world. According to its charter, the OIC aims to preserve Islamic social and economic values; promote solidarity amongst member states; increase cooperation in social, economic, cultural, scientific, and political areas; uphold international peace and security; and advance education. The priority areas of the OIC-2025 Program of Action include issues of Peace and Security, Palestine and Al-Quds, Poverty Alleviation, Counter-terrorism, Investment and Finance, Food Security, Science and Technology, Climate Change and Sustainability, Moderation, Culture and Interfaith Harmony, Empowerment of Women in whole Islamic countries all around the world. From this research, we learned that who are the member countries of the Organization of Islamic Conference and what is their purpose? In this study, we found out which countries have made the OIC, what is the purpose of their agreement and unity, and what topics did they discuss and find solutions for the problems. The Islamic Summit includes Kings, Heads of State, and the Governments of Member States, and is the OIC's supreme authority. It convenes once every three years to deliberate, take policy decisions, guide on issues pertaining to the realization of objectives and consider other issues of concern to the Member States and the Ummah.
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Pharand, Donat. "La contribution du Canada au développement du droit international pour la protection du milieu marin : Le cas spécial de l’Arctique". Études internationales 11, n.º 3 (12 de abril de 2005): 441–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/701074ar.
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Immediately after the adoption of its Arctic Pollution Prevention Act in 1970, Canada embarked on intense diplomatic efforts in a number of international for a to obtain recognition of international law principles which would serve as a basis for its legislation. These efforts were pursued mainly in three international conferences : the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment of 1972, the London Conference of the International Maritime Consultative Organization on the prevention of pollution by ships in 1973 and the United Nations Third Law of the Sea Conference which began in 1974 at Caracas. At the 1975 session of that Conference, held in Geneva, a form of Artic clause was inserted in the first Negotiating Text and it provided that coastal States could adopt special protective measures in special areas within their exclusive economic zone, where exceptional hazards to navigation prevailed and marine pollution could cause irreversible disturbance of the ecological balance. In 1976, the provision was enlarged to enable coastal States themselves to enforce such protectives measures, instead of leaving the enforcement to the flag State, and the provision has been kept without change in all the subsequent negotiating texts of 1977, 1979 and 1980. Considering the wide consensus which this provision has received, particularly on the part of other Arctic States, it may now be regarded as part of customary international law and completely validates Canada's arctic legislation.
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Fetter, Henry D. "Alger Hiss at Yalta: A Reassessment of Hiss's Arguments against Including Any of the Soviet Republics as Initial UN Members". Journal of Cold War Studies 22, n.º 1 (febrero de 2020): 46–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00925.
Texto completoResumen
Amid the voluminous documentary record of the Alger Hiss case, one document is especially noteworthy: a short memorandum Hiss drafted during the Yalta conference in early 1945 setting forth “Arguments against Inclusion of Any of the Soviet Republics among Initial Members” of the proposed postwar United Nations (UN) organization. Drafted when the Soviet Union was pressing for UN membership for two or three Soviet republics, the memorandum has been cited to challenge claims that Hiss acted as a Soviet agent at Yalta (or at any time) while constituting a “puzzling anomaly” for those who believe that Hiss was indeed a spy (as indicated in Soviet intelligence documents). By considering the circumstances of the memorandum's preparation and closely examining its text, this article demonstrates that the memorandum does not contravene the notion that Hiss was a Soviet agent at the time of the Yalta conference.
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Trang, Pham Ngoc Minh. "Balancing Navigational Rights of Ships and Maritime Security of Coastal States: The Case of Designating Archipelagic Sea Lanes of Indonesia and the Philippines". Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy 7, n.º 2 (16 de diciembre de 2022): 260–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519391-07020006.
Texto completoResumen
Abstract 40 years after the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (unclos), the regime related to the navigation of ships in archipelagic waters has remained underdeveloped. It is due to the paucity of practices of archipelagic states establishing archipelagic sea lanes (asl s) as well as adopting national laws and regulations concerning such passage. In the Southeast Asian region, Indonesia and the Philippines are the two archipelagic states, and they actively contributed in the development of the archipelagic regime during the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. Nonetheless, they have not fully designated a system of asl s. This situation led to several contentious incidents at sea, particularly related to the passage of warships in archipelagic waters, between the two countries and other user states. This article will analyse the practices of Indonesia and the Philippines in establishing asl s and their concomitant consequences. Particularly, it focuses on the attempt to harmonize the domestic legal systems of these two countries with international rules and regulations prescribed in unclos, and their subsequent practices at the International Maritime Organization (imo). This article is a reflection of the archipelagic states regime of unclos after 40 years of adoption.